201
|
Williamson ED, Duchars MG, Kohberger R. Predictive models and correlates of protection for testing biodefence vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 9:527-37. [DOI: 10.1586/erv.10.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
202
|
Mutwiri G, Gerdts V, van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk S, Auray G, Eng N, Garlapati S, Babiuk LA, Potter A. Combination adjuvants: the next generation of adjuvants? Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 10:95-107. [DOI: 10.1586/erv.10.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
203
|
Vasilakos JP, Tomai MA. The use of Toll-like receptor 7/8 agonists as vaccine adjuvants. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 12:809-19. [DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2013.811208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
204
|
Orr MT, Beebe EA, Hudson TE, Moon JJ, Fox CB, Reed SG, Coler RN. A dual TLR agonist adjuvant enhances the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of the tuberculosis vaccine antigen ID93. PLoS One 2014; 9:e83884. [PMID: 24404140 PMCID: PMC3880254 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
With over eight million cases of tuberculosis each year there is a pressing need for the development of new vaccines against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Subunit vaccines consisting of recombinant proteins are an attractive vaccine approach due to their inherent safety compared to attenuated live vaccines and the uniformity of manufacture. Addition of properly formulated TLR agonist-containing adjuvants to recombinant protein vaccines enhances the antigen-specific CD4+ T cell response characterized by IFN-γ and TNF, both of which are critical for the control of TB. We have developed a clinical stage vaccine candidate consisting of a recombinant fusion protein ID93 adjuvanted with the TLR4 agonist GLA-SE. Here we examine whether ID93+GLA-SE can be improved by the addition of a second TLR agonist. Addition of CpG containing DNA to ID93+GLA-SE enhanced the magnitude of the multi-functional TH1 response against ID93 characterized by co-production of IFN-γ, TNF, and IL-2. Addition of CpG also improved the protective efficacy of ID93+GLA-SE. Finally we demonstrate that this adjuvant synergy between GLA and CpG is independent of TRIF signaling, whereas TRIF is necessary for the adjuvant activity of GLA-SE in the absence of CpG.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark T. Orr
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Elyse A. Beebe
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Thomas E. Hudson
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - James J. Moon
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases and Pulmonary and Critical Care Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Christopher B. Fox
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Steven G. Reed
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Rhea N. Coler
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
205
|
Toll-like receptor 7/8 (TLR7/8) and TLR9 agonists cooperate to enhance HIV-1 envelope antibody responses in rhesus macaques. J Virol 2014; 88:3329-39. [PMID: 24390332 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03309-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The development of a vaccine that can induce high titers of functional antibodies against HIV-1 remains a high priority. We have developed an adjuvant based on an oil-in-water emulsion that incorporates Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands to test whether triggering multiple pathogen-associated molecular pattern receptors could enhance immunogenicity. Compared to single TLR agonists or other pairwise combinations, TLR7/8 and TLR9 agonists combined were able to elicit the highest titers of binding, neutralizing, and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity-mediating antibodies against the protein immunogen, transmitted/founder HIV-1 envelope gp140 (B.63521). We further found that the combination of TLR7/8 and TLR9 agonists was associated with the release of CXCL10 (IP-10), suggesting that this adjuvant formulation may have optimally stimulated innate and adaptive immunity to elicit high titers of antibodies. IMPORTANCE Combining TLR agonists in an adjuvant formulation resulted in higher antibody levels compared to an adjuvant without TLR agonists. Adjuvants that combine TLR agonists may be useful for enhancing antibody responses to HIV-1 vaccines.
Collapse
|
206
|
Lee YT, Kim KH, Ko EJ, Lee YN, Kim MC, Kwon YM, Tang Y, Cho MK, Lee YJ, Kang SM. New vaccines against influenza virus. Clin Exp Vaccine Res 2013; 3:12-28. [PMID: 24427759 PMCID: PMC3890446 DOI: 10.7774/cevr.2014.3.1.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2013] [Revised: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is one of the most effective and cost-benefit interventions that prevent the mortality and reduce morbidity from infectious pathogens. However, the licensed influenza vaccine induces strain-specific immunity and must be updated annually based on predicted strains that will circulate in the upcoming season. Influenza virus still causes significant health problems worldwide due to the low vaccine efficacy from unexpected outbreaks of next epidemic strains or the emergence of pandemic viruses. Current influenza vaccines are based on immunity to the hemagglutinin antigen that is highly variable among different influenza viruses circulating in humans and animals. Several scientific advances have been endeavored to develop universal vaccines that will induce broad protection. Universal vaccines have been focused on regions of viral proteins that are highly conserved across different virus subtypes. The strategies of universal vaccines include the matrix 2 protein, the hemagglutinin HA2 stalk domain, and T cell-based multivalent antigens. Supplemented and/or adjuvanted vaccination in combination with universal target antigenic vaccines would have much promise. This review summarizes encouraging scientific advances in the field with a focus on novel vaccine designs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Young-Tae Lee
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, and Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ki-Hye Kim
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, and Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Eun-Ju Ko
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, and Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yu-Na Lee
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, and Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Min-Chul Kim
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang, Korea
| | - Young-Man Kwon
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, and Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yinghua Tang
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, and Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Min-Kyoung Cho
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, and Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Sang-Moo Kang
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, and Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
207
|
Molecular signatures of antibody responses derived from a systems biology study of five human vaccines. Nat Immunol 2013; 15:195-204. [PMID: 24336226 PMCID: PMC3946932 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 525] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Many vaccines induce protective immunity via antibodies. Recent studies have used systems biological approaches to determine signatures that predict vaccine immunity in humans, but whether there is a ‘universal signature’ that can predict antibody responses to any vaccine, is unknown. Here we performed systems analyses of immune responses to the meningococcal polysaccharide and conjugate vaccines in healthy adults, in the broader context of our previous studies with the yellow fever and two influenza vaccines. To achieve this, we performed a large-scale network integration of public human blood transcriptomes, and systems-scale databases in specific biological contexts, and deduced a set of blood transcription modules. These modules revealed distinct transcriptional signatures of antibody responses to different classes of vaccines providing key insights into primary viral, protein recall and anti-polysaccharide responses. These results illuminate the early transcriptional programs orchestrating vaccine immunity in humans, and demonstrate the power of integrative network modeling.
Collapse
|
208
|
Neves PCC, Santos JR, Tubarão LN, Bonaldo MC, Galler R. Early IFN-gamma production after YF 17D vaccine virus immunization in mice and its association with adaptive immune responses. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81953. [PMID: 24324734 PMCID: PMC3855709 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Yellow Fever vaccine is one of the most efficacious human vaccines ever made. The vaccine (YF 17D) virus induces polyvalent immune responses, with a mixed TH1/TH2 CD4(+) cell profile, which results in robust T CD8(+) responses and high titers of neutralizing antibody. In recent years, it has been suggested that early events after yellow fever vaccination are crucial to the development of adequate acquired immunity. We have previously shown that primary immunization of humans and monkeys with YF 17D virus vaccine resulted in the early synthesis of IFN-γ. Herein we have demonstrated, for the first time that early IFN-γ production after yellow fever vaccination is a feature also of murine infection and is much more pronounced in the C57BL/6 strain compared to the BALB/c strain. Likewise, in C57BL/6 strain, we have observed the highest CD8(+) T cells responses as well as higher titers of neutralizing antibodies and total anti-YF IgG. Regardless of this intense IFN-γ response in mice, it was not possible to see higher titers of IgG2a in relation to IgG1 in both mice lineages. However, IgG2a titers were positively correlated to neutralizing antibodies levels, pointing to an important role of IFN-γ in eliciting high quality responses against YF 17D, therefore influencing the immunogenicity of this vaccine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia C. C. Neves
- Vice-diretoria de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Juliana R. Santos
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luciana N. Tubarão
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Myrna C. Bonaldo
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Galler
- Vice-diretoria de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
209
|
