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Piñeiro-Ramil M, Flórez-Fernández N, Ramil-Gómez O, Torres MD, Dominguez H, Blanco FJ, Meijide-Faílde R, Vaamonde-García C. Antifibrotic effect of brown algae-derived fucoidans on osteoarthritic fibroblast-like synoviocytes. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 282:119134. [PMID: 35123730 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Synovial fibrosis is a pathological process which contributes to joint pain and stiffness in several musculoskeletal disorders. Fucoidans, sulfated polysaccharides found in brown algae, have recently emerged as promising therapeutic agents. Despite the increasing amount of evidence suggesting the protective role of fucoidans in different experimental approaches of human fibrotic disorders, the effect of these sulfated polysaccharides on synovial fibrosis has not been investigated yet. By an in vitro experimental approach in fibroblast-like synoviocytes, we detected that fucoidans inhibit their differentiation into myofibroblasts with tumor cell-like characteristics and restore apoptosis. Composition and structure of fucoidan appear to be critical for the detected activity. Furthermore, protective effects of these sulfated polysaccharides are mediated by upregulation of nitric oxide production and modulation of TGF-β/smad pathway. Altogether, our results support the use of fucoidans as therapeutic compounds in the treatment of the fibrotic processes involved in rheumatic pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Piñeiro-Ramil
- Universidade da Coruña, Tissue Engineering and Cellular Therapy Group, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), 15006 A Coruña, Spain.
| | - Noelia Flórez-Fernández
- CINBIO, Universidade de Vigo, Biomass and Sustanaible Development Group (EQ2), Departament of Chemical Engineering, 32004 Ourense, Spain.
| | - Olalla Ramil-Gómez
- Aging and Inflammation Research Laboratory, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de A Coruña (INIBIC), 15006 A Coruña, Spain; Universidade de Coruña, Endocrine, Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases Group, Departamento de Fisioterapia, Medicina y Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, 15006 A Coruña, Spain.
| | - María Dolores Torres
- CINBIO, Universidade de Vigo, Biomass and Sustanaible Development Group (EQ2), Departament of Chemical Engineering, 32004 Ourense, Spain.
| | - Herminia Dominguez
- CINBIO, Universidade de Vigo, Biomass and Sustanaible Development Group (EQ2), Departament of Chemical Engineering, 32004 Ourense, Spain.
| | - Francisco J Blanco
- Universidade da Coruña, Grupo de Investigacion en Reumatología y Salud, Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Departamento de Fisioterapia, Medicina y Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Fisioterapia, 15006 A Coruña, Spain; Hospital Universitario A Coruña, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Grupo de Investigacion en Reumatología, 15006 A Coruña, Spain.
| | - Rosa Meijide-Faílde
- Universidade da Coruña, Tissue Engineering and Cellular Therapy Group, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), 15006 A Coruña, Spain; Universidade da Coruña, Departamento de Fisioterapia, Medicina y Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, 15006 A Coruña, Spain.
| | - Carlos Vaamonde-García
- Universidade da Coruña, Grupo de Investigacion en Reumatología y Salud, Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, 15071 A Coruña, Spain.
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202
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Gur C, Wang SY, Sheban F, Zada M, Li B, Kharouf F, Peleg H, Aamar S, Yalin A, Kirschenbaum D, Braun-Moscovici Y, Jaitin DA, Meir-Salame T, Hagai E, Kragesteen BK, Avni B, Grisariu S, Bornstein C, Shlomi-Loubaton S, David E, Shreberk-Hassidim R, Molho-Pessach V, Amar D, Tzur T, Kuint R, Gross M, Barboy O, Moshe A, Fellus-Alyagor L, Hirsch D, Addadi Y, Erenfeld S, Biton M, Tzemach T, Elazary A, Naparstek Y, Tzemach R, Weiner A, Giladi A, Balbir-Gurman A, Amit I. LGR5 expressing skin fibroblasts define a major cellular hub perturbed in scleroderma. Cell 2022; 185:1373-1388.e20. [PMID: 35381199 PMCID: PMC7612792 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (scleroderma, SSc) is an incurable autoimmune disease with high morbidity and mortality rates. Here, we conducted a population-scale single-cell genomic analysis of skin and blood samples of 56 healthy controls and 97 SSc patients at different stages of the disease. We found immune compartment dysfunction only in a specific subtype of diffuse SSc patients but global dysregulation of the stromal compartment, particularly in a previously undefined subset of LGR5+-scleroderma-associated fibroblasts (ScAFs). ScAFs are perturbed morphologically and molecularly in SSc patients. Single-cell multiome profiling of stromal cells revealed ScAF-specific markers, pathways, regulatory elements, and transcription factors underlining disease development. Systematic analysis of these molecular features with clinical metadata associates specific ScAF targets with disease pathogenesis and SSc clinical traits. Our high-resolution atlas of the sclerodermatous skin spectrum will enable a paradigm shift in the understanding of SSc disease and facilitate the development of biomarkers and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chamutal Gur
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, Israel; Rheumatology Department, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shuang-Yin Wang
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Fadi Sheban
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Mor Zada
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Baoguo Li
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Fadi Kharouf
- Rheumatology Department, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Hagit Peleg
- Rheumatology Department, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Suhail Aamar
- Rheumatology Department, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Adam Yalin
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | - Yolanda Braun-Moscovici
- Rheumatology Institute, Rambam Health Care Campus, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israeli Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | | | - Tomer Meir-Salame
- Flow Cytometry Unit, Department of Biological Services, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Efrat Hagai
- Flow Cytometry Unit, Department of Biological Services, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | - Batia Avni
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Sigal Grisariu
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | | | - Eyal David
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Rony Shreberk-Hassidim
- Dermatology Department, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Vered Molho-Pessach
- Dermatology Department, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Dalit Amar
- Plastic Surgery Department, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Tomer Tzur
- Plastic Surgery Department, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Rottem Kuint
- Institue of Pulmonology Medicine, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Moshe Gross
- Orthopedic Department, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Oren Barboy
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Adi Moshe
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | - Dana Hirsch
- The Department of Veterinary Resources, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yoseph Addadi
- Life Sciences Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Shlomit Erenfeld
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Moshe Biton
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Tehila Tzemach
- Rheumatology Department, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Anat Elazary
- Rheumatology Department, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yaakov Naparstek
- Rheumatology Department, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Reut Tzemach
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, Israel; Rheumatology Institute at the Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | - Assaf Weiner
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Amir Giladi
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Alexandra Balbir-Gurman
- Rheumatology Institute, Rambam Health Care Campus, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israeli Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ido Amit
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, Israel.
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Kondrup F, Gaudreault N, Venne G. The Deep Fascia and its Role in Chronic Pain & Pathological Conditions: A Review. Clin Anat 2022; 35:649-659. [PMID: 35417568 DOI: 10.1002/ca.23882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The deep fascia is a three-dimensional continuum of connective tissue surrounding the bones, muscles, nerves and blood vessels throughout our body. Its importance in chronically debilitating conditions has recently been brought to light. This work investigates changes in these tissues in pathological settings. MATERIALS AND METHODS A state-of-the-art review was conducted in PubMed and Google Scholar following a two-stage process. A first search was performed to identify main types of deep fasciae. A second search was performed to identify studies considering a deep fascia, common pathologies of this deep fascia and the associated alterations in tissue anatomy. RESULTS We find that five main deep fasciae pathologies are chronic low back pain, chronic neck pain, Dupuytren's disease, plantar fasciitis and iliotibial band syndrome. The corresponding fasciae are respectively the thoracolumbar fascia, the cervical fascia, the palmar fascia, the plantar fascia and the iliotibial tract. Pathological fascia is characterized by increased tissue stiffness along with alterations in myofibroblast activity and the extra-cellular matrix, both in terms of collagen and Matrix Metalloproteases (MMP) levels. Innervation changes such as increased density and sensitization of nociceptive nerve fibers are observed. Additionally, markers of inflammation such as pro-inflammatory cytokines and immune cells are documented. Pain originating from the deep fascia likely results from a combination of increased nerve density, sensitization and chronic nociceptive stimulation, whether physical or chemical. CONCLUSIONS The pathological fascia is characterized by changes in innervation, immunology and tissue contracture. Further investigation is required to best benefit both research opportunities and patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flemming Kondrup
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Nathaly Gaudreault
- School of rehabilitation, Faculty of medicine and health sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Gabriel Venne
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Institute of Health Science Education, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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204
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Ocon A, Lokineni S, Korman B. Understanding and Therapeutically Targeting the Scleroderma Myofibroblast. CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN RHEUMATOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40674-021-00189-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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205
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Molina-Molina M, Buendia-Roldan I, Castillo D, Caro F, Valenzuela C, Selman M. [Translated article] Diagnostic and Therapeutic Developments in Progressive Pulmonary Fibrosis. ARCHIVOS DE BRONCONEUMOLOGÍA 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arbres.2021.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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206
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Burgess JK, Harmsen MC. Chronic lung diseases: entangled in extracellular matrix. Eur Respir Rev 2022; 31:31/163/210202. [PMID: 35264410 DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0202-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is the scaffold that provides structure and support to all organs, including the lung; however, it is also much more than this. The ECM provides biochemical and biomechanical cues to cells that reside or transit through this micro-environment, instructing their responses. The ECM structure and composition changes in chronic lung diseases; how such changes impact disease pathogenesis is not as well understood. Cells bind to the ECM through surface receptors, of which the integrin family is one of the most widely recognised. The signals that cells receive from the ECM regulate their attachment, proliferation, differentiation, inflammatory secretory profile and survival. There is extensive evidence documenting changes in the composition and amount of ECM in diseased lung tissues. However, changes in the topographical arrangement, organisation of the structural fibres and stiffness (or viscoelasticity) of the matrix in which cells are embedded have an undervalued but strong impact on cell phenotype. The ECM in diseased lungs also changes in physical and biomechanical ways that drive cellular responses. The characteristics of these environments alter cell behaviour and potentially orchestrate perpetuation of lung diseases. Future therapies should target ECM remodelling as much as the underlying culprit cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janette K Burgess
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Dept of Pathology and Medical Biology, Groningen, The Netherlands .,University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, Groningen, The Netherlands.,University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, KOLFF Institute - REGENERATE, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martin C Harmsen
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Dept of Pathology and Medical Biology, Groningen, The Netherlands.,University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, Groningen, The Netherlands.,University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, KOLFF Institute - REGENERATE, Groningen, The Netherlands
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207
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Liu S, Han D, Xu C, Yang F, Li Y, Zhang K, Zhao X, Zhang J, Lu T, Lu S, Shi C, Zhang R, Yang AG, Zhao A, Qin W, Yang B, Wen W. Antibody-drug conjugates targeting CD248 inhibits liver fibrosis through specific killing on myofibroblasts. Mol Med 2022; 28:37. [PMID: 35317721 PMCID: PMC8939076 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-022-00460-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic liver injury induces pathological repair, resulting in fibrosis, during which hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are activated and transform into myofibroblasts. CD248 is mainly expressed on myofibroblasts and was considered as a promising target to treat fibrosis. The primary aim of this study was to generate a CD248 specific antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) and evaluate its therapeutic efficacy for liver fibrosis and its safety in vivo. Methods CD248 expression was examined in patients with liver cirrhosis and in mice with CCl4-induced liver fibrosis. The ADC IgG78-DM1, which targets CD248, was prepared and its bioactivity on activated primary HSCs was studied. The anti-fibrotic effects of IgG78-DM1 on liver fibrosis were evaluated in CCl4-induced mice. The reproductive safety and biosafety of IgG78-DM1 were also evaluated in vivo. Results CD248 expression was upregulated in patients with liver cirrhosis and in CCl4-induced mice, and was mainly expressed on alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA)+ myofibroblasts. IgG78-DM1 was successfully generated, which could effectively bind with and kill CD248+ activated HSCs in vitro and inhibit liver fibrosis in vivo. In addition, IgG78-DM1 was demonstrated to have qualified biosafety and reproductive safety in vivo. Conclusions Our study demonstrated that CD248 could be an ideal target for myofibroblasts in liver fibrosis, and CD248-targeting IgG78-DM1 had excellent anti-fibrotic effects in mice with liver fibrosis. Our study provided a novel strategy to treat liver fibrosis and expanded the application of ADCs beyond tumors. Graphic Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s10020-022-00460-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaojie Liu
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Donghui Han
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Chao Xu
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Fa Yang
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Yu Li
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Keying Zhang
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Xiaolong Zhao
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Jiayu Zhang
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Tong Lu
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Shiqi Lu
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Changhong Shi
- Laboratory Animal Center, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Immunology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - An-Gang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Immunology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Aizhi Zhao
- OriMAbs Ltd., 250 Corporate Blvd, Suite C, Newark, DE, 19702, USA
| | - Weijun Qin
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
| | - Bo Yang
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
| | - Weihong Wen
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China.
