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Exome sequencing of geographically diverse barley landraces and wild relatives gives insights into environmental adaptation. Nat Genet 2016; 48:1024-30. [PMID: 27428750 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
After domestication, during a process of widespread range extension, barley adapted to a broad spectrum of agricultural environments. To explore how the barley genome responded to the environmental challenges it encountered, we sequenced the exomes of a collection of 267 georeferenced landraces and wild accessions. A combination of genome-wide analyses showed that patterns of variation have been strongly shaped by geography and that variant-by-environment associations for individual genes are prominent in our data set. We observed significant correlations of days to heading (flowering) and height with seasonal temperature and dryness variables in common garden experiments, suggesting that these traits were major drivers of environmental adaptation in the sampled germplasm. A detailed analysis of known flowering-associated genes showed that many contain extensive sequence variation and that patterns of single- and multiple-gene haplotypes exhibit strong geographical structuring. This variation appears to have substantially contributed to range-wide ecogeographical adaptation, but many factors key to regional success remain unidentified.
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202
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Mascher M, Schuenemann VJ, Davidovich U, Marom N, Himmelbach A, Hübner S, Korol A, David M, Reiter E, Riehl S, Schreiber M, Vohr SH, Green RE, Dawson IK, Russell J, Kilian B, Muehlbauer GJ, Waugh R, Fahima T, Krause J, Weiss E, Stein N. Genomic analysis of 6,000-year-old cultivated grain illuminates the domestication history of barley. Nat Genet 2016; 48:1089-93. [PMID: 27428749 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The cereal grass barley was domesticated about 10,000 years before the present in the Fertile Crescent and became a founder crop of Neolithic agriculture. Here we report the genome sequences of five 6,000-year-old barley grains excavated at a cave in the Judean Desert close to the Dead Sea. Comparison to whole-exome sequence data from a diversity panel of present-day barley accessions showed the close affinity of ancient samples to extant landraces from the Southern Levant and Egypt, consistent with a proposed origin of domesticated barley in the Upper Jordan Valley. Our findings suggest that barley landraces grown in present-day Israel have not experienced major lineage turnover over the past six millennia, although there is evidence for gene flow between cultivated and sympatric wild populations. We demonstrate the usefulness of ancient genomes from desiccated archaeobotanical remains in informing research into the origin, early domestication and subsequent migration of crop species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Mascher
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, Seeland, Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Verena J Schuenemann
- Institute for Archaeological Sciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Senckenberg Center for Human Evolution and Paleoenvironment, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Uri Davidovich
- Institute of Archaeology, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Nimrod Marom
- Laboratory of Archaeozoology, Zinman Institute of Archaeology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Axel Himmelbach
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, Seeland, Germany
| | - Sariel Hübner
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Biotechnology, Tel Hai College, Upper Galilee, Israel
| | - Abraham Korol
- Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.,Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Michal David
- Martin (Szusz) Department of Land of Israel Studies and Archaeology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Ella Reiter
- Institute for Archaeological Sciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Simone Riehl
- Institute for Archaeological Sciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Senckenberg Center for Human Evolution and Paleoenvironment, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mona Schreiber
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, Seeland, Germany
| | - Samuel H Vohr
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, USA
| | - Richard E Green
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, USA
| | - Ian K Dawson
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
| | - Joanne Russell
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
| | - Benjamin Kilian
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, Seeland, Germany
| | - Gary J Muehlbauer
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.,Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Robbie Waugh
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK.,Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Tzion Fahima
- Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.,Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Johannes Krause
- Institute for Archaeological Sciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Senckenberg Center for Human Evolution and Paleoenvironment, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
| | - Ehud Weiss
- Martin (Szusz) Department of Land of Israel Studies and Archaeology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Nils Stein
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, Seeland, Germany
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203
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Alqudah AM, Koppolu R, Wolde GM, Graner A, Schnurbusch T. The Genetic Architecture of Barley Plant Stature. Front Genet 2016; 7:117. [PMID: 27446200 PMCID: PMC4919324 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2016.00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant stature in temperate cereals is predominantly controlled by tillering and plant height as complex agronomic traits, representing important determinants of grain yield. This study was designed to reveal the genetic basis of tillering at five developmental stages and plant height at harvest in 218 worldwide spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) accessions under greenhouse conditions. The accessions were structured based on row-type classes [two- vs. six-rowed] and photoperiod response [photoperiod-sensitive (Ppd-H1) vs. reduced photoperiod sensitivity (ppd-H1)]. Phenotypic analyses of both factors revealed profound between group effects on tiller development. To further verify the row-type effect on the studied traits, Six-rowed spike 1 (vrs1) mutants and their two-rowed progenitors were examined for tiller number per plant and plant height. Here, wild-type (Vrs1) plants were significantly taller and had more tillers than mutants suggesting a negative pleiotropic effect of this row-type locus on both traits. Our genome-wide association scans further revealed highly significant associations, thereby establishing a link between the genetic control of row-type, heading time, tillering, and plant height. We further show that associations for tillering and plant height are co-localized with chromosomal segments harboring known plant stature-related phytohormone and sugar-related genes. This work demonstrates the feasibility of the GWAS approach for identifying putative candidate genes for improving plant architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad M. Alqudah
- HEISENBERG-Research Group Plant Architecture, Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant ResearchGatersleben, Germany
| | - Ravi Koppolu
- HEISENBERG-Research Group Plant Architecture, Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant ResearchGatersleben, Germany
| | - Gizaw M. Wolde
- HEISENBERG-Research Group Plant Architecture, Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant ResearchGatersleben, Germany
| | - Andreas Graner
- Research Group Genome Diversity, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant ResearchGatersleben, Germany
| | - Thorsten Schnurbusch
- HEISENBERG-Research Group Plant Architecture, Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant ResearchGatersleben, Germany
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204
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Jost M, Taketa S, Mascher M, Himmelbach A, Yuo T, Shahinnia F, Rutten T, Druka A, Schmutzer T, Steuernagel B, Beier S, Taudien S, Scholz U, Morgante M, Waugh R, Stein N. A Homolog of Blade-On-Petiole 1 and 2 (BOP1/2) Controls Internode Length and Homeotic Changes of the Barley Inflorescence. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 171:1113-27. [PMID: 27208226 PMCID: PMC4902598 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.00124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Inflorescence architecture in small-grain cereals has a direct effect on yield and is an important selection target in breeding for yield improvement. We analyzed the recessive mutation laxatum-a (lax-a) in barley (Hordeum vulgare), which causes pleiotropic changes in spike development, resulting in (1) extended rachis internodes conferring a more relaxed inflorescence, (2) broadened base of the lemma awns, (3) thinner grains that are largely exposed due to reduced marginal growth of the palea and lemma, and (4) and homeotic conversion of lodicules into two stamenoid structures. Map-based cloning enforced by mapping-by-sequencing of the mutant lax-a locus enabled the identification of a homolog of BLADE-ON-PETIOLE1 (BOP1) and BOP2 as the causal gene. Interestingly, the recently identified barley uniculme4 gene also is a BOP1/2 homolog and has been shown to regulate tillering and leaf sheath development. While the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) BOP1 and BOP2 genes act redundantly, the barley genes contribute independent effects in specifying the developmental growth of vegetative and reproductive organs, respectively. Analysis of natural genetic diversity revealed strikingly different haplotype diversity for the two paralogous barley genes, likely affected by the respective genomic environments, since no indication for an active selection process was detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Jost
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, 06466 Stadt Seeland, Germany (M.J., Ma.M., A.H., F.S., T.R., T.S., B.S., S.B., U.S., N.S.);Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Okayama 710-0046, Japan (Sh.T., T.Y.);James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (A.D., R.W.);Leibniz Institute on Aging and Fritz-Lipmann Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany (St.T.);Applied Genomics Institute, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy (Mi.M.); andDivision of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, United Kingdom (R.W.)
| | - Shin Taketa
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, 06466 Stadt Seeland, Germany (M.J., Ma.M., A.H., F.S., T.R., T.S., B.S., S.B., U.S., N.S.);Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Okayama 710-0046, Japan (Sh.T., T.Y.);James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (A.D., R.W.);Leibniz Institute on Aging and Fritz-Lipmann Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany (St.T.);Applied Genomics Institute, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy (Mi.M.); andDivision of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, United Kingdom (R.W.)
| | - Martin Mascher
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, 06466 Stadt Seeland, Germany (M.J., Ma.M., A.H., F.S., T.R., T.S., B.S., S.B., U.S., N.S.);Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Okayama 710-0046, Japan (Sh.T., T.Y.);James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (A.D., R.W.);Leibniz Institute on Aging and Fritz-Lipmann Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany (St.T.);Applied Genomics Institute, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy (Mi.M.); andDivision of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, United Kingdom (R.W.)
| | - Axel Himmelbach
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, 06466 Stadt Seeland, Germany (M.J., Ma.M., A.H., F.S., T.R., T.S., B.S., S.B., U.S., N.S.);Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Okayama 710-0046, Japan (Sh.T., T.Y.);James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (A.D., R.W.);Leibniz Institute on Aging and Fritz-Lipmann Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany (St.T.);Applied Genomics Institute, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy (Mi.M.); andDivision of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, United Kingdom (R.W.)
| | - Takahisa Yuo
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, 06466 Stadt Seeland, Germany (M.J., Ma.M., A.H., F.S., T.R., T.S., B.S., S.B., U.S., N.S.);Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Okayama 710-0046, Japan (Sh.T., T.Y.);James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (A.D., R.W.);Leibniz Institute on Aging and Fritz-Lipmann Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany (St.T.);Applied Genomics Institute, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy (Mi.M.); andDivision of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, United Kingdom (R.W.)
| | - Fahimeh Shahinnia
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, 06466 Stadt Seeland, Germany (M.J., Ma.M., A.H., F.S., T.R., T.S., B.S., S.B., U.S., N.S.);Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Okayama 710-0046, Japan (Sh.T., T.Y.);James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (A.D., R.W.);Leibniz Institute on Aging and Fritz-Lipmann Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany (St.T.);Applied Genomics Institute, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy (Mi.M.); andDivision of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, United Kingdom (R.W.)
| | - Twan Rutten
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, 06466 Stadt Seeland, Germany (M.J., Ma.M., A.H., F.S., T.R., T.S., B.S., S.B., U.S., N.S.);Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Okayama 710-0046, Japan (Sh.T., T.Y.);James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (A.D., R.W.);Leibniz Institute on Aging and Fritz-Lipmann Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany (St.T.);Applied Genomics Institute, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy (Mi.M.); andDivision of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, United Kingdom (R.W.)
| | - Arnis Druka
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, 06466 Stadt Seeland, Germany (M.J., Ma.M., A.H., F.S., T.R., T.S., B.S., S.B., U.S., N.S.);Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Okayama 710-0046, Japan (Sh.T., T.Y.);James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (A.D., R.W.);Leibniz Institute on Aging and Fritz-Lipmann Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany (St.T.);Applied Genomics Institute, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy (Mi.M.); andDivision of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, United Kingdom (R.W.)
| | - Thomas Schmutzer
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, 06466 Stadt Seeland, Germany (M.J., Ma.M., A.H., F.S., T.R., T.S., B.S., S.B., U.S., N.S.);Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Okayama 710-0046, Japan (Sh.T., T.Y.);James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (A.D., R.W.);Leibniz Institute on Aging and Fritz-Lipmann Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany (St.T.);Applied Genomics Institute, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy (Mi.M.); andDivision of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, United Kingdom (R.W.)
| | - Burkhard Steuernagel
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, 06466 Stadt Seeland, Germany (M.J., Ma.M., A.H., F.S., T.R., T.S., B.S., S.B., U.S., N.S.);Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Okayama 710-0046, Japan (Sh.T., T.Y.);James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (A.D., R.W.);Leibniz Institute on Aging and Fritz-Lipmann Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany (St.T.);Applied Genomics Institute, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy (Mi.M.); andDivision of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, United Kingdom (R.W.)