Pérez O, Romeu B, Cabrera O, González E, Batista-Duharte A, Labrada A, Pérez R, Reyes LM, Ramírez W, Sifontes S, Fernández N, Lastre M. Adjuvants are Key Factors for the Development of Future Vaccines: Lessons from the Finlay Adjuvant Platform. Front Immunol 2013; 4:407. [PMID: 24348475 PMCID: PMC3845353 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of effective vaccines against neglected diseases, especially those associated with poverty and social deprivation, is urgently needed. Modern vaccine technologies and a better understanding of the immune response have provided scientists with the tools for rational and safer design of subunit vaccines. Often, however, subunit vaccines do not elicit strong immune responses, highlighting the need to incorporate better adjuvants; this step therefore becomes a key factor for vaccine development. In this review we outline some key features of modern vaccinology that are linked with the development of better adjuvants. In line with the increased desire to obtain novel adjuvants for future vaccines, the Finlay Adjuvant Platform offers a novel approach for the development of new and effective adjuvants. The Finlay Adjuvants (AFs), AFPL (proteoliposome), and AFCo (cochleate), were initially designed for parenteral and mucosal applications, and constitute potent adjuvants for the induction of Th1 responses against several antigens. This review summarizes the status of the Finlay technology in producing promising adjuvants for unsolved-vaccine diseases including mucosal approaches and therapeutic vaccines. Ideas related to adjuvant classification, adjuvant selection, and their possible influence on innate recognition via multiple toll-like receptors are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Pérez
- Immunology Department, Research and Development Vice-presidency, Finlay Institute , Havana , Cuba ; Havana Medical Sciences University , Havana , Cuba
| | - Belkis Romeu
- Immunology Department, Research and Development Vice-presidency, Finlay Institute , Havana , Cuba
| | - Osmir Cabrera
- Immunology Department, Research and Development Vice-presidency, Finlay Institute , Havana , Cuba
| | - Elizabeth González
- Immunology Department, Research and Development Vice-presidency, Finlay Institute , Havana , Cuba
| | - Alexander Batista-Duharte
- Toxicology and Biomedicine Center (TOXIMED), Medical Sciences University Santiago de Cuba , Santiago de Cuba , Cuba
| | - Alexis Labrada
- Centro Nacional de Biopreparados (BioCen) , Mayabeque , Cuba
| | - Rocmira Pérez
- Immunology Department, Research and Development Vice-presidency, Finlay Institute , Havana , Cuba
| | - Laura M Reyes
- Immunology Department, Research and Development Vice-presidency, Finlay Institute , Havana , Cuba
| | - Wendy Ramírez
- Centro Nacional de Biopreparados (BioCen) , Mayabeque , Cuba
| | - Sergio Sifontes
- Centro de Bioactivos Químicos (CBQ), Universidad Central Marta Abreu de Las Villas , Villa Clara , Cuba
| | | | - Miriam Lastre
- Immunology Department, Research and Development Vice-presidency, Finlay Institute , Havana , Cuba
| |
Collapse
|
210
|
Reed SG, Orr MT, Fox CB. Key roles of adjuvants in modern vaccines. Nat Med 2013; 19:1597-608. [PMID: 24309663 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 948] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines containing novel adjuvant formulations are increasingly reaching advanced development and licensing stages, providing new tools to fill previously unmet clinical needs. However, many adjuvants fail during product development owing to factors such as manufacturability, stability, lack of effectiveness, unacceptable levels of tolerability or safety concerns. This Review outlines the potential benefits of adjuvants in current and future vaccines and describes the importance of formulation and mechanisms of action of adjuvants. Moreover, we emphasize safety considerations and other crucial aspects in the clinical development of effective adjuvants that will help facilitate effective next-generation vaccines against devastating infectious diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven G Reed
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
211
|
Tan Y, Tamayo P, Nakaya H, Pulendran B, Mesirov JP, Haining WN. Gene signatures related to B-cell proliferation predict influenza vaccine-induced antibody response. Eur J Immunol 2013; 44:285-95. [PMID: 24136404 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201343657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines are very effective at preventing infectious disease but not all recipients mount a protective immune response to vaccination. Recently, gene expression profiles of PBMC samples in vaccinated individuals have been used to predict the development of protective immunity. However, the magnitude of change in gene expression that separates vaccine responders and nonresponders is likely to be small and distributed across networks of genes, making the selection of predictive and biologically relevant genes difficult. Here we apply a new approach to predicting vaccine response based on coordinated upregulation of sets of biologically informative genes in postvaccination gene expression profiles. We found that enrichment of gene sets related to proliferation and immunoglobulin genes accurately segregated high responders to influenza vaccination from low responders and achieved a prediction accuracy of 88% in an independent clinical trial. Many of the genes in these gene sets would not have been identified using conventional, single-gene level approaches because of their subtle upregulation in vaccine responders. Our results demonstrate that gene set enrichment method can capture subtle transcriptional changes and may be a generally useful approach for developing and interpreting predictive models of the human immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Tan
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
212
|
Mancini RJ, Tom JK, Esser-Kahn AP. Covalently Coupled Immunostimulant Heterodimers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201306551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
|
213
|
Mancini RJ, Tom JK, Esser-Kahn AP. Covalently coupled immunostimulant heterodimers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 53:189-92. [PMID: 24259411 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201306551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We report increased stimulation of dendritic cells via heterodimers of immunostimulants formed at a discrete molecular distance. Many vaccines present spatially organized agonists to immune cell receptors. These receptors cluster suggesting that signaling is increased by spatial organization and receptor proximity, but this has not been directly tested for multiple, unique receptors. In this study we probe the spatial aspect of immune cell activation using heterodimers of two covalently attached immunostimulants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rock J Mancini
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, 3038A Frederick Reines Hall, Irvine, CA 92697-2025 (USA)
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
214
|
Xu L, Liu Y, Chen Z, Li W, Liu Y, Wang L, Ma L, Shao Y, Zhao Y, Chen C. Morphologically virus-like fullerenol nanoparticles act as the dual-functional nanoadjuvant for HIV-1 vaccine. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2013; 25:5928-36. [PMID: 23963730 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201300583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Fullerenol, which self-assembles into virus-sized nanoparticles, is designed as a dual-functional nanoadjuvant to generate comparable immune responses to the HIV DNA vaccine. It shows promising adjuvant activity via various immunization routes, decreasing the antigen dosage and immunization frequency while maintaining immunity levels and inducing TEM -biased immunity to combat the infection at early stage. The underlying mechanisms by which fullerenol-based formulation induces above-mentioned polyvalent immune responses are involved in activating multiple TLRs signaling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ligeng Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, No.11 Beiyitiao, Zhongguancun, Beijing, 100190, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
215
|
Jones HE, Copland A, Hamstra HJ, Cohen J, Brown J, Klein N, van der Ley P, Dixon G. LOS oligosaccharide modification enhances dendritic cell responses to meningococcal native outer membrane vesicles expressing a non-toxic lipid A. Cell Microbiol 2013; 16:519-34. [PMID: 24152255 PMCID: PMC4204155 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Outer membrane vesicles (OMV) are released by many bacteria, and contain immunogenic antigens in addition to harmful inflammatory factors, like lipopolysaccharides. Chemically detoxified OMV have been used in vaccines against Neisseria meningitidis (Nm); however, little is known about their interaction with antigen presenting cells. In this study, we investigated the interaction of Nm OMV with human dendritic cells (DC) to gain further understanding of their biological activity. We engineered a novel serogroup B Nm that is unencapsulated (siaD), expresses pentacylated lipid A (lpxL1), hence conferring reduced toxicity, and expresses an lgtB oligosaccharide structure designed to target OMV to DC via DC-SIGN. We show that the lgtB moiety is critical for internalization of NOMV by DC. Furthermore, the lgtB moiety significantly enhances DC maturation, IL-10 and IL-23 production in the presence of a pentacylated lipid A. While different DC phenotypes were observed for each NOMV, this had little effect on Th1 and Th2 cell differentiation; however, lgtBsignificantly increased Th17 cell expansion in the presence of pentacylated lipid A. We believe that lpxL1/lgtB NOMV should be considered further as a vaccine vector, particularly considering the importance of lgtB in antigen uptake and further human studies on antigen-specific responses should be considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah E Jones
- Infectious Diseases Microbiology Unit, Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
216
|
Chauvat A, Benhamouda N, Gey A, Lemoine FM, Paulie S, Carrat F, Gougeon ML, Rozenberg F, Krivine A, Cherai M, Lehmann P, Quintin-Colonna F, Launay O, Tartour E. Clinical validation of IFNγ/IL-10 and IFNγ/IL-2 FluoroSpot assays for the detection of Tr1 T cells and influenza vaccine monitoring in humans. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2013; 10:104-13. [PMID: 24084262 DOI: 10.4161/hv.26593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The type of T cell polarization and simultaneous production of multiple cytokines have been correlated with vaccine efficacy. ELISpot is a T cell detection technique optimized for the measurement of a secreted cytokine at the single cell level. The FluoroSpot assay differs from ELISpot by the use of multiple fluorescent-labeled anticytokine detection antibodies, allowing optimal measurement of multiple cytokines. In the present study, we show that an IFNγ/IL-10 FluoroSpot assay is more sensitive than flow cytometry to detect Tr1 regulatory T cells, an immunosuppressive T cell population characterized by the production of IL-10 and IFNγ. As many tolerogenic vaccines are designed to induce these Tr1 cells, this FluoroSpot test could represent a standard method for the detection of these cells in the future. The use of an IFNγ/IL-2 FluoroSpot assay during influenza vaccine monitoring showed that the influenza-specific IL-2-producing T-cell response was the dominant response both before and after vaccine administration. This study therefore questions the rationale of using the single-color IFNγ ELISpot as the standard technique to monitor vaccine-specific T-cell response. Using this same test, a trend was also observed between baseline levels of IFNγ T cell response and T cell vaccine response. In addition, a lower IFNγ+IL-2+ T-cell response after vaccine was observed in the group of patients treated with TNFα inhibitors (P=0.08). This study therefore supports the use of the FluoroSpot assay due to its robustness, versatility and the complementary information that it provides compared with ELISpot or flow cytometry to monitor vaccine-specific T-cell responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Chauvat