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208
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Yang BY, Zhou ZY, Liu SY, Shi MJ, Liu XJ, Cheng TM, Deng GY, Tian Y, Song J, Li XH. Porous Se@SiO2 Nanoparticles Enhance Wound Healing by ROS-PI3K/Akt Pathway in Dermal Fibroblasts and Reduce Scar Formation. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:852482. [PMID: 35387298 PMCID: PMC8978548 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.852482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertrophic scarring, which is characterized by excessive extracellular matrix deposition and abnormal fibroblast homeostasis, is an undesirable outcome of dermal wound healing. Once formed, the scar will replace the normal function of local skin, and there are few noninvasive clinical treatments that can cure it. Se@SiO2 nanoparticles were synthesized to suppress oxidative stress, which induced the presence and activation of myofibroblasts during wound recovery. The characterization, antioxidant capacity and biological safety of Se@SiO2 NPs were evaluated. A full-thickness excisional wound model was established, and the wounds were divided into three groups. The re-epithelization and distribution of collagen fibers were assessed using hematoxylin and eosin staining and Masson’s trichome staining after specific treatments. Our results revealed that the Se@SiO2 NPs accelerated dermal wound healing and suppressed the formation of hypertrophic scars, accompanied by oxidative stress inhibition. Moreover, we found that Se@SiO2 NPs worked by activating the PI3K/Akt pathway and upregulating the phosphorylation of Akt. The findings of our study provide a new method to promote dermal scar-free wound healing by suppressing excessive oxidative stress and through PI3K/Akt pathway activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Yu Yang
- Department of Urology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi-Yuan Zhou
- Shanghai Pudong New Area GongLi Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Shi-Yun Liu
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming-Jun Shi
- Department of Urology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xi-Jian Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Tian-Ming Cheng
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guo-Ying Deng
- Trauma Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ye Tian
- Department of Urology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Ye Tian, ; Jian Song, ; Xuan-Hao Li,
| | - Jian Song
- Department of Urology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Ye Tian, ; Jian Song, ; Xuan-Hao Li,
| | - Xuan-Hao Li
- Department of Urology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Ye Tian, ; Jian Song, ; Xuan-Hao Li,
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209
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Lee SY, Lee CM, Ma B, Kamle S, Elias JA, Zhou Y, Lee CG. Targeting Chitinase 1 and Chitinase 3-Like 1 as Novel Therapeutic Strategy of Pulmonary Fibrosis. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:826471. [PMID: 35370755 PMCID: PMC8969576 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.826471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitinase 1 (CHIT1) and chitinase 3-like-1 (CHI3L1), two representative members of 18-Glycosyl hydrolases family, are significantly implicated in the pathogenesis of various human diseases characterized by inflammation and remodeling. Notably, dysregulated expression of CHIT1 and CHI3L1 was noted in the patients with pulmonary fibrosis and their levels were inversely correlated with clinical outcome of the patients. CHIT1 and CHI3L1, mainly expressed in alveolar macrophages, regulate profibrotic macrophage activation, fibroblast proliferation and myofibroblast transformation, and TGF-β signaling and effector function. Although the mechanism or the pathways that CHIT1 and CHI3L1 use to regulate pulmonary fibrosis have not been fully understood yet, these studies identify CHIT1 and CHI3L1 as significant modulators of fibroproliferative responses leading to persistent and progressive pulmonary fibrosis. These studies suggest a possibility that CHIT1 and CHI3L1 could be reasonable therapeutic targets to intervene or reverse established pulmonary fibrosis. In this review, we will discuss specific roles and regulatory mechanisms of CHIT1 and CHI3L1 in profibrotic cell and tissue responses as novel therapeutic targets of pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suh-Young Lee
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, 185 Meeting St., Providence, RI, United States
- Devision of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chang-Min Lee
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, 185 Meeting St., Providence, RI, United States
| | - Bing Ma
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, 185 Meeting St., Providence, RI, United States
| | - Suchitra Kamle
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, 185 Meeting St., Providence, RI, United States
| | - Jack A. Elias
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, 185 Meeting St., Providence, RI, United States
| | - Yang Zhou
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, 185 Meeting St., Providence, RI, United States
| | - Chun Geun Lee
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, 185 Meeting St., Providence, RI, United States
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210
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Sharma V, Letson J, Furuta S. Fibrous stroma: Driver and passenger in cancer development. Sci Signal 2022; 15:eabg3449. [PMID: 35258999 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abg3449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cumulative evidence shows that fibrogenic stroma and stiff extracellular matrix (ECM) not only result from tumor growth but also play pivotal roles in cellular transformation and tumor initiation. This emerging concept may largely account for the increased cancer risk associated with environmental fibrogenic agents, such as asbestos and silica, and with chronic conditions that are fibrogenic, such as obesity and diabetes. It may also contribute to poor outcomes in patients treated with certain chemotherapeutics that can promote fibrosis, such as bleomycin and methotrexate. Although the mechanistic details of this phenomenon are still being unraveled, we provide an overview of the experimental evidence linking fibrogenic stroma and tumor initiation. In this Review, we will summarize the causes and consequences of fibrous stroma and how this stromal cue is transmitted to the nuclei of parenchymal cells through a physical continuum from the ECM to chromatin, as well as ECM-dependent biochemical signaling that contributes to cellular transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandana Sharma
- Department of Cancer Biology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, 3000 Arlington Ave., Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Joshua Letson
- Department of Cancer Biology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, 3000 Arlington Ave., Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Saori Furuta
- Department of Cancer Biology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, 3000 Arlington Ave., Toledo, OH 43614, USA
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211
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Rosendahl AH, Schönborn K, Krieg T. Pathophysiology of systemic sclerosis (scleroderma). Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2022; 38:187-195. [PMID: 35234358 DOI: 10.1002/kjm2.12505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (scleroderma) is an autoimmune-triggered chronic fibrosing disease that affects the skin and many other organs. Its pathophysiology is complex and involves an early endothelial damage, an inflammatory infiltrate and a resulting fibrotic reaction. Based on a predisposing genetic background, an altered balance of the acquired and the innate immune system leads to the release of many cytokines and chemokines as well as autoantibodies, which induce the activation of fibroblasts with the formation of myofibroblasts and the deposition of a stiff and rigid connective tissue. A curative treatment is still not available but remarkable progress has been made in the management of organ complications. In addition, several breakthroughs in the pathophysiology have led to new therapeutic concepts. Based on these, many new compounds have been developed during the last years, which target these different pathways and offer specific therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Helen Rosendahl
- Translational Matrix Biology, University of Cologne, Medical Faculty, Cologne, Germany
| | - Katrin Schönborn
- Translational Matrix Biology, University of Cologne, Medical Faculty, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas Krieg
- Translational Matrix Biology, University of Cologne, Medical Faculty, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Ageing-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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212
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Bellei B, Migliano E, Picardo M. Research update of adipose tissue-based therapies in regenerative dermatology. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2022; 18:1956-1973. [PMID: 35230644 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-022-10328-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) have a spontaneous propensity to support tissue homeostasis and regeneration. Among the several sources of MSCs, adipose-derived tissue stem cells (ADSCs) have received major interest due to the higher mesenchymal stem cells concentration, ease, and safety of access. However, since a significant part of the natural capacity of ADSCs to repair damaged tissue is ascribable to their secretory activity that combines mitogenic factors, cytokines, chemokines, lipids, and extracellular matrix components, several studies focused on cell-free strategies. Furthermore, adipose cell-free derivatives are becoming more attractive especially for non-volumizing purposes, such as most dermatological conditions. However, when keratinocytes, fibroblasts, melanocytes, adipocytes, and hair follicle cells might not be locally sourced, graft of materials containing concentrated ADSCs is preferred. The usage of extracellular elements of adipose tissue aims to promote a self-autonomous regenerative microenvironment in the receiving area restoring physiological homeostasis. Hence, ADSCs or their paracrine activity are currently being studied in several dermatological settings including wound healing, skin fibrosis, burn, and aging.The present work analyzing both preclinical and clinical experiences gives an overview of the efficacy of adipose tissue-derivatives like autologous fat, the stromal vascular fraction (SVF), purified ADSCs, secretome and extracellular matrix graft in the field of regenerative medicine for the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Bellei
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center of Metabolomics Research, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144, Rome, Italy.
| | - Emilia Migliano
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144, Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Picardo
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center of Metabolomics Research, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144, Rome, Italy
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213
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Yang Y, Liu P, Teng R, Liu F, Zhang C, Lu X, Ding Y. Integrative bioinformatics analysis of potential therapeutic targets and immune infiltration characteristics in dilated cardiomyopathy. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2022; 10:348. [PMID: 35433958 PMCID: PMC9011224 DOI: 10.21037/atm-22-732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is currently the major cause of systolic heart failure. This study explored potential therapeutic targets and investigated the role of immune cell infiltration in DCM. Methods Three DCM datasets (GSE3585, GSE9800, and GSE84796) from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database were merged into an integrated dataset, and batch effects were removed. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened and the associations between gene co-expression modules and clinical traits were assessed by weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) in R software. Any DEGs from the integrated dataset overlapped with the significant module genes were defined as common genes (CGs). Enrichment analysis of the CGs was performed. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of the CGs was visualized and the hub gene was identified by using Cytoscape 3.8.2 software. The miRNA-transcription factor-mRNA (miRNA-TF-mRNA) network was constructed using Cytoscape to unveil the regulatory relationships in DCM. Finally, the CIBERSORT method (https://cibersort.stanford.edu/) was used to investigate immune cell infiltration in DCM. Results A total of 53 DEGs were identified, and 5 gene co-expression modules were detected by WGCNA of the DCM and control group samples of cardiac tissue. Genes such as FRZB, ASPN, and PHLDA1 were significantly upregulated, whereas IDH2 and ENDOG were significantly downregulated. Functional enrichment analysis showed that CGs were mainly enriched in the extracellular matrix (ECM) signaling pathway. ASPN was the hub gene in the PPI network. The miRNA-TF-mRNA network revealed that FRZB and ASPN were targeted by paired related homeobox 2 (Prrx2). We also found that miR-129-5p could regulate ASPN, PHLDA1, and IDH2 simultaneously. The immune infiltration analysis revealed higher levels of M1 macrophages in DCM samples than in the control samples. Conclusions In conclusion, we speculate that miR-129-5p might target ASPN in regulating DCM via the ECM signaling pathway. Macrophage infiltration may be involved in ECM remodeling and eventually lead to DCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiao Yang
- Department of Geriatrics, Sir Run Run Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Geriatrics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Ping Liu
- Department of Geriatrics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Ruoling Teng
- Department of Geriatrics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Fenfen Liu
- Department of Geriatrics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Cuiping Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Xiang Lu
- Department of Geriatrics, Sir Run Run Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi Ding
- Department of Geriatrics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
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214
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Vanderstichele S, Vranckx JJ. Anti-fibrotic effect of adipose-derived stem cells on fibrotic scars. World J Stem Cells 2022; 14:200-213. [PMID: 35432731 PMCID: PMC8963379 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v14.i2.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sustained injury, through radiotherapy, burns or surgical trauma, can result in fibrosis, displaying an excessive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM), persisting inflammatory reaction, and reduced vascularization. The increasing recognition of fibrosis as a cause for disease and mortality, and increasing use of radiotherapy causing fibrosis, stresses the importance of a decent anti-fibrotic treatment.
