201
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GSDMD membrane pore is critical for IL-1β release and antagonizing IL-1β by hepatocyte-specific nanobiologics is a promising therapeutics for murine alcoholic steatohepatitis. Biomaterials 2020; 227:119570. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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202
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Marjot T, Moolla A, Cobbold JF, Hodson L, Tomlinson JW. Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Adults: Current Concepts in Etiology, Outcomes, and Management. Endocr Rev 2020; 41:5601173. [PMID: 31629366 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnz009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a spectrum of disease, extending from simple steatosis to inflammation and fibrosis with a significant risk for the development of cirrhosis. It is highly prevalent and is associated with significant adverse outcomes both through liver-specific morbidity and mortality but, perhaps more important, through adverse cardiovascular and metabolic outcomes. It is closely associated with type 2 diabetes and obesity, and both of these conditions drive progressive disease toward the more advanced stages. The mechanisms that govern hepatic lipid accumulation and the predisposition to inflammation and fibrosis are still not fully understood but reflect a complex interplay between metabolic target tissues including adipose and skeletal muscle, and immune and inflammatory cells. The ability to make an accurate assessment of disease stage (that relates to clinical outcome) can also be challenging. While liver biopsy is still regarded as the gold-standard investigative tool, there is an extensive literature on the search for novel noninvasive biomarkers and imaging modalities that aim to accurately reflect the stage of underlying disease. Finally, although no therapies are currently licensed for the treatment of NAFLD, there are interventions that appear to have proven efficacy in randomized controlled trials as well as an extensive emerging therapeutic landscape of new agents that target many of the fundamental pathophysiological processes that drive NAFLD. It is highly likely that over the next few years, new treatments with a specific license for the treatment of NAFLD will become available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Marjot
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK.,Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Ahmad Moolla
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Jeremy F Cobbold
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Leanne Hodson
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Jeremy W Tomlinson
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
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203
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Shepard CR. TLR9 in MAFLD and NASH: At the Intersection of Inflammation and Metabolism. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:613639. [PMID: 33584545 PMCID: PMC7880160 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.613639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-Like Receptor 9 (TLR9) is an ancient receptor integral to the primordial functions of inflammation and metabolism. TLR9 functions to regulate homeostasis in a healthy system under acute stress. The literature supports that overactivation of TLR9 under the chronic stress of obesity is a critical driver of the pathogenesis of NASH and NASH-associated fibrosis. Research has focused on the core contributions of the parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells in the liver, adipose, and gut compartments. TLR9 is activated by endogenous circulating mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Chronically elevated circulating levels of mtDNA, caused by the stress of overnutrition, are observed in obesity, metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), and NASH. Clinical evidence is supportive of TLR9 overactivation as a driver of disease. The role of TLR9 in metabolism and energy regulation may have an underappreciated contribution in the pathogenesis of NASH. Antagonism of TLR9 in NASH and NASH-associated fibrosis could be an effective therapeutic strategy to target both the inflammatory and metabolic components of such a complex disease.
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204
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Tu H, Chen D, Cai C, Du Q, Lin H, Pan T, Sheng L, Xu Y, Teng T, Tu J, Lin Z, Wang X, Wang R, Xu L, Chen Y. microRNA-143-3p attenuated development of hepatic fibrosis in autoimmune hepatitis through regulation of TAK1 phosphorylation. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:1256-1267. [PMID: 31808606 PMCID: PMC6991639 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a chronic liver disease due to autoimmune system attacks hepatocytes and causes inflammation and fibrosis. Intracellular signalling and miRNA may play an important role in regulation of liver injury. This study aimed to investigate the potential roles of microRNA 143 in a murine AIH model and a hepatocyte injury model. Murine AIH model was induced by hepatic antigen S100, and hepatocyte injury model was induced by LPS. Mice and AML12 cells were separated into six groups with or without the treatment of miRNA-143. Inflammation and fibrosis as well as gene expression were examined by different cellular and molecular techniques. The model was successfully established with the elevation of ALT and AST as well as inflammatory and fibrotic markers. Infection or transfection of mir-143 in mice or hepatocytes significantly attenuated the development of alleviation of hepatocyte injury. Moreover, the study demonstrated phosphorylation of TAK1-mediated miRNA-143 regulation of hepatic inflammation and fibrosis as well as hepatocyte injury. Our studies demonstrated a significant role of miRNA-143 in attenuation of liver injury in AIH mice and hepatocytes. miRNA-143 regulates inflammation and fibrosis through its regulation of TAK1 phosphorylation, which warrants TAK1 as a target for the development of new therapeutic strategy of autoimmune hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanxiao Tu
- Department of Infectious DiseasesWenzhou Key Laboratory of HepatologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityHepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
| | - Dazhi Chen
- Department of GastroenterologyThe First Hospital of Peking UniversityBeiJingChina
| | - Chao Cai
- Department of Infectious DiseasesWenzhou Key Laboratory of HepatologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityHepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
| | - Qianjing Du
- Department of Infectious DiseasesWenzhou Key Laboratory of HepatologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityHepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
| | - Hongwei Lin
- Department of Infectious DiseasesWenzhou Key Laboratory of HepatologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityHepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
| | - Tongtong Pan
- Department of Infectious DiseasesWenzhou Key Laboratory of HepatologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityHepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
| | - Lina Sheng
- Department of Infectious DiseasesWenzhou Key Laboratory of HepatologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityHepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
- Department of Infectious DiseasesThe Affiliated Yiwu Central Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityYiwuChina
| | - Yuedong Xu
- Department of Infectious DiseasesWenzhou Key Laboratory of HepatologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityHepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
| | - Teng Teng
- Department of Infectious DiseasesWenzhou Key Laboratory of HepatologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityHepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
| | - Jingjing Tu
- Department of Infectious DiseasesWenzhou Key Laboratory of HepatologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityHepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
| | - Zhuo Lin
- Department of Infectious DiseasesWenzhou Key Laboratory of HepatologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityHepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- Department of Infectious DiseasesWenzhou Key Laboratory of HepatologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityHepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Infectious DiseasesWenzhou Key Laboratory of HepatologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityHepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
| | - Lanman Xu
- Department of Infectious DiseasesWenzhou Key Laboratory of HepatologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityHepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Liver DiseasesNingbo Medical Center Lihuili HospitalNingboChina
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Liver DiseasesThe Affiliated Lihuili Hospital of Ningbo UniversityNingboChina
| | - Yongping Chen
- Department of Infectious DiseasesWenzhou Key Laboratory of HepatologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityHepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
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205
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De Rudder M, Bouzin C, Nachit M, Louvegny H, Vande Velde G, Julé Y, Leclercq IA. Automated computerized image analysis for the user-independent evaluation of disease severity in preclinical models of NAFLD/NASH. J Transl Med 2020; 100:147-160. [PMID: 31506634 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-019-0315-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathologists use a semiquantitative scoring system (NAS or SAF score) to facilitate the reporting of disease severity and evolution. Similar scores are applied for the same purposes in rodents. Histological scores have inherent inter- and intra-observer variability and yield discrete and not continuous values. Here we performed an automatic numerical quantification of NASH features on liver sections in common preclinical NAFLD/NASH models. High-fat diet-fed foz/foz mice (Foz HF) or wild-type mice (WT HF) known to develop progressive NASH or an uncomplicated steatosis, respectively, and C57Bl6 mice fed a choline-deficient high-fat diet (CDAA) to induce steatohepatitis were analyzed at various time points. Automated software image analysis of steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis was performed on digital images from entire liver sections. Data obtained were compared with the NAS score, biochemical quantification, and gene expression. As histologically assessed, WT HF mice had normal liver up to week 34 when they harbor mild steatosis with if any, little inflammation. Foz HF mice exhibited grade 2 steatosis as early as week 4, grade 3 steatosis at week 12 up to week 34; inflammation and ballooning increased gradually with time. Automated measurement of steatosis (macrovesicular steatosis area) revealed a strong correlation with steatosis scores (r = 0.89), micro-CT liver density, liver lipid content (r = 0.89), and gene expression of CD36 (r = 0.87). Automatic assessment of the number of F4/80-immunolabelled crown-like structures strongly correlated with conventional inflammatory scores (r = 0.79). In Foz HF mice, collagen deposition, evident at week 20 and progressing at week 34, was automatically quantified on picrosirius red-stained entire liver sections. The automated procedure also faithfully captured and quantitated macrovesicular steatosis, mixed inflammation, and pericellular fibrosis in CDAA-induced steatohepatitis. In conclusion, the automatic numerical analysis represents a promising quantitative method to rapidly monitor NAFLD activity with high-throughput in large preclinical studies and for accurate monitoring of disease evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime De Rudder
- Laboratory of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Caroline Bouzin
- Imaging platform 2IP, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Maxime Nachit
- Laboratory of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Imaging and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine & MoSAIC, Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Heloïse Louvegny
- Laboratory of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Greetje Vande Velde
- Department of Imaging and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine & MoSAIC, Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Isabelle A Leclercq
- Laboratory of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium.
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206
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Oates JR, McKell MC, Moreno-Fernandez ME, Damen MSMA, Deepe GS, Qualls JE, Divanovic S. Macrophage Function in the Pathogenesis of Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: The Mac Attack. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2893. [PMID: 31921154 PMCID: PMC6922022 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a prevalent predisposing factor to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the most common chronic liver disease in the developed world. NAFLD spectrum of disease involves progression from steatosis (NAFL), to steatohepatitis (NASH), cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Despite clinical and public health significance, current FDA approved therapies for NAFLD are lacking in part due to insufficient understanding of pathogenic mechanisms driving disease progression. The etiology of NAFLD is multifactorial. The induction of both systemic and tissue inflammation consequential of skewed immune cell metabolic state, polarization, tissue recruitment, and activation are central to NAFLD progression. Here, we review the current understanding of the above stated cellular and molecular processes that govern macrophage contribution to NAFLD pathogenesis and how adipose tissue and liver crosstalk modulates macrophage function. Notably, the manipulation of such events may lead to the development of new therapies for NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarren R Oates
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Immunology Graduate Program, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Melanie C McKell
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Immunology Graduate Program, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Maria E Moreno-Fernandez
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Michelle S M A Damen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - George S Deepe
- Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Joseph E Qualls
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Immunology Graduate Program, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Senad Divanovic
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Immunology Graduate Program, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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207
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Non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases: from role of gut microbiota to microbial-based therapies. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 39:613-627. [PMID: 31828683 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-019-03746-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the well-known disease of the liver in adults and children throughout the world. The main manifestations related to NAFLD are an unusual storage of lipid in hepatocytes (hepatic steatosis) and progression of inflammation for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). NAFLD is described as a multifactorial complication due to the genetic predisposition, metabolic functions, inflammatory, gut microbiota (GM), and environmental factors. The GM dysregulation among these factors is correlated to NAFLD development. In recent decades, advanced microbial profiling methods are continuing to shed light on the nature of the changes in the GM caused by NASH and NAFLD. In the current review, we aim to perform a literature review in different library databases and electronic searches (Science Direct, PubMed, and Google Scholar) which were randomly obtained. This will be done in order to provide an overview of the relation between GM and NAFLD, and the role of prebiotics, probiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), as potential therapeutic challenges for NAFLD.
