201
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AlFadly ED, Elzahhar PA, Tramarin A, Elkazaz S, Shaltout H, Abu-Serie MM, Janockova J, Soukup O, Ghareeb DA, El-Yazbi AF, Rafeh RW, Bakkar NMZ, Kobeissy F, Iriepa I, Moraleda I, Saudi MN, Bartolini M, Belal AS. Tackling neuroinflammation and cholinergic deficit in Alzheimer's disease: Multi-target inhibitors of cholinesterases, cyclooxygenase-2 and 15-lipoxygenase. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 167:161-186. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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202
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Ramírez E, Sánchez-Maldonado C, Mayoral MA, Mendieta L, Alatriste V, Patricio-Martínez A, Limón ID. Neuroinflammation induced by the peptide amyloid-β (25-35) increase the presence of galectin-3 in astrocytes and microglia and impairs spatial memory. Neuropeptides 2019; 74:11-23. [PMID: 30795916 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Galectins are animal lectins that bind to β-galactosides, such as lactose and N-acetyllactosamine, contained in glycoproteins or glycolipids. Galectin-1 (Gal-1) and Galectin-3 (Gal-3) are involved in pathologies associated with the inflammatory process, cell proliferation, adhesion, migration, and apoptosis. Recent evidence has shown that the administration of Amyloid-β 25-35 (Aβ25-35) into the hippocampus of rats increases the inflammatory response that is associated with memory impairment and neurodegeneration. Galectins could participate in the modulation of the neuroinflammation induced by the Aβ25-35. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of Gal-1 and Gal-3 in the neuroinflammation induced by administration of Aβ25-35 into the hippocampus and to examine spatial memory in the Morris water maze. After the administration of Aβ25-35, animals were tested for learning and spatial memory in the Morris water maze. Behavioral performance showed that Aβ25-35 didn't affect spatial learning but did impair memory, with animals taking longer to find the platform. On the day 32, hippocampus was examined for astrocytes (GFAP), microglia (Iba1), Gal-1 and Gal-3 via immunohistochemical analysis, and the cytokines IL-1β, TNF-α, IFN-γ by ELISA. This study's results showed a significant increase in the expression of Gal-3 in the microglia and astrocytes, while Gal-1 didn't increase in the dorsal hippocampus. The expression of galectins is associated with increased cytokines in the hippocampal formation of Aβ25-35 treated rats. These findings suggest that Gal-3 could participate in the inflammation induced by administration of Aβ25-35 and could be involved in the neurodegeneration progress and memory impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleazar Ramírez
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, 105 C-FCQ BUAP, Puebla, Mexico
| | | | | | - Liliana Mendieta
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, 105 C-FCQ BUAP, Puebla, Mexico
| | | | - Aleidy Patricio-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, 105 C-FCQ BUAP, Puebla, Mexico; Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, BUAP, Puebla, Mexico
| | - I Daniel Limón
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, 105 C-FCQ BUAP, Puebla, Mexico.
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203
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Bettcher BM, Johnson SC, Fitch R, Casaletto KB, Heffernan KS, Asthana S, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Carlsson CM, Neuhaus J, Bendlin BB, Kramer JH. Cerebrospinal Fluid and Plasma Levels of Inflammation Differentially Relate to CNS Markers of Alzheimer's Disease Pathology and Neuronal Damage. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 62:385-397. [PMID: 29439331 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory markers have been shown to predict neurocognitive outcomes in aging adults; however, the degree to which peripheral markers mirror the central nervous system remains unknown. We investigated the association between plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) markers of inflammation, and explored whether these markers independently predict CSF indicators of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology or neuronal damage. Plasma and CSF samples were analyzed for inflammatory markers in a cohort of asymptomatic older adults (n = 173). CSF samples were analyzed for markers of AD pathology (Aβ42, phosphorylated tau [p-tau], sAβPPβ) or neuronal damage (total tau; neurofilament light chain) (n = 147). Separate linear models for each analyte were conducted with CSF and plasma levels entered simultaneously as predictors and markers of AD pathology or neuronal damage as outcome measures. Strong associations were noted between CSF and plasma MIP-1β levels, and modest associations were observed for remaining analytes. With respect to AD pathology, higher levels of plasma and CSF IL-8, CSF MIP-1β, and CSF IP-10 were associated with higher levels of p-tau. Higher levels of CSF IL-8 were associated with higher levels of CSF Aβ42. Higher CSF sAβPPβ levels were associated with higher plasma markers only (IL-8; MCP-1). In terms of neuronal injury, higher levels of plasma and CSF IL-8, CSF IP-10, and CSF MIP-1β were associated with higher levels of CSF total tau. Exploratory analyses indicated that CSF Aβ42 modifies the relationship between plasma inflammatory levels and CSF tau levels. Results suggest that both plasma and CSF inflammatory markers independently relay integral information about AD pathology and neuronal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianne M Bettcher
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Rocky Mountain Alzheimer's Disease Center, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Sterling C Johnson