AIM To obtain an in-depth understanding of the complex mechanisms underlying fibrosis, and more specifically, the potential mechanisms-of-action of adipose-derived stomal cells (ADSCs) in realizing their anti-fibrotic effect.
METHODS A systematic review of the literature using PubMed, Embase and Web of Science was performed by two independent reviewers.
RESULTS The injection of fat grafts into fibrotic tissue, releases ADSC into the environment. ADSCs’ capacity to directly differentiate into key cell types (e.g., ECs, fibroblasts), as well as to secrete multiple paracrine factors (e.g., hepatocyte growth factor, basis fibroblast growth factor, IL-10), allows them to alter different mechanisms underlying fibrosis in a combined approach. ADSCs favor ECM degradation by impacting the fibroblast-to-myofibroblast differentiation, favoring matrix metalloproteinases over tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases, positively influencing collagen organization, and inhibiting the pro-fibrotic effects of transforming growth factor-β1. Furthermore, they impact elements of both the innate and adaptive immune response system, and stimulate angiogenesis on the site of injury (through secretion of pro-angiogenic cytokines like stromal cell-derived factor-1 and vascular endothelial growth factor).
CONCLUSION This review shows that understanding the complex interactions of ECM accumulation, immune response and vascularization, is vital to fibrosis treatments’ effectiveness like fat grafting. It details how ADSCs intelligently steer this complex system in an anti-fibrotic or pro-angiogenic direction, without falling into extreme dilation or stimulation of a single aspect. Detailing this combined approach, has brought fat grafting one step closer to unlocking its full potential as a non-anecdotal treatment for fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jan Jeroen Vranckx
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive Surgery, KU-Leuven University Hospitals, Leuven 3000, Belgium
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215
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Molecular Mechanisms and Physiological Changes behind Benign Tracheal and Subglottic Stenosis in Adults. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052421. [PMID: 35269565 PMCID: PMC8910114 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Laryngotracheal stenosis (LTS) is a complex and heterogeneous disease whose pathogenesis remains unclear. LTS is considered to be the result of aberrant wound-healing process that leads to fibrotic scarring, originating from different aetiology. Although iatrogenic aetiology is the main cause of subglottic or tracheal stenosis, also autoimmune and infectious diseases may be involved in causing LTS. Furthermore, fibrotic obstruction in the anatomic region under the glottis can also be diagnosed without apparent aetiology after a comprehensive workup; in this case, the pathological process is called idiopathic subglottic stenosis (iSGS). So far, the laryngotracheal scar resulting from airway injury due to different diseases was considered as inert tissue requiring surgical removal to restore airway patency. However, this assumption has recently been revised by regarding the tracheal scarring process as a fibroinflammatory event due to immunological alteration, similar to other fibrotic diseases. Recent acquisitions suggest that different factors, such as growth factors, cytokines, altered fibroblast function and genetic susceptibility, can all interact in a complex way leading to aberrant and fibrotic wound healing after an insult that acts as a trigger. However, also physiological derangement due to LTS could play a role in promoting dysregulated response to laryngo-tracheal mucosal injury, through biomechanical stress and mechanotransduction activation. The aim of this narrative review is to present the state-of-the-art knowledge regarding molecular mechanisms, as well as mechanical and physio-pathological features behind LTS.
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216
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Chan M, Yuan H, Soifer I, Maile TM, Wang RY, Ireland A, O'Brien JJ, Goudeau J, Chan LJ, Vijay T, Freund A, Kenyon C, Bennett BD, McAllister FE, Kelley DR, Roy M, Cohen RL, Levinson AD, Botstein D, Hendrickson DG. Novel insights from a multiomics dissection of the hayflick limit. eLife 2022; 11:70283. [PMID: 35119359 PMCID: PMC8933007 DOI: 10.7554/elife.70283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The process wherein dividing cells exhaust proliferative capacity and enter into replicative senescence has become a prominent model for cellular aging in vitro. Despite decades of study, this cellular state is not fully understood in culture and even much less so during aging. Here, we revisit Leonard Hayflick’s original observation of replicative senescence in WI-38 human lung fibroblasts equipped with a battery of modern techniques including RNA-seq, single-cell RNA-seq, proteomics, metabolomics, and ATAC-seq. We find evidence that the transition to a senescent state manifests early, increases gradually, and corresponds to a concomitant global increase in DNA accessibility in nucleolar and lamin associated domains. Furthermore, we demonstrate that senescent WI-38 cells acquire a striking resemblance to myofibroblasts in a process similar to the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) that is regulated by t YAP1/TEAD1 and TGF-β2. Lastly, we show that verteporfin inhibition of YAP1/TEAD1 activity in aged WI-38 cells robustly attenuates this gene expression program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Chan
- Calico Life Sciences, LLC, South San Francisco, United States
| | - Han Yuan
- Calico Life Sciences, LLC, South San Francisco, United States
| | - Ilya Soifer
- Calico Life Sciences, LLC, South San Francisco, United States
| | - Tobias M Maile
- Calico Life Sciences, LLC, South San Francisco, United States
| | - Rebecca Y Wang
- Calico Life Sciences, LLC, South San Francisco, United States
| | - Andrea Ireland
- Calico Life Sciences, LLC, South San Francisco, United States
| | | | - Jérôme Goudeau
- Calico Life Sciences LLC, South San Francisco, United States
| | - Leanne Jg Chan
- Calico Life Sciences LLC, South San Francisco, United States
| | - Twaritha Vijay
- Calico Life Sciences, LLC, South San Francisco, United States
| | - Adam Freund
- Calico Life Sciences, LLC, South San Francisco, United States
| | - Cynthia Kenyon
- Calico Life Sciences LLC, South San Francisco, United States
| | | | | | - David R Kelley
- Calico Life Sciences, LLC, South San Francisco, United States
| | - Margaret Roy
- Calico Life Sciences LLC, South San Francisco, United States
| | - Robert L Cohen
- Calico Life Sciences, LLC, South San Francisco, United States
| | | | - David Botstein
- Calico Life Sciences, LLC, South San Francisco, United States
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217
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Johnson LA, Rodansky ES, Tran A, Collins SG, Eaton KA, Malamet B, Steiner CA, Huang S, Spence JR, Higgins PDR. Effect of ABT-263 on Intestinal Fibrosis in Human Myofibroblasts, Human Intestinal Organoids, and the Mouse Salmonella typhimurium Model. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2022; 28:161-175. [PMID: 34302470 PMCID: PMC9017142 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izab166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intestinal fibrosis and subsequent intestinal obstruction are common complications of Crohn's disease (CD). Current therapeutics combat inflammation, but no pharmacological therapy exists for fibrostenotic disease. Pathological persistence of activated intestinal myofibroblasts is a key driver of fibrosis in CD. In other organ systems, BH-3 mimetic drugs that affect Bcl-2 apoptotic pathways induce apoptosis in activated myofibroblasts and reduce fibrogenic gene expression, thereby reducing fibrosis. METHODS We evaluated the proapoptotic and antifibrotic efficacy of several classes of BH-3 mimetics in 2 in vitro fibrogenesis models. The candidate molecule, ABT-263, was advanced to a 3-dimensional human intestinal organoid (HIO) model. Finally, the therapeutic efficacy of ABT-263 was evaluated in the mouse Salmonella typhimurium intestinal fibrosis model. RESULTS The BH-3 mimetics induced apoptosis, repressed fibrotic protein expression, and reduced fibrogenic gene expression in normal human intestinal myofibroblasts. The BH-3 mimetics that target Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl demonstrated the greatest efficacy in vitro. The ABT-199 and ABT-263 induced apoptosis and ameliorated fibrogenesis in the in vitro myofibroblast models. In the HIO model, ABT-263 inhibited fibrogenesis and induced apoptosis. In the mouse S. typhimurium model, dose-dependent reduction in macroscopic pathology, histological inflammation, inflammatory and fibrotic gene expression, and extracellular matrix protein expression indicated ABT-263 may reduce intestinal fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS In vitro, the antifibrotic efficacy of BH-3 mimetics identifies the Bcl-2 pathway as a druggable target and BH-3 mimetics as putative therapeutics. Reduction of inflammation and fibrosis in the mouse intestinal fibrosis model by ABT-263 indicates BH-3 mimetics as potential, novel antifibrotic therapeutics for Crohn's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Johnson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine,
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI,
USA
| | - Eva S Rodansky
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine,
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI,
USA
| | - Anhdao Tran
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine,
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI,
USA
| | - Stephen G Collins
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine,
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI,
USA
| | - Kathryn A Eaton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Benjamin Malamet
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine,
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI,
USA
| | - Calen A Steiner
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine,
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI,
USA
| | - Sha Huang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jason R Spence
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Peter D R Higgins
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine,
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI,
USA
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218
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Sun M, Koudouna E, Cogswell D, Avila MY, Koch M, Espana EM. Collagen XII Regulates Corneal Stromal Structure by Modulating Transforming Growth Factor-β Activity. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2022; 192:308-319. [PMID: 34774848 PMCID: PMC8908044 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2021.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Collagen XII is a regulator of corneal stroma structure and function. The current study examined the role of collagen XII in regulating corneal stromal transforming growth factor (TGF)-β activation and latency. Specifically, with the use of conventional collagen XII null mouse model, the role of collagen XII in the regulation of TGF-β latency and activity in vivo was investigated. Functional quantification of latent TGF-β in stromal matrix was performed by using transformed mink lung reporter cells that produce luciferase as a function of active TGF-β. Col12a1 knockdown with shRNA was used to test the role of collagen XII in TGF-β activation. Col12a1-/- hypertrophic stromata were observed with keratocyte hyperplasia. Increased collagen fibril forward signal was found by second harmonic generation microscopy in the absence of collagen XII. Collagen XII regulated mRNA synthesis of Serpine1, Col1a1, and Col5a1 and deposition of collagens in the extracellular matrix. A functional plasminogen activator inhibitor luciferase assay showed that collagen XII is necessary for latent TGF-β storage in the extracellular matrix and that collagen XII down-regulates active TGF-β. Collagen XII dictates stromal structure and function by regulating TGF-β activity. A hypertrophic phenotype in Col12a1-/- corneal tissue can be explained by abnormal up-regulation of TGF-β activation and decreased latent storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Sun
- Cornea and External Disease, Department of Ophthalmology, Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Tampa, Florida
| | - Elena Koudouna
- Structural Biophysics, School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Devon Cogswell
- Cornea and External Disease, Department of Ophthalmology, Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Tampa, Florida
| | - Marcel Y. Avila
- Department of Ophthalmology, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Manuel Koch
- Institute for Dental Research and Oral Musculoskeletal Biology, Center for Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Edgar M. Espana
- Cornea and External Disease, Department of Ophthalmology, Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Tampa, Florida,Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida,Address correspondence to Edgar M. Espana, M.D., Ophthalmology, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, 13330 USF Laurel Dr., 4th Floor, MDC11, Tampa, FL 33612.