- INSERM U970 ; Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris-Cité; Paris, France; Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou; Service d'Immunologie Biologique; Paris, France; CTL-Europe GmbH; Bonn, Germany
| | - Nadine Benhamouda
- INSERM U970 ; Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris-Cité; Paris, France; Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou; Service d'Immunologie Biologique; Paris, France
| | - Alain Gey
- INSERM U970 ; Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris-Cité; Paris, France; Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou; Service d'Immunologie Biologique; Paris, France
| | - Francois M Lemoine
- Departement de Biothérapie; Centre d'Investigation Clinique de biothérapie 1001; Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière et Univ Pierre et Marie Curie Paris; Paris, France
| | | | - Fabrice Carrat
- Epidemiology, Information System, Modeling; UMR-S 707; University Paris 6-UPMC; Paris, France; Inserm U707; Paris, France; Public Health Unit; Saint-Antoine Hospital; Paris, France
| | - Marie-Lise Gougeon
- Antiviral Immunity; Biotherapy and Vaccine Unit; Infection and Epidemiology Department; Institut Pasteur; Paris, France
| | - Flore Rozenberg
- Laboratoire de virologie; Hôpital Cochin; Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP); Paris, France
| | - Anne Krivine
- Laboratoire de virologie; Hôpital Cochin; Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP); Paris, France
| | - Mustapha Cherai
- Departement de Biothérapie; Centre d'Investigation Clinique de biothérapie 1001; Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière et Univ Pierre et Marie Curie Paris; Paris, France
| | - Paul Lehmann
- Cellular Technology Limited; Shaker Heights, OH USA
| | | | - Odile Launay
- Université Paris Descartes; Paris, France; Inserm; CIC BT505; Paris, France; Hôpital Cochin; AP-HP CIC de Vaccinologie Cochin-Pasteur; Paris, France
| | - Eric Tartour
- INSERM U970 ; Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris-Cité; Paris, France; Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou; Service d'Immunologie Biologique; Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes; Paris, France; Inserm; CIC BT505; Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
217
|
Yellow fever vaccination elicits broad functional CD4+ T cell responses that recognize structural and nonstructural proteins. J Virol 2013; 87:12794-804. [PMID: 24049183 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01160-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Yellow fever virus (YFV) can induce acute, life-threatening disease that is a significant health burden in areas where yellow fever is endemic, but it is preventable through vaccination. The live attenuated 17D YFV strain induces responses characterized by neutralizing antibodies and strong T cell responses. This vaccine provides an excellent model for studying human immunity. While several studies have characterized YFV-specific antibody and CD8(+) T cell responses, less is known about YFV-specific CD4(+) T cells. Here we characterize the epitope specificity, functional attributes, and dynamics of YFV-specific T cell responses in vaccinated subjects by investigating peripheral blood mononuclear cells by using HLA-DR tetramers. A total of 112 epitopes restricted by seven common HLA-DRB1 alleles were identified. Epitopes were present within all YFV proteins, but the capsid, envelope, NS2a, and NS3 proteins had the highest epitope density. Antibody blocking demonstrated that the majority of YFV-specific T cells were HLA-DR restricted. Therefore, CD4(+) T cell responses could be effectively characterized with HLA-DR tetramers. Ex vivo tetramer analysis revealed that YFV-specific T cells persisted at frequencies ranging from 0 to 100 cells per million that are detectable years after vaccination. Longitudinal analysis indicated that YFV-specific CD4(+) T cells reached peak frequencies, often exceeding 250 cells per million, approximately 2 weeks after vaccination. As frequencies subsequently declined, YFV-specific cells regained CCR7 expression, indicating a shift from effector to central memory. Cells were typically CXCR3 positive, suggesting Th1 polarization, and produced gamma interferon and other cytokines after reactivation in vitro. Therefore, YFV elicits robust early effector CD4(+) T cell responses that contract, forming a detectable memory population.
Collapse
|
218
|
Pulendran B, Oh JZ, Nakaya HI, Ravindran R, Kazmin DA. Immunity to viruses: learning from successful human vaccines. Immunol Rev 2013; 255:243-55. [PMID: 23947360 PMCID: PMC3748616 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
For more than a century, immunologists and vaccinologists have existed in parallel universes. Immunologists have for long reveled in using 'model antigens', such as chicken egg ovalbumin or nitrophenyl haptens, to study immune responses in model organisms such as mice. Such studies have yielded many seminal insights about the mechanisms of immune regulation, but their relevance to humans has been questioned. In another universe, vaccinologists have relied on human clinical trials to assess vaccine efficacy, but have done little to take advantage of such trials for studying the nature of immune responses to vaccination. The human model provides a nexus between these two universes, and recent studies have begun to use this model to study the molecular profile of innate and adaptive responses to vaccination. Such 'systems vaccinology' studies are beginning to provide mechanistic insights about innate and adaptive immunity in humans. Here, we present an overview of such studies, with particular examples from studies with the yellow fever and the seasonal influenza vaccines. Vaccination with the yellow fever vaccine causes a systemic acute viral infection and thus provides an attractive model to study innate and adaptive responses to a primary viral challenge. Vaccination with the live attenuated influenza vaccine causes a localized acute viral infection in mucosal tissues and induces a recall response, since most vaccinees have had prior exposure to influenza, and thus provides a unique opportunity to study innate and antigen-specific memory responses in mucosal tissues and in the blood. Vaccination with the inactivated influenza vaccine offers a model to study immune responses to an inactivated immunogen. Studies with these and other vaccines are beginning to reunite the estranged fields of immunology and vaccinology, yielding unexpected insights about mechanisms of viral immunity. Vaccines that have been proven to be of immense benefit in saving lives offer us a new fringe benefit: lessons in viral immunology.
Collapse
|
219
|
De Gregorio E, Caproni E, Ulmer JB. Vaccine adjuvants: mode of action. Front Immunol 2013; 4:214. [PMID: 23914187 PMCID: PMC3728558 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines were first introduced more than 200 years ago and have since played a key role in the reduction of morbidity and mortality caused by infectious diseases. Many of the safest and most effective vaccines in use today are based on attenuated live viruses, as they mimic a live infection without causing disease. However, it is not always practical to take this approach, such as when it may not be safe to do so (e.g., for viruses that cause chronic infections such as HIV) or may not be feasible to manufacture (e.g., for viruses that do not grow well in cell culture such as HCV). In addition, it may preferable in some cases to target immune responses toward specific antigens from the pathogen, rather than the entirety of the genome. In these cases, subunit vaccines consisting of antigens purified from the pathogen or produced by recombinant DNA technology are being developed. However, highly purified proteins are typically not inherently immunogenic, as they usually lack the means to directly stimulate the innate immune system, and often require the addition of adjuvants to enhance vaccine potency. Despite more than a century of human use, only a few adjuvants are licensed today. However many adjuvants have been tested in humans and are in advanced stages of development. Much of the early work on adjuvants discovery and development was empirical producing safe and effective products, but without a clear understanding of how they worked. Recent insight into the functioning of the innate immune system has demonstrated its important role in triggering and shaping the adaptive immune response to vaccines.
Collapse
|
220
|
Li S, Park Y, Duraisingham S, Strobel FH, Khan N, Soltow QA, Jones DP, Pulendran B. Predicting network activity from high throughput metabolomics. PLoS Comput Biol 2013; 9:e1003123. [PMID: 23861661 PMCID: PMC3701697 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 596] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The functional interpretation of high throughput metabolomics by mass spectrometry is hindered by the identification of metabolites, a tedious and challenging task. We present a set of computational algorithms which, by leveraging the collective power of metabolic pathways and networks, predict functional activity directly from spectral feature tables without a priori identification of metabolites. The algorithms were experimentally validated on the activation of innate immune cells. Mass spectrometry based untargeted metabolomics can now profile several thousand of metabolites simultaneously. However, these metabolites have to be identified before any biological meaning can be drawn from the data. Metabolite identification is a challenging and low throughput process, therefore becomes the bottleneck of the filed. We report here a novel approach to predict biological activity directly from mass spectrometry data without a priori identification of metabolites. By unifying network analysis and metabolite prediction under the same computational framework, the organization of metabolic networks and pathways helps resolve the ambiguity in metabolite prediction to a large extent. We validated our algorithms on a set of activation experiment of innate immune cells. The predicted activities were confirmed by both gene expression and metabolite identification. This method shall greatly accelerate the application of high throughput metabolomics, as the tedious task of identifying hundreds of metabolites upfront can be shifted to a handful of validation experiments after our computational prediction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuzhao Li
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
221
|
Camacho A, Irache J, de Souza J, Sánchez-Gómez S, Gamazo C. Nanoparticle-based vaccine for mucosal protection against Shigella flexneri in mice. Vaccine 2013; 31:3288-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
222
|
Li S, Nakaya HI, Kazmin DA, Oh JZ, Pulendran B. Systems biological approaches to measure and understand vaccine immunity in humans. Semin Immunol 2013; 25:209-18. [PMID: 23796714 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2013.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated the utility of using systems approaches to identify molecular signatures that can be used to predict vaccine immunity in humans. Such approaches are now being used extensively in vaccinology, and are beginning to yield novel insights about the molecular networks driving vaccine immunity. In this review, we present a broad review of the methodologies involved in these studies, and discuss the promise and challenges involved in this emerging field of "systems vaccinology."