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA.,Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Wm. S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ryan Fitch
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, Memory and Aging Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kaitlin B Casaletto
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, Memory and Aging Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kate S Heffernan
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Rocky Mountain Alzheimer's Disease Center, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Sanjay Asthana
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA.,Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Wm. S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.,Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Cynthia M Carlsson
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA.,Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Wm. S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
| | - John Neuhaus
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Barbara B Bendlin
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Joel H Kramer
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, Memory and Aging Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
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204
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Kaur D, Sharma V, Deshmukh R. Activation of microglia and astrocytes: a roadway to neuroinflammation and Alzheimer's disease. Inflammopharmacology 2019; 27:663-677. [PMID: 30874945 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-019-00580-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease that is of high importance to the neuroscience world, yet the complex pathogenicity is not fully understood. Inflammation is usually observed in AD and could implicate both beneficial or detrimental effects depending on the severity of the disease. During initial AD pathology, microglia and astrocyte activation is beneficial since they are involved in amyloid-beta clearance. However, with the progression of the disease, activated microglia elicit detrimental effects by the overexpression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) bringing forth neurodegeneration in the surrounding brain regions. This results in decline in Aβ clearance by microglia; Aβ accumulation thus increases in the brain resulting in neuroinflammation. Thus, Aβ accumulation is the effect of increased release of pro-inflammatory molecules. Reactive astrocytes acquire gain of toxic function and exhibits neurotoxic effects with loss of neurotrophic functions. Astrocyte dysfunctioning results in increased release of cytokines and inflammatory mediators, neurodegeneration, decreased glutamate uptake, loss of neuronal synapses, and ultimately cognitive deficits in AD. We discuss the role of intracellular signaling pathways in the inflammatory responses produced by astrocytes and microglial activation, including the glycogen synthase kinase-3β, nuclear factor kappa B cascade, mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways and c-Jun N-terminal kinase. In this review, we describe the role of neuroinflammation in the chronicity of AD pathogenesis and an overview of the recent research towards the development of new therapies to treat this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darshpreet Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University, Bathinda, Punjab, 151001, India
| | - Vivek Sharma
- Government College of Pharmacy, Rohru, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, 171207, India
| | - Rahul Deshmukh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University, Bathinda, Punjab, 151001, India.
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205
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Caberlotto L, Nguyen TP, Lauria M, Priami C, Rimondini R, Maioli S, Cedazo-Minguez A, Sita G, Morroni F, Corsi M, Carboni L. Cross-disease analysis of Alzheimer's disease and type-2 Diabetes highlights the role of autophagy in the pathophysiology of two highly comorbid diseases. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3965. [PMID: 30850634 PMCID: PMC6408545 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39828-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence is accumulating that the main chronic diseases of aging Alzheimer's disease (AD) and type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) share common pathophysiological mechanisms. This study aimed at applying systems biology approaches to increase the knowledge of the shared molecular pathways underpinnings of AD and T2DM. We analysed transcriptomic data of post-mortem AD and T2DM human brains to obtain disease signatures of AD and T2DM and combined them with protein-protein interaction information to construct two disease-specific networks. The overlapping AD/T2DM network proteins were then used to extract the most representative Gene Ontology biological process terms. The expression of genes identified as relevant was studied in two AD models, 3xTg-AD and ApoE3/ApoE4 targeted replacement mice. The present transcriptomic data analysis revealed a principal role for autophagy in the molecular basis of both AD and T2DM. Our experimental validation in mouse AD models confirmed the role of autophagy-related genes. Among modulated genes, Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor 1B, Autophagy Related 16-Like 2, and insulin were highlighted. In conclusion, the present investigation revealed autophagy as the central dys-regulated pathway in highly co-morbid diseases such as AD and T2DM allowing the identification of specific genes potentially involved in disease pathophysiology which could become novel targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Caberlotto
- The Microsoft Research, University of Trento Centre for Computational Systems Biology (COSBI), Rovereto, Italy.