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219
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Tucker TA, Idell S. Update on Novel Targeted Therapy for Pleural Organization and Fibrosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031587. [PMID: 35163509 PMCID: PMC8835949 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pleural injury and subsequent loculation is characterized by acute injury, sustained inflammation and, when severe, pathologic tissue reorganization. While fibrin deposition is a normal part of the injury response, disordered fibrin turnover can promote pleural loculation and, when unresolved, fibrosis of the affected area. Within this review, we present a brief discussion of the current IPFT therapies, including scuPA, for the treatment of pathologic fibrin deposition and empyema. We also discuss endogenously expressed PAI-1 and how it may affect the efficacy of IPFT therapies. We further delineate the role of pleural mesothelial cells in the progression of pleural injury and subsequent pleural remodeling resulting from matrix deposition. We also describe how pleural mesothelial cells promote pleural fibrosis as myofibroblasts via mesomesenchymal transition. Finally, we discuss novel therapeutic targets which focus on blocking and/or reversing the myofibroblast differentiation of pleural mesothelial cells for the treatment of pleural fibrosis.
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220
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Ilieva M, Miller HE, Agarwal A, Paulus GK, Madsen JH, Bishop AJR, Kauppinen S, Uchida S. FibroDB: Expression Analysis of Protein-Coding and Long Non-Coding RNA Genes in Fibrosis. Noncoding RNA 2022; 8:ncrna8010013. [PMID: 35202087 PMCID: PMC8877069 DOI: 10.3390/ncrna8010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Most long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are expressed at lower levels than protein-coding genes and their expression is often restricted to specific cell types, certain time points during development, and various stress and disease conditions, respectively. To revisit this long-held concept, we focused on fibroblasts, a common cell type in various organs and tissues. Using fibroblasts and changes in their expression profiles during fibrosis as a model system, we show that the overall expression level of lncRNA genes is significantly lower than that of protein-coding genes. Furthermore, we identified lncRNA genes whose expression is upregulated during fibrosis. Using dermal fibroblasts as a model, we performed loss-of-function experiments and show that the knockdown of the lncRNAs LINC00622 and LINC01711 result in gene expression changes associated with cellular and inflammatory responses, respectively. Since there are no lncRNA databases focused on fibroblasts and fibrosis, we built a web application, FibroDB, to further promote functional and mechanistic studies of fibrotic lncRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirolyuba Ilieva
- Center for RNA Medicine, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, DK-2450 Copenhagen, Denmark; (M.I.); (J.H.M.); (S.K.)
| | - Henry E. Miller
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; (H.E.M.); (A.J.R.B.)
- Greehey Children’s Cancer Research Institute, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
- Bioinformatics Research Network, Atlanta, GA 30317, USA; (A.A.); (G.K.P.)
| | - Arav Agarwal
- Bioinformatics Research Network, Atlanta, GA 30317, USA; (A.A.); (G.K.P.)
- Language Technologies Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Gabriela K. Paulus
- Bioinformatics Research Network, Atlanta, GA 30317, USA; (A.A.); (G.K.P.)
- Osthus GmbH, 52068 Aachen, Germany
| | - Jens Hedelund Madsen
- Center for RNA Medicine, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, DK-2450 Copenhagen, Denmark; (M.I.); (J.H.M.); (S.K.)
| | - Alexander J. R. Bishop
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; (H.E.M.); (A.J.R.B.)
- Greehey Children’s Cancer Research Institute, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
- May’s Cancer Center, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Sakari Kauppinen
- Center for RNA Medicine, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, DK-2450 Copenhagen, Denmark; (M.I.); (J.H.M.); (S.K.)
| | - Shizuka Uchida
- Center for RNA Medicine, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, DK-2450 Copenhagen, Denmark; (M.I.); (J.H.M.); (S.K.)
- Correspondence: or
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221
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Majeti R, Jamieson C, Pang WW, Jaiswal S, Leeper NJ, Wernig G, Weissman IL. Clonal Expansion of Stem/Progenitor Cells in Cancer, Fibrotic Diseases, and Atherosclerosis, and CD47 Protection of Pathogenic Cells. Annu Rev Med 2022; 73:307-320. [PMID: 35084991 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-med-042420-104436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We proposed and demonstrated that myelogenous leukemia has a preleukemic phase. In the premalignant phase, normal hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) gradually accumulate mutations leading to HSC clonal expansion, resulting in the emergence of leukemic stem cells (LSCs). Here, we show that preleukemic HSCs are the basis of clonal hematopoiesis, as well as late-onset blood diseases (chronic-phase chronic myeloid leukemia, myeloproliferative neoplasms, and myelodysplastic disease). The clones at some point each trigger surface expression of "eat me" signals for macrophages, and in the clones and their LSC progeny, this is countered by upregulation of "don't eat me" signals for macrophages such as CD47,opening the possibility of CD47-based therapies. We include evidence that similar processes result in fibroblast expansion in a variety of fibrotic diseases, and arterial smooth muscle clonal expansion is a basis of atherosclerosis, including upregulation of both "eat me" and "don't eat me" molecules on the pathogenic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Majeti
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California 94305, USA;
| | - C Jamieson
- Sanford Stem Cell Clinical Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - W W Pang
- Jasper Therapeutics, Redwood City, California 94065, USA
| | - S Jaiswal
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - N J Leeper
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - G Wernig
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California 94305, USA;
| | - I L Weissman
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California 94305, USA;
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Zhang S, Zhang Y, Min P. Single-Cell and Bulk Transcriptome Data Integration Reveals Dysfunctional Cell Types and Aberrantly Expressed Genes in Hypertrophic Scar. Front Genet 2022; 12:806740. [PMID: 35047019 PMCID: PMC8762316 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.806740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertrophic scar (HS) is a common skin disorder characterized by excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition. However, it is still unclear how the cellular composition, cell-cell communications, and crucial transcriptionally regulatory network were changed in HS. In the present study, we found that FB-1, which was identified a major type of fibroblast and had the characteristics of myofibroblast, was significantly expanded in HS by integrative analysis of the single-cell and bulk RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data. Moreover, the proportion of KC-2, which might be a differentiated type of keratinocyte (KC), was reduced in HS. To decipher the intercellular signaling, we conducted the cell-cell communication analysis between the cell types, and found the autocrine signaling of HB-1 through COL1A1/2-CD44 and CD99-CD99 and the intercellular contacts between FB-1/FB-5 and KC-2 through COL1A1/COL1A2/COL6A1/COL6A2-SDC4. Almost all the ligands and receptors involved in the autocrine signaling of HB-1 were upregulated in HS by both scRNA-seq and bulk RNA-seq data. In contrast, the receptor of KC-2, SDC4, which could bind to multiple ligands, was downregulated in HS, suggesting that the reduced proportion of KC-2 and apoptotic phenotype of KC-2 might be associated with the downregulation of SDC4. Furthermore, we also investigated the transcriptionally regulatory network involved in HS formation. The integrative analysis of the scRNA-seq and bulk RNA-seq data identified CREB3L1 and TWIST2 as the critical TFs involved in the myofibroblast of HS. In summary, the integrative analysis of the single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and bulk RNA-seq data greatly improved our understanding of the biological characteristics during the HS formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunuo Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yixin Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Peiru Min
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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223
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Geng J, Liu Y, Dai H, Wang C. Fatty Acid Metabolism and Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Front Physiol 2022; 12:794629. [PMID: 35095559 PMCID: PMC8795701 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.794629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid metabolism, including the de novo synthesis, uptake, oxidation, and derivation of fatty acids, plays several important roles at cellular and organ levels. Recent studies have identified characteristic changes in fatty acid metabolism in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) lungs, which implicates its dysregulation in the pathogenesis of this disorder. Here, we review the evidence for how fatty acid metabolism contributes to the development of pulmonary fibrosis, focusing on the profibrotic processes associated with specific types of lung cells, including epithelial cells, macrophages, and fibroblasts. We also summarize the potential therapeutics that target this metabolic pathway in treating IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Geng
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Huaping Dai
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Huaping Dai,
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Chen Wang,
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224
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Parry D, Allison K. Is the future scarless? - Fibroblasts as targets for scarless wound healing: a narrative review. Scars Burn Heal 2022; 8:20595131221095348. [PMID: 36082315 PMCID: PMC9445533 DOI: 10.1177/20595131221095348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Scarless healing is the ideal outcome of wound healing and is exhibited in some species. This narrative review assembles the current understanding of fibroblast heterogenicity along with the latest fibroblast-related targets for scar reduction therapies. Human regenerative wound healing is deemed possible due to the wound regeneration already seen in the early gestation foetus. Methods: This literature narrative review was undertaken by searching PubMed and Web of Science databases and Google Scholar to find articles concerning the fibroblast involvement in wound healing. We evaluated and collated these articles to form a consensus of the current understanding of the field. Discussion: This article describes current understanding of fibroblast heterogenicity and involvement in wound healing, focusing on the role of fibroblasts during physiological scarring. We also present the current most promising targets involving fibroblasts in the reduction of scarring and how we can manipulate the behaviour of fibroblasts to mimic the wound regeneration models in the human foetus. These targets include the pro-fibrotic EN1 positive fibroblast lineage, TGFβ1 inhibition, and genetic therapies utilising miRNAs and siRNAs. Conclusion: No therapies are currently available to eradicate scarring; however, treatment options are available to reduce the appearance of scarring. Further research into the heterogenicity and interactions of fibroblasts in both the foetus and adult is needed, and this may lead to the development of novel treatments against scarring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan Parry
- Newcastle University Medical School, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Keith Allison
- South Tees Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Middlesbrough, UK
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225
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Molina-Molina M, Buendia I, Castillo D, Caro F, Valenzuela C, Selman M. Novedades diagnósticas y terapéuticas en fibrosis pulmonar progresiva. Arch Bronconeumol 2022; 58:418-424. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arbres.2021.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The aim of this review is to evaluate the recent evidence of the role of metabolism in systemic sclerosis (SSc), highlighting specific aberrations and to appraise the feasibility of targeting these therapeutically. RECENT FINDINGS SSc is an autoimmune disease that is characterised by three facets: vascular problems, inflammation, and fibrosis. The fibrosis primarily affects the skin and lungs and currently, no antifibrotic treatment has been found effective. In recent years a renaissance in metabolism research has begun with renewed vigour in the role of metabolism in disease, particularly in the immune system. Alterations in glycolysis and utilisation of specific metabolic pathways in specific cell types have been associated with specific diseases. Most recently alterations in glycolysis and glutaminolysis have been determined in SSc fibroblasts mediating fibrosis. Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide levels have also been described in SSc. SUMMARY Specific metabolic aberrations have been described in SSc and this may lead to novel therapeutic targets in this disease.