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208
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Ding S, Xu S, Ma Y, Liu G, Jang H, Fang J. Modulatory Mechanisms of the NLRP3 Inflammasomes in Diabetes. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9120850. [PMID: 31835423 PMCID: PMC6995523 DOI: 10.3390/biom9120850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The inflammasome is a multiprotein complex that acts to enhance inflammatory responses by promoting the production and secretion of key cytokines. The best-known inflammasome is the NLRP3 (nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor [NLR] family pyrin domain-containing 3) inflammasome. The evidence has shown that the NLRP3 inflammasome, IL-1β, thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP), and pyroptosis play vital roles in the development of diabetes. This review summarizes the regulation of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) by NLRP3 via modulation of glucose tolerance, insulin resistance, inflammation, and apoptosis mediated by endoplasmic reticulum stress in adipose tissue. Moreover, NLRP3 participates in intestinal homeostasis and inflammatory conditions, and NLRP3-deficient mice experience intestinal lesions. The diversity of an individual's gut microbiome and the resultant microbial metabolites determines the extent of their involvement in the physiological and pathological mechanisms within the gut. As such, further study of the interaction between the NLRP3 inflammasome and the complex intestinal environment in disease development is warranted to discover novel therapies for the treatment of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujuan Ding
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, Hunan, China; (S.D.); (Y.M.)
| | - Sheng Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, Shandong, China;
| | - Yong Ma
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, Hunan, China; (S.D.); (Y.M.)
| | - Gang Liu
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, Hunan, China; (S.D.); (Y.M.)
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha 410125, Hunan, China
- Correspondence: (G.L.); (H.J.); (J.F.); Tel.:+86-731-8461-9706 (G.L.); +86-731-8461-3600 (J.F.)
| | - Hongmei Jang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, Hunan, China; (S.D.); (Y.M.)
- Correspondence: (G.L.); (H.J.); (J.F.); Tel.:+86-731-8461-9706 (G.L.); +86-731-8461-3600 (J.F.)
| | - Jun Fang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, Hunan, China; (S.D.); (Y.M.)
- Correspondence: (G.L.); (H.J.); (J.F.); Tel.:+86-731-8461-9706 (G.L.); +86-731-8461-3600 (J.F.)
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209
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Alegre NS, Garcia CC, Billordo LA, Ameigeiras B, Poncino D, Benavides J, Colombato L, Cherñavsky AC. Limited expression of TLR9 on T cells and its functional consequences in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin Mol Hepatol 2019; 26:216-226. [PMID: 31795627 PMCID: PMC7160356 DOI: 10.3350/cmh.2019.0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims Toll-like receptors (TLRs) modulate T cell responses in diverse diseases. Co-stimulation of T cell activation via TLR9 induces production of interferon gamma (IFN-γ), priming of which is critical for differentiation of pro-inflammatory macrophages. These macrophages have a crucial role in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We aimed to evaluate the expression of TLR9 protein on T cells and the consequences of TLR9-mediated triggering of these cells in patients with NAFLD.
Methods Our study included 34 patients with simple steatosis, 34 patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, eight patients with NAFLD who met general diagnostic criteria but lacked histological diagnosis, and 51 control subjects. We used a synthetic TLR9 ligand to co-stimulate T cells. We measured TLR9 expression in liver and peripheral T cells and CD69 and IFN-γ as phenotypic markers of T cell activation and differentiation by flow cytometry.
Results TLR9 expression on liver and peripheral T cells was lowest in patients with simple steatosis and was positively associated with anthropometric, biochemical, and histopathological features of NAFLD. In vitro co-stimulation of T cells from patients with simple steatosis induced a limited number of IFN-γ-producing CD8+ T cells. At baseline, these patients showed a low frequency of circulating type 1 CD8+ cells.
Conclusions The positive associations between TLR9 and anthropometric, clinical, and histological features and the crucial role of IFN-γ-in NAFLD suggest that limited TLR9 expression and production of IFN-γ play a protective role in patients with simple steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Soledad Alegre
- Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo, Universidad de Buenos Aires-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Hospital de Clínicas "José de San Martín", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cecilia Claudia Garcia
- Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo, Universidad de Buenos Aires-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Hospital de Clínicas "José de San Martín", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luis Ariel Billordo
- Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo, Universidad de Buenos Aires-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Hospital de Clínicas "José de San Martín", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Beatriz Ameigeiras
- Unidad de Gastroenterología, Hospital General de Agudos "JM Ramos Mejía", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniel Poncino
- Sección Hepatología, Servicio de Gastroenterología, Sanatorio Dr. "Julio Méndez", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Javier Benavides
- Sección Hepatología, Servicio de Gastroenterología, Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luis Colombato
- Sección Hepatología, Servicio de Gastroenterología, Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandra Claudia Cherñavsky
- Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo, Universidad de Buenos Aires-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Hospital de Clínicas "José de San Martín", Buenos Aires, Argentina
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210
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Møhlenberg M, Terczynska-Dyla E, Thomsen KL, George J, Eslam M, Grønbæk H, Hartmann R. The role of IFN in the development of NAFLD and NASH. Cytokine 2019; 124:154519. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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211
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Simoes IC, Janikiewicz J, Bauer J, Karkucinska-Wieckowska A, Kalinowski P, Dobrzyń A, Wolski A, Pronicki M, Zieniewicz K, Dobrzyń P, Krawczyk M, Zischka H, Wieckowski MR, Potes Y. Fat and Sugar-A Dangerous Duet. A Comparative Review on Metabolic Remodeling in Rodent Models of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11122871. [PMID: 31771244 PMCID: PMC6950566 DOI: 10.3390/nu11122871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common disease in Western society and ranges from steatosis to steatohepatitis to end-stage liver disease such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The molecular mechanisms that are involved in the progression of steatosis to more severe liver damage in patients are not fully understood. A deeper investigation of NAFLD pathogenesis is possible due to the many different animal models developed recently. In this review, we present a comparative overview of the most common dietary NAFLD rodent models with respect to their metabolic phenotype and morphological manifestation. Moreover, we describe similarities and controversies concerning the effect of NAFLD-inducing diets on mitochondria as well as mitochondria-derived oxidative stress in the progression of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines C.M. Simoes
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland (J.J.); (A.D.); (P.D.); (Y.P.)
| | - Justyna Janikiewicz
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland (J.J.); (A.D.); (P.D.); (Y.P.)
| | - Judith Bauer
- Institute of Toxicology and Environmental Hygiene, Technical University Munich, School of Medicine, Biedersteiner Strasse 29, D-80802 Munich, Germany; (J.B.); (H.Z.)
| | | | - Piotr Kalinowski
- Department of General, Transplant and Liver Surgery, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; (P.K.); (K.Z.)
| | - Agnieszka Dobrzyń
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland (J.J.); (A.D.); (P.D.); (Y.P.)
| | - Andrzej Wolski
- Department of Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Maciej Pronicki
- Department of Pathology, The Children’s Memorial Health Institute, 04-730 Warsaw, Poland; (A.K.-W.); (M.P.)
| | - Krzysztof Zieniewicz
- Department of General, Transplant and Liver Surgery, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; (P.K.); (K.Z.)
| | - Paweł Dobrzyń
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland (J.J.); (A.D.); (P.D.); (Y.P.)
| | - Marcin Krawczyk
- Laboratory of Metabolic Liver Diseases, Department of General, Transplant and Liver Surgery, Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland;
- Department of Medicine II, Saarland University Medical Center, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Hans Zischka
- Institute of Toxicology and Environmental Hygiene, Technical University Munich, School of Medicine, Biedersteiner Strasse 29, D-80802 Munich, Germany; (J.B.); (H.Z.)
- Institute of Molecular Toxicology and Pharmacology, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Mariusz R. Wieckowski
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland (J.J.); (A.D.); (P.D.); (Y.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-22-5892372
| | - Yaiza Potes
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland (J.J.); (A.D.); (P.D.); (Y.P.)
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Svegliati-Baroni G, Pierantonelli I, Torquato P, Marinelli R, Ferreri C, Chatgilialoglu C, Bartolini D, Galli F. Lipidomic biomarkers and mechanisms of lipotoxicity in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 144:293-309. [PMID: 31152791 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) represents the most common form of chronic liver disease worldwide (about 25% of the general population) and 3-5% of patients develop non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), characterized by hepatocytes damage, inflammation and fibrosis, which increase the risk of developing liver failure, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The pathogenesis of NAFLD, particularly the mechanisms whereby a minority of patients develop a more severe phenotype, is still incompletely understood. In this review we examine the available literature on initial mechanisms of hepatocellular damage and inflammation, deriving from toxic effects of excess lipids. Accumulating data indicate that the total amount of triglycerides stored in the liver cells is not the main determinant of lipotoxicity and that specific lipid classes act as damaging agents. These lipotoxic species affect the cell behavior via multiple mechanisms, including activation of death receptors, endoplasmic reticulum stress, modification of mitochondrial function and oxidative stress. The gut microbiota, which provides signals through the intestine to the liver, is also reported to play a key role in lipotoxicity. Finally, we summarize the most recent lipidomic strategies utilized to explore the liver lipidome and its modifications in the course of NALFD. These include measures of lipid profiles in blood plasma and erythrocyte membranes that can surrogate to some extent lipid investigation in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Svegliati-Baroni
- Department of Gastroenterology, Università Politecnica Delle Marche, Ancona, Italy; Obesity Center, Università Politecnica Delle Marche, Ancona, Italy.
| | - Irene Pierantonelli
- Department of Gastroenterology, Università Politecnica Delle Marche, Ancona, Italy; Department of Gastroenterology, Senigallia Hospital, Senigallia, Italy
| | | | - Rita Marinelli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Italy
| | - Carla Ferreri
- ISOF, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche, Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | - Francesco Galli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Italy
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213
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Role of Probiotics in Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Does Gut Microbiota Matter? Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11112837. [PMID: 31752378 PMCID: PMC6893593 DOI: 10.3390/nu11112837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the hepatic consequence of metabolic syndrome, which often also includes obesity, diabetes, and dyslipidemia. The connection between gut microbiota (GM) and NAFLD has attracted significant attention in recent years. Data has shown that GM affects hepatic lipid metabolism and influences the balance between pro/anti-inflammatory effectors in the liver. Although studies reveal the association between GM dysbiosis and NAFLD, decoding the mechanisms of gut dysbiosis resulting in NAFLD remains challenging. The potential pathophysiology that links GM dysbiosis to NAFLD can be summarized as: (1) disrupting the balance between energy harvest and expenditure, (2) promoting hepatic inflammation (impairing intestinal integrity, facilitating endotoxemia, and initiating inflammatory cascades with cytokines releasing), and (3) altered biochemistry metabolism and GM-related metabolites (i.e., bile acid, short-chain fatty acids, aromatic amino acid derivatives, branched-chain amino acids, choline, ethanol). Due to the hypothesis that probiotics/synbiotics could normalize GM and reverse dysbiosis, there have been efforts to investigate the therapeutic effect of probiotics/synbiotics in patients with NAFLD. Recent randomized clinical trials suggest that probiotics/synbiotics could improve transaminases, hepatic steatosis, and reduce hepatic inflammation. Despite these promising results, future studies are necessary to understand the full role GM plays in NAFLD development and progression. Additionally, further data is needed to unravel probiotics/synbiotics efficacy, safety, and sustainability as a novel pharmacologic approaches to NAFLD.