- Aptuit an Evotec company Drug Design and Discovery, Verona, Italy.
| | - T-Phuong Nguyen
- The Microsoft Research, University of Trento Centre for Computational Systems Biology (COSBI), Rovereto, Italy
- Life Sciences Research Unit, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- Megeno S.A.6A, avenue des Hauts-FourneauxL-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Mario Lauria
- The Microsoft Research, University of Trento Centre for Computational Systems Biology (COSBI), Rovereto, Italy
- Department of Mathematics, University of Trento, Povo, Trento, Italy
| | - Corrado Priami
- The Microsoft Research, University of Trento Centre for Computational Systems Biology (COSBI), Rovereto, Italy
| | - Roberto Rimondini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Science, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Silvia Maioli
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Angel Cedazo-Minguez
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Giulia Sita
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Fabiana Morroni
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Mauro Corsi
- Aptuit, an Evotec company, Drug Design and Discovery, Verona, Italy
| | - Lucia Carboni
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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206
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Microarray Based Functional Analysis of Myricetin and Proteomic Study on Its Anti-Inflammatory Property. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:3746326. [PMID: 30956980 PMCID: PMC6431437 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3746326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Myricetin has been reported as a promising chemopreventive compound with multiple biofunctions. To evaluate its influence on gene expressions in genome-wide set and further investigate its anti-inflammatory property, the present study performed Gene Ontology and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) to describe the basic gene expression characteristics by myricetin treatment in HepG2 cells, confirmed its multi-biofunction by real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), and further verified its anti-inflammatory property by Western blotting and bio-plex-based cytokines assay. The IPA data showed that 337 gene expressions (48% of the top molecules) are disturbed over 2-fold, and the most possible biofunctions of myricetin are the effect on “cardiovascular disease, metabolic disease, and lipid metabolism,” via regulation of 28 molecules with statistic score of 46. RT-qPCR data confirmed the accuracy of microarray data, and cytokines assay results indicated that 6 of the total 27 inflammatory cytokine secretions were significantly inhibited by myricetin pretreatment, including TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, and IL-6. The present study is the first time to elucidate the multi-function of myricetin in genome-wide set by IPA analysis and verify its anti-inflammatory property by proteomics of cytokines assay. Therefore, these results enrich the comprehensive bioactivities of myricetin and reveal that myricetin has powerful anti-inflammatory property, which provides encouragement for in vivo studies to verify its possible health benefits.
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207
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Association between periodontal pathogens and systemic disease. Biomed J 2019; 42:27-35. [PMID: 30987702 PMCID: PMC6468093 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 370] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing body of literature suggests that there is a link between periodontitis and systemic diseases. These diseases include cardiovascular disease, gastrointestinal and colorectal cancer, diabetes and insulin resistance, and Alzheimer's disease, as well as respiratory tract infection and adverse pregnancy outcomes. The presence of periodontal pathogens and their metabolic by-products in the mouth may in fact modulate the immune response beyond the oral cavity, thus promoting the development of systemic conditions. A cause-and-effect relationship has not been established yet for most of the diseases, and the mediators of the association are still being identified. A better understanding of the systemic effects of oral microorganisms will contribute to the goal of using the oral cavity to diagnose and possibly treat non-oral systemic disease.