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227
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Xu C, Liu S, Yang F, Zhang K, Li Y, Zhao X, Zhang J, Lu T, Lu S, Jiang Y, Qin W, Shi C, Zhang R, Yang AG, Zhao A, Han D, Wen W. Antibody-drug conjugates targeting CD248 + myofibroblasts effectively alleviate renal fibrosis in mice. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22102. [PMID: 34972243 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101441r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Myofibroblasts, or activated fibroblasts, play a critical role in the process of renal fibrosis. Targeting myofibroblasts to inhibit their activation or induce specific cell death has been considered to be an effective strategy to attenuate renal fibrosis. However, specific biomarkers for myofibroblasts are needed to ensure the efficacy of these strategies. Here, we verified that CD248 was mainly expressed in myofibroblasts in patients with chronic kidney disease, which was inversely correlated with renal function. The same result was also confirmed in renal fibrotic mice induced by unilateral ureteral obstruction and aristolochic acid nephropathy. By using an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) named IgG78-DM1, in which maytansinoid (DM1) was linked to a fully human antibody IgG78 through an uncleavable SMCC linker, we demonstrated that it could effectively bind with and kill CD248+ fibroblasts in vitro and alleviate renal fibrosis in mice models. Besides, we confirmed that IgG78-DM1 had qualified biosafety in vivo. Our results confirmed that CD248 can be used as a specific marker for myofibroblasts, and specific killing of CD248+ myofibroblasts by IgG78-DM1 has excellent anti-fibrotic effect in renal fibrotic mice. Our study expanded the application of ADC and provided a novel strategy for the treatment of renal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Xu
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shaojie Liu
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Fa Yang
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Keying Zhang
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yu Li
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaolong Zhao
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jiayu Zhang
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Tong Lu
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shiqi Lu
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yao Jiang
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Weijun Qin
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Changhong Shi
- Laboratory Animal Center, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Immunology, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - An-Gang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Immunology, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | | | - Donghui Han
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Weihong Wen
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
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228
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Wong J, Murphy M, Wu YF, Murphy R, Frueh FS, Farnebo S. Basic science approaches to common hand surgery problems. J Hand Surg Eur Vol 2022; 47:117-126. [PMID: 34472390 DOI: 10.1177/17531934211042697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The field of hand surgery is constantly evolving to meet challenges of populations with increasing age and higher demands for active living. While our surgical care has improved over the last decades, it seems that future major improvement in outcomes of clinical treatment will come through advances in biologics and the translation of major discoveries in basic science. This article aims to provide an update on where basic science solutions may answer some of the most critical issues in hand surgery, with a focus on augmentation of tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Wong
- Blond McIndoe Laboratories, Manchester, UK.,Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Manchester and Manchester University Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Matthew Murphy
- Blond McIndoe Laboratories, Manchester, UK.,Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Manchester and Manchester University Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Ya Fang Wu
- Department of Hand Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ralph Murphy
- Blond McIndoe Laboratories, Manchester, UK.,Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Manchester and Manchester University Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Florian S Frueh
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simon Farnebo
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Department of Plastic Surgery, Hand Surgery, and Burns, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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229
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Bamias G, Pizarro TT, Cominelli F. Immunological Regulation of Intestinal Fibrosis in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2021; 28:337-349. [PMID: 34904152 PMCID: PMC8919810 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izab251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal fibrosis is a late-stage phenotype of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which underlies most of the long-term complications and surgical interventions in patients, particularly those with Crohn's disease. Despite these issues, antifibrotic therapies are still scarce, mainly due to the current lack of understanding concerning the pathogenetic mechanisms that mediate fibrogenesis in patients with chronic intestinal inflammation. In the current review, we summarize recent evidence regarding the cellular and molecular factors of innate and adaptive immunity that are considered critical for the initiation and amplification of extracellular matrix deposition and stricture formation. We focus on the role of cytokines by dissecting the pro- vs antifibrotic components of the immune response, while taking into consideration their temporal association to the progressive stages of the natural history of IBD. We critically present evidence from animal models of intestinal fibrosis and analyze inflammation-fibrosis interactions that occur under such experimental scenarios. In addition, we comment on recent findings from large-scale, single-cell profiling of fibrosis-relevant populations in IBD patients. Based on such evidence, we propose future potential targets for antifibrotic therapies to treat patients with IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgos Bamias
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Third Academic Department of Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Sotiria Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Theresa T Pizarro
- Departments of Pathology and Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Digestive Health Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Fabio Cominelli
- Departments of Pathology and Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Digestive Health Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Address correspondence to: Fabio Cominelli, MD, PhD, ()
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230
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O'Reilly S. Gremlin: a complex molecule regulating wound healing and fibrosis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:7917-7923. [PMID: 34731251 PMCID: PMC11071963 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03964-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Gremlin-1 is part of the TGF-β superfamily and is a BMP antagonist that blocks BMP signalling to precisely control BMP gradients. Gremlin-1 is primarily involved in organogenesis and limb patterning however, has recently been described as being involved in fibrotic diseases. Initially described as a key factor involved in diabetic kidney fibrosis due to being induced by high glucose, it has now been described as being associated with lung, liver, eye, and skin fibrosis. This suggests that it is a key conserved molecule mediating fibrotic events irrespective of organ. It appears that Gremlin-1 may have effects mediated by BMP-dependent and independent pathways. The aim of this review is to evaluate the role of Gremlin-1 in fibrosis, its mechanisms and if this can be targeted therapeutically in fibrotic diseases, which currently have very limited treatment options and are highly prevalent.
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231
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Walker CJ, Crocini C, Ramirez D, Killaars AR, Grim JC, Aguado BA, Clark K, Allen MA, Dowell RD, Leinwand LA, Anseth KS. Nuclear mechanosensing drives chromatin remodelling in persistently activated fibroblasts. Nat Biomed Eng 2021; 5:1485-1499. [PMID: 33875841 PMCID: PMC9102466 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-021-00709-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Fibrotic disease is caused by the continuous deposition of extracellular matrix by persistently activated fibroblasts (also known as myofibroblasts), even after the resolution of the injury. Using fibroblasts from porcine aortic valves cultured on hydrogels that can be softened via exposure to ultraviolet light, here we show that increased extracellular stiffness activates the fibroblasts, and that cumulative tension on the nuclear membrane and increases in the activity of histone deacetylases transform transiently activated fibroblasts into myofibroblasts displaying condensed chromatin with genome-wide alterations. The condensed structure of the myofibroblasts is associated with cytoskeletal stability, as indicated by the inhibition of chromatin condensation and myofibroblast persistence after detachment of the nucleus from the cytoskeleton via the displacement of endogenous nesprins from the nuclear envelope. We also show that the chromatin structure of myofibroblasts from patients with aortic valve stenosis is more condensed than that of myofibroblasts from healthy donors. Our findings suggest that nuclear mechanosensing drives distinct chromatin signatures in persistently activated fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cierra J Walker
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Claudia Crocini
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Daniel Ramirez
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Anouk R Killaars
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Joseph C Grim
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Brian A Aguado
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Kyle Clark
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Mary A Allen
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Robin D Dowell
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Leslie A Leinwand
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.
| | - Kristi S Anseth
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.
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232
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3D in vitro M2 macrophage model to mimic modulation of tissue repair. NPJ Regen Med 2021; 6:83. [PMID: 34848722 PMCID: PMC8633361 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-021-00193-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Distinct anti-inflammatory macrophage (M2) subtypes, namely M2a and M2c, are reported to modulate the tissue repair process tightly and chronologically by modulating fibroblast differentiation state and functions. To establish a well-defined three-dimensional (3D) cell culture model to mimic the tissue repair process, we utilized THP-1 human monocytic cells and a 3D collagen matrix as a biomimetic tissue model. THP-1 cells were differentiated into macrophages, and activated using IL-4/IL-13 (MIL-4/IL-13) and IL-10 (MIL-10). Both activated macrophages were characterized by both their cell surface marker expression and cytokine secretion profile. Our cell characterization suggested that MIL-4/IL-13 and MIL-10 demonstrate M2a- and M2c-like subtypes, respectively. To mimic the initial and resolution phases during the tissue repair, both activated macrophages were co-cultured with fibroblasts and myofibroblasts. We showed that MIL-4/IL-13 were able to promote matrix synthesis and remodeling by induction of myofibroblast differentiation via transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-β1). On the contrary, MIL-10 demonstrated the ability to resolve the tissue repair process by dedifferentiation of myofibroblast via IL-10 secretion. Overall, our study demonstrated the importance and the exact roles of M2a and M2c-like macrophage subtypes in coordinating tissue repair in a biomimetic model. The established model can be applied for high-throughput platforms for improving tissue healing and anti-fibrotic drugs testing, as well as other biomedical studies.
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233
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Fibroblast Activation Protein Targeted Photodynamic Therapy Selectively Kills Activated Skin Fibroblasts from Systemic Sclerosis Patients and Prevents Tissue Contraction. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312681. [PMID: 34884484 PMCID: PMC8657852 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a rare, severe, auto-immune disease characterized by inflammation, vasculopathy and fibrosis. Activated (myo)fibroblasts are crucial drivers of this fibrosis. By exploiting their expression of fibroblast activation protein (FAP) to perform targeted photodynamic therapy (tPDT), we can locoregionally deplete these pathogenic cells. In this study, we explored the use of FAP-tPDT in primary skin fibroblasts from SSc patients, both in 2D and 3D cultures. Method: The FAP targeting antibody 28H1 was conjugated with the photosensitizer IRDye700DX. Primary skin fibroblasts were obtained from lesional skin biopsies of SSc patients via spontaneous outgrowth and subsequently cultured on plastic or collagen type I. For 2D FAP-tPDT, cells were incubated in buffer with or without the antibody-photosensitizer construct, washed after 4 h and exposed to λ = 689 nm light. Cell viability was measured using CellTiter Glo®®. For 3D FAP-tPDT, cells were seeded in collagen plugs and underwent the same treatment procedure. Contraction of the plugs was followed over time to determine myofibroblast activity. Results: FAP-tPDT resulted in antibody-dose dependent cytotoxicity in primary skin fibroblasts upon light exposure. Cells not exposed to light or incubated with an irrelevant antibody-photosensitizer construct did not show this response. FAP-tPDT fully prevented contraction of collagen plugs seeded with primary SSc fibroblasts. Even incubation with a very low dose of antibody (0.4 nM) inhibited contraction in 2 out of 3 donors. Conclusions: Here we have shown, for the first time, the potential of FAP-tPDT for the treatment of fibrosis in SSc skin.