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuzhao Li
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, 954 Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
223
|
Fabricius D, Nußbaum B, Busch D, Panitz V, Mandel B, Vollmer A, Westhoff MA, Kaltenmeier C, Lunov O, Tron K, Nienhaus GU, Jahrsdörfer B, Debatin KM. Antiviral Vaccines License T Cell Responses by Suppressing Granzyme B Levels in Human Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:1144-53. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1203479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
224
|
Knudsen ML, Johansson DX, Kostic L, Nordström EKL, Tegerstedt K, Pasetto A, Applequist SE, Ljungberg K, Sirard JC, Liljeström P. The adjuvant activity of alphavirus replicons is enhanced by incorporating the microbial molecule flagellin into the replicon. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65964. [PMID: 23785460 PMCID: PMC3681802 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ligands of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) including Toll-like receptors (TLRs) stimulate innate and adaptive immune responses and are considered as potent adjuvants. Combinations of ligands might act in synergy to induce stronger and broader immune responses compared to stand-alone ligands. Alphaviruses stimulate endosomal TLRs 3, 7 and 8 as well as the cytoplasmic PRR MDA-5, resulting in induction of a strong type I interferon (IFN) response. Bacterial flagellin stimulates TLR5 and when delivered intracellularly the cytosolic PRR NLRC4, leading to secretion of proinflammatory cytokines. Both alphaviruses and flagellin have independently been shown to act as adjuvants for antigen-specific antibody responses. Here, we hypothesized that alphavirus and flagellin would act in synergy when combined. We therefore cloned the Salmonella Typhimurium flagellin (FliC) gene into an alphavirus replicon and assessed its adjuvant activity on the antibody response against co-administered antigen. In mice immunized with recombinant alphavirus, antibody responses were greatly enhanced compared to soluble FliC or control alphavirus. Both IgG1 and IgG2a/c responses were increased, indicating an enhancement of both Th1 and Th2 type responses. The adjuvant activity of FliC-expressing alphavirus was diminished but not abolished in the absence of TLR5 or type I IFN signaling, suggesting the contribution of several signaling pathways and some synergistic and redundant activity of its components. Thus, we have created a recombinant adjuvant that stimulates multiple signaling pathways of innate immunity resulting in a strong and broad antibody response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria L Knudsen
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
225
|
Geall AJ, Mandl CW, Ulmer JB. RNA: the new revolution in nucleic acid vaccines. Semin Immunol 2013; 25:152-9. [PMID: 23735226 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Nucleic acid vaccines have the potential to address issues of safety and effectiveness sometimes associated with vaccines based on live attenuated viruses and recombinant viral vectors. In addition, methods to manufacture nucleic acid vaccines are suitable as generic platforms and for rapid response, both of which will be very important for addressing newly emerging pathogens in a timely fashion. Plasmid DNA is the more widely studied form of nucleic acid vaccine and proof of principle in humans has been demonstrated, although no licensed human products have yet emerged. The RNA vaccine approach, based on mRNA and engineered RNA replicons derived from certain RNA viruses, is gaining increased attention and several vaccines are under investigation for infectious diseases, cancer and allergy. Human clinical trials are underway and the prospects for success are bright.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Geall
- Novartis Vaccines & Diagnostics, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
226
|
Matthews K, Chung NPY, Klasse PJ, Moutaftsi M, Carter D, Salazar AM, Reed SG, Sanders RW, Moore JP. Clinical adjuvant combinations stimulate potent B-cell responses in vitro by activating dermal dendritic cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63785. [PMID: 23700434 PMCID: PMC3659025 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
CD14+ dermal DCs (CD14+ DDCs) have a natural capacity to activate naïve B-cells. Targeting CD14+ DDCs is therefore a rational approach for vaccination strategies aimed at improving humoral responses towards poorly immunogenic antigens, for example, HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins (Env). Here, we show that two clinically relevant TLR ligand combinations, Hiltonol plus Resiquimod and Glucopyranosyl lipid A plus Resiquimod, potently activate CD14+ DDCs, as shown by enhanced expression of multiple cytokines (IL-6, IL-10, IL-12p40 and TNF-α). Furthermore, the responses of CD14+ DDCs to these TLR ligands were not compromised by the presence of HIV-1 gp120, which can drive immunosuppressive effects in vitro and in vivo. The above TLR ligand pairs were better than the individual agents at boosting the inherent capacity of CD14+ DDCs to induce naïve B-cells to proliferate and differentiate into CD27+ CD38+ B-cells that secrete high levels of immunoglobulins. CD14+ DDCs stimulated by these TLR ligand combinations also promoted the differentiation of Th1 (IFN-γ-secreting), but not Th17, CD4+ T-cells. These observations may help to identify adjuvant strategies aimed at inducing better antibody responses to vaccine antigens, including, but not limited to HIV-1 Env.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katie Matthews
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Nancy P. Y. Chung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Per Johan Klasse
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Magda Moutaftsi
- HIV Vaccine Initiative at Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Darrick Carter
- Infectious Diseases Research Institute (IDRI), Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | | | - Steven G. Reed
- Infectious Diseases Research Institute (IDRI), Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Rogier W. Sanders
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
- Laboratory for Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John P. Moore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
227
|
Duraisingham SS, Rouphael N, Cavanagh MM, Nakaya HI, Goronzy JJ, Pulendran B. Systems biology of vaccination in the elderly. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2013; 363:117-42. [PMID: 22903566 DOI: 10.1007/82_2012_250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Aging population demographics, combined with suboptimal vaccine responses in the elderly, make the improvement of vaccination strategies in the elderly a developing public health issue. The immune system changes with age, with innate and adaptive cell components becoming increasingly dysfunctional. As such, vaccine responses in the elderly are impaired in ways that differ depending on the type of vaccine (e.g., live attenuated, polysaccharide, conjugate, or subunit) and the mediators of protection (e.g., antibody and/or T cell). The rapidly progressing field of systems biology has been shown to be useful in predicting immunogenicity and offering insights into potential mechanisms of protection in young adults. Future application of systems biology to vaccination in the elderly may help to identify gene signatures that predict suboptimal responses and help to identify more accurate correlates of protection. Moreover, the identification of specific defects may be used to target novel vaccination strategies that improve efficacy in elderly populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sai S Duraisingham
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
228
|
Recombinant yellow fever viruses elicit CD8+ T cell responses and protective immunity against Trypanosoma cruzi. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59347. [PMID: 23527169 PMCID: PMC3601986 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas’ disease is a major public health problem affecting nearly 10 million in Latin America. Despite several experimental vaccines have shown to be immunogenic and protective in mouse models, there is not a current vaccine being licensed for humans or in clinical trial against T. cruzi infection. Towards this goal, we used the backbone of Yellow Fever (YF) 17D virus, one of the most effective and well-established human vaccines, to express an immunogenic fragment derived from T. cruzi Amastigote Surface Protein 2 (ASP-2). The cDNA sequence of an ASP-2 fragment was inserted between E and NS1 genes of YF 17D virus through the construction of a recombinant heterologous cassette. The replication ability and genetic stability of recombinant YF virus (YF17D/ENS1/Tc) was confirmed for at least six passages in Vero cells. Immunogenicity studies showed that YF17D/ENS1/Tc virus elicited neutralizing antibodies and gamma interferon (IFN-γ) producing-cells against the YF virus. Also, it was able to prime a CD8+ T cell directed against the transgenic T. cruzi epitope (TEWETGQI) which expanded significantly as measured by T cell-specific production of IFN-γ before and after T. cruzi challenge. However, most important for the purposes of vaccine development was the fact that a more efficient protective response could be seen in mice challenged after vaccination with the YF viral formulation consisting of YF17D/ENS1/Tc and a YF17D recombinant virus expressing the TEWETGQI epitope at the NS2B-3 junction. The superior protective immunity observed might be due to an earlier priming of epitope-specific IFN-γ-producing T CD8+ cells induced by vaccination with this viral formulation. Our results suggest that the use of viral formulations consisting of a mixture of recombinant YF 17D viruses may be a promising strategy to elicit protective immune responses against pathogens, in general.