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208
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Mudò G, Frinchi M, Nuzzo D, Scaduto P, Plescia F, Massenti MF, Di Carlo M, Cannizzaro C, Cassata G, Cicero L, Ruscica M, Belluardo N, Grimaldi LM. Anti-inflammatory and cognitive effects of interferon-β1a (IFNβ1a) in a rat model of Alzheimer's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:44. [PMID: 30777084 PMCID: PMC6380058 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1417-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aβ1-42 peptide abnormal production is associated with the development and maintenance of neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in brains from Alzheimer disease (AD) patients. Suppression of neuroinflammation may then represent a suitable therapeutic target in AD. We evaluated the efficacy of IFNβ1a in attenuating cognitive impairment and inflammation in an animal model of AD. Methods A rat model of AD was obtained by intra-hippocampal injection of Aβ1-42 peptide (23 μg/2 μl). After 6 days, 3.6 μg of IFNβ1a was given subcutaneously (s.c.) for 12 days. Using the novel object recognition (NOR) test, we evaluated changes in cognitive function. Measurement of pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory cytokines, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and SOD activity levels was performed in the hippocampus. Data were evaluated by one-way ANOVA with Fisher’s Protected Least Significant Difference (PLSD) test. Results We showed that treatment with IFNβ1a was able to reverse memory impairment and to counteract microglia activation and upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β) in the hippocampus of Aβ1-42-injected rats. The anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, significantly reduced in the Aβ1-42 animals, recovered to control levels following IFNβ1a treatment. IFNβ1a also reduced ROS and lipids peroxidation and increased SOD1 protein levels in the hippocampus of Aβ1-42-injected rats. Conclusion This study shows that IFNβ1a is able to reverse the inflammatory and cognitive effects of intra-hippocampal Aβ1-42 in the rat. Given the role played by inflammation in AD pathogenesis and the established efficacy of IFNβ1a in the treatment of inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system such as multiple sclerosis, its use may be a viable strategy to inhibit the pro-inflammatory cytokine and oxidative stress cascade associated with Aβ deposition in the hippocampus of AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppa Mudò
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, Division of Human Physiology, University of Palermo, 90134, Palermo, Italy
| | - Monica Frinchi
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, Division of Human Physiology, University of Palermo, 90134, Palermo, Italy
| | - Domenico Nuzzo
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology "Alberto Monroy" (IBIM), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), 90146, Palermo, Italy
| | - Pietro Scaduto
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, Division of Human Physiology, University of Palermo, 90134, Palermo, Italy
| | - Fulvio Plescia
- Department of Sciences for Health Promotion and Mother and Child Care "Giuseppe D'Alessandro", University of Palermo, 90134, Palermo, Italy
| | - Maria F Massenti
- Department of Sciences for Health Promotion and Mother and Child Care "Giuseppe D'Alessandro", University of Palermo, 90134, Palermo, Italy
| | - Marta Di Carlo
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology "Alberto Monroy" (IBIM), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), 90146, Palermo, Italy
| | - Carla Cannizzaro
- Department of Sciences for Health Promotion and Mother and Child Care "Giuseppe D'Alessandro", University of Palermo, 90134, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giovanni Cassata
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Sicily "A. Mirri", Palermo, Italy
| | - Luca Cicero
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Sicily "A. Mirri", Palermo, Italy
| | - Maria Ruscica
- Neurology Department, Fondazione Istituto Giuseppe Giglio, Cefalù, PA, Italy
| | - Natale Belluardo
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, Division of Human Physiology, University of Palermo, 90134, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Luigi M Grimaldi
- Neurology Department, Fondazione Istituto Giuseppe Giglio, Cefalù, PA, Italy.
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209
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Tiozzo Fasiolo L, Manniello MD, Bortolotti F, Buttini F, Rossi A, Sonvico F, Colombo P, Valsami G, Colombo G, Russo P. Anti-inflammatory flurbiprofen nasal powders for nose-to-brain delivery in Alzheimer's disease. J Drug Target 2019; 27:984-994. [PMID: 30691325 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2019.1574300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation occurs in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Thus, anti-inflammatory drugs in this asymptomatic initial phase could slow down AD progression, provided they enter the brain. Direct nose-to-brain drug transport occurs along olfactory or trigeminal nerves, bypassing the blood-brain barrier. Nasal administration may enable the drug to access the brain. Here, flurbiprofen powders for nose-to-brain drug transport in early AD-related neuroinflammation were studied. Their target product profile contemplates drug powder deposition in the nasal cavity, prompt dissolution in the mucosal fluid and attainment of saturation concentration to maximise diffusion in the tissue. Aiming to increase drug disposition into brain, poorly soluble flurbiprofen requires the construction of nasal powder microparticles actively deposited in nose for prompt drug release. Two groups of powders were formulated, composed of flurbiprofen acid or flurbiprofen sodium salt. Two spray dryer apparatuses, differing for spray and drying mechanisms, and particle collection, were applied to impact on the characteristics of the microparticulate powders. Flurbiprofen sodium nasal powders disclosed prompt dissolution and fast ex vivo transport across rabbit nasal mucosa, superior to the acid form, in particular when the powder was prepared using the Nano B-90 spray dryer at the lowest drying air temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Tiozzo Fasiolo
- a Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma , Parma , Italy.,b Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara , Ferrara , Italy
| | | | - Fabrizio Bortolotti
- b Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara , Ferrara , Italy
| | | | - Alessandra Rossi
- a Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma , Parma , Italy
| | - Fabio Sonvico
- a Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma , Parma , Italy
| | - Paolo Colombo
- a Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma , Parma , Italy.,d PlumeStars Srl , Parma , Italy
| | - Georgia Valsami