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234
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Fan D, Kassiri Z. Modulation of Cardiac Fibrosis in and Beyond Cells. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:750626. [PMID: 34778374 PMCID: PMC8578679 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.750626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) plays important roles in maintaining physiological structure and functions of various tissues and organs. Cardiac fibrosis is the excess deposition of ECM, including both fibrillar (collagens I and III) and non-fibrillar proteins. Characteristics of fibrosis can vary depending on the pathology, with focal fibrosis occurring following myocardial infarction (MI), and diffuse interstitial and perivascular fibrosis mainly in non-ischemic heart diseases. Compliance of the fibrotic tissue is significantly lower than the normal myocardium, and this can compromise the diastolic, as well as systolic dysfunction. Therefore, strategies to combat cardiac fibrosis have been investigated. Upon injury or inflammation, activated cardiac fibroblasts (myofibroblasts) produce more ECM proteins and cause fibrosis. The activation could be inhibited or the myofibroblasts could be ablated by targeting their specific expressed proteins. Modulation of tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) and moderate exercise can also suppress cardiac fibrosis. More recently, sex differences in cardiac fibrosis have come to light with differential fibrotic response in heart diseases as well as in fibroblast functions in vitro. This mini-review discusses recent progress in cardiac fibroblasts, TIMPs, sex differences and exercise in modulation of cardiac fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Fan
- Department of Pathology, Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Zamaneh Kassiri
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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235
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Yanagihara T, Scallan C, Ask K, Kolb MR. Emerging therapeutic targets for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: preclinical progress and therapeutic implications. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2021; 25:939-948. [PMID: 34784834 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2021.2006186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic progressive lung disease with high associated morbidity and mortality. The therapeutic landscape has significantly changed in the last 20 years with two drugs currently approved that have demonstrated the ability to slow disease progression. Despite these developments, survival in IPF is limited, so there is a major interest in therapeutic targets which could serve to open up new therapeutic avenues. AREAS COVERED We review the most recent information regarding drug targets and therapies currently being investigated in preclinical and early-stage clinical trials. EXPERT OPINION The complex pathogenesis of IPF and variability in disease course and response to therapy highlights the importance of a precision approach to therapy. Novel technologies including transcriptomics and the use of serum biomarkers, will become essential tools to guide future drug development and therapeutic decision making particularly as it pertains to combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toyoshi Yanagihara
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hamanomachi Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ciaran Scallan
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, Research Institute at St Joseph's Healthcare, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Kjetil Ask
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, Research Institute at St Joseph's Healthcare, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Martin Rj Kolb
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, Research Institute at St Joseph's Healthcare, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Coentro JQ, May U, Prince S, Zwaagstra J, Ritvos O, Järvinen TAH, Zeugolis DI. Adapting the Scar-in-a-Jar to Skin Fibrosis and Screening Traditional and Contemporary Anti-Fibrotic Therapies. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:756399. [PMID: 34765594 PMCID: PMC8576412 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.756399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin fibrosis still constitutes an unmet clinical need. Although pharmacological strategies are at the forefront of scientific and technological research and innovation, their clinical translation is hindered by the poor predictive capacity of the currently available in vitro fibrosis models. Indeed, customarily utilised in vitro scarring models are conducted in a low extracellular matrix milieu, which constitutes an oxymoron for the in-hand pathophysiology. Herein, we coupled macromolecular crowding (enhances and accelerates extracellular matrix deposition) with transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1; induces trans-differentiation of fibroblasts to myofibroblasts) in human dermal fibroblast cultures to develop a skin fibrosis in vitro model and to screen a range of anti-fibrotic families (corticosteroids, inhibitors of histone deacetylases, inhibitors of collagen crosslinking, inhibitors of TGFβ1 and pleiotropic inhibitors of fibrotic activation). Data obtained demonstrated that macromolecular crowding combined with TGFβ1 significantly enhanced collagen deposition and myofibroblast transformation. Among the anti-fibrotic compounds assessed, trichostatin A (inhibitors of histone deacetylases); serelaxin and pirfenidone (pleiotropic inhibitors of fibrotic activation); and soluble TGFβ receptor trap (inhibitor of TGFβ signalling) resulted in the highest decrease of collagen type I deposition (even higher than triamcinolone acetonide, the gold standard in clinical practice). This study further advocates the potential of macromolecular crowding in the development of in vitro pathophysiology models.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Q Coentro
- Regenerative, Modular and Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL) and Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
| | - Ulrike May
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Stuart Prince
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - John Zwaagstra
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Tero A H Järvinen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.,Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Dimitrios I Zeugolis
- Regenerative, Modular and Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL) and Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland.,Regenerative, Modular and Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL), Charles Institute of Dermatology, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research and School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University College Dublin (UCD), Dublin, Ireland
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237
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Li X, Ma L, Wei Y, Gu J, Liang J, Li S, Cui Y, Liu R, Huang H, Yang C, Zhou H. Cabozantinib ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced lung inflammation and bleomycin--induced early pulmonary fibrosis in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 101:108327. [PMID: 34741997 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The lung, as the primary organ for gas exchange in mammals, is the main target organ for many pathogens and allergens, which may cause acute lung injury. A certain proportion of acute lung injury may progress into irreversible pulmonary fibrosis. Both acute lung injury and pulmonary fibrosis have high mortality rates and few effective treatments. Cabozantinib is a multi-target small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor and has been approved for the treatment of multiple malignant solid tumors. In this study, we explored the role of cabozantinib in acute lung injury and pulmonary fibrosis in vivo and in vitro. In the lipopolysaccharide and bleomycin induced mouse lung injury models, cabozantinib significantly improved the pathological state and reduced the infiltration of inflammatory cells in the lung tissues. In the bleomycin induced pulmonary fibrosis model, cabozantinib significantly reduced the area of pulmonary fibrosis and improved lung function in mice. The results of in vitro studies showed that cabozantinib could inhibit the inflammatory response and apoptosis of alveolar epithelial cells by inhibiting the activation of TLR4/NF-κB and NLRP3 inflammasome pathways. At the same time, cabozantinib could inhibit the activation of lung fibroblasts through suppressing the TGF-β1/Smad pathway, and promote the apoptosis of fibroblasts. In summary, cabozantinib could alleviate lung injury through regulating the TLR4 /NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammasome pathway, and alleviate pulmonary fibrosis by inhibiting the TGF-β1/Smad3 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohe Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Haihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin 300353, People's Republic of China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin 300457, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Haihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin 300353, People's Republic of China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin 300457, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuli Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Haihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin 300353, People's Republic of China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin 300457, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinying Gu
- Tianjin Jikun Technology Co., Ltd. Tianjin 301700, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Haihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin 300353, People's Republic of China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin 300457, People's Republic of China
| | - Shimeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Haihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin 300353, People's Republic of China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin 300457, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunyao Cui
- Tianjin Jikun Technology Co., Ltd. Tianjin 301700, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Liu
- Tianjin Jikun Technology Co., Ltd. Tianjin 301700, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Huang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Haihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin 300353, People's Republic of China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin 300457, People's Republic of China
| | - Honggang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Haihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin 300353, People's Republic of China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin 300457, People's Republic of China.
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238
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Tu L, Lin Z, Huang Q, Liu D. USP15 Enhances the Proliferation, Migration, and Collagen Deposition of Hypertrophic Scar-Derived Fibroblasts by Deubiquitinating TGF-βR1 In Vitro. Plast Reconstr Surg 2021; 148:1040-1051. [PMID: 34546211 PMCID: PMC8542080 DOI: 10.1097/prs.0000000000008488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertrophic scar is a fibroproliferative disorder caused by skin injury. The incidence of hypertrophic scar following trauma or burns is 40 to 70 percent or 70 percent, respectively. It has been shown that transforming growth factor (TGF) β1/Smad signaling plays a crucial role in hypertrophic scar, and that USP15 can regulate the activity of TGFβ1/Smad signaling to affect the progression of the disease. However, the underlying mechanism of USP15 in hypertrophic scar remains unclear. The authors hypothesized that USP15 was up-regulated and enhanced the proliferation, migration, invasion, and collagen deposition of hypertrophic scar-derived fibroblasts by deubiquitinating TGF-β receptor I (TβRI) in vitro. METHODS Fibroblasts were isolated from human hypertrophic scars in vitro. The knockdown and overexpression of USP15 in hypertrophic scar-derived fibroblasts were performed using lentivirus infection. The effect of USP15 on hypertrophic scar-derived fibroblast proliferation, migration, and invasion, and the expression of TβRI, Smad2, Smad3, α-SMA, COL1, and COL3, were detected by Cell Counting Kit-8, scratch, invasion, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, and Western blot assays. The interaction between USP15 and TβRI was detected by co-immunoprecipitation and ubiquitination assays. RESULTS The authors demonstrated that USP15 knockdown significantly inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasion of hypertrophic scar-derived fibroblasts in vitro and down-regulated the expression of TβRI, Smad2, Smad3, α-SMA, COL1, and COL3; in addition, USP15 overexpression showed the opposite trends (p < 0.05). Co-immunoprecipitation and ubiquitination assays revealed that USP15 interacted with TβRI and deubiquitinated TβRI. CONCLUSION USP15 enhances the proliferation, migration, invasion, and collagen deposition of hypertrophic scar-derived fibroblasts by deubiquitinating TβRI in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longxiang Tu
- From the Institute of Burn and Departments of Orthopedic Surgery and Nursing, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University
| | - Zunwen Lin
- From the Institute of Burn and Departments of Orthopedic Surgery and Nursing, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University
| | - Qin Huang
- From the Institute of Burn and Departments of Orthopedic Surgery and Nursing, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University
| | - Dewu Liu
- From the Institute of Burn and Departments of Orthopedic Surgery and Nursing, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University
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239
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Giacomelli C, Piccarducci R, Marchetti L, Romei C, Martini C. Pulmonary fibrosis from molecular mechanisms to therapeutic interventions: lessons from post-COVID-19 patients. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 193:114812. [PMID: 34687672 PMCID: PMC8546906 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is characterised by several grades of chronic inflammation and collagen deposition in the interalveolar space and is a hallmark of interstitial lung diseases (ILDs). Recently, infectious agents have emerged as driving causes for PF development; however, the role of viral/bacterial infections in the initiation and propagation of PF is still debated. In this context, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus responsible for the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, has been associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and PF development. Although the infection by SARS-CoV-2 can be eradicated in most cases, the development of fibrotic lesions cannot be precluded; furthermore, whether these lesions are stable or progressive fibrotic events is still unknown. Herein, an overview of the main molecular mechanisms driving the fibrotic process together with the currently approved and newly proposed therapeutic solutions was given. Then, the most recent data that emerged from post-COVID-19 patients was discussed, in order to compare PF and COVID-19-dependent PF, highlighting shared and specific mechanisms. A better understanding of PF aetiology is certainly needed, also to develop effective therapeutic strategies and COVID-19 pathology is offering one more chance to do it. Overall, the work reported here could help to define new approaches for therapeutic intervention in the diversity of the ILD spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Giacomelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, Pisa 56126, Italy
| | - Rebecca Piccarducci
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, Pisa 56126, Italy
| | - Laura Marchetti
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, Pisa 56126, Italy
| | - Chiara Romei
- Multidisciplinary Team of Interstitial Lung Disease, Radiology Department, Pisa University Hospital, Via Paradisa 2, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Claudia Martini
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, Pisa 56126, Italy,Corresponding author
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240
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Abstract
Fibroblasts are important cells for the support of homeostatic tissue function. In inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease, fibroblasts take on different roles (a) as inflammatory cells themselves and (b) in recruiting leukocytes, driving angiogenesis, and enabling chronic inflammation in tissues. Recent advances in single-cell profiling techniques have transformed the ability to examine fibroblast states and populations in inflamed tissues, providing evidence of previously underappreciated heterogeneity and disease-associated fibroblast populations. These studies challenge the preconceived notion that fibroblasts are homogeneous and provide new insights into the role of fibroblasts in inflammatory pathology. In addition, new molecular insights into the mechanisms of fibroblast activation reveal powerful cell-intrinsic amplification loops that synergize with primary fibroblast stimuli to result in striking responses. In this Review, we focus on recent developments in our understanding of fibroblast heterogeneity and fibroblast pathology across tissues and diseases in rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel diseases. We highlight new approaches to, and applications of, single-cell profiling techniques and what they teach us about fibroblast biology. Finally, we address how these insights could lead to the development of novel therapeutic approaches to targeting fibroblasts in disease.