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214
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Feng D, Zou J, Su D, Mai H, Zhang S, Li P, Zheng X. Curcumin prevents high-fat diet-induced hepatic steatosis in ApoE -/- mice by improving intestinal barrier function and reducing endotoxin and liver TLR4/NF-κB inflammation. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2019; 16:79. [PMID: 31788011 PMCID: PMC6858759 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-019-0410-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease and has become a public health concern worldwide. The hallmark of NAFLD is hepatic steatosis. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop new therapeutic strategies that are efficacious and have minimal side effects in hepatic steatosis and NAFLD treatment. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of dietary supplement of curcumin on high-fat diet (HFD)-induced hepatic steatosis and the underlying mechanism. Methods ApoE−/− mice were fed a normal diet, high-fat diet (HFD) or HFD supplemented with curcumin (0.1% w/w) for 16 weeks. Body and liver weight, blood biochemical. parameters, and liver lipids were measured. Intestinal permeability, hepatic steatosis and mRNA and protein expressions of TLR4-related inflammatory signaling molecule were analyzed. Results The administration of curcumin significantly prevented HFD-induced body weight gain and reduced liver weight. Curcumin attenuated hepatic steatosis along with improved serum lipid profile. Moreover, curcumin up-regulated the expression of intestinal tight junction protein zonula occluden-1 and occludin, which further improved gut barrier dysfunction and reduced circulating lipopolysaccharide levels. Curcumin also markedly down-regulated the protein expression of hepatic TLR4 and myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), inhibited p65 nuclear translocation and DNA binding activity of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) in the liver. In addition, the mRNA expression of hepatic tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) as well as the plasma levels of TNF-α and IL-1β were also lowered by curcumin treatment. Conclusion These results indicated that curcumin protects against HFD-induced hepatic steatosis by improving intestinal barrier function and reducing endotoxin and liver TLR4/NF-κB inflammation. The ability of curcumin to inhibit hepatic steatosis portrayed its potential as effective dietry intervention for NAFLD prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Feng
- 1Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University(Northern Campus), 74 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080 Guangdong Province China
| | - Jun Zou
- 2Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Nanhai Hospital of Southern Medical University, Foshan, 528200 China
| | - Dongfang Su
- 3Department of Clinic Nutrition, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060 China
| | - Haiyan Mai
- 4Department of Clinic Nutrition, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080 China
| | - Shanshan Zhang
- 1Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University(Northern Campus), 74 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080 Guangdong Province China
| | - Peiyang Li
- 1Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University(Northern Campus), 74 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080 Guangdong Province China
| | - Xiumei Zheng
- 1Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University(Northern Campus), 74 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080 Guangdong Province China
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215
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Fukui H. Role of Gut Dysbiosis in Liver Diseases: What Have We Learned So Far? Diseases 2019; 7:diseases7040058. [PMID: 31726747 PMCID: PMC6956030 DOI: 10.3390/diseases7040058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence supports that gut dysbiosis may relate to various liver diseases. Alcoholics with high intestinal permeability had a decrease in the abundance of Ruminnococcus. Intestinal dysmotility, increased gastric pH, and altered immune responses in addition to environmental and genetic factors are likely to cause alcohol-associated gut microbial changes. Alcohol-induced dysbiosis may be associated with gut barrier dysfunction, as microbiota and their products modulate barrier function by affecting epithelial pro-inflammatory responses and mucosal repair functions. High levels of plasma endotoxin are detected in alcoholics, in moderate fatty liver to advanced cirrhosis. Decreased abundance of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, an anti-inflammatory commensal, stimulating IL-10 secretion and inhibiting IL-12 and interferon-γ expression. Proteobacteria, Enterobacteriaceae, and Escherichia were reported to be increased in NAFLD (nonalcoholic fatty liver disease) patients. Increased abundance of fecal Escherichia to elevated blood alcohol levels in these patients and gut microbiota enriched in alcohol-producing bacteria produce more alcohol (alcohol hypothesis). Some undetermined pathological sequences related to gut dysbiosis may facilitate energy-producing and proinflammatory conditions for the progression of NAFLD. A shortage of autochthonous non-pathogenic bacteria and an overgrowth of potentially pathogenic bacteria are common findings in cirrhotic patients. The ratio of the amounts of beneficial autochthonous taxa (Lachnospiraceae + Ruminococaceae + Veillonellaceae + Clostridiales Incertae Sedis XIV) to those of potentially pathogenic taxa (Enterobacteriaceae + Bacteroidaceae) was low in those with early death and organ failure. Cirrhotic patients with decreased microbial diversity before liver transplantation were more likely to develop post-transplant infections and cognitive impairment related to residual dysbiosis. Patients with PSC had marked reduction of bacterial diversity. Enterococcus and Lactobacillus were increased in PSC patients (without liver cirrhosis.) Treatment-naive PBC patients were associated with altered composition and function of gut microbiota, as well as a lower level of diversity. As serum anti-gp210 antibody has been considered as an index of disease progression, relatively lower species richness and lower abundance of Faecalibacterium spp. in gp210-positive patients are interesting. The dysbiosis-induced altered bacterial metabolites such as a hepatocarcinogenesis promotor DCA, together with a leaky gut and bacterial translocation. Gut protective Akkermansia and butyrate-producing genera were decreased, while genera producing-lipopolysaccharide were increased in early hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Fukui
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara 634-8522, Japan
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216
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Ohashi K, Wang Z, Yang YM, Billet S, Tu W, Pimienta M, Cassel SL, Pandol SJ, Lu SC, Sutterwala FS, Bhowmick N, Seki E. NOD-like receptor C4 Inflammasome Regulates the Growth of Colon Cancer Liver Metastasis in NAFLD. Hepatology 2019; 70:1582-1599. [PMID: 31044438 PMCID: PMC6819206 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) enhances the growth and recurrence of colorectal cancer (CRC) liver metastasis. With the rising prevalence of NAFLD, a better understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying NAFLD-associated liver metastasis is crucial. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) constitute a large portion of the tumor microenvironment that promotes tumor growth. NOD-like receptor C4 (NLRC4), a component of an inflammasome complex, plays a role in macrophage activation and interleukin (IL)-1β processing. We aimed to investigate whether NLRC4-mediated TAM polarization contributes to metastatic liver tumor growth in NAFLD. Wild-type and NLRC4-/- mice were fed low-fat or high-fat diet for 6 weeks followed by splenic injection of mouse CRC MC38 cells. The tumors were analyzed 2 weeks after CRC cell injection. High-fat diet-induced NAFLD significantly increased the number and size of CRC liver metastasis. TAMs and CD206-expressing M2 macrophages accumulated markedly in tumors in the presence of NAFLD. NAFLD up-regulated the expression of IL-1β, NLRC4, and M2 markers in tumors. In NAFLD, but not normal livers, deletion of NLRC4 decreased liver tumor growth accompanied by decreased M2 TAMs and IL-1β expression in tumors. Wild-type mice showed increased vascularity and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in tumors with NAFLD, but these were reduced in NLRC4-/- mice. When IL-1 signaling was blocked by recombinant IL-1 receptor antagonist, liver tumor formation and M2-type macrophages were reduced, suggesting that IL-1 signaling contributes to M2 polarization and tumor growth in NAFLD. Finally, we found that TAMs, but not liver macrophages, produced more IL-1β and VEGF following palmitate challenge. Conclusion: In NAFLD, NLRC4 contributes to M2 polarization, IL-1β, and VEGF production in TAMs, which promote metastatic liver tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichiro Ohashi
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA
| | - Zhijun Wang
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA,Department of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yoon Mee Yang
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA,College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, South Korea
| | - Sandrine Billet
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA
| | - Wei Tu
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA,Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Michael Pimienta
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA
| | - Suzanne L. Cassel
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA
| | - Stephen J. Pandol
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA,Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA
| | - Shelly C. Lu
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA,Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA
| | - Fayyaz S. Sutterwala
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA
| | - Neil Bhowmick
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA,Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA
| | - Ekihiro Seki
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA,Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA
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217
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Jiang J, Yan L, Shi Z, Wang L, Shan L, Efferth T. Hepatoprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of total flavonoids of Qu Zhi Ke (peel of Citrus changshan-huyou) on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in rats via modulation of NF-κB and MAPKs. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 64:153082. [PMID: 31541796 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2019.153082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Citrus flavonoids, consisting of naringin, narirutin, neohesperidine, etc., have therapeutic activities for the treatment of lipometabolic disorders. The peel of Citrus changshan-huyou (Qu Zhi Ke, QZK) is a new source of flavonoids, but attracted little attention so far. HYPOTHESIS QZK should possess therapeutic effects against lipometabolic disorders due to the flavonoids it contains. STUDY DESIGN In this study, we extracted and purified the flavonoids of QZK (TFCH) and established an obesity-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) model of rats. TFCH was given orally for 8 weeks, and its anti-NAFLD effects and potential mechanism were evaluated. METHODS The flavonoid chemoprofile of TFCH was determined by using HPLC. High-fat diet was employed to induce NAFLD model in rats, and six groups were set up: negative control group, reference treatment group, model group, low-dose TFCH (25 mg/kg), intermediate-dose TFCH (50 mg/kg), and high-dose TFCH (100 mg/kg). Serum and liver levels of inflammatory cytokines and NAFLD markers were measured biochemically. The relative mRNA expressions of liver T-bet, GATA3, and TNF-α were tested by real time PCR (qPCR) analysis. The protein expression of p38 and the phosphorylation of NF-κB, ERK1/2, and p38 in liver were tested by Western blot analysis. RESULTS The histopathological observation showed that TFCH attenuated hepatic lesions with significantly decreased NAFLD activity scores. The biochemical data showed that TFCH significantly suppressed both systemic and intrahepatic inflammation by inhibiting IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, TNF-α, and IFN-γ, and the qPCR analysis revealed a Th1/Th2 related anti-inflammatory mechanism of TFCH. Western blot results clarified that TFCH exerted hepatoprotective and anti-inflammatory effects by suppression of phosphorylated NF-κB and MAPKs, indicating a mechanism associated with NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. CONCLUSION QZK is a new source of Citrus flavonoids for therapeutic use, and TFCH is a promising representative of Citrus flavonoids for anti-NAFLD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Jiang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Integrative Chinese and Western Medicine for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Circulatory Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang You-du Biotech Limited Company, Quzhou, China
| | - Li Yan
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zheng Shi
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lixia Wang
- Citrus changshan-huyou Research Institute of Changshan City, Quzhou, China
| | - Letian Shan
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
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218
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Patel BM, Goyal RK. Liver and insulin resistance: New wine in old bottle!!! Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 862:172657. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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219
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Chen D, Le TH, Shahidipour H, Read SA, Ahlenstiel G. The Role of Gut-Derived Microbial Antigens on Liver Fibrosis Initiation and Progression. Cells 2019; 8:E1324. [PMID: 31717860 PMCID: PMC6912265 DOI: 10.3390/cells8111324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal dysbiosis has recently become known as an important driver of gastrointestinal and liver disease. It remains poorly understood, however, how gastrointestinal microbes bypass the intestinal mucosa and enter systemic circulation to enact an inflammatory immune response. In the context of chronic liver disease (CLD), insults that drive hepatic inflammation and fibrogenesis (alcohol, fat) can drastically increase intestinal permeability, hence flooding the liver with gut-derived microbiota. Consequently, this may result in exacerbated liver inflammation and fibrosis through activation of liver-resident Kupffer and stellate cells by bacterial, viral, and fungal antigens transported to the liver via the portal vein. This review summarizes the current understanding of microbial translocation in CLD, the cell-specific hepatic response to intestinal antigens, and how this drives the development and progression of hepatic inflammation and fibrosis. Further, we reviewed current and future therapies targeting intestinal permeability and the associated, potentially harmful anti-microbial immune response with respect to their potential in terms of limiting the development and progression of liver fibrosis and end-stage cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dishen Chen
- Storr Liver Centre, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead 2145, NSW, Australia; (D.C.); (T.H.L.); (H.S.)
| | - Thanh H. Le
- Storr Liver Centre, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead 2145, NSW, Australia; (D.C.); (T.H.L.); (H.S.)