- e Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens , Greece
| | - Gaia Colombo
- b Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara , Ferrara , Italy
| | - Paola Russo
- c Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno , Fisciano (SA) , Italy
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210
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Mattioli R, Francioso A, d'Erme M, Trovato M, Mancini P, Piacentini L, Casale AM, Wessjohann L, Gazzino R, Costantino P, Mosca L. Anti-Inflammatory Activity of A Polyphenolic Extract from Arabidopsis thaliana in In Vitro and In Vivo Models of Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20030708. [PMID: 30736391 PMCID: PMC6387160 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder and the primary form of dementia in the elderly. One of the main features of AD is the increase in amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptide production and aggregation, leading to oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Polyphenols are well known for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects and have been proposed as possible therapeutic agents against AD. Here, we investigated the effects of a polyphenolic extract of Arabidopsis thaliana (a plant belonging to the Brassicaceae family) on inflammatory response induced by Aβ. BV2 murine microglia cells treated with both Aβ25–35 peptide and extract showed a lower pro-inflammatory (IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α) and a higher anti-inflammatory (IL-4, IL-10, IL-13) cytokine production compared to cells treated with Aβ only. The activation of the Nrf2-antioxidant response element signaling pathway in treated cells resulted in the upregulation of heme oxygenase-1 mRNA and in an increase of NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 activity. To establish whether the extract is also effective against Aβ-induced neurotoxicity in vivo, we evaluated its effect on the impaired climbing ability of AD Drosophila flies expressing human Aβ1–42. Arabidopsis extract significantly restored the locomotor activity of these flies, thus confirming its neuroprotective effects also in vivo. These results point to a protective effect of the Arabidopsis extract in AD, and prompt its use as a model in studying the impact of complex mixtures derived from plant-based food on neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Mattioli
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Roma, Italy.
| | - Antonio Francioso
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Roma, Italy.
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Maria d'Erme
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Roma, Italy.
| | - Maurizio Trovato
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Roma, Italy.
| | - Patrizia Mancini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Roma, Italy.
| | - Lucia Piacentini
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Roma, Italy.
| | - Assunta Maria Casale
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Roma, Italy.
| | - Ludger Wessjohann
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Roberta Gazzino
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Roma, Italy.
| | - Paolo Costantino
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Roma, Italy.
| | - Luciana Mosca
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Roma, Italy.
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211
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Wang R, Zhang Z, Kumar M, Xu G, Zhang M. Neuroprotective potential of ketamine prevents developing brain structure impairment and alteration of neurocognitive function induced via isoflurane through the PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β pathway. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2019; 13:501-512. [PMID: 30787593 PMCID: PMC6366353 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s188636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background The aim of the current experimental study was to scrutinize the neuroprotective effect of ketamine on the isoflurane (iso)-induced cognitive dysfunction in rats via phosphoinositide 3 kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT)/glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) pathway. Materials and methods Sprague-Dawley rats were used for the current experimental study. The rats were divided into six groups and rats were treated with ketamine and memantine. For the estimation of cognitive function study, we used the Morris water test. Pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and caspase-6; the antioxidant parameters malondialdehyde, glutathione, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and protein carbonyl; acetylcholinesterase, amyloid β, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor were estimated, respectively. The protein expression of AKT, GSK-3β, p21WAF1/CIP1, and p53 was also estimated, respectively. Results Ketamine significantly enhanced cognitive function and showed anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, and exhibited the neuroprotective effect of ketamine against the isoflurane-induced cognitive impairment. Additionally, ketamine significantly (P<0.005) suppressed IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, caspase-6 and p21WAF1/CIP1, p53 expression and up-regulated the PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β expression in the group of iso-induced rats. Conclusion We can conclude that ketamine prevented the cognitive impairment induced by isoflurane anesthesia through anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects via the PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiwei Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province 250021, People's Republic of China,
| | - Zihao Zhang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330031, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Guangming Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province 250021, People's Republic of China,
| | - Mengyuan Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province 250021, People's Republic of China,
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Lattanzi R, Maftei D, Fullone MR, Miele R. Identification and characterization of Prokineticin receptor 2 splicing variant and its modulation in an animal model of Alzheimer's disease. Neuropeptides 2019; 73:49-56. [PMID: 30553543 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Lattanzi
- Dipartimento di Fisiologia e Farmacologia "Vittorio Erspamer", Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Daniela Maftei
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche A. Rossi Fanelli, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Fullone
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche A. Rossi Fanelli, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Rossella Miele
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche A. Rossi Fanelli, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy.