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241
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Adzika GK, Hou H, Adekunle AO, Rizvi R, Adzraku SY, Li K, Deng QM, Mprah R, Ndzie Noah ML, Adu-Amankwaah J, Machuki JO, Shang W, Ma T, Koda S, Ma X, Sun H. Amlexanox and Forskolin Prevents Isoproterenol-Induced Cardiomyopathy by Subduing Cardiomyocyte Hypertrophy and Maladaptive Inflammatory Responses. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:719351. [PMID: 34631707 PMCID: PMC8497899 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.719351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic catecholamine stress (CCS) induces the occurrence of cardiomyopathy-pathological cardiac hypertrophy (PCH), which is characterized by left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVSD). Recently, mounting evidence has implicated myocardial inflammation in the exacerbation of pathological cardiac remodeling. However, there are currently no well-defined treatment interventions or regimes targeted at both the attenuation of maladaptive myocardial hypertrophy and inflammation during CCS to prevent PCH. G protein-coupled receptor kinase 5 (GRK5) and adenylyl cyclases (ACs)-cAMP mediates both cardiac and inflammatory responses. Also, GRK5 and ACs are implicated in stress-induced LVSD. Herein, we aimed at preventing PCH during CCS via modulating adaptive cardiac and inflammatory responses by inhibiting GRK5 and/or stimulating ACs. Isoproterenol-induced cardiomyopathy (ICM) was modeled using 0.5 mg/100 g/day isoproterenol injections for 40 days. Alterations in cardiac and inflammatory responses were assessed from the myocardia. Similarities in the immunogenicity of cardiac troponin I (cTnI) and lipopolysaccharide under CCS were assessed, and Amlexanox (35 μM/ml) and/or Forskolin (10 μM/ml) were then employed in vitro to modulate adaptive inflammatory responses by inhibiting GRK5 or activating ACs-cAMP, respectively. Subsequently, Amlexanox (2.5 mg/100 g/day) and/or Forskolin (0.5 mg/100 g/day) were then translated into in vivo during CCS to modulate adaptive cardiac and inflammatory responses. The effects of Amlexanox and Forskolin on regulating myocardial systolic functions and inflammatory responses during CCS were ascertained afterward. PCH mice had excessive myocardial hypertrophy, fibrosis, and aggravated LVSD, which were accompanied by massive CD68+ inflammatory cell infiltrations. In vitro, Forskolin-AC/cAMP was effective than Amlexanox-GRK5 at downregulating proinflammatory responses during stress; nonetheless, Amlexanox and Forskolin combination demonstrated the most efficacy in modulating adaptive inflammatory responses. Individually, the translated Amlexanox and Forskolin treatment interventions were ineffective at subduing the pathological remodeling and sustaining cardiac function during CCS. However, their combination was potent at preventing LVSD during CCS by attenuating maladaptive myocardial hypertrophy, fibrosis, and inflammatory responses. The treatment intervention attained its potency mainly via Forskolin-ACs/cAMP-mediated modulation of cardiac and inflammatory responses, coupled with Amlexanox inhibition of GRK5 mediated maladaptive cascades. Taken together, our findings highlight the Amlexanox and Forskolin combination as a potential therapeutic intervention for preventing the occurrence of pathological cardiac hypertrophy during chronic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hongjian Hou
- Department of Physiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,The College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, China
| | | | | | - Seyram Yao Adzraku
- Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Stem Cell, Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Kexue Li
- Department of Physiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Qi-Ming Deng
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Cardiology, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Richard Mprah
- Department of Physiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | | | | | | | - Wenkang Shang
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ZBMZ, Albert-Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tongtong Ma
- Department of Physiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Stephane Koda
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xianluo Ma
- Internal Medicine-Cardiovascular Department, People's Hospital of Jiawang District, Xuzhou, China
| | - Hong Sun
- Department of Physiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
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242
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Soliman H, Theret M, Scott W, Hill L, Underhill TM, Hinz B, Rossi FMV. Multipotent stromal cells: One name, multiple identities. Cell Stem Cell 2021; 28:1690-1707. [PMID: 34624231 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2021.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Multipotent stromal cells (MSCs) are vital for development, maintenance, function, and regeneration of most tissues. They can differentiate along multiple connective lineages, but unlike most other stem/progenitor cells, they carry out various other functions while maintaining their developmental potential. MSCs function as damage sensors, respond to injury by fostering regeneration through secretion of trophic factors as well as extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules, and contribute to fibrotic reparative processes when regeneration fails. Tissue-specific MSC identity, fate(s), and function(s) are being resolved through fate mapping coupled with single cell "omics," providing unparalleled insights into the secret lives of tissue-resident MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hesham Soliman
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada; Aspect Biosystems, Vancouver, BC V6P 6P2, Canada
| | - Marine Theret
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Wilder Scott
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Lesley Hill
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Tully Michael Underhill
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada; Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Boris Hinz
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Fabio M V Rossi
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada; Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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243
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Gretzmeier C, Pin D, Kern JS, Chen M, Woodley DT, Bruckner-Tuderman L, de Souza MP, Nyström A. Systemic Collagen VII Replacement Therapy for Advanced Recessive Dystrophic Epidermolysis Bullosa. J Invest Dermatol 2021; 142:1094-1102.e3. [PMID: 34606885 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB) is a genetic skin blistering disease associated with progressive multiorgan fibrosis. RDEB is caused by biallelic mutations in COL7A1 encoding the extracellular matrix protein collagen VII (C7), which is necessary for epidermal‒dermal adherence. C7 is not simply a structural protein but also has multiple functions, including the regulation of TGFβ bioavailability and the inhibition of skin scarring. Intravenous (IV) administration of recombinant C7 (rC7) rescues C7-deficient mice from neonatal lethality. However, the effect on established RDEB has not been determined. In this study, we used small and large adult RDEB animal models to investigate the disease-modulating abilities of IV rC7 on established RDEB. In adult RDEB mice, rC7 accumulated at the basement membrane zone in multiple organs after a single infusion. Fortnightly IV injections of rC7 for 7 weeks in adult RDEB mice reduced fibrosis of skin and eye. The fibrosis-delaying effect was associated with a reduction of TGFβ signaling. IV rC7 in adult RDEB dogs incorporated in the dermal‒epidermal junction of skin and improved disease by promoting wound healing and reducing dermal‒epidermal separation. In both species, IV C7 was well-tolerated. These preclinical studies suggest that repeated IV administration of rC7 is an option for systemic treatment of established adult RDEB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Gretzmeier
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Didier Pin
- UPSP 2016.A104, VetAgro Sup, Univeristy of Lyon, Marcy l'Étoile, France
| | - Johannes S Kern
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Dermatology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Mei Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - David T Woodley
- Department of Dermatology, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Leena Bruckner-Tuderman
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Alexander Nyström
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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244
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Fischer LS, Schlichthaerle T, Chrostek‐Grashoff A, Grashoff C. Peptide-PAINT Enables Investigation of Endogenous Talin with Molecular Scale Resolution in Cells and Tissues. Chembiochem 2021; 22:2872-2879. [PMID: 34286903 PMCID: PMC8518977 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Talin is a cell adhesion molecule that is indispensable for the development and function of multicellular organisms. Despite its central role for many cell biological processes, suitable methods to investigate the nanoscale organization of talin in its native environment are missing. Here, we overcome this limitation by combining single-molecule resolved PAINT (points accumulation in nanoscale topography) imaging with the IRIS (image reconstruction by integrating exchangeable single-molecule localization) approach, enabling the quantitative analysis of genetically unmodified talin molecules in cells. We demonstrate that a previously reported peptide can be utilized to specifically label the two major talin isoforms expressed in mammalian tissues with a localization precision of <10 nm. Our experiments show that the methodology performs equally well as state-of-the-art single-molecule localization techniques, and the first applications reveal a thus far undescribed cell adhesion structure in differentiating stem cells. Furthermore, we demonstrate the applicability of this peptide-PAINT technique to mouse tissues paving the way to single-protein imaging of endogenous talin proteins under physiologically relevant conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa S. Fischer
- Department of Quantitative Cell BiologyInstitute of Molecular Cell BiologyUniversity of MünsterSchlossplatz 5Münster48149Germany
| | - Thomas Schlichthaerle
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWA 98195USA
- Institute for Protein DesignUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWA 98195USA
| | - Anna Chrostek‐Grashoff
- Department of Quantitative Cell BiologyInstitute of Molecular Cell BiologyUniversity of MünsterSchlossplatz 5Münster48149Germany
| | - Carsten Grashoff
- Department of Quantitative Cell BiologyInstitute of Molecular Cell BiologyUniversity of MünsterSchlossplatz 5Münster48149Germany
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245
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Immune responses to injury and their links to eye disease. Transl Res 2021; 236:52-71. [PMID: 34051364 PMCID: PMC8380715 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2021.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The eye is regarded as an immune privileged site. Since the presence of a vasculature would impair vision, the vasculature of the eye is located outside of the central light path. As a result, many regions of the eye evolved mechanisms to deliver immune cells to sites of dysgenesis, injury, or in response to the many age-related pathologies. While the purpose of these immune responses is reparative or protective, cytokines released by immune cells compromise visual acuity by inducing inflammation and fibrosis. The response to traumatic or pathological injury is distinct in different regions of the eye. Age-related diseases impact both the anterior and posterior segment and lead to reduced quality of life and blindness. Here we focus attention on the role that inflammation and fibrosis play in the progression of age-related pathologies of the cornea and the lens as well as in glaucoma, the formation of epiretinal membranes, and in proliferative vitreoretinopathy.