| | - Sebastian Beier
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, 06466 Stadt Seeland, Germany (M.J., Ma.M., A.H., F.S., T.R., T.S., B.S., S.B., U.S., N.S.);Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Okayama 710-0046, Japan (Sh.T., T.Y.);James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (A.D., R.W.);Leibniz Institute on Aging and Fritz-Lipmann Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany (St.T.);Applied Genomics Institute, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy (Mi.M.); andDivision of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, United Kingdom (R.W.)
| | - Stefan Taudien
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, 06466 Stadt Seeland, Germany (M.J., Ma.M., A.H., F.S., T.R., T.S., B.S., S.B., U.S., N.S.);Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Okayama 710-0046, Japan (Sh.T., T.Y.);James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (A.D., R.W.);Leibniz Institute on Aging and Fritz-Lipmann Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany (St.T.);Applied Genomics Institute, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy (Mi.M.); andDivision of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, United Kingdom (R.W.)
| | - Uwe Scholz
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, 06466 Stadt Seeland, Germany (M.J., Ma.M., A.H., F.S., T.R., T.S., B.S., S.B., U.S., N.S.);Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Okayama 710-0046, Japan (Sh.T., T.Y.);James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (A.D., R.W.);Leibniz Institute on Aging and Fritz-Lipmann Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany (St.T.);Applied Genomics Institute, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy (Mi.M.); andDivision of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, United Kingdom (R.W.)
| | - Michele Morgante
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, 06466 Stadt Seeland, Germany (M.J., Ma.M., A.H., F.S., T.R., T.S., B.S., S.B., U.S., N.S.);Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Okayama 710-0046, Japan (Sh.T., T.Y.);James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (A.D., R.W.);Leibniz Institute on Aging and Fritz-Lipmann Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany (St.T.);Applied Genomics Institute, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy (Mi.M.); andDivision of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, United Kingdom (R.W.)
| | - Robbie Waugh
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, 06466 Stadt Seeland, Germany (M.J., Ma.M., A.H., F.S., T.R., T.S., B.S., S.B., U.S., N.S.);Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Okayama 710-0046, Japan (Sh.T., T.Y.);James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (A.D., R.W.);Leibniz Institute on Aging and Fritz-Lipmann Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany (St.T.);Applied Genomics Institute, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy (Mi.M.); andDivision of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, United Kingdom (R.W.)
| | - Nils Stein
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, 06466 Stadt Seeland, Germany (M.J., Ma.M., A.H., F.S., T.R., T.S., B.S., S.B., U.S., N.S.);Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Okayama 710-0046, Japan (Sh.T., T.Y.);James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (A.D., R.W.);Leibniz Institute on Aging and Fritz-Lipmann Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany (St.T.);Applied Genomics Institute, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy (Mi.M.); andDivision of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, United Kingdom (R.W.)
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205
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Sato K, Yamane M, Yamaji N, Kanamori H, Tagiri A, Schwerdt JG, Fincher GB, Matsumoto T, Takeda K, Komatsuda T. Alanine aminotransferase controls seed dormancy in barley. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11625. [PMID: 27188711 PMCID: PMC4873977 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Dormancy allows wild barley grains to survive dry summers in the Near East. After domestication, barley was selected for shorter dormancy periods. Here we isolate the major seed dormancy gene qsd1 from wild barley, which encodes an alanine aminotransferase (AlaAT). The seed dormancy gene is expressed specifically in the embryo. The AlaAT isoenzymes encoded by the long and short dormancy alleles differ in a single amino acid residue. The reduced dormancy allele Qsd1 evolved from barleys that were first domesticated in the southern Levant and had the long dormancy qsd1 allele that can be traced back to wild barleys. The reduced dormancy mutation likely contributed to the enhanced performance of barley in industrial applications such as beer and whisky production, which involve controlled germination. In contrast, the long dormancy allele might be used to control pre-harvest sprouting in higher rainfall areas to enhance global adaptation of barley. Seed dormancy allows wild barley grains to survive dry summers in the Near East but has been selected against for industrial applications such as beer and whisky production that require quicker germination. Here Sato et al. show that Qsd1 is a major seed dormancy gene in barley and encodes an alanine aminotransferase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Sato
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, 2-20-1, Chuo, Kurashiki, Okayama 710-0046, Japan
| | - Miki Yamane
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, 2-20-1, Chuo, Kurashiki, Okayama 710-0046, Japan
| | - Nami Yamaji
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, 2-20-1, Chuo, Kurashiki, Okayama 710-0046, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kanamori
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba 305-8602, Japan
| | - Akemi Tagiri
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba 305-8602, Japan
| | - Julian G Schwerdt
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Geoffrey B Fincher
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Takashi Matsumoto
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba 305-8602, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Takeda
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, 2-20-1, Chuo, Kurashiki, Okayama 710-0046, Japan
| | - Takao Komatsuda
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba 305-8602, Japan
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206
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Pandey DK, Chaudhary B. Domestication-driven Gossypium profilin 1 (GhPRF1) gene transduces early flowering phenotype in tobacco by spatial alteration of apical/floral-meristem related gene expression. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 16:112. [PMID: 27177585 PMCID: PMC4866011 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0798-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant profilin genes encode core cell-wall structural proteins and are evidenced for their up-regulation under cotton domestication. Notwithstanding striking discoveries in the genetics of cell-wall organization in plants, little is explicit about the manner in which profilin-mediated molecular interplay and corresponding networks are altered, especially during cellular signalling of apical meristem determinacy and flower development. RESULTS Here we show that the ectopic expression of GhPRF1 gene in tobacco resulted in the hyperactivation of apical meristem and early flowering phenotype with increased flower number in comparison to the control plants. Spatial expression alteration in CLV1, a key meristem-determinacy gene, is induced by the GhPRF1 overexpression in a WUS-dependent manner and mediates cell signalling to promote flowering. But no such expression alterations are recorded in the GhPRF1-RNAi lines. The GhPRF1 transduces key positive flowering regulator AP1 gene via coordinated expression of FT4, SOC1, FLC1 and FT1 genes involved in the apical-to-floral meristem signalling cascade which is consistent with our in silico profilin interaction data. Remarkably, these positive and negative flowering regulators are spatially controlled by the Actin-Related Protein (ARP) genes, specifically ARP4 and ARP6 in proximate association with profilins. This study provides a novel and systematic link between GhPRF1 gene expression and the flower primordium initiation via up-regulation of the ARP genes, and an insight into the functional characterization of GhPRF1 gene acting upstream to the flowering mechanism. Also, the transgenic plants expressing GhPRF1 gene show an increase in the plant height, internode length, leaf size and plant vigor. CONCLUSIONS Overexpression of GhPRF1 gene induced early and increased flowering in tobacco with enhanced plant vigor. During apical meristem determinacy and flower development, the GhPRF1 gene directly influences key flowering regulators through ARP-genes, indicating for its role upstream in the apical-to-floral meristem signalling cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhananjay K Pandey
- School of Biotechnology, Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida, 201310, UP, India
| | - Bhupendra Chaudhary
- School of Biotechnology, Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida, 201310, UP, India.
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207
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Maurer A, Draba V, Pillen K. Genomic dissection of plant development and its impact on thousand grain weight in barley through nested association mapping. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:2507-18. [PMID: 26936829 PMCID: PMC4809299 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Flowering time is a key agronomic trait that plays an important role in crop yield. There is growing interest in dissecting the developmental subphases of flowering to better understand and fine-tune plant development and maximize yield. To do this, we used the wild barley nested association mapping (NAM) population HEB-25, comprising 1420 BC1S3 lines, to map quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling five developmental traits, plant height, and thousand grain weight. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) enabled us to locate a total of 89 QTLs that genetically regulate the seven investigated traits. Several exotic QTL alleles proved to be highly effective and potentially useful in barley breeding. For instance, thousand grain weight was increased by 4.5 g and flowering time was reduced by 9.3 days by substituting Barke elite QTL alleles for exotic QTL alleles at the denso/sdw1 and the Ppd-H1 loci, respectively. We showed that the exotic allele at the semi-dwarf locus denso/sdw1 can be used to increase grain weight since it uncouples the negative correlation between shoot elongation and the ripening phase. Our study demonstrates that nested association mapping of HEB-25 can help unravel the genetic regulation of plant development and yield formation in barley. Moreover, since we detected numerous useful exotic QTL alleles in HEB-25, we conclude that the introgression of these wild barley alleles into the elite barley gene pool may enable developmental phases to be specifically fine-tuned in order to maximize thousand grain weight and, potentially, yield in the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Maurer
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Betty-Heimann-Str. 3, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Vera Draba
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Betty-Heimann-Str. 3, 06120 Halle, Germany. Interdisciplinary Center for Crop Plant Research (IZN), Betty-Heimann-Str. 3, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Klaus Pillen
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Betty-Heimann-Str. 3, 06120 Halle, Germany.
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208
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Branching Shoots and Spikes from Lateral Meristems in Bread Wheat. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151656. [PMID: 26986738 PMCID: PMC4795765 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Wheat grain yield consists of three components: spikes per plant, grains per spike (i.e. head or ear), and grain weight; and the grains per spike can be dissected into two subcomponents: spikelets per spike and grains per spikelet. An increase in any of these components will directly contribute to grain yield. Wheat morphology biology tells that a wheat plant has no lateral meristem that forms any branching shoot or spike. In this study, we report two novel shoot and spike traits that were produced from lateral meristems in bread wheat. One is supernumerary shoot that was developed from an axillary bud at the axil of leaves on the elongated internodes of the main stem. The other is supernumerary spike that was generated from a spikelet meristem on a spike. In addition, supernumerary spikelets were generated on the same rachis node of the spike in the plant that had supernumerary shoot and spikes. All of these supernumerary shoots/spikes/spikelets found in the super wheat plants produced normal fertility and seeds, displaying huge yield potential in bread wheat.
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209
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Gao S, Fang J, Xu F, Wang W, Chu C. Rice HOX12 Regulates Panicle Exsertion by Directly Modulating the Expression of ELONGATED UPPERMOST INTERNODE1. THE PLANT CELL 2016; 28:680-95. [PMID: 26977084 PMCID: PMC4826014 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.15.01021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Bioactive gibberellins (GAs) are key endogenous regulators of plant growth. Previous work identified ELONGATED UPPERMOST INTERNODE1 (EUI1) as a GA-deactivating enzyme that plays an important role in panicle exsertion from the flag leaf sheath in rice (Oryza sativa). However, the mechanism that regulates EUI1 activity during development is still largely unexplored. In this study, we identified the dominant panicle enclosure mutant regulator of eui1 (ree1-D), whose phenotype is caused by the activation of the homeodomain-leucine zipper transcription factor HOX12. Diminished HOX12 expression by RNA interference enhanced panicle exsertion, mimicking the eui1 phenotype. HOX12 knockdown plants contain higher levels of the major biologically active GAs (such as GA1 and GA4) than the wild type. The expression of EUI1 is elevated in the ree1-D mutant but reduced in HOX12 knockdown plants. Interestingly, both HOX12 and EUI1 are predominantly expressed in panicles, where GA4 is highly accumulated. Yeast one-hybrid, electrophoretic mobility shift assay, and chromatin immunoprecipitation analyses showed that HOX12 physically interacts with the EUI1 promoter both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, plants overexpressing HOX12 in the eui1 mutant background retained the elongated uppermost internode phenotype. These results indicate that HOX12 acts directly through EUI1 to regulate panicle exsertion in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaopei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jun Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Fan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Chengcai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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210
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The Effects of Both Recent and Long-Term Selection and Genetic Drift Are Readily Evident in North American Barley Breeding Populations. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2015; 6:609-22. [PMID: 26715093 PMCID: PMC4777124 DOI: 10.1534/g3.115.024349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Barley was introduced to North America ∼400 yr ago but adaptation to modern production environments is more recent. Comparisons of allele frequencies among growth habits and spike (inflorescence) types in North America indicate that significant genetic differentiation has accumulated in a relatively short evolutionary time span. Allele frequency differentiation is greatest among barley with two-row vs. six-row spikes, followed by spring vs. winter growth habit. Large changes in allele frequency among breeding programs suggest a major contribution of genetic drift and linked selection on genetic variation. Despite this, comparisons of 3613 modern North American cultivated barley breeding lines that differ for spike-type and growth habit permit the discovery of 142 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) outliers putatively linked to targets of selection. For example, SNPs within the Cbf4, Ppd-H1, and Vrn-H1 loci, which have previously been associated with agronomically adaptive phenotypes, are identified as outliers. Analysis of extended haplotype sharing identifies genomic regions shared within and among breeding populations, suggestive of a number of genomic regions subject to recent selection. Finally, we are able to identify recent bouts of gene flow between breeding populations that could point to the sharing of agronomically adaptive variation. These results are supported by pedigrees and breeders’ understanding of germplasm sharing.