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213
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Gurel B, Cansev M, Sevinc C, Kelestemur S, Ocalan B, Cakir A, Aydin S, Kahveci N, Ozansoy M, Taskapilioglu O, Ulus IH, Başar MK, Sahin B, Tuzuner MB, Baykal AT. Early Stage Alterations in CA1 Extracellular Region Proteins Indicate Dysregulation of IL6 and Iron Homeostasis in the 5XFAD Alzheimer's Disease Mouse Model. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 61:1399-1410. [PMID: 29376847 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, an increasing number of research papers revealed that the compositional and volumetric alterations in the extracellular matrix are the consequences of aging and may be related to Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this study, we aimed to demonstrate the alterations in hippocampal extracellular fluid proteins in vivo using the 5XFAD mouse model. Samples were obtained from hippocampi of 5XFAD mice (n = 6) and their non-transgenic littermates by intracerebral push-pull perfusion technique at 3 months of age, representing the pre-pathological stage of the AD. Proteins in the hippocampal perfusates were analyzed by Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography-Electrospray Ionization Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-qTOF-MS/MS). 178 proteins were identified and 19 proteins of them were found to be statistically significantly altered (p≤0.05, fold change ≥40%, unique peptide count ≥3) in the hippocampal CA1 extracellular fluid of the 5XFAD mouse model. Ingenuity pathway analysis of the protein expression results identified IL6 as an upstream regulator. The upregulation of IL6 was validated by immunohistochemical staining of the hippocampus and cortex of the 5XFAD mice prior to Aβ plaque formation. Furthermore, the iron level in the hippocampus was measured by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry as IL6 is mentioned in several studies to take part in iron homeostasis and inflammation and found to be increased in 5XFAD mice hippocampus. Alterations in extracellular matrix proteins in addition to increasing amount of hippocampal IL6 and iron in the early stages of AD may reveal inflammation-mediated iron dyshomeostasis in the early stages of neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Busra Gurel
- Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Cansev
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Cansu Sevinc
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Seda Kelestemur
- Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Busra Ocalan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Aysen Cakir
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Sami Aydin
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Nevzat Kahveci
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Ozansoy
- Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ozlem Taskapilioglu
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Ismail Hakki Ulus
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Merve Karayel Başar
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Betul Sahin
- Acibadem Labmed R&D Laboratory, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Ahmet Tarik Baykal
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Protective Effects of 1-Methylnicotinamide on Aβ1–42-Induced Cognitive Deficits, Neuroinflammation and Apoptosis in Mice. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2019; 14:401-412. [DOI: 10.1007/s11481-018-09830-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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215
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Chaney A, Williams SR, Boutin H. In vivo molecular imaging of neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurochem 2018; 149:438-451. [PMID: 30339715 PMCID: PMC6563454 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
It has become increasingly evident that neuroinflammation plays a critical role in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative disorders. Increased glial cell activation is consistently reported in both rodent models of AD and in AD patients. Moreover, recent genome wide association studies have revealed multiple genes associated with inflammation and immunity are significantly associated with an increased risk of AD development (e.g. TREM2). Non‐invasive in vivo detection and tracking of neuroinflammation is necessary to enhance our understanding of the contribution of neuroinflammation to the initiation and progression of AD. Importantly, accurate methods of quantifying neuroinflammation may aid early diagnosis and serve as an output for therapeutic monitoring and disease management. This review details current in vivo imaging biomarkers of neuroinflammation being explored and summarizes both pre‐clinical and clinical results from molecular imaging studies investigating the role of neuroinflammation in AD, with a focus on positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisling Chaney
- School of Health Sciences, Division of Informatics, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health and Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Steve R Williams
- School of Health Sciences, Division of Informatics, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Herve Boutin
- Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health and Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,School of Biological Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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216