Collapse
|
229
|
Dowling DJ, Tan Z, Prokopowicz ZM, Palmer CD, Matthews MAH, Dietsch GN, Hershberg RM, Levy O. The ultra-potent and selective TLR8 agonist VTX-294 activates human newborn and adult leukocytes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58164. [PMID: 23483986 PMCID: PMC3587566 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Newborns display distinct immune responses that contribute to susceptibility to infection and reduced vaccine responses. Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists may serve as vaccine adjuvants, when given individually or in combination, but responses of neonatal leukocytes to many TLR agonists are diminished. TLR8 agonists are more effective than other TLR agonists in activating human neonatal leukocytes in vitro, but little is known about whether different TLR8 agonists may distinctly activate neonatal leukocytes. We characterized the in vitro immuno-stimulatory activities of a novel benzazepine TLR8 agonist, VTX-294, in comparison to imidazoquinolines that activate TLR8 (R-848; (TLR7/8) CL075; (TLR8/7)), with respect to activation of human newborn and adult leukocytes. Effects of VTX-294 and R-848 in combination with monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA; TLR4) were also assessed. Methods TLR agonist specificity was assessed using TLR-transfected HEK293 cells expressing a NF-κB reporter gene. TLR agonist-induced cytokine production was measured in human newborn cord and adult peripheral blood using ELISA and multiplex assays. Newborn and adult monocytes were differentiated into monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDCs) and TLR agonist-induced activation assessed by cytokine production (ELISA) and co-stimulatory molecule expression (flow cytometry). Results VTX-294 was ∼100x more active on TLR8- than TLR7-transfected HEK cells (EC50, ∼50 nM vs. ∼5700 nM). VTX-294-induced TNF and IL-1β production were comparable in newborn cord and adult peripheral blood, while VTX-294 was ∼ 1 log more potent in inducing TNF and IL-1β production than MPLA, R848 or CL075. Combination of VTX-294 and MPLA induced greater blood TNF and IL-1β responses than combination of R-848 and MPLA. VTX-294 also potently induced expression of cytokines and co-stimulatory molecules HLA-DR and CD86 in human newborn MoDCs. Conclusions VTX-294 is a novel ultra-potent TLR8 agonist that activates newborn and adult leukocytes and is a candidate vaccine adjuvant in both early life and adulthood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David J. Dowling
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Zhen Tan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Pediatrics, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zofia M. Prokopowicz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Christine D. Palmer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Gregory N. Dietsch
- VentiRx Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Robert M. Hershberg
- VentiRx Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Ofer Levy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
230
|
de Melo AB, Nascimento EJM, Braga-Neto U, Dhalia R, Silva AM, Oelke M, Schneck JP, Sidney J, Sette A, Montenegro SML, Marques ETA. T-cell memory responses elicited by yellow fever vaccine are targeted to overlapping epitopes containing multiple HLA-I and -II binding motifs. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e1938. [PMID: 23383350 PMCID: PMC3561163 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The yellow fever vaccines (YF-17D-204 and 17DD) are considered to be among the safest vaccines and the presence of neutralizing antibodies is correlated with protection, although other immune effector mechanisms are known to be involved. T-cell responses are known to play an important role modulating antibody production and the killing of infected cells. However, little is known about the repertoire of T-cell responses elicited by the YF-17DD vaccine in humans. In this report, a library of 653 partially overlapping 15-mer peptides covering the envelope (Env) and nonstructural (NS) proteins 1 to 5 of the vaccine was utilized to perform a comprehensive analysis of the virus-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell responses. The T-cell responses were screened ex-vivo by IFN-γ ELISPOT assays using blood samples from 220 YF-17DD vaccinees collected two months to four years after immunization. Each peptide was tested in 75 to 208 separate individuals of the cohort. The screening identified sixteen immunodominant antigens that elicited activation of circulating memory T-cells in 10% to 33% of the individuals. Biochemical in-vitro binding assays and immunogenetic and immunogenicity studies indicated that each of the sixteen immunogenic 15-mer peptides contained two or more partially overlapping epitopes that could bind with high affinity to molecules of different HLAs. The prevalence of the immunogenicity of a peptide in the cohort was correlated with the diversity of HLA-II alleles that they could bind. These findings suggest that overlapping of HLA binding motifs within a peptide enhances its T-cell immunogenicity and the prevalence of the response in the population. In summary, the results suggests that in addition to factors of the innate immunity, "promiscuous" T-cell antigens might contribute to the high efficacy of the yellow fever vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andréa Barbosa de Melo
- Virology and Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center, Fiocruz, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Eduardo J. M. Nascimento
- Center for Vaccine Research, Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ulisses Braga-Neto
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Rafael Dhalia
- Virology and Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center, Fiocruz, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Silva
- Virology and Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center, Fiocruz, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Mathias Oelke
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jonathan P. Schneck
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - John Sidney
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Alessandro Sette
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Silvia M. L. Montenegro
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center, Fiocruz, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Ernesto T. A. Marques
- Virology and Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center, Fiocruz, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
- Center for Vaccine Research, Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
231
|
Blom K, Braun M, Ivarsson MA, Gonzalez VD, Falconer K, Moll M, Ljunggren HG, Michaëlsson J, Sandberg JK. Temporal dynamics of the primary human T cell response to yellow fever virus 17D as it matures from an effector- to a memory-type response. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:2150-8. [PMID: 23338234 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The live attenuated yellow fever virus (YFV) 17D vaccine provides a good model to study immune responses to an acute viral infection in humans. We studied the temporal dynamics, composition, and character of the primary human T cell response to YFV. The acute YFV-specific effector CD8 T cell response was broad and complex; it was composed of dominant responses that persisted into the memory population, as well as of transient subdominant responses that were not detected at the memory stage. Furthermore, HLA-A2- and HLA-B7-restricted YFV epitope-specific effector cells predominantly displayed a CD45RA(-)CCR7(-)PD-1(+)CD27(high) phenotype, which transitioned into a CD45RA(+)CCR7(-)PD-1(-)CD27(low) memory population phenotype. The functional profile of the YFV-specific CD8 T cell response changed in composition as it matured from an effector- to a memory-type response, and it tended to become less polyfunctional during the course of this transition. Interestingly, activation of CD4 T cells, as well as FOXP3(+) T regulatory cells, in response to YFV vaccination preceded the kinetics of the CD8 T cell response. The present results contribute to our understanding of how immunodominance patterns develop, as well as the phenotypic and functional characteristics of the primary human T cell response to a viral infection as it evolves and matures into memory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kim Blom
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
232
|
Martins MA, Bonaldo MC, Rudersdorf RA, Piaskowski SM, Rakasz EG, Weisgrau KL, Furlott JR, Eernisse CM, Veloso de Santana MG, Hidalgo B, Friedrich TC, Chiuchiolo MJ, Parks CL, Wilson NA, Allison DB, Galler R, Watkins DI. Immunogenicity of seven new recombinant yellow fever viruses 17D expressing fragments of SIVmac239 Gag, Nef, and Vif in Indian rhesus macaques. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54434. [PMID: 23336000 PMCID: PMC3545953 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
An effective vaccine remains the best solution to stop the spread of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Cellular immune responses have been repeatedly associated with control of viral replication and thus may be an important element of the immune response that must be evoked by an efficacious vaccine. Recombinant viral vectors can induce potent T-cell responses. Although several viral vectors have been developed to deliver HIV genes, only a few have been advanced for clinical trials. The live-attenuated yellow fever vaccine virus 17D (YF17D) has many properties that make it an attractive vector for AIDS vaccine regimens. YF17D is well tolerated in humans and vaccination induces robust T-cell responses that persist for years. Additionally, methods to manipulate the YF17D genome have been established, enabling the generation of recombinant (r)YF17D vectors carrying genes from unrelated pathogens. Here, we report the generation of seven new rYF17D viruses expressing fragments of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)mac239 Gag, Nef, and Vif. Studies in Indian rhesus macaques demonstrated that these live-attenuated vectors replicated in vivo, but only elicited low levels of SIV-specific cellular responses. Boosting with recombinant Adenovirus type-5 (rAd5) vectors resulted in robust expansion of SIV-specific CD8+ T-cell responses, particularly those targeting Vif. Priming with rYF17D also increased the frequency of CD4+ cellular responses in rYF17D/rAd5-immunized macaques compared to animals that received rAd5 only. The effect of the rYF17D prime on the breadth of SIV-specific T-cell responses was limited and we also found evidence that some rYF17D vectors were more effective than others at priming SIV-specific T-cell responses. Together, our data suggest that YF17D – a clinically relevant vaccine vector – can be used to prime AIDS virus-specific T-cell responses in heterologous prime boost regimens. However, it will be important to optimize rYF17D-based vaccine regimens to ensure maximum delivery of all immunogens in a multivalent vaccine.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- AIDS Vaccines/genetics
- AIDS Vaccines/immunology
- Animals
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Female
- Gene Order
- Gene Products, gag/genetics
- Gene Products, gag/immunology
- Gene Products, nef/genetics
- Gene Products, nef/immunology
- Gene Products, vif/genetics
- Gene Products, vif/immunology
- Genetic Vectors/genetics
- Humans
- Immunization
- Immunization, Secondary
- Kinetics
- Macaca mulatta
- Male
- Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/genetics
- Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Virus Replication
- Yellow fever virus/genetics
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio A. Martins
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Myrna C. Bonaldo
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz – FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Richard A. Rudersdorf
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Shari M. Piaskowski
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Eva G. Rakasz
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Kim L. Weisgrau
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Jessica R. Furlott
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Christopher M. Eernisse
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | | | - Bertha Hidalgo
- Section on Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Thomas C. Friedrich
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Maria J. Chiuchiolo
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, AIDS Vaccine Design and Development Laboratory, Brooklyn Army Terminal, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Christopher L. Parks
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, AIDS Vaccine Design and Development Laboratory, Brooklyn Army Terminal, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Nancy A. Wilson