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211
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Pourkheirandish M, Hensel G, Kilian B, Senthil N, Chen G, Sameri M, Azhaguvel P, Sakuma S, Dhanagond S, Sharma R, Mascher M, Himmelbach A, Gottwald S, Nair SK, Tagiri A, Yukuhiro F, Nagamura Y, Kanamori H, Matsumoto T, Willcox G, Middleton CP, Wicker T, Walther A, Waugh R, Fincher GB, Stein N, Kumlehn J, Sato K, Komatsuda T. Evolution of the Grain Dispersal System in Barley. Cell 2015; 162:527-39. [PMID: 26232223 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
About 12,000 years ago in the Near East, humans began the transition from hunter-gathering to agriculture-based societies. Barley was a founder crop in this process, and the most important steps in its domestication were mutations in two adjacent, dominant, and complementary genes, through which grains were retained on the inflorescence at maturity, enabling effective harvesting. Independent recessive mutations in each of these genes caused cell wall thickening in a highly specific grain "disarticulation zone," converting the brittle floral axis (the rachis) of the wild-type into a tough, non-brittle form that promoted grain retention. By tracing the evolutionary history of allelic variation in both genes, we conclude that spatially and temporally independent selections of germplasm with a non-brittle rachis were made during the domestication of barley by farmers in the southern and northern regions of the Levant, actions that made a major contribution to the emergence of early agrarian societies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Goetz Hensel
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, 06466 Stadt Seeland, Germany
| | - Benjamin Kilian
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, 06466 Stadt Seeland, Germany
| | - Natesan Senthil
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 305-8602 Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Guoxiong Chen
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 305-8602 Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Mohammad Sameri
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 305-8602 Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Perumal Azhaguvel
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 305-8602 Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Shun Sakuma
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 305-8602 Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Sidram Dhanagond
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, 06466 Stadt Seeland, Germany
| | - Rajiv Sharma
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, 06466 Stadt Seeland, Germany
| | - Martin Mascher
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, 06466 Stadt Seeland, Germany
| | - Axel Himmelbach
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, 06466 Stadt Seeland, Germany
| | - Sven Gottwald
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, 06466 Stadt Seeland, Germany
| | - Sudha K Nair
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 305-8602 Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Akemi Tagiri
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 305-8602 Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Fumiko Yukuhiro
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 305-8602 Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Nagamura
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 305-8602 Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kanamori
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 305-8602 Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Takashi Matsumoto
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 305-8602 Tsukuba, Japan
| | - George Willcox
- Archéorient CNRS UMR 5133, Université de Lyon II, Jalés, Berrias 07460, France
| | | | - Thomas Wicker
- Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zürich, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Walther
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Robbie Waugh
- University of Dundee, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Geoffrey B Fincher
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus Glen Osmond, SA 5066, Australia
| | - Nils Stein
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, 06466 Stadt Seeland, Germany
| | - Jochen Kumlehn
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, 06466 Stadt Seeland, Germany
| | - Kazuhiro Sato
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, 710-0046 Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Takao Komatsuda
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 305-8602 Tsukuba, Japan.
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212
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Liller CB, Neuhaus R, von Korff M, Koornneef M, van Esse W. Mutations in Barley Row Type Genes Have Pleiotropic Effects on Shoot Branching. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140246. [PMID: 26465604 PMCID: PMC4605766 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cereal crop yield is determined by different yield components such as seed weight, seed number per spike and the tiller number and spikes. Negative correlations between these traits are often attributed to resource limitation. However, recent evidence suggests that the same genes or regulatory modules can regulate both inflorescence branching and tillering. It is therefore important to explore the role of genetic correlations between different yield components in small grain cereals. In this work, we studied pleiotropic effects of row type genes on seed size, seed number per spike, thousand grain weight, and tillering in barley to better understand the genetic correlations between individual yield components. Allelic mutants of nine different row type loci (36 mutants), in the original spring barley varieties Barke, Bonus and Foma and introgressed in the spring barley cultivar Bowman, were phenotyped under greenhouse and outdoor conditions. We identified two main mutant groups characterized by their relationships between seed and tillering parameters. The first group comprises all mutants with an increased number of seeds and significant change in tiller number at early development (group 1a) or reduced tillering only at full maturity (group 1b). Mutants in the second group are characterized by a reduction in seeds per spike and tiller number, thus exhibiting positive correlations between seed and tiller number. Reduced tillering at full maturity (group 1b) is likely due to resource limitations. In contrast, altered tillering at early development (groups 1a and 2) suggests that the same genes or regulatory modules affect inflorescence and shoot branching. Understanding the genetic bases of the trade-offs between these traits is important for the genetic manipulation of individual yield components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna Brit Liller
- Department Plant Breeding and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829, Köln, Germany
| | - René Neuhaus
- Department Plant Breeding and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829, Köln, Germany
| | - Maria von Korff
- Institute for Plant Genetics, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence in Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40255, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Maarten Koornneef
- Department Plant Breeding and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829, Köln, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence in Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40255, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Wilma van Esse
- Department Plant Breeding and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829, Köln, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence in Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40255, Düsseldorf, Germany
- * E-mail:
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213
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Muñoz-Amatriaín M, Lonardi S, Luo M, Madishetty K, Svensson JT, Moscou MJ, Wanamaker S, Jiang T, Kleinhofs A, Muehlbauer GJ, Wise RP, Stein N, Ma Y, Rodriguez E, Kudrna D, Bhat PR, Chao S, Condamine P, Heinen S, Resnik J, Wing R, Witt HN, Alpert M, Beccuti M, Bozdag S, Cordero F, Mirebrahim H, Ounit R, Wu Y, You F, Zheng J, Simková H, Dolezel J, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Duma D, Altschmied L, Blake T, Bregitzer P, Cooper L, Dilbirligi M, Falk A, Feiz L, Graner A, Gustafson P, Hayes PM, Lemaux P, Mammadov J, Close TJ. Sequencing of 15 622 gene-bearing BACs clarifies the gene-dense regions of the barley genome. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 84:216-27. [PMID: 26252423 PMCID: PMC5014227 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) possesses a large and highly repetitive genome of 5.1 Gb that has hindered the development of a complete sequence. In 2012, the International Barley Sequencing Consortium released a resource integrating whole-genome shotgun sequences with a physical and genetic framework. However, because only 6278 bacterial artificial chromosome (BACs) in the physical map were sequenced, fine structure was limited. To gain access to the gene-containing portion of the barley genome at high resolution, we identified and sequenced 15 622 BACs representing the minimal tiling path of 72 052 physical-mapped gene-bearing BACs. This generated ~1.7 Gb of genomic sequence containing an estimated 2/3 of all Morex barley genes. Exploration of these sequenced BACs revealed that although distal ends of chromosomes contain most of the gene-enriched BACs and are characterized by high recombination rates, there are also gene-dense regions with suppressed recombination. We made use of published map-anchored sequence data from Aegilops tauschii to develop a synteny viewer between barley and the ancestor of the wheat D-genome. Except for some notable inversions, there is a high level of collinearity between the two species. The software HarvEST:Barley provides facile access to BAC sequences and their annotations, along with the barley-Ae. tauschii synteny viewer. These BAC sequences constitute a resource to improve the efficiency of marker development, map-based cloning, and comparative genomics in barley and related crops. Additional knowledge about regions of the barley genome that are gene-dense but low recombination is particularly relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Muñoz-Amatriaín
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Stefano Lonardi
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - MingCheng Luo
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Kavitha Madishetty
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Jan T Svensson
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
- Nordic Genetic Resource Center, SE-23053, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Matthew J Moscou
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Steve Wanamaker
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Andris Kleinhofs
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Gary J Muehlbauer
- Department of Plant Biology, Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Roger P Wise
- Corn Insects and Crop Genetics Research, USDA-Agricultural Research Service & Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011-1020, USA
| | - Nils Stein
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), D-06466, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Yaqin Ma
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- Molefarming Laboratory USA, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Edmundo Rodriguez
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
- Departamento de Ciencias Basicas, Universidad Autonoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Narro 1923, Saltillo, Coah, 25315, México
| | - Dave Kudrna
- Arizona Genomics Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Prasanna R Bhat
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
- Monsanto Research Center, Bangalore, 560092, India
| | - Shiaoman Chao
- USDA-ARS Biosciences Research Lab, Fargo, ND, 58105, USA
| | - Pascal Condamine
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Shane Heinen
- Department of Plant Biology, Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Josh Resnik
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
- Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Rod Wing
- Arizona Genomics Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Heather N Witt
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Matthew Alpert
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
- Turtle Rock Studios, Lake Forest, CA, 92630, USA
| | - Marco Beccuti
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
- Department of Computer Science, University of Turin, Corso Svizzera 185, 10149, Turin, Italy
| | - Serdar Bozdag
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
- Deptartment of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, 53233, USA
| | - Francesca Cordero
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
- Department of Computer Science, University of Turin, Corso Svizzera 185, 10149, Turin, Italy
| | - Hamid Mirebrahim
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Rachid Ounit
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Yonghui Wu
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
- Google Inc., Mountain View, CA, 94043, USA
| | - Frank You
- USDA-ARS, Albany, CA, 94710, USA
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Morden, MB, R6M 1Y5, Canada
| | - Jie Zheng
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
- School of Computer Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Hana Simková
- Centre of the Region Hana for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany, Sokolovskį 6, CZ-77200, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Dolezel
- Centre of the Region Hana for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany, Sokolovskį 6, CZ-77200, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jane Grimwood
- Hudson Alpha Genome Sequencing Center, DOE Joint Genome Institute, Huntsville, AL, 35806, USA
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, 94598, USA
| | - Jeremy Schmutz
- Hudson Alpha Genome Sequencing Center, DOE Joint Genome Institute, Huntsville, AL, 35806, USA
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, 94598, USA
| | - Denisa Duma
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
- Baylor College of Medicine, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Lothar Altschmied
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), D-06466, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Tom Blake
- Department of Plant Sciences & Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59717-3150, USA
| | | | - Laurel Cooper
- Department of Crop and Soil Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Muharrem Dilbirligi
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
- International Cooperation Department, The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey, Tunus cad. No: 80, 06100, Kavaklidere, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Anders Falk
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Leila Feiz
- Department of Plant Sciences & Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59717-3150, USA
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY, 14853-1801, USA
| | - Andreas Graner
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), D-06466, Gatersleben, Germany
| | | | - Patrick M Hayes
- Department of Crop and Soil Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Peggy Lemaux
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Jafar Mammadov
- Department of Crop & Soil Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
- Dow AgroSciences LLC, Indianapolis, IN, 46268-1054, USA
| | - Timothy J Close
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
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214
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Shi T, Dimitrov I, Zhang Y, Tax FE, Yi J, Gou X, Li J. Accelerated rates of protein evolution in barley grain and pistil biased genes might be legacy of domestication. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 89:253-261. [PMID: 26362289 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-015-0366-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Traits related to grain and reproductive organs in grass crops have been under continuous directional selection during domestication. Barley is one of the oldest domesticated crops in human history. Thus genes associated with the grain and reproductive organs in barley may show evidence of dramatic evolutionary change. To understand how artificial selection contributes to protein evolution of biased genes in different barley organs, we used Digital Gene Expression analysis of six barley organs (grain, pistil, anther, leaf, stem and root) to identify genes with biased expression in specific organs. Pairwise comparisons of orthologs between barley and Brachypodium distachyon, as well as between highland and lowland barley cultivars mutually indicated that grain and pistil biased genes show relatively higher protein evolutionary rates compared with the median of all orthologs and other organ biased genes. Lineage-specific protein evolutionary rates estimation showed similar patterns with elevated protein evolution in barley grain and pistil biased genes, yet protein sequences generally evolve much faster in the lowland barley cultivar. Further functional annotations revealed that some of these grain and pistil biased genes with rapid protein evolution are related to nutrient biosynthesis and cell cycle/division. Our analyses provide insights into how domestication differentially shaped the evolution of genes specific to different organs of a crop species, and implications for future functional studies of domestication genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Shi
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Ivan Dimitrov