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Key Words
- 2ryERM
- A T-helper cell that expresses high levels of IL-17 which can suppress T-regulatory cell function
- A cytokine expressed early during inflammation that attracts neutrophils
- A cytokine expressed early during inflammation that attracts neutrophils, sometimes referred to as monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1))
- A mouse model that lacks functional T and B cells and used to study the immune response
- A pigmented mouse strain used for research and known to mount a primarily Th1 response to infection
- A protein encoded by the ADGRE1 gene that, in mice, is expressed primarily on macrophages
- A strain of pigmented mice used in glaucoma research
- ACAID
- APCs
- ASC
- An albino mouse strain used for research and known to mount a primarily Th2 response to infection
- Antigen Presenting Cells, this class includes dendritic cells and monocytes
- BALB/c
- BM
- C57BL6
- CCL2
- CD45
- CNS
- CXCL1
- Central Nervous System
- Cluster of differentiation 45 antigen
- DAMPs
- DBA/2J
- EBM
- ECM
- EMT
- ERM
- Epithelial Basement Membrane
- F4/80
- FGF2
- HA =hyaluronic acid
- HSK
- HSP
- HSPGs
- HSV
- ICN
- IL-20
- IL6
- ILM
- IOP
- Inner (or internal) limiting membrane
- Interleukin 6
- Interleukin-20
- MAGP1
- MHC-II
- Major histocompatibility complex type II, a class of MHC proteins typically found only on APCs
- Microfibril-associated glycoprotein 1
- N-cad
- N-cadherin
- NEI
- NK
- National Eye Institute
- Natural killer T cells
- PCO
- PDGF
- PDR
- PVD
- PVR
- Platelet derived growth factor
- Posterior capsular opacification
- RGC
- RPE
- RRD
- Rag1-/-
- Retinal ganglion cells
- Retinal pigment epithelial cells
- SMAD
- Sons of Mothers Against Decapentaplegic, SMADs are a class of molecules that mediate TGF and bone morphogenetic protein signaling
- T-helper cell 1 response, proinflammatory adaptive response involving interferon gamma and associated with autoimmunity
- T-helper cell 2 response involving IgE and interleukins 4,5, and 13, also induces the anti-inflammatory interleukin 10 family cytokines
- T-regulatory cell
- TG
- TGF1
- TM
- TNF
- Th1
- Th17
- Th2
- Transforming growth factor 1
- Treg
- Tumor necrosis factor a cytokine produced during inflammation
- VEGF
- Vascular endothelial growth factor
- WHO
- World Health Organization
- anterior chamber immune deviation
- anterior subcapsular cataracts
- basement membrane
- damage-associated molecular patterns
- epiretinal membrane
- epiretinal membrane secondary to disease pathology
- epithelial-mesenchymal transition
- extracellular matrix
- fibroblast growth factor 2, also referred to as basic FGF
- heat shock protein
- heparan sulfate proteoglycans
- herpes simplex virus
- herpes stromal keratitis
- iERM
- idiopathic epiretinal membrane
- intraepithelial corneal nerves
- intraocular pressure
- mTOR
- mechanistic target of rapamycin, a protein kinase encoded by the MTOR genes that regulates a variety of signal transduction events including cell growth, autophagy and actin cytoskeleton
- posterior vitreous detachment
- proliferative diabetic retinopathy
- proliferative vitreoretinopathy
- rhegmatogenous (rupture, tear) retinal detachment
- trabecular meshwork
- trigeminal ganglion
- αSMA
- α−Smooth muscle actin, a class of actin expressed in mesenchymal cells
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Cisterna B, Costanzo M, Lacavalla MA, Galiè M, Angelini O, Tabaracci G, Malatesta M. Low Ozone Concentrations Differentially Affect the Structural and Functional Features of Non-Activated and Activated Fibroblasts In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10133. [PMID: 34576295 PMCID: PMC8466365 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221810133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxygen-ozone (O2-O3) therapy is increasingly applied as a complementary/adjuvant treatment for several diseases; however, the biological mechanisms accounting for the efficacy of low O3 concentrations need further investigations to understand the possibly multiple effects on the different cell types. In this work, we focused our attention on fibroblasts as ubiquitous connective cells playing roles in the body architecture, in the homeostasis of tissue-resident cells, and in many physiological and pathological processes. Using an established human fibroblast cell line as an in vitro model, we adopted a multimodal approach to explore a panel of cell structural and functional features, combining light and electron microscopy, Western blot analysis, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and multiplex assays for cytokines. The administration of O2-O3 gas mixtures induced multiple effects on fibroblasts, depending on their activation state: in non-activated fibroblasts, O3 stimulated proliferation, formation of cell surface protrusions, antioxidant response, and IL-6 and TGF-β1 secretion, while in LPS-activated fibroblasts, O3 stimulated only antioxidant response and cytokines secretion. Therefore, the low O3 concentrations used in this study induced activation-like responses in non-activated fibroblasts, whereas in already activated fibroblasts, the cell protective capability was potentiated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Cisterna
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Anatomy and Histology Section, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, I-37134 Verona, Italy; (B.C.); (M.C.); (M.A.L.); (M.G.)
| | - Manuela Costanzo
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Anatomy and Histology Section, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, I-37134 Verona, Italy; (B.C.); (M.C.); (M.A.L.); (M.G.)
| | - Maria Assunta Lacavalla
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Anatomy and Histology Section, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, I-37134 Verona, Italy; (B.C.); (M.C.); (M.A.L.); (M.G.)
| | - Mirco Galiè
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Anatomy and Histology Section, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, I-37134 Verona, Italy; (B.C.); (M.C.); (M.A.L.); (M.G.)
| | - Osvaldo Angelini
- San Rocco Clinic, Via Monsignor G.V. Moreni 95, I-25018 Montichari, Italy; (O.A.); (G.T.)
| | - Gabriele Tabaracci
- San Rocco Clinic, Via Monsignor G.V. Moreni 95, I-25018 Montichari, Italy; (O.A.); (G.T.)
| | - Manuela Malatesta
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Anatomy and Histology Section, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, I-37134 Verona, Italy; (B.C.); (M.C.); (M.A.L.); (M.G.)
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Li CH, Hsu TI, Chang YC, Chan MH, Lu PJ, Hsiao M. Stationed or Relocating: The Seesawing EMT/MET Determinants from Embryonic Development to Cancer Metastasis. Biomedicines 2021; 9:1265. [PMID: 34572451 PMCID: PMC8472300 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9091265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial and mesenchymal transition mechanisms continue to occur during the cell cycle and throughout human development from the embryo stage to death. In embryo development, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) can be divided into three essential steps. First, endoderm, mesoderm, and neural crest cells form, then the cells are subdivided, and finally, cardiac valve formation occurs. After the embryonic period, the human body will be subjected to ongoing mechanical stress or injury. The formation of a wound requires EMT to recruit fibroblasts to generate granulation tissues, repair the wound and re-create an intact skin barrier. However, once cells transform into a malignant tumor, the tumor cells acquire the characteristic of immortality. Local cell growth with no growth inhibition creates a solid tumor. If the tumor cannot obtain enough nutrition in situ, the tumor cells will undergo EMT and invade the basal membrane of nearby blood vessels. The tumor cells are transported through the bloodstream to secondary sites and then begin to form colonies and undergo reverse EMT, the so-called "mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET)." This dynamic change involves cell morphology, environmental conditions, and external stimuli. Therefore, in this manuscript, the similarities and differences between EMT and MET will be dissected from embryonic development to the stage of cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Hsiu Li
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan; (C.-H.L.); (T.-I.H.); (M.-H.C.)
| | - Tai-I Hsu
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan; (C.-H.L.); (T.-I.H.); (M.-H.C.)
| | - Yu-Chan Chang
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan;
| | - Ming-Hsien Chan
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan; (C.-H.L.); (T.-I.H.); (M.-H.C.)
| | - Pei-Jung Lu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan
- Clinical Medicine Research Center, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan
| | - Michael Hsiao
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan; (C.-H.L.); (T.-I.H.); (M.-H.C.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
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Zhang B, Chen X, Ru F, Gan Y, Li B, Xia W, Dai G, He Y, Chen Z. Liproxstatin-1 attenuates unilateral ureteral obstruction-induced renal fibrosis by inhibiting renal tubular epithelial cells ferroptosis. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:843. [PMID: 34511597 PMCID: PMC8435531 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04137-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Renal fibrosis is a common pathological process that occurs with diverse etiologies in chronic kidney disease. However, its regulatory mechanisms have not yet been fully elucidated. Ferroptosis is a form of non-apoptotic regulated cell death driven by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation. It is currently unknown whether ferroptosis is initiated during unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO)-induced renal fibrosis and its role has not been determined. In this study, we demonstrated that ureteral obstruction induced ferroptosis in renal tubular epithelial cells (TECs) in vivo. The ferroptosis inhibitor liproxstatin-1 (Lip-1) reduced iron deposition, cell death, lipid peroxidation, and inhibited the downregulation of GPX4 expression induced by UUO, ultimately inhibiting ferroptosis in TECs. We found that Lip-1 significantly attenuated UUO-induced morphological and pathological changes and collagen deposition of renal fibrosis in mice. In addition, Lip-1 attenuated the expression of profibrotic factors in the UUO model. In vitro, we used RSL3 treatment and knocked down of GPX4 level by RNAi in HK2 cells to induce ferroptosis. Our results indicated HK2 cells secreted various profibrotic factors during ferroptosis. Lip-1 was able to inhibit ferroptosis and thereby inhibit the secretion of the profibrotic factors during the process. Incubation of kidney fibroblasts with culture medium from RSL3-induced HK2 cells promoted fibroblast proliferation and activation, whereas Lip-1 impeded the profibrotic effects. Our study found that Lip-1 may relieve renal fibrosis by inhibiting ferroptosis in TECs. Mechanistically, Lip-1 could reduce the activation of surrounding fibroblasts by inhibiting the paracrine of profibrotic factors in HK2 cells. Lip-1 may potentially be used as a therapeutic approach for the treatment of UUO-induced renal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Ru
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Gan
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Bingsheng Li
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiping Xia
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoyu Dai
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao He
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhi Chen
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
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Abstract
From the clinical standpoint, systemic sclerosis (SSc) is characterized by skin and internal organ fibrosis, diffuse fibroproliferative vascular modifications, and autoimmunity. Clinical presentation and course are highly heterogenous and life expectancy variably affected mostly dependent on lung and heart involvement. SSc touches more women than men with differences in disease severity and environmental exposure. Pathogenetic events originate from altered homeostasis favored by genetic predisposition, environmental cues and a variety of endogenous and exogenous triggers. Epigenetic modifications modulate SSc pathogenesis which strikingly associate profound immune-inflammatory dysregulation, abnormal endothelial cell behavior, and cell trans-differentiation into myofibroblasts. SSc myofibroblasts show enhanced survival and enhanced extracellular matrix deposition presenting altered structure and altered physicochemical properties. Additional cell types of likely pathogenic importance are pericytes, platelets, and keratinocytes in conjunction with their relationship with vessel wall cells and fibroblasts. In SSc, the profibrotic milieu is favored by cell signaling initiated in the one hand by transforming growth factor-beta and related cytokines and in the other hand by innate and adaptive type 2 immune responses. Radical oxygen species and invariant receptors sensing danger participate to altered cell behavior. Conventional and SSc-specific T cell subsets modulate both fibroblasts as well as endothelial cell dysfunction. Beside autoantibodies directed against ubiquitous antigens important for enhanced clinical classification, antigen-specific agonistic autoantibodies may have a pathogenic role. Recent studies based on single-cell RNAseq and multi-omics approaches are revealing unforeseen heterogeneity in SSc cell differentiation and functional states. Advances in system biology applied to the wealth of data generated by unbiased screening are allowing to subgroup patients based on distinct pathogenic mechanisms. Deciphering heterogeneity in pathogenic mechanisms will pave the way to highly needed personalized therapeutic approaches.
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Advances in epigenetics in systemic sclerosis: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2021; 17:596-607. [PMID: 34480165 DOI: 10.1038/s41584-021-00683-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a prototypical inflammatory fibrotic disease involving inflammation, vascular abnormalities and fibrosis that primarily affect the skin and lungs. The aetiology of SSc is unknown and its pathogenesis is only partially understood. Of all the rheumatic diseases, SSc carries the highest all-cause mortality rate and represents an unmet medical need. A growing body of evidence implicates epigenetic aberrations in this intractable disease, including specific modifications affecting the three main cell types involved in SSc pathogenesis: immune cells, endothelial cells and fibroblasts. In this Review, we discuss the latest insights into the role of DNA methylation, histone modifications and non-coding RNAs in SSc and how these epigenetic alterations affect disease features. In particular, histone modifications have a role in the regulation of gene expression pertinent to activation of fibroblasts to myofibroblasts, governing their fate. DNA methyltransferases are crucial in disease pathogenesis by mediating methylation of DNA in specific promoters, regulating expression of specific pathways. We discuss targeting of these enzymes for therapeutic gain. Innovative epigenetic therapy could be targeted to treat the disease in a precision epigenetics approach.
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