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown 2560, NSW, Australia
| | - Haleh Shahidipour
- Storr Liver Centre, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead 2145, NSW, Australia; (D.C.); (T.H.L.); (H.S.)
- Blacktown Medical School, Western Sydney University, Blacktown 2148, NSW, Australia
| | - Scott A. Read
- Storr Liver Centre, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead 2145, NSW, Australia; (D.C.); (T.H.L.); (H.S.)
- Blacktown Medical School, Western Sydney University, Blacktown 2148, NSW, Australia
| | - Golo Ahlenstiel
- Storr Liver Centre, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead 2145, NSW, Australia; (D.C.); (T.H.L.); (H.S.)
- Blacktown Medical School, Western Sydney University, Blacktown 2148, NSW, Australia
- Blacktown Hospital, Blacktown 2148, NSW, Australia
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220
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Pocha C, Xie C. Hepatocellular carcinoma in alcoholic and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease-one of a kind or two different enemies? Transl Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 4:72. [PMID: 31728429 DOI: 10.21037/tgh.2019.09.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular cancer (HCC) is a cancer with an overall poor prognosis and an alarming globally rising incidence. While viral etiology of chronic liver disease and HCC is down-trending, alcohol and excess calorie intake have emerged as major culprits. Alcohol related liver disease (ALD) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) share similar pathogenetic mechanism of hepatic injury and in promoting development of HCC; yet some genetic and epigenetic features are distinct and may promise clinical utility. Population based intervention are urgently needed to reduce alcohol use and improve metabolic factors such as obesity and diabetes. The goal is to identify at-risk patients, to link these patients to care and to provide effective management of chronic liver disease and HCC. This review focuses on the epidemiology, pathophysiology including genetic and epigenetic altercation as well as clinical aspects of ALD and NAFLD associated HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Pocha
- Avera McKennnan Hospital and University Medical Center, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD, USA.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Chencheng Xie
- Avera McKennnan Hospital and University Medical Center, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD, USA.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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221
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Wu J, Lin S, Wan B, Velani B, Zhu Y. Pyroptosis in Liver Disease: New Insights into Disease Mechanisms. Aging Dis 2019; 10:1094-1108. [PMID: 31595205 PMCID: PMC6764727 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2019.0116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been increasing interest in pyroptosis as a novel form of pro-inflammatory programmed cell death. The mechanism of pyroptosis is significantly different from other forms of cell death in its morphological and biochemical features. Pyroptosis is characterized by the activation of two different types of caspase enzymes—caspase-1 and caspase-4/5/11, and by the occurrence of a proinflammatory cytokine cascade and an immune response. Pyroptosis participates in the immune defense mechanisms against intracellular bacterial infections. On the other hand, excessive inflammasome activation can induce sterile inflammation and eventually cause some diseases, such as acute or chronic hepatitis and liver fibrosis. The mechanism and biological significance of this novel form of cell death in different liver diseases will be evaluated in this review. Specifically, we will focus on the role of pyroptosis in alcoholic and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, as well as in liver failure. Finally, the therapeutic implications of pyroptosis in liver diseases will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Wu
- 1Liver research center of the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fujian 350005, China
| | - Su Lin
- 1Liver research center of the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fujian 350005, China
| | - Bo Wan
- 2Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| | - Bharat Velani
- 3Basildon and Thurrock University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Nethermayne, Basildon, Essex SS16 5NL, United Kingdom
| | - Yueyong Zhu
- 1Liver research center of the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fujian 350005, China
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222
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Šešelja K, Bazina I, Welss J, Schicht M, Paulsen F, Bijelić N, Rođak E, Horvatić A, Gelemanović A, Mihalj M, Baus Lončar M. Effect of Tff3 Deficiency and ER Stress in the Liver. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20184389. [PMID: 31500117 PMCID: PMC6770867 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, a cellular condition caused by the accumulation of unfolded proteins inside the ER, has been recognized as a major pathological mechanism in a variety of conditions, including cancer, metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases. Trefoil factor family (TFFs) peptides are present in different epithelial organs, blood supply, neural tissues, as well as in the liver, and their deficiency has been linked to the ER function. Complete ablation of Tff3 expression is observed in steatosis, and as the most prominent change in the early phase of diabetes in multigenic mouse models of diabesity. To elucidate the role of Tff3 deficiency on different pathologically relevant pathways, we have developed a new congenic mouse model Tff3−/−/C57BL6/N from a mixed background strain (C57BL6/N /SV129) by using a speed congenics approach. Acute ER stress was evoked by tunicamycin treatment, and mice were sacrificed after 24 h. Afterwards the effect of Tff3 deficiency was evaluated with regard to the expression of relevant oxidative and ER stress genes, relevant proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines, and the global protein content. The most dramatic change was noticed at the level of inflammation-related genes, while markers for unfolded protein response were not significantly affected. Ultrastructural analysis confirmed that the size of lipid vacuoles was affected as well. Since the liver acts as an important metabolic and immunological organ, the influence of Tff3 deficiency and physiological function possibly reflects on the whole organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Šešelja
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Iva Bazina
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jessica Welss
- Institute of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91051 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martin Schicht
- Institute of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91051 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Friedrich Paulsen
- Institute of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91051 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nikola Bijelić
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Edi Rođak
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Anita Horvatić
- ERA Chaire Team, Proteomics Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Andrea Gelemanović
- ERA Chaire Team, Proteomics Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Martina Mihalj
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Mirela Baus Lončar
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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223
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Hartwig V, Dewidar B, Lin T, Dropmann A, Ganss C, Kluth MA, Tappenbeck N, Tietze L, Christ B, Frank M, Vogelmann R, Ebert MPA, Dooley S. Human skin-derived ABCB5 + stem cell injection improves liver disease parameters in Mdr2KO mice. Arch Toxicol 2019; 93:2645-2660. [PMID: 31435712 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02533-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although liver transplantation is a potential effective cure for patients with end-stage liver diseases, this strategy has several drawbacks including high cost, long waiting list, and limited availability of liver organs. Therefore, stem cell-based therapy is presented as an alternative option, which showed promising results in animal models of acute and chronic liver injuries. ABCB5+ cells isolated from skin dermis represent an easy accessible and expandable source of homogenous stem cell populations. In addition, ABCB5+ cells showed already promising results in the treatment of corneal and skin injury. To date, the effect of these cells on liver injury is still unknown. In the current study, sixteen weeks old Mdr2KO mice were i.v. injected with 500,000 ABCB5+ cells using different experimental setups. The effects of cellular therapy on inflammation, fibrosis, apoptosis, and proliferation were analyzed in the collected liver tissues. Toxicity of ABCB5+ cells was additionally investigated in mice with partial liver resection. In vitro, the fibrosis- and inflammatory-modulating effects of supernatant from ABCB5+ cells were examined in the human hepatic stellate cell line (LX-2). Cell injections into fibrotic Mdr2KO mice as well as into mice upon partial liver resection have no signs of toxicity with regard to cell transformation, cellular damage, fibrosis or inflammation as compared to controls. We next investigated the effects of ABCB5+ cells on established biliary liver fibrosis in the Mdr2KO mice. ABCB5+ cells to some extent influenced the shape of the liver inflammatory response and significantly reduced the amount of collagen deposition, as estimated from quantification of sirius red staining. Furthermore, reduced apoptosis and enhanced death compensatory proliferation resulted from ABCB5+ cell transformation. The stem cells secreted several trophic factors that activated TGF-β family signaling in cultured LX-2 hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), therewith shaping cell fate to an αSMAhigh, Vimentinlow phenotype. Taken together, ABCB5+ cells can represent a safe and feasible strategy to support liver regeneration and to reduce liver fibrosis in chronic liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Hartwig
- Section Molecular Hepatology, Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Bedair Dewidar
- Section Molecular Hepatology, Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt
| | - Tao Lin
- Section Molecular Hepatology, Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Anne Dropmann
- Section Molecular Hepatology, Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Christoph Ganss
- RHEACELL GmbH and Co. KG, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- TICEBA GmbH, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mark Andreas Kluth
- RHEACELL GmbH and Co. KG, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- TICEBA GmbH, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Lysann Tietze
- Applied Molecular Hepatology, Department of Visceral Transplantation, Thoracic und Vascular Surgery, Leipzig University, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bruno Christ
- Applied Molecular Hepatology, Department of Visceral Transplantation, Thoracic und Vascular Surgery, Leipzig University, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Markus Frank
- Department of Pediatrics and Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Roger Vogelmann
- Section Molecular Hepatology, Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Matthias Philip Alexander Ebert
- Section Molecular Hepatology, Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Steven Dooley
- Section Molecular Hepatology, Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany.
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Leng W, Wu M, Pan H, Lei X, Chen L, Wu Q, Ouyang X, Liang Z. The SGLT2 inhibitor dapagliflozin attenuates the activity of ROS-NLRP3 inflammasome axis in steatohepatitis with diabetes mellitus. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2019; 7:429. [PMID: 31700865 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2019.09.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background Diabetes mellitus (DM) is considered as a risk factor for the progress of liver diseases. After tissue damage, there is the highest amplitude of ubiquitously sterile inflammatory response in the liver, resulting in a major clinical consequence concerning a high prevalence of steatohepatitis in DM patients. This study aimed to investigate the inhibitory efficacy of dapagliflozin (DAPA), a sodium glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitor, on experimental steatohepatitis with DM. Methods DM-steatohepatitis model was established by dual intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ) and feeding with the high-fat diet (HFD) in apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE-/-) mice (n=40). The mice were concurrently treated with DAPA (1 mg/kg/d) by gavage for 12 weeks. Results In ApoE-/- mice, dual HFD/STZ dramatically induced hepatic damage and inflammation as compared with HFD alone. DAPA treatment was effective to protect from hepatic damage and inflammation in dual HFD/STZ treated ApoE-/- mice. DAPA also significantly the probability decreased the blood glucose, hepatic lipid accumulation, liver steatosis, and fibrotic response in dual HFD/STZ treated ApoE-/- mice. Further mechanistic investigations indicated that the protection of DAPA on diabetic liver injury was associated with the suppressed production of hepatic reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) and the inhibited activation of NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome. Conclusions These data demonstrate the efficacy of DAPA for protecting liver damage, inflammation and steatosis from experimental steatohepatitis with DM, and indicate a possible involvement of the inhibited activity of ROS-NLRP3 inflammasome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiling Leng
- Department of Endocrinology, Southwest Hospital, the Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Mingxia Wu
- Health Management Center, Southwest Hospital, the Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Hang Pan
- Department of Endocrinology, Southwest Hospital, the Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Xiaotian Lei
- Department of Endocrinology, Southwest Hospital, the Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Liu Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Southwest Hospital, the Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Qinan Wu
- Department of Endocrine Nephropathy, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital and Chongqing Cancer Institute and Chongqing Cancer Hospital, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Xinshou Ouyang
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ziwen Liang
- Department of Endocrinology, Southwest Hospital, the Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
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Okuda-Hanafusa C, Uchio R, Fuwa A, Kawasaki K, Muroyama K, Yamamoto Y, Murosaki S. Turmeronol A and turmeronol B from Curcuma longa prevent inflammatory mediator production by lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages, partially via reduced NF-κB signaling. Food Funct 2019; 10:5779-5788. [PMID: 31454011 DOI: 10.1039/c9fo00336c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation depends on inflammatory mediators produced by activated macrophages and is the common pathological basis for various diseases. Turmeronol is a sesquiterpenoid found in the spice turmeric (Curcuma longa), which is known to have anti-inflammatory activity. To elucidate the anti-inflammatory mechanism of turmeronol, we investigated the influence of turmeronol A and turmeronol B in mouse macrophages (RAW264.7 cells) stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Pretreatment of RAW264.7 cells with either turmeronol A or B significantly inhibited LPS-induced production of prostaglandin E2 and nitric oxide, as well as expression of mRNAs for the corresponding synthetic enzymes. In addition, the turmeronols significantly inhibited LPS-induced upregulation of interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α at the mRNA and protein levels. Both turmeronols also inhibited nuclear translocation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), with a similar time course to the NF-κB inhibitor pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate, but not curcumin (another NF-κB inhibitor). Thus, both turmeronols prevented activation of macrophages and inflammatory mediator production, possibly by suppressing activation of NF-κB, and therefore have potential for use in preventing chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinatsu Okuda-Hanafusa
- Research & Development Institute, House Wellness Foods Corporation, 3-20 Imoji, Itami City, Hyogo 664-0011, Japan.