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Yinling Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Frans E Tax
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
- School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Jing Yi
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xiaoping Gou
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Jia Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
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215
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Ribone PA, Capella M, Chan RL. Functional characterization of the homeodomain leucine zipper I transcription factor AtHB13 reveals a crucial role in Arabidopsis development. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:5929-43. [PMID: 26136262 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
AtHB13 is a homeodomain leucine zipper I transcription factor whose function in development is largely unknown. AtHB13 and AtHB23 mutant and silenced lines were characterized by expression studies, reciprocal crosses, complementation, molecular analyses, and developmental phenotypes. The athb13-1 and athb13-2 mutants, athb23 silenced, and athb13/athb23 double-silenced plants exhibited faster elongation rates of their inflorescence stems, whereas only athb13-1 and the double-knockdown athb13/athb23 exhibited shorter siliques, fewer seeds, and unfertilized ovules compared with the wild type (WT). The cell sizes of mutant and WT plants were similar, indicating that these transcription factors probably affect cell division. Reciprocal crosses between athb13-1 and the WT genotype indicated that the silique defect was male specific. Pollen hydration assays indicated that the pollen grains of the athb13-1 mutant were unable to germinate on stigmas. AtHB23-silenced plants exhibited normal siliques, whereas double-knockdown athb13/athb23 plants were similar to athb13-1 plants. Both AtHB13 and AtHB23 were able to rescue the abnormal silique phenotype. AtHB23 was upregulated in athb13-2 plants, whereas its transcript levels in athb13-1 mutants were not significantly increased. Transcriptome analysis comparing athb13-1 and WT inflorescences revealed that a large number of genes, including several involved in pollen coat formation, are regulated by AtHB13. Finally, athb13-1 complementation with mutated versions of AtHB13 confirmed that two different tryptophans in its C terminus are essential. We conclude that AtHB13 and AtHB23 play independent, negative developmental roles in stem elongation, whereas only AtHB13 is crucial for pollen germination. Furthermore, AtHB23, which does not normally exert a functional role in pollen, can act as a substitute for AtHB13.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela A Ribone
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, CONICET, CC 242 Ciudad Universitaria, 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Matías Capella
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, CONICET, CC 242 Ciudad Universitaria, 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Raquel L Chan
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, CONICET, CC 242 Ciudad Universitaria, 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina
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Klein RR, Miller FR, Dugas DV, Brown PJ, Burrell AM, Klein PE. Allelic variants in the PRR37 gene and the human-mediated dispersal and diversification of sorghum. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2015; 128:1669-83. [PMID: 25982128 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-015-2523-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Allele phylogenetic analysis of the sorghum flowering-time gene PRR37 provided new insight into the human-mediated selection of a key adaptive gene that occurred during sorghum's diversification and worldwide dispersal. The domestication and spread of the tropical cereal sorghum is associated with the historic movement of humans. We show that an allelic series at PRR37 (pseudo-response regulator 37), a circadian clock-associated transcription factor, was selected in long-day ecosystems worldwide to permit floral initiation and grain production. We identified a series of loss-of-function (photoperiod-insensitive) alleles encoding truncated PRR37 proteins, alleles with key amino acid substitutions in the pseudo-receiver domain, and a novel splice variant in which the pseudo-receiver domain is truncated. Each PRR37 allelic variant was traced to a specific geographic location or specialized agronomic type. We present a graphical model that shows evidence of human selection and gene flow of the PRR37 allelic variants during the global dispersal and agronomic diversification of sorghum. With the recent identification of the Ghd7 gene as an important regulator of flowering date in sorghum, we briefly examine whether loss-of-function Ghd7 allelic variants were selected prior to the human-mediated movement of sorghum from its equatorial center of origin to temperate climates worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert R Klein
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, and Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
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217
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Poursarebani N, Seidensticker T, Koppolu R, Trautewig C, Gawroński P, Bini F, Govind G, Rutten T, Sakuma S, Tagiri A, Wolde GM, Youssef HM, Battal A, Ciannamea S, Fusca T, Nussbaumer T, Pozzi C, Börner A, Lundqvist U, Komatsuda T, Salvi S, Tuberosa R, Uauy C, Sreenivasulu N, Rossini L, Schnurbusch T. The Genetic Basis of Composite Spike Form in Barley and 'Miracle-Wheat'. Genetics 2015; 201:155-65. [PMID: 26156223 PMCID: PMC4566260 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.115.176628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflorescences of the tribe Triticeae, which includes wheat (Triticum sp. L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) are characterized by sessile spikelets directly borne on the main axis, thus forming a branchless spike. 'Compositum-Barley' and tetraploid 'Miracle-Wheat' (T. turgidum convar. compositum (L.f.) Filat.) display noncanonical spike-branching in which spikelets are replaced by lateral branch-like structures resembling small-sized secondary spikes. As a result of this branch formation 'Miracle-Wheat' produces significantly more grains per spike, leading to higher spike yield. In this study, we first isolated the gene underlying spike-branching in 'Compositum-Barley,' i.e., compositum 2 (com2). Moreover, we found that COM2 is orthologous to the branched head(t) (bh(t)) locus regulating spike branching in tetraploid 'Miracle-Wheat.' Both genes possess orthologs with similar functions in maize BRANCHED SILKLESS 1 (BD1) and rice FRIZZY PANICLE/BRANCHED FLORETLESS 1 (FZP/BFL1) encoding AP2/ERF transcription factors. Sequence analysis of the bh(t) locus in a collection of mutant and wild-type tetraploid wheat accessions revealed that a single amino acid substitution in the DNA-binding domain gave rise to the domestication of 'Miracle-Wheat.' mRNA in situ hybridization, microarray experiments, and independent qRT-PCR validation analyses revealed that the branch repression pathway in barley is governed through the spike architecture gene Six-rowed spike 4 regulating COM2 expression, while HvIDS1 (barley ortholog of maize INDETERMINATE SPIKELET 1) is a putative downstream target of COM2. These findings presented here provide new insights into the genetic basis of spike architecture in Triticeae, and have disclosed new targets for genetic manipulations aiming at boosting wheat's yield potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naser Poursarebani
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, OT Gatersleben, D-06466 Stadt Seeland, Germany
| | - Tina Seidensticker
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, OT Gatersleben, D-06466 Stadt Seeland, Germany
| | - Ravi Koppolu
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, OT Gatersleben, D-06466 Stadt Seeland, Germany
| | - Corinna Trautewig
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, OT Gatersleben, D-06466 Stadt Seeland, Germany
| | - Piotr Gawroński
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, OT Gatersleben, D-06466 Stadt Seeland, Germany
| | - Federica Bini
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, OT Gatersleben, D-06466 Stadt Seeland, Germany
| | - Geetha Govind
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, OT Gatersleben, D-06466 Stadt Seeland, Germany
| | - Twan Rutten
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, OT Gatersleben, D-06466 Stadt Seeland, Germany
| | - Shun Sakuma
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Plant Genome Research Unit, Tsukuba 305 8602, Japan
| | - Akemi Tagiri
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Plant Genome Research Unit, Tsukuba 305 8602, Japan
| | - Gizaw M Wolde
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, OT Gatersleben, D-06466 Stadt Seeland, Germany
| | - Helmy M Youssef
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, OT Gatersleben, D-06466 Stadt Seeland, Germany Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, 12613 Giza, Egypt
| | - Abdulhamit Battal
- John Innes Centre, Department of Crop Genetics, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Cankaya, 06800, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | | | - Thomas Nussbaumer
- Plant Genome and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Börner
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, OT Gatersleben, D-06466 Stadt Seeland, Germany
| | - Udda Lundqvist
- Nordic Genetic Resource Center, SE-230 53 Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Takao Komatsuda
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Plant Genome Research Unit, Tsukuba 305 8602, Japan
| | - Silvio Salvi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberto Tuberosa
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Cristobal Uauy
- John Innes Centre, Department of Crop Genetics, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Nese Sreenivasulu
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, OT Gatersleben, D-06466 Stadt Seeland, Germany
| | - Laura Rossini
- Parco Tecnologico Padano, 26900 Lodi, Italy Università degli Studi di Milano, DiSAA, I-20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Thorsten Schnurbusch
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, OT Gatersleben, D-06466 Stadt Seeland, Germany
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218
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Capella M, Ribone PA, Arce AL, Chan RL. Arabidopsis thaliana HomeoBox 1 (AtHB1), a Homedomain-Leucine Zipper I (HD-Zip I) transcription factor, is regulated by PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTOR 1 to promote hypocotyl elongation. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 207:669-82. [PMID: 25865500 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis thaliana HomeoBox 1 (AtHB1) is a homeodomain-leucine zipper transcription factor described as a transcriptional activator with unknown function. Its role in A. thaliana development was investigated. AtHB1 expression was analyzed in transgenic plants bearing its promoter region fused to reporter genes. Knock-down mutant and overexpressor plant phenotypes were analyzed in different photoperiod regimes. AtHB1 was mainly expressed in hypocotyls and roots and up-regulated in seedlings grown under a short-day photoperiod. AtHB1 knock-down mutants and overexpressors showed shorter and longer hypocotyls, respectively, than wild type (WT). AtHB1 transcript levels were lower in PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTOR 1 (PIF1) mutants than in controls, suggesting that AtHB1 is regulated by PIF1 in hypocotyls. β-glucuronidase (GUS) activity in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves cotransformed with PromAtHB1::GUS and 35S::PIF1 indicated that PIF1 induces AtHB1 expression. Hypocotyl lenght was measured in seedlings of athb1, pif1, or double athb1/pif1 mutants and PIF1 or AtHB1 overexpressors in WT, athb1 or pif1 backgrounds, both in short- or long-day. These analyses allowed us to determine that AtHB1 is a factor acting downstream of PIF1. Finally, a transcriptome analysis of athb1 mutant hypocotyls revealed that AtHB1 regulates genes involved in cell wall composition and elongation. The results suggest that AtHB1 acts downstream of PIF1 to promote hypocotyl elongation, especially in response to short-day photoperiods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matías Capella
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, CONICET, Centro Científico Tecnológico CONICET Santa Fe, Colectora Ruta Nacional No. 168 km. 0, Paraje El Pozo, (3000), Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Pamela A Ribone
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, CONICET, Centro Científico Tecnológico CONICET Santa Fe, Colectora Ruta Nacional No. 168 km. 0, Paraje El Pozo, (3000), Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Agustín L Arce
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, CONICET, Centro Científico Tecnológico CONICET Santa Fe, Colectora Ruta Nacional No. 168 km. 0, Paraje El Pozo, (3000), Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Raquel L Chan
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, CONICET, Centro Científico Tecnológico CONICET Santa Fe, Colectora Ruta Nacional No. 168 km. 0, Paraje El Pozo, (3000), Santa Fe, Argentina
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219
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Houston K, Burton RA, Sznajder B, Rafalski AJ, Dhugga KS, Mather DE, Taylor J, Steffenson BJ, Waugh R, Fincher GB. A Genome-Wide Association Study for Culm Cellulose Content in Barley Reveals Candidate Genes Co-Expressed with Members of the CELLULOSE SYNTHASE A Gene Family. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130890. [PMID: 26154104 PMCID: PMC4496100 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellulose is a fundamentally important component of cell walls of higher plants. It provides a scaffold that allows the development and growth of the plant to occur in an ordered fashion. Cellulose also provides mechanical strength, which is crucial for both normal development and to enable the plant to withstand both abiotic and biotic stresses. We quantified the cellulose concentration in the culm of 288 two – rowed and 288 six – rowed spring type barley accessions that were part of the USDA funded barley Coordinated Agricultural Project (CAP) program in the USA. When the population structure of these accessions was analysed we identified six distinct populations, four of which we considered to be comprised of a sufficient number of accessions to be suitable for genome-wide association studies (GWAS). These lines had been genotyped with 3072 SNPs so we combined the trait and genetic data to carry out GWAS. The analysis allowed us to identify regions of the genome containing significant associations between molecular markers and cellulose concentration data, including one region cross-validated in multiple populations. To identify candidate genes we assembled the gene content of these regions and used these to query a comprehensive RNA-seq based gene expression atlas. This provided us with gene annotations and associated expression data across multiple tissues, which allowed us to formulate a supported list of candidate genes that regulate cellulose biosynthesis. Several regions identified by our analysis contain genes that are co-expressed with CELLULOSE SYNTHASE A (HvCesA) across a range of tissues and developmental stages. These genes are involved in both primary and secondary cell wall development. In addition, genes that have been previously linked with cellulose synthesis by biochemical methods, such as HvCOBRA, a gene of unknown function, were also associated with cellulose levels in the association panel. Our analyses provide new insights into the genes that contribute to cellulose content in cereal culms and to a greater understanding of the interactions between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Houston
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, Scotland, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Rachel A. Burton
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food & Wine, The University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Beata Sznajder
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, The University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Antoni J. Rafalski
- Genetic Discovery Group, DuPont Agricultural Biotechnology, DuPont Pioneer, DuPont Experimental Station, Building E353, Wilmington, DE, 19803, United States of America
| | - Kanwarpal S. Dhugga
- Genetic Discovery Group, DuPont Agricultural Biotechnology, DuPont Pioneer, 7300 NW 62nd Avenue, Johnston, IA, 50131, United States of America
| | - Diane E. Mather
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, The University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Jillian Taylor
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food & Wine, The University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Brian J. Steffenson
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, United States of America
| | - Robbie Waugh
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, Scotland, United Kingdom
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee at The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Scotland, Dundee, DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
| | - Geoffrey B. Fincher
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food & Wine, The University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
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220
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Barley Leaf Area and Leaf Growth Rates Are Maximized during the Pre-Anthesis Phase. AGRONOMY-BASEL 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy5020107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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221