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - David B. Allison
- Section on Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Ricardo Galler
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz – FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - David I. Watkins
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
233
|
|
234
|
|
235
|
Hur J, Ozgür A, Xiang Z, He Y. Identification of fever and vaccine-associated gene interaction networks using ontology-based literature mining. J Biomed Semantics 2012; 3:18. [PMID: 23256563 PMCID: PMC3599673 DOI: 10.1186/2041-1480-3-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fever is one of the most common adverse events of vaccines. The detailed mechanisms of fever and vaccine-associated gene interaction networks are not fully understood. In the present study, we employed a genome-wide, Centrality and Ontology-based Network Discovery using Literature data (CONDL) approach to analyse the genes and gene interaction networks associated with fever or vaccine-related fever responses. Results Over 170,000 fever-related articles from PubMed abstracts and titles were retrieved and analysed at the sentence level using natural language processing techniques to identify genes and vaccines (including 186 Vaccine Ontology terms) as well as their interactions. This resulted in a generic fever network consisting of 403 genes and 577 gene interactions. A vaccine-specific fever sub-network consisting of 29 genes and 28 gene interactions was extracted from articles that are related to both fever and vaccines. In addition, gene-vaccine interactions were identified. Vaccines (including 4 specific vaccine names) were found to directly interact with 26 genes. Gene set enrichment analysis was performed using the genes in the generated interaction networks. Moreover, the genes in these networks were prioritized using network centrality metrics. Making scientific discoveries and generating new hypotheses were possible by using network centrality and gene set enrichment analyses. For example, our study found that the genes in the generic fever network were more enriched in cell death and responses to wounding, and the vaccine sub-network had more gene enrichment in leukocyte activation and phosphorylation regulation. The most central genes in the vaccine-specific fever network are predicted to be highly relevant to vaccine-induced fever, whereas genes that are central only in the generic fever network are likely to be highly relevant to generic fever responses. Interestingly, no Toll-like receptors (TLRs) were found in the gene-vaccine interaction network. Since multiple TLRs were found in the generic fever network, it is reasonable to hypothesize that vaccine-TLR interactions may play an important role in inducing fever response, which deserves a further investigation. Conclusions This study demonstrated that ontology-based literature mining is a powerful method for analyzing gene interaction networks and generating new scientific hypotheses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junguk Hur
- Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine, University of Michigan, 48109, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
236
|
Campi-Azevedo AC, de Araújo-Porto LP, Luiza-Silva M, Batista MA, Martins MA, Sathler-Avelar R, da Silveira-Lemos D, Camacho LAB, de Menezes Martins R, de Lourdes de Sousa Maia M, Farias RHG, da Silva Freire M, Galler R, Homma A, Ribeiro JGL, Lemos JAC, Auxiliadora-Martins M, Caldas IR, Elói-Santos SM, Teixeira-Carvalho A, Martins-Filho OA. 17DD and 17D-213/77 yellow fever substrains trigger a balanced cytokine profile in primary vaccinated children. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49828. [PMID: 23251351 PMCID: PMC3519464 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to compare the cytokine-mediated immune response in children submitted to primary vaccination with the YF-17D-213/77 or YF-17DD yellow fever (YF) substrains. METHODS A non-probabilistic sample of eighty healthy primary vaccinated (PV) children was selected on the basis of their previously known humoral immune response to the YF vaccines. The selected children were categorized according to their YF-neutralizing antibody titers (PRNT) and referred to as seroconverters (PV-PRNT(+)) or nonseroconverters (PV-PRNT(-)). Following revaccination with the YF-17DD, the PV-PRNT(-) children (YF-17D-213/77 and YF-17DD groups) seroconverted and were referred as RV-PRNT(+). The cytokine-mediated immune response was investigated after short-term in vitro cultures of whole blood samples. The results are expressed as frequency of high cytokine producers, taking the global median of the cytokine index (YF-Ag/control) as the cut-off. RESULTS The YF-17D-213/77 and the YF-17DD substrains triggered a balanced overall inflammatory/regulatory cytokine pattern in PV-PRNT(+), with a slight predominance of IL-12 in YF-17DD vaccinees and a modest prevalence of IL-10 in YF-17D-213/77. Prominent frequency of neutrophil-derived TNF-α and neutrophils and monocyte-producing IL-12 were the major features of PV-PRNT(+) in the YF-17DD, whereas relevant inflammatory response, mediated by IL-12(+)CD8(+) T cells, was the hallmark of the YF-17D-213/77 vaccinees. Both substrains were able to elicit particular but relevant inflammatory events, regardless of the anti-YF PRNT antibody levels. PV-PRNT(-) children belonging to the YF-17DD arm presented gaps in the inflammatory cytokine signature, especially in terms of the innate immunity, whereas in the YF-17D-213/77 arm the most relevant gap was the deficiency of IL-12-producing CD8(+)T cells. Revaccination with YF-17DD prompted a balanced cytokine profile in YF-17DD nonresponders and a robust inflammatory profile in YF-17D-213/77 nonresponders. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrated that, just like the YF-17DD reference vaccine, the YF-17D-213/77 seed lot induced a mixed pattern of inflammatory and regulatory cytokines, supporting its universal use for immunization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina Campi-Azevedo
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
- * E-mail:
| | - Luiza Pacheco de Araújo-Porto
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Maria Luiza-Silva
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Maurício Azevedo Batista
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Marina Angela Martins
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Renato Sathler-Avelar
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Denise da Silveira-Lemos
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | | | - Reinaldo de Menezes Martins
- Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos, Bio-Manguinhos - FIOCRUZ - Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | | | | | - Marcos da Silva Freire
- Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos, Bio-Manguinhos - FIOCRUZ - Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Ricardo Galler
- Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos, Bio-Manguinhos - FIOCRUZ - Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Akira Homma
- Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos, Bio-Manguinhos - FIOCRUZ - Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | | | | | - Maria Auxiliadora-Martins
- Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo-USP, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
| | | | - Silvana Maria Elói-Santos
- Departamento de Propedêutica Complementar, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Andréa Teixeira-Carvalho
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Olindo Assis Martins-Filho
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
237
|
Edupuganti S, Eidex RB, Keyserling H, Akondy RS, Lanciotti R, Orenstein W, del Rio C, Pan Y, Querec T, Lipman H, Barrett A, Ahmed R, Teuwen D, Cetron M, Mulligan MJ. A randomized, double-blind, controlled trial of the 17D yellow fever virus vaccine given in combination with immune globulin or placebo: comparative viremia and immunogenicity. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2012. [PMID: 23208880 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2012.12-0179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated whether coadministration of the yellow fever (YF) virus vaccine with human immunoglobulin (Ig) that contained YF virus-neutralizing antibodies would reduce post-vaccination viremia without compromising immunogenicity and thus, potentially mitigate YF vaccine-associated adverse events. We randomized 80 participants to receive either YF vaccine and Ig or YF vaccine and saline placebo. Participants were followed for 91 days for safety and assessments of viremia and immunogenicity. There were no differences found between the two groups in the proportion of vaccinated participants who developed viremia, seroconversion, cluster of differentiation (CD)-8(+) and CD4(+) T-cell responses, and cytokine responses. These results argue against one putative explanation for the increased reporting of YF vaccine side effects in recent years (i.e., a change in travel clinic practice after 1996 when hepatitis A prophylaxis with vaccine replaced routine use of pre-travel Ig, thus potentially removing an incidental YF vaccine-attenuating effect of anti-YF virus antibodies present in Ig).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Srilatha Edupuganti
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
238
|
Matthews K, Chung NPY, Klasse PJ, Moore JP, Sanders RW. Potent induction of antibody-secreting B cells by human dermal-derived CD14+ dendritic cells triggered by dual TLR ligation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:5729-44. [PMID: 23162132 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Targeting CD14(+) dermal-derived dendritic cells (DDCs) is a rational approach for vaccination strategies aimed at improving humoral immune responses, because of their natural ability to stimulate naive B cells. In this study, we show that CD14(+) DDCs express mRNA for TLRs 1-9, but respond differentially to single or paired TLR ligands. Compared to single ligands, some combinations were particularly effective at activating CD14(+) DDCs, as shown by enhanced expression of B cell stimulatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α) and more pronounced phenotypic maturation. These combinations were resiquimod (R-848) plus polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid [Poly(I:C)], R-848 plus LPS, Pam3CSK4 plus Poly(I:C), and LPS plus Poly(I:C). We also found that selected TLR ligand pairs [R-848 plus either LPS or Poly(I:C)] were superior to individual agents at boosting the inherent capacity of CD14(+) DDCs to induce naive B cells to proliferate and differentiate into CD27(+) CD38(+) B cells that secrete high levels of IgG and IgA. When treated with the same TLR ligand combinations, CD14(+) DDCs also promoted the differentiation of Th1 (IFN-γ-secreting) CD4(+) T cells, but not of Th2 or Th17 CD4(+) T cells. These observations may help to identify adjuvant strategies aimed at inducing protective immune responses to various pathogens, including but not limited to HIV-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katie Matthews
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
239
|
Alternative serotype adenovirus vaccine vectors elicit memory T cells with enhanced anamnestic capacity compared to Ad5 vectors. J Virol 2012; 87:1373-84. [PMID: 23152535 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02058-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The failure of the adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) vector-based human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) vaccine in the STEP study has led to the development of adenovirus vectors derived from alternative serotypes, such as Ad26, Ad35, and Ad48. We have recently demonstrated that vaccines using alternative-serotype Ad vectors confer partial protection against stringent simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) challenges in rhesus monkeys. However, phenotypic differences between the T cell responses elicited by Ad5 and those of alternative-serotype Ad vectors remain unexplored. Here, we report the magnitude, phenotype, functionality, and recall capacity of memory T cell responses elicited in mice by Ad5, Ad26, Ad35, and Ad48 vectors expressing lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) glycoprotein (GP). Our data demonstrate that memory T cells elicited by Ad5 vectors were high in magnitude but exhibited functional exhaustion and decreased anamnestic potential following secondary antigen challenge compared to Ad26, Ad35, and Ad48 vectors. These data suggest that vaccination with alternative-serotype Ad vectors offers substantial immunological advantages over Ad5 vectors, in addition to circumventing high baseline Ad5-specific neutralizing antibody titers.