| | - Ryusei Uchio
- Research & Development Institute, House Wellness Foods Corporation, 3-20 Imoji, Itami City, Hyogo 664-0011, Japan.
| | - Arisa Fuwa
- Research & Development Institute, House Wellness Foods Corporation, 3-20 Imoji, Itami City, Hyogo 664-0011, Japan.
| | - Kengo Kawasaki
- Research & Development Institute, House Wellness Foods Corporation, 3-20 Imoji, Itami City, Hyogo 664-0011, Japan.
| | - Koutarou Muroyama
- Research & Development Institute, House Wellness Foods Corporation, 3-20 Imoji, Itami City, Hyogo 664-0011, Japan.
| | - Yoshihiro Yamamoto
- Research & Development Institute, House Wellness Foods Corporation, 3-20 Imoji, Itami City, Hyogo 664-0011, Japan.
| | - Shinji Murosaki
- Research & Development Institute, House Wellness Foods Corporation, 3-20 Imoji, Itami City, Hyogo 664-0011, Japan.
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Iacob S, Iacob DG. Infectious Threats, the Intestinal Barrier, and Its Trojan Horse: Dysbiosis. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1676. [PMID: 31447793 PMCID: PMC6692454 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The ecosystem of the gut microbiota consists of diverse intestinal species with multiple metabolic and immunologic activities and it is closely connected with the intestinal epithelia and mucosal immune response, with which it builds a complex barrier against intestinal pathogenic bacteria. The microbiota ensures the integrity of the gut barrier through multiple mechanisms, either by releasing antibacterial molecules (bacteriocins) and anti-inflammatory short-chain fatty acids or by activating essential cell receptors for the immune response. Experimental studies have confirmed the role of the intestinal microbiota in the epigenetic modulation of the gut barrier through posttranslational histone modifications and regulatory mechanisms induced by epithelial miRNA in the epithelial lumen. Any quantitative or functional changes of the intestinal microbiota, referred to as dysbiosis, alter the immune response, decrease epithelial permeability and destabilize intestinal homeostasis. Consequently, the overgrowth of pathobionts (Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas, and Escherichia coli) favors intestinal translocations with Gram negative bacteria or their endotoxins and could trigger sepsis, septic shock, secondary peritonitis, or various intestinal infections. Intestinal infections also induce epithelial lesions and perpetuate the risk of bacterial translocation and dysbiosis through epithelial ischemia and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, the decline of protective anaerobic bacteria (Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus) and inadequate release of immune modulators (such as butyrate) affects the release of antimicrobial peptides, de-represses microbial virulence factors and alters the innate immune response. As a result, intestinal germs modulate liver pathology and represent a common etiology of infections in HIV immunosuppressed patients. Antibiotic and antiretroviral treatments also promote intestinal dysbiosis, followed by the selection of resistant germs which could later become a source of infections. The current article addresses the strong correlations between the intestinal barrier and the microbiota and discusses the role of dysbiosis in destabilizing the intestinal barrier and promoting infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Iacob
- Infectious Diseases Department, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania.,National Institute of Infectious Diseases "Prof. Dr. Matei Balş", Bucharest, Romania
| | - Diana Gabriela Iacob
- Infectious Diseases Department, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
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Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the hepatic manifestation of cardiometabolic syndrome, which often also includes obesity, diabetes, and dyslipidemia. It is rapidly becoming the most prevalent liver disease worldwide. A sizable minority of NAFLD patients develop nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which is characterized by inflammatory changes that can lead to progressive liver damage, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Recent studies have shown that in addition to genetic predisposition and diet, the gut microbiota affects hepatic carbohydrate and lipid metabolism as well as influences the balance between pro‐inflammatory and anti‐inflammatory effectors in the liver, thereby impacting NAFLD and its progression to NASH. In this review, we will explore the impact of gut microbiota and microbiota‐derived compounds on the development and progression of NAFLD and NASH, and the unexplored factors related to potential microbiome contributions to this common liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Danping Zheng
- Immunology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.,Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Oren Shibolet
- Department of Gastroenterology and Liver Disease, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Eran Elinav
- Immunology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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Aragonès G, Colom-Pellicer M, Aguilar C, Guiu-Jurado E, Martínez S, Sabench F, Antonio Porras J, Riesco D, Del Castillo D, Richart C, Auguet T. Circulating microbiota-derived metabolites: a "liquid biopsy? Int J Obes (Lond) 2019; 44:875-885. [PMID: 31388096 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-019-0430-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) causes a wide spectrum of liver damage, from simple steatosis (SS) to cirrhosis. SS and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) cannot be distinguished by clinical or laboratory features. Dysregulation of the gut microbiota is involved in NASH pathogenesis. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between microbiota-derived metabolites and the degrees of NAFLD; also, to investigate whether these metabolites could be included in a panel of NASH biomarkers. SUBJECTS/METHODS We used liquid chromatography coupled to triple-quadrupole-mass spectrometry (LC-QqQ) analysis to quantify choline and its derivatives, betaine, endogenous ethanol, bile acids, short-chain fatty acids and soluble TLR4 in serum from women with normal weight (n = 29) and women with morbid obesity (MO) (n = 82) with or without NAFLD. We used real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis to evaluate the hepatic and intestinal expression level of all genes studied (TLR2, TLR4, TLR9, LXRα, SREBP1C, ACC1, FAS, PPARα, CPT1α, CROT, SREBP2, ABCA1, ABCG1 and FXR in the liver; TLR2, TLR4, TLR5, TLR9, GLP-1R, DPP-4, FXR and PPARɣ in the jejunum) in 82 women with MO with normal liver histology (NL, n = 29), SS (n = 32), and NASH (n = 21). RESULTS Hepatic FAS, TLR2, and TLR4 expression were overexpressed in NAFLD patients. TLR2 was overexpressed in NASH patients. In women with MO with NAFLD, we found upregulation of intestinal TLR9 expression and downregulation of intestinal FXR expression in women with NASH. Circulating TMAO, glycocholic acid and deoxycholic acid levels were significantly increased in NAFLD patients. Endogenous circulating ethanol levels were increased in NASH patients in comparison to those in SS patients. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the intestine participates in the progression of NAFLD. Moreover, levels of certain circulating microbiota-related metabolites are associated with NAFLD severity and could be used as a "liquid biopsy" in the noninvasive diagnosis of NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Aragonès
- Grup de Recerca GEMMAIR (AGAUR) - Medicina Aplicada, Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Marina Colom-Pellicer
- Grup de Recerca GEMMAIR (AGAUR) - Medicina Aplicada, Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Carmen Aguilar
- Grup de Recerca GEMMAIR (AGAUR) - Medicina Aplicada, Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Esther Guiu-Jurado
- IFB-Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig University, Liebigstraße 19-21, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Salomé Martínez
- Servei Anatomia Patològica, Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII Tarragona, Mallafré Guasch, 4, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Fàtima Sabench
- Servei de Cirurgia, Hospital Sant Joan de Reus, Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), IISPV, Avinguda Doctor Josep Laporte, 2, 43204, Reus, Spain
| | - José Antonio Porras
- Servei Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII Tarragona, Mallafré Guasch, 4, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - David Riesco
- Servei Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII Tarragona, Mallafré Guasch, 4, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Daniel Del Castillo
- Servei de Cirurgia, Hospital Sant Joan de Reus, Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), IISPV, Avinguda Doctor Josep Laporte, 2, 43204, Reus, Spain
| | - Cristóbal Richart
- Grup de Recerca GEMMAIR (AGAUR) - Medicina Aplicada, Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), 43007, Tarragona, Spain.,Servei Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII Tarragona, Mallafré Guasch, 4, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Teresa Auguet
- Grup de Recerca GEMMAIR (AGAUR) - Medicina Aplicada, Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), 43007, Tarragona, Spain. .,Servei Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII Tarragona, Mallafré Guasch, 4, 43007, Tarragona, Spain.