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Yan S, Sun D, Sun G. Genetic divergence in domesticated and non-domesticated gene regions of barley chromosomes. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121106. [PMID: 25812037 PMCID: PMC4374956 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the genetic divergence in the chromosomal regions with domesticated and non-domesticated genes. The objective of our study is to examine the effect of natural selection on shaping genetic diversity of chromosome region with domesticated and non-domesticated genes in barley using 110 SSR markers. Comparison of the genetic diversity loss between wild and cultivated barley for each chromosome showed that chromosome 5H had the highest divergence of 35.29%, followed by 3H, 7H, 4H, 2H, 6H. Diversity ratio was calculated as (diversity of wild type – diversity of cultivated type)/diversity of wild type×100%. It was found that diversity ratios of the domesticated regions on 5H, 1H and 7H were higher than those of non-domesticated regions. Diversity ratio of the domesticated region on 2H and 4H is similar to that of non-domesticated region. However, diversity ratio of the domesticated region on 3H is lower than that of non-domesticated region. Averaged diversity among six chromosomes in domesticated region was 33.73% difference between wild and cultivated barley, and was 27.56% difference in the non-domesticated region. The outcome of this study advances our understanding of the evolution of crop chromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songxian Yan
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Dongfa Sun
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- * E-mail: (DS); . (GS)
| | - Genlou Sun
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Department of Biology, Saint Mary’s University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 3C3, Canada
- * E-mail: (DS); . (GS)
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222
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Zhou L, Wang SB, Jian J, Geng QC, Wen J, Song Q, Wu Z, Li GJ, Liu YQ, Dunwell JM, Zhang J, Feng JY, Niu Y, Zhang L, Ren WL, Zhang YM. Identification of domestication-related loci associated with flowering time and seed size in soybean with the RAD-seq genotyping method. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9350. [PMID: 25797785 PMCID: PMC4369735 DOI: 10.1038/srep09350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Flowering time and seed size are traits related to domestication. However, identification of domestication-related loci/genes of controlling the traits in soybean is rarely reported. In this study, we identified a total of 48 domestication-related loci based on RAD-seq genotyping of a natural population comprising 286 accessions. Among these, four on chromosome 12 and additional two on chromosomes 11 and 15 were associated with flowering time, and four on chromosomes 11 and 16 were associated with seed size. Of the five genes associated with flowering time and the three genes associated with seed size, three genes Glyma11g18720, Glyma11g15480 and Glyma15g35080 were homologous to Arabidopsis genes, additional five genes were found for the first time to be associated with these two traits. Glyma11g18720 and Glyma05g28130 were co-expressed with five genes homologous to flowering time genes in Arabidopsis, and Glyma11g15480 was co-expressed with 24 genes homologous to seed development genes in Arabidopsis. This study indicates that integration of population divergence analysis, genome-wide association study and expression analysis is an efficient approach to identify candidate domestication-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, National Center for Soybean Improvement, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Shi-Bo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, National Center for Soybean Improvement, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | | | - Qing-Chun Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, National Center for Soybean Improvement, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jia Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, National Center for Soybean Improvement, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Qijian Song
- Soybean Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA
| | | | - Guang-Jun Li
- College of Life Science, Linyi University, Linyi 276005, China
| | - Yu-Qin Liu
- Crop Research Institute, Linyi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Linyi 276012, China
| | - Jim M. Dunwell
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AR, United Kingdom
| | - Jin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, National Center for Soybean Improvement, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jian-Ying Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, National Center for Soybean Improvement, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yuan Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, National Center for Soybean Improvement, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, National Center for Soybean Improvement, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Wen-Long Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, National Center for Soybean Improvement, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yuan-Ming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, National Center for Soybean Improvement, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Statistical Genomics Lab, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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223
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Zhao S, Zheng F, He W, Wu H, Pan S, Lam HM. Impacts of nucleotide fixation during soybean domestication and improvement. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 15:81. [PMID: 25849896 PMCID: PMC4358728 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-015-0463-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant domestication involves complex morphological and physiological modification of wild species to meet human needs. Artificial selection during soybean domestication and improvement results in substantial phenotypic divergence between wild and cultivated soybeans. Strong selective pressure on beneficial phenotypes could cause nucleotide fixations in the founder population of soybean cultivars in quite a short time. RESULTS Analysis of available sequencing accessions estimates that ~5.3 million single nucleotide variations reach saturation in cultivars, and then ~9.8 million in soybean germplasm. Selective sweeps defined by loss of genetic diversity reveal 2,255 and 1,051 genes were involved in domestication and subsequent improvement, respectively. Both processes introduced ~0.1 million nucleotide fixations, which contributed to the divergence of wild and cultivated soybeans. Meta-analysis of reported quantitative trait loci (QTL) and selective signals with nucleotide fixation identifies a series of putative candidate genes responsible for 13 agronomically important traits. Nucleotide fixation mediated by artificial selection affected diverse molecular functions and biological reactions that associated with soybean morphological and physiological changes. Of them, plant-pathogen interactions are of particular relevance as selective nucleotide fixations happened in disease resistance genes, cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels and terpene synthases. CONCLUSIONS Our analysis provides insights into the impacts of nucleotide fixation during soybean domestication and improvement, which would facilitate future QTL mapping and molecular breeding practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shancen Zhao
- />Centre for Soybean Research, Partner State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
- />BGI-Shenzhen, Main Building, Beishan Industrial Zone, Yantian District, Shenzhen, 518083 China
| | - Fengya Zheng
- />Centre for Soybean Research, Partner State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Weiming He
- />BGI-Shenzhen, Main Building, Beishan Industrial Zone, Yantian District, Shenzhen, 518083 China
| | - Haiyang Wu
- />BGI-Shenzhen, Main Building, Beishan Industrial Zone, Yantian District, Shenzhen, 518083 China
| | - Shengkai Pan
- />Centre for Soybean Research, Partner State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Hon-Ming Lam
- />Centre for Soybean Research, Partner State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
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224
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Ui H, Sameri M, Pourkheirandish M, Chang MC, Shimada H, Stein N, Komatsuda T, Handa H. High-resolution genetic mapping and physical map construction for the fertility restorer Rfm1 locus in barley. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2015; 128:283-90. [PMID: 25412992 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-014-2428-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
High-resolution genetic linkage mapping and BAC physical mapping narrowed the fertility restorer locus Rfm1 in barley to a sub-centimorgan genetic interval and a 208-kb physical interval. Rfm1 restores the fertility of msm1 and msm2 male-sterile cytoplasms in barley. The fertility restoration gene is located on the short arm of chromosome 6H (6HS), and we pursued a positional cloning of this gene. Starting from a previous result that has delimited Rfm1 within a 10.8 cM region on 6HS, we developed novel CAPS and SSR markers tightly linked to the gene in barley using the sequence information from the syntenic region of rice and barley genome assemblies. Next, we performed fine mapping of the Rfm1 locus. To isolate recombinants, we surveyed 3,638 F2 plants derived from a cross between the CMS strain and the Rf strain with adjacent markers (NAS2090 and NAS1080). This analysis identified 175 recombinant plants from the F2 population to build a high-resolution map with nine markers tightly linked to the Rfm1 locus. Rfm1 was located within the 0.14 cM region delimited by two markers (NAS9113 and NAS9200). Using these flanking markers as well as marker cosegregating with Rfm1 (NAS9133), we screened the BAC libraries of the cultivar Morex, an rfm1 carrier. We isolated 11 BAC clones and constructed a BAC physical map using their fingerprints. Finally, we delimited the Rfm1 locus encompassing the rfm1 allele on a 208-kb contig composed of three minimally overlapping BAC clones. This precise localization of the Rfm1 locus in the barley genome is expected to greatly accelerate the future map-based cloning of the Rfm1 gene by sequence analysis and its genetic transformation for the complementation of cytoplasmic male-sterile plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Ui
- Plant Genome Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2, Kan-non-dai, Tsukuba, 305-8602, Japan
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225
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Allaby RG, Gutaker R, Clarke AC, Pearson N, Ware R, Palmer SA, Kitchen JL, Smith O. Using archaeogenomic and computational approaches to unravel the history of local adaptation in crops. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2015; 370:20130377. [PMID: 25487329 PMCID: PMC4275885 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of the evolution of domestication has changed radically in the past 10 years, from a relatively simplistic rapid origin scenario to a protracted complex process in which plants adapted to the human environment. The adaptation of plants continued as the human environment changed with the expansion of agriculture from its centres of origin. Using archaeogenomics and computational models, we can observe genome evolution directly and understand how plants adapted to the human environment and the regional conditions to which agriculture expanded. We have applied various archaeogenomics approaches as exemplars to study local adaptation of barley to drought resistance at Qasr Ibrim, Egypt. We show the utility of DNA capture, ancient RNA, methylation patterns and DNA from charred remains of archaeobotanical samples from low latitudes where preservation conditions restrict ancient DNA research to within a Holocene timescale. The genomic level of analyses that is now possible, and the complexity of the evolutionary process of local adaptation means that plant studies are set to move to the genome level, and account for the interaction of genes under selection in systems-level approaches. This way we can understand how plants adapted during the expansion of agriculture across many latitudes with rapidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin G Allaby
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Campus, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Rafal Gutaker
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Campus, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Andrew C Clarke
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Campus, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Neil Pearson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Campus, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Roselyn Ware
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Campus, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Sarah A Palmer
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Campus, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - James L Kitchen
- Rothamsted Research Station, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Oliver Smith
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Campus, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
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226
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Deng W, Casao MC, Wang P, Sato K, Hayes PM, Finnegan EJ, Trevaskis B. Direct links between the vernalization response and other key traits of cereal crops. Nat Commun 2015; 6:5882. [PMID: 25562483 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription of the vernalization1 gene (VRN1) is induced by prolonged cold (vernalization) to trigger flowering of cereal crops, such as wheat and barley. VRN1 encodes a MADS box transcription factor that promotes flowering by regulating the expression of other genes. Here we use transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) and chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) to identify direct targets of VRN1. Over 500 genomic regions were identified as potential VRN1-binding targets by ChIP-seq. VRN1 binds the promoter of flowering locus T-like 1, a promoter of flowering in vernalized plants. VRN1 also targets vernalization2 and ODDSOC2, repressors of flowering that are downregulated in vernalized plants. RNA-seq identified additional VRN1 targets that might play roles in triggering flowering. Other targets of VRN1 include genes that play central roles in low-temperature-induced freezing tolerance, spike architecture and hormone metabolism. This provides evidence for direct regulatory links between the vernalization response pathway and other important traits in cereal crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Deng
- CSIRO, Agriculture, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - M Cristina Casao
- CSIRO, Agriculture, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Penghao Wang
- CSIRO, Agriculture, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Kazuhiro Sato
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan
| | - Patrick M Hayes
- Department of Crop and Soil Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
| | - E Jean Finnegan
- CSIRO, Agriculture, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Ben Trevaskis
- CSIRO, Agriculture, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
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227
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Lundqvist U. Scandinavian mutation research in barley - a historical review. Hereditas 2014; 151:123-31. [PMID: 25491643 DOI: 10.1111/hrd2.00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In 1928, the Swedish geneticists Hermann Nilsson-Ehle and Åke Gustafsson started on their suggestion experiments with induced mutations using the barley crop. In 1953, at the instigation of the Swedish Government, the 'Group for Theoretical and Applied Mutation Research' was established. Its aim was to study basic research problems in order to influence and improve methods for breeding cultivated plants. The research was non-commercial, even if some mutants were of practical importance. The peaks of activities occurred during the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s. Applying X-rays and UV-irradiation very soon the first chlorophyll mutations were obtained followed by the first viable mutations 'Erectoides'. Soon the X-ray experiments expanded with other types of irradiation such as neutrons etc. and finally with chemical mutagens, starting with mustard gas and concluding with the sodium azide. The research brought a wealth of observations of general biological importance, high increased mutation frequencies, difference in the mutation spectrum and to direct mutagenesis for specific genes. A rather large collection of morphological and physiological mutations, about 12 000 different mutant alleles, with a very broad variation were collected and incorporated into the Nordic Genetic Resource Center (NordGen) Sweden. Barley, the main experimental crop has become one of the few higher plants in which biochemical genetics and molecular biological studies are now feasible. The collection is an outstanding material for mapping genes and investigating the barley genome. Several characters have been studied and analyzed in more detail and are presented in this historical review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udda Lundqvist
- Nordic Genetic Resource Center (NordGen), Alnarp, Sweden.