Collapse
|
240
|
Merck Ad5/HIV induces broad innate immune activation that predicts CD8⁺ T-cell responses but is attenuated by preexisting Ad5 immunity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:E3503-12. [PMID: 23151505 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1208972109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To better understand how innate immune responses to vaccination can lead to lasting protective immunity, we used a systems approach to define immune signatures in humans over 1 wk following MRKAd5/HIV vaccination that predicted subsequent HIV-specific T-cell responses. Within 24 h, striking increases in peripheral blood mononuclear cell gene expression associated with inflammation, IFN response, and myeloid cell trafficking occurred, and lymphocyte-specific transcripts decreased. These alterations were corroborated by marked serum inflammatory cytokine elevations and egress of circulating lymphocytes. Responses of vaccinees with preexisting adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) neutralizing antibodies were strongly attenuated, suggesting that enhanced HIV acquisition in Ad5-seropositive subgroups in the Step Study may relate to the lack of appropriate innate activation rather than to increased systemic immune activation. Importantly, patterns of chemoattractant cytokine responses at 24 h and alterations in 209 peripheral blood mononuclear cell transcripts at 72 h were predictive of subsequent induction and magnitude of HIV-specific CD8(+) T-cell responses. This systems approach provides a framework to compare innate responses induced by vectors, as shown here by contrasting the more rapid, robust response to MRKAd5/HIV with that to yellow fever vaccine. When applied iteratively, the findings may permit selection of HIV vaccine candidates eliciting innate immune response profiles more likely to drive HIV protective immunity.
Collapse
|
241
|
Herrada AA, Rojas-Colonelli N, González-Figueroa P, Roco J, Oyarce C, Ligtenberg MA, Lladser A. Harnessing DNA-induced immune responses for improving cancer vaccines. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2012; 8:1682-93. [PMID: 23111166 DOI: 10.4161/hv.22345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA vaccines have emerged as an attractive strategy to promote protective cellular and humoral immunity against the encoded antigen. DNA vaccines are easy to generate, inexpensive to produce and purify at large-scale, highly stable and safe. In addition, plasmids used for DNA vaccines act as powerful "danger signals" by stimulating several DNA-sensing innate immune receptors that promote the induction of protective adaptive immunity. The induction of tumor-specific immune responses represents a major challenge for DNA vaccines because most of tumor-associated antigens are normal non-mutated self-antigens. As a consequence, induction of potentially self-reactive T cell responses against such poorly immunogenic antigens is controlled by mechanisms of central and peripheral tolerance as well as tumor-induced immunosuppression. Although several DNA vaccines against cancer have reached clinical testing, disappointing results have been observed. Therefore, the development of new adjuvants that strongly stimulate the induction of antitumor T cell immunity and counteract immune-suppressive regulation is an attractive approach to enhance the potency of DNA vaccines and overcome tumor-associated tolerance. Understanding the DNA-sensing signaling pathways of innate immunity that mediate the induction of T cell responses elicited by DNA vaccines represents a unique opportunity to develop novel adjuvants that enhance vaccine potency. The advance of DNA adjuvants needs to be complemented with the development of potent delivery systems, in order to step toward successful clinical application. Here, we briefly discuss recent evidence showing how to harness DNA-induced immune response to improve the potency of cancer vaccines and counteract tumor-associated tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrés A Herrada
- Laboratory of Gene Immunotherapy, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Santiago, Chile
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
242
|
Vandebriel R, Hoefnagel MMN. Dendritic cell-based in vitro assays for vaccine immunogenicity. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2012; 8:1323-5. [PMID: 22951585 PMCID: PMC3579917 DOI: 10.4161/hv.21350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are pivotal in the induction of adaptive immune responses because they can activate naive T-cells. Moreover, they steer these adaptive immune responses by integrating various stimuli, such as from different pathogen associated molecular patterns and the cytokine milieu. Immature DC are very well capable of ingesting protein antigens, whereas mature DC are efficient presenters of peptides to naive T cells. Human DC can be readily cultured from peripheral blood mononuclear cells, which are isolated from human blood. There is a strong need to monitor in a high-throughput fashion the immunogenicity of candidate vaccines during the process of vaccine development. Furthermore, regulators require efficacy and safety testing for batch release. For some vaccines, these tests require animal testing, causing pain and discomfort, which cannot be contested because it would interfere with the test results. With the aims of promoting vaccine development and reducing the number of animals for batch release testing, we propose to use more broadly human DC for vaccine immunogenicity testing. In this commentary, this proposition is illustrated by several examples in which the maturation of human DC was successfully used to test for vaccine and adjuvant immunogenicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rob Vandebriel
- Laboratory for Health Protection Research, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
| | | |
Collapse
|
243
|
Abstract
Vaccination is mankind's greatest public health success story. By now vaccines to many of the viruses that once caused fatal childhood diseases are routinely used throughout the world. Traditional methods of vaccine development through inactivation or attenuation of viruses have failed for some of the most deadly human pathogens, necessitating new approaches. Genetic modification of viruses not only allows for their attenuation but also for incorporation of sequences from other viruses, turning one pathogen into a vaccine carrier for another. Recombinant viruses have pros and cons as vaccine carriers, as discussed below using vectors based on adenovirus, herpesvirus, flavivirus, and rhabdovirus as examples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliana C Small
- University of Pennsylvania Graduate Program, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
244
|
Impact of infection or vaccination on pre-existing serological memory. Hum Immunol 2012; 73:1082-6. [PMID: 22902392 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2012.07.328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Revised: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Once established, serum antibody responses against a specific pathogen may last a lifetime. We describe a cohort of four subjects who received smallpox vaccination, and a single subject who received multiple vaccinations, with antibody levels to unrelated antigens monitored for 1-3 years. These immunizations provided the opportunity to determine if infection/vaccination and the resulting toll-like receptor stimulation would alter antigen-specific serological memory to other antigens, including bacterial toxins (tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis) and viruses (yellow fever virus, measles, mumps, rubella, Epstein-Barr virus, and varicella-zoster virus). Our results indicate that serum IgG levels are remarkably stable and infection or vaccination are unlikely to increase or decrease pre-existing antigen-specific antibody responses.