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Kim JC, Jeon JY, Yang WS, Kim CH, Eom DW. Combined Amelioration of Ginsenoside (Rg1, Rb1, and Rg3)-enriched Korean Red Ginseng and Probiotic Lactobacillus on Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2019; 20:222-231. [PMID: 30854954 DOI: 10.2174/1389201020666190311143554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Red ginseng is a traditional medicine that has been used to treat numerous metabolic and inflammatory diseases. Probiotic administration has been established to have beneficial effects in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The purpose of this study was to determine whether a combination of Korean red ginseng (KRG) and probiotics could synergistically reduce NAFLD and liver inflammation compared with the effects reported for each individual product. METHOD db/db and C57BL/6 mice were fed a normal chow diet and high-fat diet (HFD), respectively, and were treated with KRG, probiotics, or both. Samples were examined for lipid content, kinase protein phosphorylation, and gene expression patterns. RESULTS KRG- and probiotic-treated HFD-fed mice exhibited a reduction in body weight and a decrease in inflammatory cytokine secretion compared with the non-treated control mice. The same treatment was less successful in improving NAFLD parameters in the db/db mice while the combination of both products did not enhance their therapeutic potential. CONCLUSION The results of this study indicate that KRG and probiotics administration ameliorated NAFLD symptoms in a mouse model of dyslipidemia by reducing weight gain and liver inflammation. Coadministration of both products did not enhance their efficacy, and further research should be conducted to clarify their mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Chul Kim
- Natural Product Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung, Korea
| | - Joo-Yeong Jeon
- Natural Product Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung, Korea
| | | | - Cheorl-Ho Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, SungKyunKwan University, Suwon, Kyungki-do, Korea
| | - Dae-Woon Eom
- Department of Pathology, Gangneung Asan Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Gangneung, Korea
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Ding LY, Liang LZ, Zhao YX, Yang YN, Liu F, Ding QR, Luo LJ. Porphyromonas gingivalis-derived lipopolysaccharide causes excessive hepatic lipid accumulation via activating NF-κB and JNK signaling pathways. Oral Dis 2019; 25:1789-1797. [PMID: 31283861 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porphyromonas gingivalis is the main pathogen of periodontal disease affecting over half of the worldwide adult population. Recent studies have shown that P. gingivalis is related to the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a global major chronic liver disease, especially in developed countries. However, how P. gingivalis contributes to the pathogenesis of NAFLD has not been fully clarified. We aimed to conduct a preliminary exploration of the underlying mechanism of P. gingivalis infection in the development of NAFLD. METHODS Human hepatocellular cells HepG2 were incubated with/without oleic acid (OA) and tested for lipid accumulation upon stimulation by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) derived from P. gingivalis or Escherichia coli. Intracellular lipid droplet formation was analyzed and quantified by Oil Red O staining. The involvement of signaling pathway molecules and pro-inflammatory cytokines related to NF-κB and MAPKs were examined with Western blot and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analyses and further evaluated with inhibitor treatment and RNA interference. RESULTS HepG2 cells accumulated more intracellular lipids when stimulated with P. gingivalis LPS, as compared to cells treated with E. coli LPS or control. Further pathway analysis demonstrated that after stimulation with P. gingivalis LPS, cells displayed significantly upregulated MyD88 expression, increased phosphorylation of p65 and JNK, and more release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1, IL-8, and TNF-α. In addition, suppression of phosphorylation of p65 and JNK by inhibitors and RNA interference resulted in a reduction in lipid accumulation upon P. gingivalis LPS treatment. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that P. gingivalis-derived LPS may contribute to intracellular lipid accumulation and inflammatory reaction of HepG2 cells via the activation of NF-κB and JNK signaling pathways. This study offers a possible explanation to the functional involvement of P. gingivalis infection in the pathological progression of NAFLD. These findings may help design new treatment strategies in NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Yang Ding
- School of Stomatology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Li-Zong Liang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Department of Periodontics, School of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong-Xu Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ya-Nan Yang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Department of Periodontics, School of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiu-Rong Ding
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Jun Luo
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Department of Periodontics, School of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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Ji Y, Yin Y, Li Z, Zhang W. Gut Microbiota-Derived Components and Metabolites in the Progression of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD). Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11081712. [PMID: 31349604 PMCID: PMC6724003 DOI: 10.3390/nu11081712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human gut microbiota has been increasingly recognized as a pivotal determinant of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Apart from the changes in the composition of gut microbiota, the components and metabolites derived from intestinal microbiota have emerged as key factors in modulating the pathological process of NAFLD. Compelling evidences have revealed that gut microbiota generates a variety of bioactive substances that interact with the host liver cells through the portal vein. These substances include the components derived from bacteria such as lipopolysaccharides, peptidoglycan, DNA, and extracellular vesicles, as well as the metabolites ranging from short-chain fatty acids, indole and its derivatives, trimethylamine, secondary bile acids, to carotenoids and phenolic compounds. The mechanisms underlying the hepatic responses to the bioactive substances from gut bacteria have been associated with the regulation of glycolipid metabolism, immune signaling response, and redox homeostasis. Illuminating the interplay between the unique factors produced from gut microbiome and the liver will provide a novel therapeutical target for NAFLD. The current review highlights the recent advances on the mechanisms by which the key ingredients and metabolites from gut microbiota modulate the development and progression of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Ji
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yue Yin
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ziru Li
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0346, USA
| | - Weizhen Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China.
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232
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Zhang Z, Ran C, Ding QW, Liu HL, Xie MX, Yang YL, Xie YD, Gao CC, Zhang HL, Zhou ZG. Ability of prebiotic polysaccharides to activate a HIF1α-antimicrobial peptide axis determines liver injury risk in zebrafish. Commun Biol 2019; 2:274. [PMID: 31372513 PMCID: PMC6658494 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0526-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural polysaccharides have received much attention for their ability to ameliorate hepatic steatosis induced by high-fat diet. However, the potential risks of their use have been less investigated. Here, we show that the exopolysaccharides (EPS) from Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) and L. casei BL23 reduce hepatic steatosis in zebrafish fed a high-fat diet, while BL23 EPS, but not LGG EPS, induce liver inflammation and injury. This is due to the fact that BL23 EPS induces gut microbial dysbiosis, while LGG EPS promotes microbial homeostasis. We find that LGG EPS, but not BL23 EPS, can directly activate intestinal HIF1α, and increased HIF1α boosts local antimicrobial peptide expression to facilitate microbial homeostasis, explaining the distinct compositions of LGG EPS- and BL23 EPS-associated microbiota. Finally, we find that liver injury risk is not confined to Lactobacillus-derived EPS but extends to other types of commonly used natural polysaccharides, depending on their HIF1α activation efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhang
- China-Norway Joint Lab on Fish Gut Microbiota, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100081 Beijing, China
| | - Chao Ran
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100081 Beijing, China
| | - Qian-wen Ding
- China-Norway Joint Lab on Fish Gut Microbiota, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100081 Beijing, China
| | - Hong-liang Liu
- China-Norway Joint Lab on Fish Gut Microbiota, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100081 Beijing, China
| | - Ming-xu Xie
- China-Norway Joint Lab on Fish Gut Microbiota, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100081 Beijing, China
| | - Ya-lin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100081 Beijing, China
| | - Ya-dong Xie
- China-Norway Joint Lab on Fish Gut Microbiota, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100081 Beijing, China
| | - Chen-chen Gao
- China-Norway Joint Lab on Fish Gut Microbiota, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100081 Beijing, China
| | - Hong-ling Zhang
- China-Norway Joint Lab on Fish Gut Microbiota, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100081 Beijing, China
| | - Zhi-gang Zhou
- China-Norway Joint Lab on Fish Gut Microbiota, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100081 Beijing, China
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233
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Organ crosstalk: the potent roles of inflammation and fibrotic changes in the course of organ interactions. Inflamm Res 2019; 68:825-839. [PMID: 31327029 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-019-01271-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Organ crosstalk can be defined as the complex and mutual biological communication between distant organs mediated by signaling factors. Normally, crosstalk helps to coordinate and maintain homeostasis, but sudden or chronic dysfunction in any organ causes dysregulation in another organ. Many signal molecules, including cytokines and growth factors, are involved in the metabolic dysregulation, and excessive or inappropriate release of these molecules leads to organ dysfunction or disease (e.g., obesity, type 2 diabetes). AIM AND METHOD The aim of this review is to reveal the impact of organ crosstalk on the pathogenesis of diseases associated with organ interactions and the role of inflammatory and fibrotic changes in the organ dysfunction. After searching in MEDLINE, PubMed and Google Scholar databases using 'organ crosstalk' as a keyword, studies related to organ crosstalk and organ interaction were compiled and examined. CONCLUSION The organ crosstalk and the functional integration of organ systems are exceedingly complex processes. Organ crosstalk contributes to metabolic homeostasis and affects the inflammatory response, related pathways and fibrotic changes. As in the case of interactions between adipose tissue and intestine, stimulation of inflammatory mechanisms plays an active role in the development of diseases including insulin resistance, obesity, type 2 diabetes and hepatic steatosis. The increased level of knowledge about the 'crosstalk' between any organ and distant organs will facilitate the early diagnosis of the disease as well as the management of the treatment practices in the short- and long-term organ dysfunction.
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234
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Zeng QM, Li J. Diet-induced animal models of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2019; 27:835-841. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v27.i13.835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), mainly characterized by excessive lipid accumulation in hepatocytes, is a metabolically-stressed liver injury that is closely related to insulin resistance and genetic susceptibility. The spectrum of NAFLD includes non-alcoholic simple hepatic steatosis, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. With changes in lifestyle and dietary patterns, the prevalence of NAFLD has increased significantly, paralleling the prevalence of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. To date, no specific drugs have been recommended for routine treatment of NASH. Therefore, it is of great significance to establish high-quality animal models that simulate the histopathology and pathophysiology of various stages of human NAFLD for exploring the pathogenesis of NAFLD and guiding drug intervention. Considering that high-calorie dietary patterns and sedentary lifestyle are the main risk factors for NAFLD, this review summarizes diet-induced NAFLD models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Min Zeng
- Graduate School, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Institute of Hepatology, Tianjin 300070, China,Department of Hepatology, Tianjin Second People's Hospital, Tianjin Institute of Hepatology, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Jia Li
- Department of Hepatology, Tianjin Second People's Hospital, Tianjin Institute of Hepatology, Tianjin 300192, China
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235
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Anstee QM, Reeves HL, Kotsiliti E, Govaere O, Heikenwalder M. From NASH to HCC: current concepts and future challenges. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 16:411-428. [PMID: 31028350 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-019-0145-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 817] [Impact Index Per Article: 163.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Caloric excess and sedentary lifestyle have led to a global epidemic of obesity and metabolic syndrome. The hepatic consequence of metabolic syndrome and obesity, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), is estimated to affect up to one-third of the adult population in many developed and developing countries. This spectrum of liver disease ranges from simple steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and cirrhosis. Owing to the high prevalence of NAFLD, especially in industrialized countries but also worldwide, and the consequent burden of progressive liver disease, there is mounting epidemiological evidence that NAFLD has rapidly become a leading aetiology underlying many cases of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In this Review, we discuss NAFLD-associated HCC, including its epidemiology, the key features of the hepatic NAFLD microenvironment (for instance, adaptive and innate immune responses) that promote hepatocarcinogenesis and the management of HCC in patients with obesity and associated metabolic comorbidities. The challenges and future directions of research will also be discussed, including clinically relevant biomarkers for early detection, treatment stratification and monitoring as well as approaches to therapies for both prevention and treatment in those at risk or presenting with NAFLD-associated HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin M Anstee
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
- The Liver Unit, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
| | - Helen L Reeves
- The Liver Unit, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Hepatopancreatobiliary Multidisciplinary Team, Newcastle upon Tyne NHS Foundation Trust, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Elena Kotsiliti
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Olivier Govaere
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Mathias Heikenwalder
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
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236
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Zhou R, Fan X, Schnabl B. Role of the intestinal microbiome in liver fibrosis development and new treatment strategies. Transl Res 2019; 209:22-38. [PMID: 30853445 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Liver cirrhosis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The most common chronic liver diseases in western countries are alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Although these diseases have different causes, liver fibrosis develops via shared mechanisms. The liver and intestinal microbiome are linked by the portal vein and have bidirectional interactions. Changes in the intestinal microbiome contribute to the pathogenesis and progression of liver diseases including ALD, NAFLD, viral hepatitis and cholestatic disorders, based on studies in patients and animal models. Intestinal microbial dysbiosis has been associated with liver cirrhosis and its complications. We review the mechanisms by which alterations in the microbiome contribute to liver fibrosis and discuss microbiome-based treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, and Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Changsha, Hunan, China; Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Xuegong Fan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, and Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Bernd Schnabl
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Department of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California.