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228
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Genome-wide association mapping for kernel and malting quality traits using historical European barley records. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110046. [PMID: 25372869 PMCID: PMC4221631 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Malting quality is an important trait in breeding barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). It requires elaborate, expensive phenotyping, which involves micro-malting experiments. Although there is abundant historical information available for different cultivars in different years and trials, that historical information is not often used in genetic analyses. This study aimed to exploit historical records to assist in identifying genomic regions that affect malting and kernel quality traits in barley. This genome-wide association study utilized information on grain yield and 18 quality traits accumulated over 25 years on 174 European spring and winter barley cultivars combined with diversity array technology markers. Marker-trait associations were tested with a mixed linear model. This model took into account the genetic relatedness between cultivars based on principal components scores obtained from marker information. We detected 140 marker-trait associations. Some of these associations confirmed previously known quantitative trait loci for malting quality (on chromosomes 1H, 2H, and 5H). Other associations were reported for the first time in this study. The genetic correlations between traits are discussed in relation to the chromosomal regions associated with the different traits. This approach is expected to be particularly useful when designing strategies for multiple trait improvements.
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229
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Akagi T, Henry IM, Tao R, Comai L. Plant genetics. A Y-chromosome-encoded small RNA acts as a sex determinant in persimmons. Science 2014; 346:646-50. [PMID: 25359977 DOI: 10.1126/science.1257225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
In plants, multiple lineages have evolved sex chromosomes independently, providing a powerful comparative framework, but few specific determinants controlling the expression of a specific sex have been identified. We investigated sex determinants in the Caucasian persimmon, Diospyros lotus, a dioecious plant with heterogametic males (XY). Male-specific short nucleotide sequences were used to define a male-determining region. A combination of transcriptomics and evolutionary approaches detected a Y-specific sex-determinant candidate, OGI, that displays male-specific conservation among Diospyros species. OGI encodes a small RNA targeting the autosomal MeGI gene, a homeodomain transcription factor regulating anther fertility in a dosage-dependent fashion. This identification of a feminizing gene suppressed by a Y-chromosome-encoded small RNA contributes to our understanding of the evolution of sex chromosome systems in higher plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Akagi
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA. Laboratory of Pomology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Isabelle M Henry
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Ryutaro Tao
- Laboratory of Pomology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Luca Comai
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
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230
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Transcriptome profiling reveals mosaic genomic origins of modern cultivated barley. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:13403-8. [PMID: 25197090 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1414335111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The domestication of cultivated barley has been used as a model system for studying the origins and early spread of agrarian culture. Our previous results indicated that the Tibetan Plateau and its vicinity is one of the centers of domestication of cultivated barley. Here we reveal multiple origins of domesticated barley using transcriptome profiling of cultivated and wild-barley genotypes. Approximately 48-Gb of clean transcript sequences in 12 Hordeum spontaneum and 9 Hordeum vulgare accessions were generated. We reported 12,530 de novo assembled transcripts in all of the 21 samples. Population structure analysis showed that Tibetan hulless barley (qingke) might have existed in the early stage of domestication. Based on the large number of unique genomic regions showing the similarity between cultivated and wild-barley groups, we propose that the genomic origin of modern cultivated barley is derived from wild-barley genotypes in the Fertile Crescent (mainly in chromosomes 1H, 2H, and 3H) and Tibet (mainly in chromosomes 4H, 5H, 6H, and 7H). This study indicates that the domestication of barley may have occurred over time in geographically distinct regions.
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231
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Kourmpetli S, Drea S. The fruit, the whole fruit, and everything about the fruit. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:4491-503. [PMID: 24723396 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Fruits come in an impressive array of shapes, sizes, and consistencies, and also display a huge diversity in biochemical/metabolite profiles, wherein lies their value as rich sources of food, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals. This is in addition to their fundamental function in supporting and dispersing the developing and mature seeds for the next generation. Understanding developmental processes such as fruit development and ripening, particularly at the genetic level, was once largely restricted to model and crop systems for practical and commercial reasons, but with the expansion of developmental genetic and evo-devo tools/analyses we can now investigate and compare aspects of fruit development in species spanning the angiosperms. We can superimpose recent genetic discoveries onto the detailed characterization of fruit development and ripening conducted with primary considerations such as yield and harvesting efficiency in mind, as well as on the detailed description of taxonomically relevant characters. Based on our own experience we focus on two very morphologically distinct and evolutionary distant fruits: the capsule of opium poppy, and the grain or caryopsis of cereals. Both are of massive economic value, but because of very different constituents; alkaloids of varied pharmaceutical value derived from secondary metabolism in opium poppy capsules, and calorific energy fuel derived from primary metabolism in cereal grains. Through comparative analyses in these and other fruit types, interesting patterns of regulatory gene function diversification and conservation are beginning to emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Kourmpetli
- Department of Biology, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Sinéad Drea
- Department of Biology, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
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232
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Map-based cloning and characterization of a brown planthopper resistance gene BPH26 from Oryza sativa L. ssp. indica cultivar ADR52. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5872. [PMID: 25076167 PMCID: PMC5376202 DOI: 10.1038/srep05872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The brown planthopper (BPH) is the most serious insect pest of rice in Asia. The indica rice cultivar ADR52 carries two BPH resistance genes, BPH26 (brown planthopper resistance 26) and BPH25. Map-based cloning of BPH26 revealed that BPH26 encodes a coiled-coil-nucleotide-binding-site-leucine-rich repeat (CC-NBS-LRR) protein. BPH26 mediated sucking inhibition in the phloem sieve element. BPH26 was identical to BPH2 on the basis of DNA sequence analysis and feeding ability of the BPH2-virulent biotype of BPH. BPH2 was widely incorporated in elite rice cultivars and was well-cultivated in many Asian countries as a favorable gene resource in rice breeding against BPH. However, BPH2 was rendered ineffective by a virulent biotype of BPH in rice fields in Asia. In this study, we suggest that BPH2 can be reused by combining with other BPH resistance genes, such as BPH25, to ensure durable resistance to BPH.
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233
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Distelfeld A, Avni R, Fischer AM. Senescence, nutrient remobilization, and yield in wheat and barley. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:3783-98. [PMID: 24470467 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Cereals including wheat and barley are of primary importance to ensure food security for the 21st century. A combination of lab- and field-based approaches has led to a considerably improved understanding of the importance of organ and particularly of whole-plant (monocarpic) senescence for wheat and barley yield and quality. A delicate balance between senescence timing, grain nutrient content, nutrient-use efficiency, and yield needs to be considered to (further) improve cereal varieties for a given environment and end use. The recent characterization of the Gpc-1 (NAM-1) genes in wheat and barley demonstrates the interdependence of these traits. Lines or varieties with functional Gpc-1 genes demonstrate earlier senescence and enhanced grain protein and micronutrient content but, depending on the environment, somewhat reduced yields. A major effort is needed to dissect regulatory networks centred on additional wheat and barley transcription factors and signalling pathways influencing the senescence process. Similarly, while important molecular details of nutrient (particularly nitrogen) remobilization from senescing organs to developing grains have been identified, important knowledge gaps remain. The genes coding for the major proteases involved in senescence-associated plastidial protein degradation are largely unknown. Membrane transport proteins involved in the different transport steps occurring between senescing organ (such as leaf mesophyll) cells and protein bodies in the endosperm of developing grains remain to be identified or further characterized. Existing data suggest that an improved understanding of all these steps will reveal additional, important targets for continued cereal improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assaf Distelfeld
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, Tel Aviv University, 69978, Israel
| | - Raz Avni
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, Tel Aviv University, 69978, Israel
| | - Andreas M Fischer
- Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, 119 Plant BioScience Building, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717-3150, USA
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234
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Ren X, Wang Y, Yan S, Sun D, Sun G. Population genetics and phylogenetic analysis of the vrs1 nucleotide sequence in wild and cultivated barley. Genome 2014; 57:239-44. [PMID: 25033083 DOI: 10.1139/gen-2014-0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Spike morphology is a key characteristic in the study of barley genetics, breeding, and domestication. Variation at the six-rowed spike 1 (vrs1) locus is sufficient to control the development and fertility of the lateral spikelet of barley. To study the genetic variation of vrs1 in wild barley (Hordeum vulgare subsp. spontaneum) and cultivated barley (Hordeum vulgare subsp. vulgare), nucleotide sequences of vrs1 were examined in 84 wild barleys (including 10 six-rowed) and 20 cultivated barleys (including 10 six-rowed) from four populations. The length of the vrs1 sequence amplified was 1536 bp. A total of 40 haplotypes were identified in the four populations. The highest nucleotide diversity, haplotype diversity, and per-site nucleotide diversity were observed in the Southwest Asian wild barley population. The nucleotide diversity, number of haplotypes, haplotype diversity, and per-site nucleotide diversity in two-rowed barley were higher than those in six-rowed barley. The phylogenetic analysis of the vrs1 sequences partially separated the six-rowed and the two-rowed barley. The six-rowed barleys were divided into four groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xifeng Ren
- a College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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235
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Youssef HM, Koppolu R, Rutten T, Korzun V, Schweizer P, Schnurbusch T. Genetic mapping of the labile (lab) gene: a recessive locus causing irregular spikelet fertility in labile-barley (Hordeum vulgare convar. labile). TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2014; 127:1123-1131. [PMID: 24563243 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-014-2284-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The recessive labile locus mapped on chromosome 5HL causes irregular spikelet fertility and controls floret development as well as row-type in barley. The labile-barley displays a variable number of fertile spikelets at each rachis internode (0-3 fertile spikelets/rachis internode) which is intermediate between that observed in two- or six-rowed types. Previous re-sequencing of Vrs1 in 219 labile-barley (Hordeum vulgare L. convar. labile) accessions showed that all carried a six-rowed specific allele. We therefore hypothesized that this seemingly random reduction in spikelet fertility is most likely caused by the labile (lab) locus, which we aimed to phenotypically and genetically define. Here, we report a detailed phenotypic analysis of spikelet fertility in labile-barleys in comparison to two- and six-rowed genotypes using scanning electron microscopy analysis. We found that the first visible morphological deviation occurred during the stamen primordium stage, when we regularly observed the appearance of arrested central floral primordia in labile but not in two- or six-rowed barleys. At late stamen and early awn primordium stages, lateral florets in two-rowed and only some in labile-barley showed retarded development and reduction in size compared with fully fertile lateral florets in six-rowed barley. We used two F2 mapping populations to generate whole genome genetic linkage maps and ultimately locate the lab locus as a recessive Mendelian trait to a 4.5-5.8 cM interval at approximately 80 cM on chromosome 5HL. Our results will help identifying the role of the lab gene in relation to other spikelet fertility factors in barley.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmy M Youssef