Collapse
|
245
|
Long-term and memory immune responses in mice against Newcastle disease virus-like particles containing respiratory syncytial virus glycoprotein ectodomains. J Virol 2012; 86:11654-62. [PMID: 22896618 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01510-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a significant human pathogen, no RSV vaccines are available. We have reported that a virus-like particle (VLP) RSV vaccine candidate stimulated, in mice, robust, protective anti-RSV glycoprotein T(H)1 biased immune responses without enhanced respiratory disease upon RSV challenge. We report here an analysis of long-term responses to these VLPs. BALB/c mice immunized, without adjuvant, with VLPs or with infectious RSV generated anti-F and anti-G protein serum antibody responses that were stable over 14 months. Neutralizing antibody titers stimulated by VLPs were robust and durable for 14 months, whereas those of RSV-immunized animals declined significantly by 3 months. F protein-specific antibody-secreting cells were detected in the bone marrows of VLP-immunized mice but not in the marrows of RSV-immunized mice. Adoptive transfer of enriched splenic B cells from VLP-immunized mice into immunodeficient rag(-/-) mice resulted in anti-F and anti-G protein serum IgG antibody responses, in recipient mice, that were protective upon RSV challenge. In contrast, transfer of splenic B cells from RSV-immunized mice produced no detectable serum antibody in the recipients, nor could these mice inhibit RSV replication upon virus challenge. Immunization with VLPs stimulated the formation of germinal center GL7(+) B cells in normal mice. VLP immunization of TCR βδ(-/-) T-cell-deficient mice did not induce anti-RSV IgG antibodies, results consistent with T-cell-dependent immune responses. These results demonstrate that VLPs are effective in stimulating long-lived RSV-specific, T-cell-dependent neutralizing antibody-secreting cells and RSV-specific memory responses.
Collapse
|
246
|
Kohler S, Bethke N, Böthe M, Sommerick S, Frentsch M, Romagnani C, Niedrig M, Thiel A. The early cellular signatures of protective immunity induced by live viral vaccination. Eur J Immunol 2012; 42:2363-73. [PMID: 22733156 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201142306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Revised: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Here, we have used primary vaccination of healthy donors with attenuated live yellow fever virus 17D (YFV-17D) as a model to study the generation of protective immunity. In short intervals after vaccination, we analyzed the induction of YFV-17D specific T- and B-cell immunity, bystander activation, dendritic cell subsets, changes in serum cytokine levels, and YFV-17D-specific antibodies. We show activation of innate immunity and a concomitant decline of numbers of peripheral blood T and B cells. An early peak of antigen-specific T cells at day 2, followed by mobilization of innate immune cells, preceded the development of maximal adaptive immunity against YFV-17D at day 14 after vaccination. Interestingly, potent adaptive immunity as measured by high titers of neutralizing YFV-17D-specific antibodies, correlated with early activation and recruitment of YFV-17D-specific CD4(+) T cells and higher levels of sIL-6R. Thus our data might provide new insights into the interplay of innate and adaptive immunity for the induction of protective immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siegfried Kohler
- Charité University Medicine CCM, Klinik für Neurologie/NCRC, Berlin, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
247
|
Pattacini L, Mize GJ, Graham JB, Fluharty TR, Graham TM, Lingnau K, Wizel B, Perdiguero B, Esteban M, Pantaleo G, Shen M, Spies GA, McElrath MJ, Lund JM. A novel HIV vaccine adjuvanted by IC31 induces robust and persistent humoral and cellular immunity. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42163. [PMID: 22848738 PMCID: PMC3405041 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The HIV vaccine strategy that, to date, generated immune protection consisted of a prime-boost regimen using a canarypox vector and an HIV envelope protein with alum, as shown in the RV144 trial. Since the efficacy was weak, and previous HIV vaccine trials designed to generate antibody responses failed, we hypothesized that generation of T cell responses would result in improved protection. Thus, we tested the immunogenicity of a similar envelope-based vaccine using a mouse model, with two modifications: a clade C CN54gp140 HIV envelope protein was adjuvanted by the TLR9 agonist IC31®, and the viral vector was the vaccinia strain NYVAC-CN54 expressing HIV envelope gp120. The use of IC31® facilitated immunoglobulin isotype switching, leading to the production of Env-specific IgG2a, as compared to protein with alum alone. Boosting with NYVAC-CN54 resulted in the generation of more robust Th1 T cell responses. Moreover, gp140 prime with IC31® and alum followed by NYVAC-CN54 boost resulted in the formation and persistence of central and effector memory populations in the spleen and an effector memory population in the gut. Our data suggest that this regimen is promising and could improve the protection rate by eliciting strong and long-lasting humoral and cellular immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pattacini
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Gregory J. Mize
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jessica B. Graham
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Tayler R. Fluharty
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Tisha M. Graham
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | | | | | - Beatriz Perdiguero
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnologia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariano Esteban
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnologia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Giuseppe Pantaleo
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine and Swiss Vaccine Research Institute, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mingchao Shen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Gregory A. Spies
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - M. Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jennifer M. Lund
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
248
|
Construction and immunological evaluation of dual cell surface display of HIV-1 gag and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium FliC in Lactobacillus acidophilus for vaccine delivery. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2012; 19:1374-81. [PMID: 22761297 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00049-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Oral vaccines that elicit a mucosal immune response may be effective against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) because its transmission occurs mainly at the mucosa. The aim of this study was to construct recombinant Lactobacillus for oral delivery of oral vaccines against HIV-1 and to evaluate their immunogenicity. A recombinant Lactobacillus acidophilus strain expressing the HIV-1 Gag on the bacterial cell surface was established by fusion with the signal peptide and anchor motif of a mucus binding protein (Mub) from L. acidophilus with or without coexpression of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium flagellin (FliC) fused to a different Mub signal peptide and anchor. Using HEK293 cells engineered to express Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5), the biological activity of FliC on the bacterial cell surfaces was determined. The surface-exposed flagellin retained its TLR5-stimulating activity, suggesting that the recombinant strain with Gag and FliC dual display might provide a different immunopotency than the strain expressing only Gag. The immunological properties of the recombinant strains were assessed by coculture with human myeloid dendritic cells (DCs). The heterologous antigens on the cell surface affected maturation and cytokine responses of DCs. Acquired immune responses were also investigated by intragastric immunization of mice. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot assay showed induction of gamma interferon-producing cells at local mucosa after immunization of mice with the Gag-producing strain. Meanwhile, the immunization with L. acidophilus displaying both Gag and FliC resulted in an increase of Gag-specific IgA-secreting cells. These results suggested that the Gag-displaying L. acidophilus elicited specific immune responses and the coexistence of FliC conferred an adjuvant effect on local IgA production.
Collapse
|
249
|
Smole A, Krajnik AK, Oblak A, Pirher N, Jerala R. Delivery system for the enhanced efficiency of immunostimulatory nucleic acids. Innate Immun 2012; 19:53-65. [PMID: 22732733 DOI: 10.1177/1753425912450346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a key role in the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns, including immunostimulatory nucleic acids (INAs). INAs are recognized by TLRs in endosomes, leading to the activation of signalling pathways that activate the innate immune response. This feature makes INAs and their synthetic analogues useful as adjuvants in vaccines and in cancer treatment. We tested a delivery system for the improvement of the therapeutic effect of INAs which consists of a conjugate between transferrin (Tf) and poly-L-lysine (PLL). Tf is a ligand of the transferrin receptor (TfR) and is internalized via receptor-mediated endocytosis, while PLL binds negatively charged INAs. The TfPLL conjugate protected TLR3 ligand polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid [poly(I:C)] from RNase degradation and enhanced the uptake of poly(I:C) in HeLa cells. Co-localization between TfPLL-bound poly(I:C) and lysosomes demonstrated delivery into the endosomal pathway. Time dependence of the production of IL-6 in the primary cell line showed that TfPLL conjugate enabled a gradual release of poly(I:C) and stronger activation of TLR3 receptor in comparison with poly(I:C) alone. Only 3 h of stimulation by poly(I:C) + TfPLL complexes initiated a strong immune response in contrast to poly(I:C) alone. The poly(I:C) + TfPLL complexes have potential use for development of advanced vaccine adjuvants and targeted cancer immune therapy in cells that express higher levels of TfR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anze Smole
- National Institute of Chemistry, Department of Biotechnology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
250
|
Desmet CJ, Ishii KJ. Nucleic acid sensing at the interface between innate and adaptive immunity in vaccination. Nat Rev Immunol 2012; 12:479-91. [PMID: 22728526 DOI: 10.1038/nri3247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 297] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The demand is currently high for new vaccination strategies, particularly to help combat problematic intracellular pathogens, such as HIV and malarial parasites. In the past decade, the identification of host receptors that recognize pathogen-derived nucleic acids has revealed an essential role for nucleic acid sensing in the triggering of immunity to intracellular pathogens. This Review first addresses our current understanding of the nucleic acid-sensing immune machinery. We then explain how the study of nucleic acid-sensing mechanisms not only has revealed their central role in driving the responses mediated by many current vaccines, but is also revealing how they could be harnessed for the design of new vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christophe J Desmet
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, GIGA-Research and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, B34, University of Liege, 1 Avenue de l'Hopital, B-4000 Liège, Belgium.
| | | |
Collapse
|