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237
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Mouzaki M, Loomba R. Insights into the evolving role of the gut microbiome in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: rationale and prospects for therapeutic intervention. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2019; 12:1756284819858470. [PMID: 31258623 PMCID: PMC6591661 DOI: 10.1177/1756284819858470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is diagnosed across the age spectrum and contributes to significant morbidity and mortality. The pathophysiology of NAFLD is not entirely understood; however, recent evidence has implicated the intestinal microbiome. Through the effects on host appetite, energy expenditure, digestion, gene expression, intestinal permeability, as well as immune activation, a dysbiotic microbiome can contribute to the development and progression of the hepatocellular steatosis, inflammation and fibrosis seen in the context of NAFLD. As such, intestinal microbiota and products of their metabolism have been targeted as treatment approaches for NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marialena Mouzaki
- Steatohepatitis Center, Cincinnati Children’s
Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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238
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miR-455-3p Alleviates Hepatic Stellate Cell Activation and Liver Fibrosis by Suppressing HSF1 Expression. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2019; 16:758-769. [PMID: 31150929 PMCID: PMC6539335 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a common pathological process of end-stage liver diseases. However, the role of microRNA (miRNA) in liver fibrosis is poorly understood. The activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are the major source of fibrogenic cells and play a central role in liver fibrosis. In this study, we investigated the differential expression of miRNAs in resting and transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) activated HSCs by microarray analysis and found that miR-455-3p was significantly downregulated during HSCs activation. In addition, the reduction of miR-455-3p was correlated with liver fibrosis in mice with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), bile duct ligation (BDL), and high-fat diet (HFD)-induced liver fibrosis. Our functional analyses demonstrated that miR-455-3p inhibited expression of profibrotic markers and cell proliferation in HSCs in vitro. Moreover, miR-455-3p regulated heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) expression by binding to the 3′ UTR of its mRNA directly. Overexpression of HSF1 facilitated HSCs activation and proliferation by promoting heat shock protein 47 (Hsp47) expression, leading to activation of the TGF-β/Smad4 signaling pathway. To explore the clinical potential of miR-455-3p, we injected ago-miR-455-3p into mice with CCl4-, BDL-, and HFD-induced hepatic fibrosis in vivo. The overexpression of miR-455-3p suppressed HSF1 expression and reduced fibrosis marker expression, which resulted in alleviated liver fibrosis in mice. In conclusion, our present study suggests that miR-455-3p inhibits the activation of HSCs through targeting HSF1 involved in the Hsp47/TGF-β/Smad4 signaling pathway. Therefore, miR-455-3p might be a promising therapeutic target for liver fibrosis.
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239
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Pathak R, Kumar A, Palfrey HA, Forney LA, Stone KP, Raju NR, Gettys TW, Murthy SN. The incretin enhancer, sitagliptin, exacerbates expression of hepatic inflammatory markers in rats fed a high-cholesterol diet. Inflamm Res 2019; 68:581-595. [PMID: 31073849 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-019-01243-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hypercholesterolemia is associated with the development of a pro-inflammatory state and is a documented risk factor for progression to insulin resistance, nonalcoholic fatty liver and cardiovascular diseases. Sitagliptin is an incretin enhancer that improves glucose tolerance by inhibiting dipeptidyl peptidase-4, but it also has reported anti-inflammatory effects. The current study was thus undertaken to examine the interactions of dietary Cholesterol (Cho) and sitagliptin on markers of inflammation. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were provided diets high in Cho and gavaged with vehicle or an aqueous suspension of sitagliptin (100 mg/kg/day) from day 10 through day 35. Molecular methods were used to analyze the lipid profile and inflammatory markers in liver and serum samples. H&E-stained liver sections were used for histopathological evaluation. Hepatic influx of mononuclear cells and necrosis were assessed by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Sitagliptin reduced triglyceride and Cho levels in serum of rats on the control diet but these effects were abrogated in rats on the high-Cho diet. Sitagliptin produced a significant increase in the expression of hepatic inflammatory markers (Tnfa, Il1b, and Mcp1) and a corresponding increase in serum TNFα and IL-1β in rats on the high-Cho diet, but it had no effect on rats on the control diet. Additionally, sitagliptin had no effect on liver morphology in rats on the control diet, but it produced hepatic histopathological changes indicative of necrosis and mononuclear cell infiltration in rats on the high-Cho diet. These mononuclear cells were identified as macrophages and T cells. CONCLUSION When provided in the context of a high-Cho diet, these findings reveal previously unrecognized hepato-inflammatory effects of sitagliptin that are accompanied by evidence of hepatic necrosis and mononuclear cell infiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Pathak
- Environmental Toxicology, Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA, 70813, USA
| | - Avinash Kumar
- Environmental Toxicology, Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA, 70813, USA
| | - Henry A Palfrey
- Environmental Toxicology, Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA, 70813, USA
| | - Laura A Forney
- Nutrient Sensing and Adipocyte Signaling, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Kirsten P Stone
- Nutrient Sensing and Adipocyte Signaling, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Narayan R Raju
- Pathology Research Laboratory Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Thomas W Gettys
- Nutrient Sensing and Adipocyte Signaling, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Subramanyam N Murthy
- Environmental Toxicology, Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA, 70813, USA.
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240
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Zhang X, Wu X, Hu Q, Wu J, Wang G, Hong Z, Ren J. Mitochondrial DNA in liver inflammation and oxidative stress. Life Sci 2019; 236:116464. [PMID: 31078546 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The function of liver is highly dependent on mitochondria producing ATP for biosynthetic and detoxifying properties. Accumulating evidence indicates that most hepatic disorders are characterized by profound mitochondrial dysfunction. Mitochondrial dysfunction not only exhibits mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage and depletion, but also releases mtDNA. mtDNA is a closed circular molecule encoding 13 of the polypeptides of the oxidative phosphorylation system. Extensive mtDNA lesions could exacerbate mitochondrial oxidative stress and subsequently cause damage to hepatocytes. When mtDNA leaves the confines of mitochondria to the cytosolic and extracellular environment, it can act as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) to trigger the inflammatory response through the Toll-like receptor 9, inflammasomes, and stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathways and further exacerbate hepatocellular damage and even remote organs injury. In addition, mtDNA also plays a vital role in hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related liver injury and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In this review, we describe mtDNA alterations during liver injury, focusing on the mechanisms of mtDNA-mediated liver inflammation and oxidative stress injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xufei Zhang
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210002, PR China; Lab for Trauma and Surgical Infections, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing 210002, PR China
| | - Xiuwen Wu
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, PR China; Lab for Trauma and Surgical Infections, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing 210002, PR China.
| | - Qiongyuan Hu
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, PR China; Lab for Trauma and Surgical Infections, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing 210002, PR China
| | - Jie Wu
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, PR China; Lab for Trauma and Surgical Infections, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing 210002, PR China
| | - Gefei Wang
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, PR China; Lab for Trauma and Surgical Infections, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing 210002, PR China
| | - Zhiwu Hong
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, PR China; Lab for Trauma and Surgical Infections, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing 210002, PR China
| | - Jianan Ren
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210002, PR China; Lab for Trauma and Surgical Infections, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing 210002, PR China.
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- Lab for Trauma and Surgical Infections, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing 210002, PR China
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241
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Role of Gut Microbiota in Hepatocarcinogenesis. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7050121. [PMID: 31060311 PMCID: PMC6560397 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7050121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), one of the leading causes of death worldwide, has a causal nexus with liver injury, inflammation, and regeneration that accumulates over decades. Observations from recent studies have accounted for the involvement of the gut–liver axis in the pathophysiological mechanism responsible for HCC. The human intestine nurtures a diversified colony of microorganisms residing in the host ecosystem. The intestinal barrier is critical for conserving the normal physiology of the gut microbiome. Therefore, a rupture of this barrier or dysbiosis can cause the intestinal microbiome to serve as the main source of portal-vein endotoxins, such as lipopolysaccharide, in the progression of hepatic diseases. Indeed, increased bacterial translocation is a key sign of HCC. Considering the limited number of clinical studies on HCC with respect to the microbiome, we focus on clinical as well as animal studies involving the gut microbiota, with the current understandings of the mechanism by which the intestinal dysbiosis promotes hepatocarcinogenesis. Future research might offer mechanistic insights into the specific phyla targeting the leaky gut, as well as microbial dysbiosis, and their metabolites, which represent key pathways that drive HCC-promoting microbiome-mediated liver inflammation and fibrosis, thereby restoring the gut barrier function.