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), 06466, Gatersleben, Germany
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236
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Muñoz-Amatriaín M, Cuesta-Marcos A, Endelman JB, Comadran J, Bonman JM, Bockelman HE, Chao S, Russell J, Waugh R, Hayes PM, Muehlbauer GJ. The USDA barley core collection: genetic diversity, population structure, and potential for genome-wide association studies. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94688. [PMID: 24732668 PMCID: PMC3986206 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
New sources of genetic diversity must be incorporated into plant breeding programs if they are to continue increasing grain yield and quality, and tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses. Germplasm collections provide a source of genetic and phenotypic diversity, but characterization of these resources is required to increase their utility for breeding programs. We used a barley SNP iSelect platform with 7,842 SNPs to genotype 2,417 barley accessions sampled from the USDA National Small Grains Collection of 33,176 accessions. Most of the accessions in this core collection are categorized as landraces or cultivars/breeding lines and were obtained from more than 100 countries. Both STRUCTURE and principal component analysis identified five major subpopulations within the core collection, mainly differentiated by geographical origin and spike row number (an inflorescence architecture trait). Different patterns of linkage disequilibrium (LD) were found across the barley genome and many regions of high LD contained traits involved in domestication and breeding selection. The genotype data were used to define 'mini-core' sets of accessions capturing the majority of the allelic diversity present in the core collection. These 'mini-core' sets can be used for evaluating traits that are difficult or expensive to score. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of 'hull cover', 'spike row number', and 'heading date' demonstrate the utility of the core collection for locating genetic factors determining important phenotypes. The GWAS results were referenced to a new barley consensus map containing 5,665 SNPs. Our results demonstrate that GWAS and high-density SNP genotyping are effective tools for plant breeders interested in accessing genetic diversity in large germplasm collections.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Muñoz-Amatriaín
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Alfonso Cuesta-Marcos
- Department of Crop and Soil Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey B. Endelman
- Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Jordi Comadran
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - John M. Bonman
- USDA-ARS, Small Grains and Potato Germplasm Research Unit, Aberdeen, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Harold E. Bockelman
- USDA-ARS, Small Grains and Potato Germplasm Research Unit, Aberdeen, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Shiaoman Chao
- USDA-ARS, Biosciences Research Lab, Fargo, North Dakota, United States of America
| | - Joanne Russell
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Robbie Waugh
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick M. Hayes
- Department of Crop and Soil Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Gary J. Muehlbauer
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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237
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Muñoz-Amatriaín M, Cuesta-Marcos A, Hayes PM, Muehlbauer GJ. Barley genetic variation: implications for crop improvement. Brief Funct Genomics 2014; 13:341-50. [PMID: 24658880 DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/elu006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic variation is crucial for successful barley improvement. Genomic technologies are improving dramatically and are providing access to the genetic diversity within this important crop species. Diverse collections of barley germplasm are being assembled and mined via genome-wide association studies and the identified variation can be linked to the barley sequence assembly. Introgression of favorable alleles via marker-assisted selection is now faster and more efficient due to the availability of single nucleotide polymorphism platforms. High-throughput genotyping is also making genomic selection an essential tool in modern barley breeding. Contemporary plant breeders now benefit from publicly available user-friendly databases providing genotypic and phenotypic information on large numbers of barley accessions. These resources facilitate access to allelic variation. In this review we explore how the most recent genomics and molecular breeding advances are changing breeding practices. The Coordinated Agricultural Projects (CAPs), Barley CAP and Triticeae CAP coupled with international collaborations, are discussed in detail as examples of a collaborative approach to exploit diverse germplasm resources for barley improvement.
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238
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Liu H, Bayer M, Druka A, Russell JR, Hackett CA, Poland J, Ramsay L, Hedley PE, Waugh R. An evaluation of genotyping by sequencing (GBS) to map the Breviaristatum-e (ari-e) locus in cultivated barley. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:104. [PMID: 24498911 PMCID: PMC3922333 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Robbie Waugh
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, Scotland DD2 5DA, UK.
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239
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Liu H, Bayer M, Druka A, Russell JR, Hackett CA, Poland J, Ramsay L, Hedley PE, Waugh R. An evaluation of genotyping by sequencing (GBS) to map the Breviaristatum-e (ari-e) locus in cultivated barley. BMC Genomics 2014. [PMID: 24498911 DOI: 10.1186/1471‐2164‐15‐104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED We explored the use of genotyping by sequencing (GBS) on a recombinant inbred line population (GPMx) derived from a cross between the two-rowed barley cultivar 'Golden Promise' (ari-e.GP/Vrs1) and the six-rowed cultivar 'Morex' (Ari-e/vrs1) to map plant height. We identified three Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL), the first in a region encompassing the spike architecture gene Vrs1 on chromosome 2H, the second in an uncharacterised centromeric region on chromosome 3H, and the third in a region of chromosome 5H coinciding with the previously described dwarfing gene Breviaristatum-e (Ari-e). BACKGROUND Barley cultivars in North-western Europe largely contain either of two dwarfing genes; Denso on chromosome 3H, a presumed ortholog of the rice green revolution gene OsSd1, or Breviaristatum-e (ari-e) on chromosome 5H. A recessive mutant allele of the latter gene, ari-e.GP, was introduced into cultivation via the cv. 'Golden Promise' that was a favourite of the Scottish malt whisky industry for many years and is still used in agriculture today. RESULTS Using GBS mapping data and phenotypic measurements we show that ari-e.GP maps to a small genetic interval on chromosome 5H and that alternative alleles at a region encompassing Vrs1 on 2H along with a region on chromosome 3H also influence plant height. The location of Ari-e is supported by analysis of near-isogenic lines containing different ari-e alleles. We explored use of the GBS to populate the region with sequence contigs from the recently released physically and genetically integrated barley genome sequence assembly as a step towards Ari-e gene identification. CONCLUSIONS GBS was an effective and relatively low-cost approach to rapidly construct a genetic map of the GPMx population that was suitable for genetic analysis of row type and height traits, allowing us to precisely position ari-e.GP on chromosome 5H. Mapping resolution was lower than we anticipated. We found the GBS data more complex to analyse than other data types but it did directly provide linked SNP markers for subsequent higher resolution genetic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Robbie Waugh
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, Scotland DD2 5DA, UK.
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240
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Kyozuka J, Tokunaga H, Yoshida A. Control of grass inflorescence form by the fine-tuning of meristem phase change. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 17:110-5. [PMID: 24507502 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2013.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Revised: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/17/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The grass inflorescence is interesting from the points of view of development and evolution. In the grass family, flowers are produced on small branches called spikelets. The recent isolation of regulators of spikelet meristem (SM) identity has shed new light on development and the evolution of the gene networks involved. The timing of SM specification is mediated by the combinatorial functions of these regulators, and determines the grass inflorescence form. Furthermore, tight links between meristem cell proliferation, maintenance of meristem indeterminacy, and suppression of the spikelet identity are being uncovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Kyozuka
- Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
| | - Hiroki Tokunaga
- Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Akiko Yoshida
- Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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241
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Heuberger AL, Broeckling CD, Kirkpatrick KR, Prenni JE. Application of nontargeted metabolite profiling to discover novel markers of quality traits in an advanced population of malting barley. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2014; 12:147-60. [PMID: 24119106 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The process of breeding superior varieties for the agricultural industry is lengthy and expensive. Plant metabolites may act as markers of quality traits, potentially expediting the appraisal of experimental lines during breeding. Here, we evaluated the utility of metabolites as markers by assessing metabolic variation influenced by genetic and environmental factors in an advanced breeding setting and in relation to the phenotypic distribution of 20 quality traits. Nontargeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry metabolite profiling was performed on barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) grain and malt from 72 advanced malting barley lines grown at two distinct but climatically similar locations, with 2-row and 6-row barley as the main genetic factors. 27 420 molecular features were detected, and the metabolite and quality trait profiles were similarly influenced by genotype and environment; however, malt was more influenced by genotype compared with barley. An O2PLS model characterized molecular features and quality traits that covaried, and 1319 features associated with at least one of 20 quality traits. An indiscriminant MS/MS acquisition and novel data analysis method facilitated the identification of metabolites. The analysis described 216 primary and secondary metabolites that correlated with multiple quality traits and included amines, amino acids, alkaloids, polyphenolics and lipids. The mechanisms governing quality trait-metabolite associations were interpreted based on colocalization to genetic markers and their gene annotations. The results of this study support the hypothesis that metabolism and quality traits are co-influenced by relatively narrow genetic and environmental factors and illustrate the utility of grain metabolites as functional markers of quality traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam L Heuberger
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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242
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Characterization and mapping of a Prbs gene controlling spike development in Hordeum vulgare L. Genes Genomics 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13258-013-0165-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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243
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Induced Genetic Variation, TILLING and NGS-Based Cloning. BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO BARLEY IMPROVEMENT 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-44406-1_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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244
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Ariyadasa R, Mascher M, Nussbaumer T, Schulte D, Frenkel Z, Poursarebani N, Zhou R, Steuernagel B, Gundlach H, Taudien S, Felder M, Platzer M, Himmelbach A, Schmutzer T, Hedley PE, Muehlbauer GJ, Scholz U, Korol A, Mayer KF, Waugh R, Langridge P, Graner A, Stein N. A sequence-ready physical map of barley anchored genetically by two million single-nucleotide polymorphisms. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 164:412-23. [PMID: 24243933 PMCID: PMC3875818 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.228213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Barley (Hordeum vulgare) is an important cereal crop and a model species for Triticeae genomics. To lay the foundation for hierarchical map-based sequencing, a genome-wide physical map of its large and complex 5.1 billion-bp genome was constructed by high-information content fingerprinting of almost 600,000 bacterial artificial chromosomes representing 14-fold haploid genome coverage. The resultant physical map comprises 9,265 contigs with a cumulative size of 4.9 Gb representing 96% of the physical length of the barley genome. The reliability of the map was verified through extensive genetic marker information and the analysis of topological networks of clone overlaps. A minimum tiling path of 66,772 minimally overlapping clones was defined that will serve as a template for hierarchical clone-by-clone map-based shotgun sequencing. We integrated whole-genome shotgun sequence data from the individuals of two mapping populations with published bacterial artificial chromosome survey sequence information to genetically anchor the physical map. This novel approach in combination with the comprehensive whole-genome shotgun sequence data sets allowed us to independently validate and improve a previously reported physical and genetic framework. The resources developed in this study will underpin fine-mapping and cloning of agronomically important genes and the assembly of a draft genome sequence.