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242
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Farrell G, Schattenberg JM, Leclercq I, Yeh MM, Goldin R, Teoh N, Schuppan D. Mouse Models of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis: Toward Optimization of Their Relevance to Human Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. Hepatology 2019; 69:2241-2257. [PMID: 30372785 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) arises from a variable interplay between environmental factors and genetic determinants that cannot be completely replicated in animals. Notwithstanding, preclinical models are needed to understand NASH pathophysiology and test mechanism-based therapies. Among several mouse models of NASH, some exhibit the key pathophysiologic as well as histopathologic criteria for human NASH, whereas others may be useful to address specific questions. Models based on overnutrition with adipose restriction/inflammation and metabolic complications, particularly insulin resistance, may be most useful to investigate critical etiopathogenic factors. In-depth pathologic description is required for all models. Some models demonstrate hepatocyte ballooning, which can be confused with microvesicular steatosis, whereas demonstration of an inflammatory infiltrate and pattern of liver fibrosis compatible with human NASH is desirable in models used for pharmacologic testing. When mice with specific genetic strains or mutations that cause overeating consume a diet enriched with fat, modest amounts of cholesterol, and/or simple sugars ("Western diet"), they readily develop obesity with liver disease similar to human NASH, including significant fibrosis. Purely dietary models, such as high-fat/high-cholesterol, Western diet, and choline-deficient, amino acid-defined, are similarly promising. We share concern about using models without weight gain, adipose pathology, or insulin resistance/hyperinsulinemia and with inadequate documentation of liver pathology. NASH-related fibrosis is a key endpoint in trials of possible therapies. When studied for this purpose, NASH models should be reproducible and show steatohepatitis (ideally with ballooning) and at least focal bridging fibrosis, while metabolic factors/disordered lipid partitioning should contribute to etiopathogenesis. Because murine models are increasingly used to explore pharmacologic therapies for NASH, we propose a minimum set of requirements that investigators, drug companies, and journals should consider to optimize their translational value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoff Farrell
- Liver Research Group, Australian National University Medical School at the Canberra Hospital, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | | | - Isabelle Leclercq
- Laboratory of Hepato-gastroenterology, Institut de Recherche Experimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Matthew M Yeh
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Robert Goldin
- Department of Histopathology, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Narci Teoh
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Australian National University at The Canberra Hospital, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Detlef Schuppan
- Institute of Translational Immunology and Research Center for Immunotherapy, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany.,Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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243
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Ilyas G, Cingolani F, Zhao E, Tanaka K, Czaja MJ. Decreased Macrophage Autophagy Promotes Liver Injury and Inflammation from Alcohol. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2019; 43:1403-1413. [PMID: 30964198 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One mechanism underlying the development of alcoholic liver disease is overactivation of the innate immune response. Recent investigations indicate that the lysosomal pathway of autophagy down-regulates the inflammatory state of hepatic macrophages, suggesting that macrophage autophagy may regulate innate immunity in alcoholic liver disease. The function of macrophage autophagy in the development of alcoholic liver disease was examined in studies employing mice with a myeloid-specific decrease in autophagy. METHODS Littermate control and Atg5Δmye mice lacking Atg5-dependent myeloid autophagy were administered a Lieber-DeCarli control (CD) or ethanol diet (ED) alone or together with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and examined for the degree of liver injury and inflammation. RESULTS Knockout mice with decreased macrophage autophagy had equivalent steatosis but increased mortality and liver injury from ED alone. Increased liver injury and hepatocyte death also occurred in Atg5Δmye mice administered ED and LPS in association with systemic inflammation as indicated by elevated serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines. Hepatic macrophage and neutrophil infiltration were unaffected by decreased autophagy, but levels of proinflammatory cytokine gene induction were significantly increased in the livers but not adipose tissue of knockout mice treated with ED and LPS. Inflammasome activation was increased in ED/LPS-treated knockout mice resulting in elevated interleukin (IL)-1β production. Increased IL-1β promoted alcoholic liver disease as liver injury was decreased by the administration of an IL-1 receptor antagonist. CONCLUSIONS Macrophage autophagy functions to prevent liver injury from alcohol. This protection is mediated in part by down-regulation of inflammasome-dependent and inflammasome-independent hepatic inflammation. Therapies to increase autophagy may be effective in this disease through anti-inflammatory effects on macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghulam Ilyas
- Department of Medicine , Division of Digestive Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Francesca Cingolani
- Department of Medicine , Division of Digestive Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Enpeng Zhao
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences , Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Kathryn Tanaka
- Department of Pathology , Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Mark J Czaja
- Department of Medicine , Division of Digestive Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
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244
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Huang Y, Wan T, Pang N, Zhou Y, Jiang X, Li B, Gu Y, Huang Y, Ye X, Lian H, Zhang Z, Yang L. Cannabidiol protects livers against nonalcoholic steatohepatitis induced by high‐fat high cholesterol diet via regulating NF‐κB and NLRP3 inflammasome pathway. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:21224-21234. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanling Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Department of Nutrition, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou Guangdong People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Wan
- Department of Nutrition Huizhou First People's Hospital Huizhou Guangdong People's Republic of China
| | - Nengzhi Pang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Department of Nutrition, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou Guangdong People's Republic of China
| | - Yujia Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Department of Nutrition, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou Guangdong People's Republic of China
| | - Xuye Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Department of Nutrition, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou Guangdong People's Republic of China
| | - Bangyan Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Department of Nutrition, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou Guangdong People's Republic of China
| | - Yingying Gu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Department of Nutrition, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou Guangdong People's Republic of China
| | - Yufeng Huang
- Department of Radiology The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University Guangzhou Guangdong People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodie Ye
- Department of Radiology The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University Guangzhou Guangdong People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Lian
- Department of Radiology The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University Guangzhou Guangdong People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenfeng Zhang
- Department of Radiology The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University Guangzhou Guangdong People's Republic of China
| | - Lili Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Department of Nutrition, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou Guangdong People's Republic of China
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245
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Arab JP, Arrese M, Trauner M. Recent Insights into the Pathogenesis of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2019; 13:321-350. [PMID: 29414249 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-020117-043617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 335] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a burgeoning health problem worldwide and an important risk factor for both hepatic and cardiometabolic mortality. The rapidly increasing prevalence of this disease and of its aggressive form nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) will require novel therapeutic approaches based on a profound understanding of its pathogenesis to halt disease progression to advanced fibrosis or cirrhosis and cancer. The pathogenesis of NAFLD involves a complex interaction among environmental factors (i.e., Western diet), obesity, changes in microbiota, and predisposing genetic variants resulting in a disturbed lipid homeostasis and an excessive accumulation of triglycerides and other lipid species in hepatocytes. Insulin resistance is a central mechanism that leads to lipotoxicity, endoplasmic reticulum stress, disturbed autophagy, and, ultimately, hepatocyte injury and death that triggers hepatic inflammation, hepatic stellate cell activation, and progressive fibrogenesis, thus driving disease progression. In the present review, we summarize the currently available data on the pathogenesis of NAFLD, emphasizing the most recent advances. A better understanding of NAFLD/NASH pathogenesis is crucial for the design of new and efficient therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pablo Arab
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330077, Chile.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - Marco Arrese
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330077, Chile.,Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Michael Trauner
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna A-1090, Austria;
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246
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Hansel C, Erschfeld S, Baues M, Lammers T, Weiskirchen R, Trautwein C, Kroy DC, Drescher HK. The Inhibitory T Cell Receptors PD1 and 2B4 Are Differentially Regulated on CD4 and CD8 T Cells in a Mouse Model of Non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:244. [PMID: 30949049 PMCID: PMC6436071 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Infiltrating CD4 and CD8 T cells have been shown to worsen inflammatory liver damage in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Inhibitory T cell receptors such as the programmed cell death protein 1 (PD1) and the natural killer cell receptor 2B4 regulate the activity of CD4 and CD8 T cells and therefore play an important role in immune tolerance required in the liver. In this study, we investigated the expression profile of inhibitory T cell receptors on CD4 and CD8 T cells in a mouse model of NASH. Male B57BL/6J mice were fed a Western diet for 24 weeks. The expression levels of inhibitory receptors on the surface of intrahepatic and peripheral T cells were measured and correlated with markers of activation (CD107a, CD69, and CD44), metabolic disorder (serum triglycerides, serum cholesterol, γ-glutamyl transferase, hepatic triglycerides), inflammation (serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase) and hepatic fibrosis (collagen 1A1, α-smooth muscle actin, hydroxyproline). Under Western diet, PD1 is exclusively upregulated on intrahepatic and peripheral CD8+ T cells, whereas the expression level on CD4 T cells is unaffected. In contrast, 2B4 is upregulated liver-specifically on both CD4 and CD8 T cells and unchanged on peripheral T cells. Upregulation of PD1 on CD8 T cells is restricted to CD8 effector memory T cells and correlates with lower levels of degranulation. Similarly, the inhibitory function of PD1 on intrahepatic CD4 T cells is shown by a lower CD69 and CD44 expression on PD1-positive CD4 T cells. In murine steatohepatitis, the upregulation of PD1 on CD8 T cells and 2B4 on CD4 and CD8 T cells potentially limits T cell-mediated liver damage. Therefore, these inhibitory T cell receptors could serve as promising targets of immune-modulatory NASH therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cordula Hansel
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Stephanie Erschfeld
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Maike Baues
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Twan Lammers
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ralf Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy, and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Christian Trautwein
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Daniela C Kroy
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Hannah K Drescher
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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247
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Safari Z, Gérard P. The links between the gut microbiome and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:1541-1558. [PMID: 30683985 PMCID: PMC11105223 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03011-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
NAFLD is currently the main cause of chronic liver disease in developed countries, and the number of NAFLD patients is growing worldwide. NAFLD often has similar symptoms to other metabolic disorders, including type 2 diabetes and obesity. Recently, the role of the gut microbiota in the pathophysiology of many diseases has been revealed. Regarding NAFLD, experiments using gut microbiota transplants to germ-free animal models showed that fatty liver disease development is determined by gut bacteria. Moreover, the perturbation of the composition of the gut microbiota has been observed in patients suffering from NAFLD. Numerous mechanisms relating the gut microbiome to NAFLD have been proposed, including the dysbiosis-induced dysregulation of gut endothelial barrier function that allows for the translocation of bacterial components and leads to hepatic inflammation. In addition, the various metabolites produced by the gut microbiota may impact the liver and thus modulate NAFLD susceptibility. Therefore, the manipulation of the gut microbiome by probiotics, prebiotics or synbiotics was shown to improve liver phenotype in NAFLD patients as well as in rodent models. Hence, further knowledge about the interactions among dysbiosis, environmental factors, and diet and their impacts on the gut-liver axis can improve the treatment of this life-threatening liver disease and its related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Safari
- Micalis Institute, INRA, UMR1319, Equipe AMIPEM, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Building 442, Domaine de Vilvert, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Philippe Gérard
- Micalis Institute, INRA, UMR1319, Equipe AMIPEM, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Building 442, Domaine de Vilvert, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
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248
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Role of macrophages in experimental liver injury and repair in mice. Exp Ther Med 2019; 17:3835-3847. [PMID: 31007731 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver macrophages make up the largest proportion of tissue macrophages in the host and consist of two dissimilar groups: Kupffer cells (KCs) and monocyte-derived macrophages (MoMø). As the liver is injured, KCs sense the injury and initiate inflammatory cascades mediated by the release of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Subsequently, inflammatory monocytes accumulate in the liver via chemokine-chemokine receptor interactions, resulting in massive inflammatory MoMø infiltration. When live r injury ceases, restorative macrophages, derived from recruited inflammatory monocytes (lymphocyte antigen 6 complex, locus Chi monocytes), promote the resolution of hepatic damage and fibrosis. Consequently, a large number of studies have assessed the mechanisms by which liver macrophages exert their opposing functions at different time-points during liver injury. The present review primarily focuses on the diverse functions of macrophages in experimental liver injury, fibrosis and repair in mice and illustrates how macrophages may be targeted to treat liver disease.
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249
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Innate immune regulatory networks in hepatic lipid metabolism. J Mol Med (Berl) 2019; 97:593-604. [PMID: 30891617 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-019-01765-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic lipid metabolism is closely associated with certain diseases, such as obesity, diabetes, fatty liver, and hepatic fibrosis. Hepatic steatosis results from systemic metabolic dysfunction that occurs via multiple processes. The initial process has been characterized as hepatic lipid accumulation that may be caused by increased liver lipid uptake and de novo lipogenesis or decreased lipid oxidation and lipid export; subsequently, multiple additional factors that trigger inflammation and insulin resistance (IR) aggravate the progression of hepatic steatosis. Emerging evidence indicates that inflammation stands at the crossroads of innate immunity and lipid metabolism and links the initial metabolic stress and subsequent metabolic events in lipid metabolism. Therefore, in this review, we summarize the regulatory role of innate immune signaling molecules in maintaining lipid metabolic homeostasis; these revelations can guide the development of potential therapies for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).
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250
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Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist Modulates Liver Inflammation and Fibrosis in Mice in a Model-Dependent Manner. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20061295. [PMID: 30875826 PMCID: PMC6471711 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Interleukin-1 (IL-1)β and IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) have been proposed as important mediators during chronic liver diseases. We aimed to determine whether the modulation of IL-1β signaling with IL-1Ra impacts on liver fibrosis. Methods: We assessed the effects of IL-1β on human hepatic stellate cells (HSC) and in mouse models of liver fibrosis induced by bile duct ligation (BDL) or carbon tetrachloride treatment (CCl-4). Results: Human HSCs treated with IL-1β had increased IL-1β, IL-1Ra, and MMP-9 expressions in vitro. HSCs treated with IL-1β had reduced α-smooth muscle actin expression. These effects were all prevented by IL-1Ra treatment. In the BDL model, liver fibrosis and Kuppfer cell numbers were increased in IL-1Ra KO mice compared to wild type mice and wild type mice treated with IL-1Ra. In contrast, after CCl-4 treatment, fibrosis, HSC and Kupffer cell numbers were decreased in IL-1Ra KO mice compared to the other groups. IL-1Ra treatment provided a modest protective effect in the BDL model and was pro-fibrotic in the CCl-4 model. Conclusions: We demonstrated bivalent effects of IL-1Ra during liver fibrosis in mice. IL-1Ra was detrimental in the CCl-4 model, whereas it was protective in the BDL model. Altogether these data suggest that blocking IL-1-mediated inflammation may be beneficial only in selective liver fibrotic disease.
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