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245
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Morrell PL, Gonzales AM, Meyer KKT, Clegg MT. Resequencing data indicate a modest effect of domestication on diversity in barley: a cultigen with multiple origins. J Hered 2013; 105:253-64. [PMID: 24336926 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/est083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The levels of diversity and extent of linkage disequilibrium in cultivated species are largely determined by diversity in their wild progenitors. We report a comparison of nucleotide sequence diversity in wild and cultivated barley (Hordeum vulgare ssp. spontaneum and ssp. vulgare) at 7 nuclear loci totaling 9296bp, using sequence from Hordeum bulbosum to infer the ancestral state of mutations. The sample includes 36 accessions of cultivated barley, including 23 landraces (cultivated forms not subject to modern breeding) and 13 cultivated lines and genetic stocks compared to either 25 or 45 accessions of wild barley for the same loci. Estimates of nucleotide sequence diversity indicate that landraces retain >80% of the diversity in wild barley. The primary population structure in wild barley, which divides the species into eastern and western populations, is reflected in significant differentiation at all loci in wild accessions and at 3 of 7 loci in landraces. "Oriental" landraces have slightly higher diversity than "Occidental" landraces. Genetic assignment suggests more admixture from Occidental landraces into Oriental landraces than the converse, which may explain this difference. Based on θπ for silent sites, modern western cultivars have ~73% of the diversity found in landraces and ~71% of the diversity in wild barley.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter L Morrell
- the Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108
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246
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Walker CK, Ford R, Muñoz-Amatriaín M, Panozzo JF. The detection of QTLs in barley associated with endosperm hardness, grain density, grain size and malting quality using rapid phenotyping tools. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2013; 126:2533-51. [PMID: 23884598 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-013-2153-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Using a barley mapping population, 'Vlamingh' × 'Buloke' (V × B), whole grain analyses were undertaken for physical seed traits and malting quality. Grain density and size were predicted by digital image analysis (DIA), while malt extract and protein content were predicted using near infrared (NIR) analysis. Validation of DIA and NIR algorithms confirmed that data for QTL analysis was highly correlated (R (2) > 0.82), with high RPD values (the ratio of the standard error of prediction to the standard deviation, 2.31-9.06). Endosperm hardness was measured on this mapping population using the single kernel characterisation system. Grain density and endosperm hardness were significantly inter-correlated in all three environments (r > 0.22, P < 0.001); however, other grain components were found to interact with the traits. QTL for these traits were also found on different genomic regions, for example, grain density QTLs were found on chromosomes 2H and 6H, whereas endosperm hardness QTLs were found on 1H, 5H, and 7H. In this study, the majority of the genomic regions associated with grain texture were also coincident with QTLs for grain size, yield, flowering date and/or plant development genes. This study highlights the complexity of genomic regions associated with the variation of endosperm hardness and grain density, and their relationships with grain size traits, agronomic-related traits, and plant development loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra K Walker
- Department of Environment and Primary Industries, Horsham, VIC, 3400, Australia,
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247
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Variation in the interaction between alleles of HvAPETALA2 and microRNA172 determines the density of grains on the barley inflorescence. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:16675-80. [PMID: 24065816 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1311681110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the cereal grasses, variation in inflorescence architecture results in a conspicuous morphological diversity that in crop species influences the yield of cereal grains. Although significant progress has been made in identifying some of the genes underlying this variation in maize and rice, in the temperate cereals, a group that includes wheat, barley, and rye, only the dosage-dependent and highly pleiotropic Q locus in hexaploid wheat has been molecularly characterized. Here we show that the characteristic variation in the density of grains along the inflorescence, or spike, of modern cultivated barley (Hordeum vulgare) is largely the consequence of a perturbed interaction between microRNA172 and its corresponding binding site in the mRNA of an APELATA2 (AP2)-like transcription factor, HvAP2. We used genome-wide association and biparental mapping to identify HvAP2. By comparing inflorescence development and HvAP2 transcript abundance in an extreme dense-spike mutant and its nearly isogenic WT line, we show that HvAP2 turnover driven by microRNA 172 regulates the length of a critical developmental window that is required for elongation of the inflorescence internodes. Our data indicate that this heterochronic change, an altered timing of developmental events caused by specific temporal variation in the efficiency of HvAP2 turnover, leads to the striking differences in the size and shape of the barley spike.
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248
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Flint-Garcia SA. Genetics and consequences of crop domestication. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:8267-76. [PMID: 23718780 DOI: 10.1021/jf305511d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Phenotypic variation has been manipulated by humans during crop domestication, which occurred primarily between 3000 and 10000 years ago in the various centers of origin around the world. The process of domestication has profound consequences on crops, where the domesticate has moderately reduced genetic diversity relative to the wild ancestor across the genome, and severely reduced diversity for genes targeted by domestication. The question that remains is whether reduction in genetic diversity has affected crop production today. A case study in maize ( Zea mays ) demonstrates the application of understanding relationships between genetic diversity and phenotypic diversity in the wild ancestor and the domesticate. As an outcrossing species, maize has tremendous genetic variation. The complementary combination of genome-wide association mapping (GWAS) approaches, large HapMap data sets, and germplasm resources is leading to important discoveries of the relationship between genetic diversity and phenotypic variation and the impact of domestication on trait variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherry A Flint-Garcia
- Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture , 301 Curtis Hall, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
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249
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Uga Y, Sugimoto K, Ogawa S, Rane J, Ishitani M, Hara N, Kitomi Y, Inukai Y, Ono K, Kanno N, Inoue H, Takehisa H, Motoyama R, Nagamura Y, Wu J, Matsumoto T, Takai T, Okuno K, Yano M. Control of root system architecture by DEEPER ROOTING 1 increases rice yield under drought conditions. Nat Genet 2013. [PMID: 23913002 DOI: 10.1038/ng2725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
Abstract
The genetic improvement of drought resistance is essential for stable and adequate crop production in drought-prone areas. Here we demonstrate that alteration of root system architecture improves drought avoidance through the cloning and characterization of DEEPER ROOTING 1 (DRO1), a rice quantitative trait locus controlling root growth angle. DRO1 is negatively regulated by auxin and is involved in cell elongation in the root tip that causes asymmetric root growth and downward bending of the root in response to gravity. Higher expression of DRO1 increases the root growth angle, whereby roots grow in a more downward direction. Introducing DRO1 into a shallow-rooting rice cultivar by backcrossing enabled the resulting line to avoid drought by increasing deep rooting, which maintained high yield performance under drought conditions relative to the recipient cultivar. Our experiments suggest that control of root system architecture will contribute to drought avoidance in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusaku Uga
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Japan.
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250
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Li YH, Zhao SC, Ma JX, Li D, Yan L, Li J, Qi XT, Guo XS, Zhang L, He WM, Chang RZ, Liang QS, Guo Y, Ye C, Wang XB, Tao Y, Guan RX, Wang JY, Liu YL, Jin LG, Zhang XQ, Liu ZX, Zhang LJ, Chen J, Wang KJ, Nielsen R, Li RQ, Chen PY, Li WB, Reif JC, Purugganan M, Wang J, Zhang MC, Wang J, Qiu LJ. Molecular footprints of domestication and improvement in soybean revealed by whole genome re-sequencing. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:579. [PMID: 23984715 PMCID: PMC3844514 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Artificial selection played an important role in the origin of modern Glycine max cultivars from the wild soybean Glycine soja. To elucidate the consequences of artificial selection accompanying the domestication and modern improvement of soybean, 25 new and 30 published whole-genome re-sequencing accessions, which represent wild, domesticated landrace, and Chinese elite soybean populations were analyzed. RESULTS A total of 5,102,244 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 707,969 insertion/deletions were identified. Among the SNPs detected, 25.5% were not described previously. We found that artificial selection during domestication led to more pronounced reduction in the genetic diversity of soybean than the switch from landraces to elite cultivars. Only a small proportion (2.99%) of the whole genomic regions appear to be affected by artificial selection for preferred agricultural traits. The selection regions were not distributed randomly or uniformly throughout the genome. Instead, clusters of selection hotspots in certain genomic regions were observed. Moreover, a set of candidate genes (4.38% of the total annotated genes) significantly affected by selection underlying soybean domestication and genetic improvement were identified. CONCLUSIONS Given the uniqueness of the soybean germplasm sequenced, this study drew a clear picture of human-mediated evolution of the soybean genomes. The genomic resources and information provided by this study would also facilitate the discovery of genes/loci underlying agronomically important traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-hui Li
- Institute of Crop Science, The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI) / Key Lab of Germplasm Utilization (MOA), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100081 Beijing, China
| | - Shan-cen Zhao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Transomics Biotechnologies, BGI-Shenzhen, 518083 Shenzhen, China
| | - Jian-xin Ma
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, 47907, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Dong Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Transomics Biotechnologies, BGI-Shenzhen, 518083 Shenzhen, China
| | - Long Yan
- Institute of Crop Science, The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI) / Key Lab of Germplasm Utilization (MOA), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100081 Beijing, China
- Institute of Cereal and Oil Crops, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences / Shijiazhuang Branch Center of National Center for Soybean Improvement / the Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding, 050031 Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jun Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Transomics Biotechnologies, BGI-Shenzhen, 518083 Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiao-tian Qi
- Institute of Crop Science, The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI) / Key Lab of Germplasm Utilization (MOA), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100081 Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-sen Guo
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Transomics Biotechnologies, BGI-Shenzhen, 518083 Shenzhen, China
| | - Le Zhang
- Institute of Crop Science, The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI) / Key Lab of Germplasm Utilization (MOA), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100081 Beijing, China
| | - Wei-ming He
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Transomics Biotechnologies, BGI-Shenzhen, 518083 Shenzhen, China
| | - Ru-zhen Chang
- Institute of Crop Science, The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI) / Key Lab of Germplasm Utilization (MOA), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100081 Beijing, China
| | - Qin-si Liang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Transomics Biotechnologies, BGI-Shenzhen, 518083 Shenzhen, China
| | - Yong Guo
- Institute of Crop Science, The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI) / Key Lab of Germplasm Utilization (MOA), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100081 Beijing, China
| | - Chen Ye
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Transomics Biotechnologies, BGI-Shenzhen, 518083 Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiao-bo Wang
- Institute of Crop Science, The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI) / Key Lab of Germplasm Utilization (MOA), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100081 Beijing, China
| | - Yong Tao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Transomics Biotechnologies, BGI-Shenzhen, 518083 Shenzhen, China
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rong-xia Guan
- Institute of Crop Science, The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI) / Key Lab of Germplasm Utilization (MOA), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100081 Beijing, China
| | - Jun-yi Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Transomics Biotechnologies, BGI-Shenzhen, 518083 Shenzhen, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Centre for Plant Gene Research, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-lin Liu
- Institute of Crop Science, The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI) / Key Lab of Germplasm Utilization (MOA), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100081 Beijing, China
| | - Long-guo Jin
- Institute of Crop Science, The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI) / Key Lab of Germplasm Utilization (MOA), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100081 Beijing, China
| | - Xiu-qing Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Transomics Biotechnologies, BGI-Shenzhen, 518083 Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhang-xiong Liu
- Institute of Crop Science, The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI) / Key Lab of Germplasm Utilization (MOA), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100081 Beijing, China
| | - Li-juan Zhang
- Institute of Crop Science, The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI) / Key Lab of Germplasm Utilization (MOA), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100081 Beijing, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Transomics Biotechnologies, BGI-Shenzhen, 518083 Shenzhen, China
| | - Ke-jing Wang
- Institute of Crop Science, The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI) / Key Lab of Germplasm Utilization (MOA), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100081 Beijing, China
| | - Rasmus Nielsen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Transomics Biotechnologies, BGI-Shenzhen, 518083 Shenzhen, China
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Integrative Biology and Department of Statistics, University of California Berkeley, 94820 Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Rui-qiang Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Transomics Biotechnologies, BGI-Shenzhen, 518083 Shenzhen, China
| | - Peng-yin Chen
- Department of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences, University of Arkansas, 72701 Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - Wen-bin Li
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology in Chinese Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, 150030 Harbin, China
| | - Jochen C Reif
- State Plant Breeding Institute, University of Hohenheim, Hohenheim, Germany
| | - Michael Purugganan
- Department of Biology and Centre for Genomics and Systems Biology, 12 Waverly Place, New York University, 10003 New York, USA
| | - Jian Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Transomics Biotechnologies, BGI-Shenzhen, 518083 Shenzhen, China
| | - Meng-chen Zhang
- Institute of Cereal and Oil Crops, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences / Shijiazhuang Branch Center of National Center for Soybean Improvement / the Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding, 050031 Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Transomics Biotechnologies, BGI-Shenzhen, 518083 Shenzhen, China
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Li-juan Qiu
- Institute of Crop Science, The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI) / Key Lab of Germplasm Utilization (MOA), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100081 Beijing, China
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