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Pretorius L, Kell DB, Pretorius E. Iron Dysregulation and Dormant Microbes as Causative Agents for Impaired Blood Rheology and Pathological Clotting in Alzheimer's Type Dementia. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:851. [PMID: 30519157 PMCID: PMC6251002 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease and other similar dementias are debilitating neurodegenerative disorders whose etiology and pathogenesis remain largely unknown, even after decades of research. With the anticipated increase in prevalence of Alzheimer’s type dementias among the more susceptible aging population, the need for disease-modifying treatments is urgent. While various hypotheses have been put forward over the last few decades, we suggest that Alzheimer’s type dementias are triggered by external environmental factors, co-expressing in individuals with specific genetic susceptibilities. These external stressors are defined in the Iron Dysregulation and Dormant Microbes (IDDM) hypothesis, previously put forward. This hypothesis is consistent with current literature in which serum ferritin levels of individuals diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease are significantly higher compared those of age- and gender-matched controls. While iron dysregulation contributes to oxidative stress, it also causes microbial reactivation and virulence of the so-called dormant blood (and tissue) microbiome. Dysbiosis (changes in the microbiome) or previous infections can contribute to the dormant blood microbiome (atopobiosis1), and also directly promotes systemic inflammation via the amyloidogenic formation and shedding of potent inflammagens such as lipopolysaccharides. The simultaneous iron dysregulation and microbial aberrations affect the hematological system, promoting fibrin amylodiogenesis, and pathological clotting. Systemic inflammation and oxidative stress can contribute to blood brain barrier permeability and the ensuing neuro-inflammation, characteristic of Alzheimer’s type dementias. While large inter-individual variability exists, especially concerning disease pathogenesis, the IDDM hypothesis acknowledges primary causative factors which can be targeted for early diagnosis and/or for prevention of disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesha Pretorius
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Douglas B Kell
- School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.,The Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Etheresia Pretorius
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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217
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Heckmann BL, Tummers B, Green DR. Crashing the computer: apoptosis vs. necroptosis in neuroinflammation. Cell Death Differ 2018; 26:41-52. [PMID: 30341422 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-018-0195-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) plays critical roles in development, homeostasis, and both control and progression of a plethora of diseases, including cancer and neurodegenerative pathologies. Besides classical apoptosis, several different forms of PCD have now been recognized, including necroptosis. The way a cell dies determines the reaction of the surrounding environment, and immune activation in response to cell death proceeds in a manner dependent on which death pathways are activated. Apoptosis and necroptosis are major mechanisms of cell death that typically result in opposing immune responses. Apoptotic death usually leads to immunologically silent responses whereas necroptotic death releases molecules that promote inflammation, a process referred to as necroinflammation. Diseases of the nervous system, in particular neurodegenerative diseases, are characterized by neuronal death and progressive neuroinflammation. The mechanisms of neuronal death are not well defined and significant cross-talk between pathways has been suggested. Moreover, it has been proposed that the dying of neurons is a catalyst for activating immune cells in the brain and sustaining inflammatory output. In the current review we discuss the effects of apoptotis and necroptosis on inflammatory immune activation, and evaluate the roles of each cell death pathway in a variety of pathologies with specific focus on neurodegeneration. A putative model is proposed for the regulation of neuronal death and neuroinflammation that features a role for both the apoptotic and necroptotic pathways in disease establishment and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradlee L Heckmann
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Bart Tummers
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Douglas R Green
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA.
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218
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Sasmita AO. Current viral-mediated gene transfer research for treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2018; 35:26-45. [DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2018.1523521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Octavian Sasmita
- Division of Applied Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology, School of Health Sciences, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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219
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Sevoflurane Exacerbates Cognitive Impairment Induced by A β 1-40 in Rats through Initiating Neurotoxicity, Neuroinflammation, and Neuronal Apoptosis in Rat Hippocampus. Mediators Inflamm 2018; 2018:3802324. [PMID: 30402039 PMCID: PMC6198580 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3802324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective This study was aimed at investigating whether sevoflurane inhalation induced cognitive impairment in rats with a possible mechanism involved in the event. Methods Thirty-two rats were randomly divided into four groups of normal saline (NS) + O2, NS + sevoflurane (sevo), amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) + O2, and Aβ + sevo. The rats in the four groups received bilateral intrahippocampus injections of NS or Aβ. The treated hippocampus was harvested after inhaling 30% O2 or 2.5% sevoflurane. Evaluation of cognitive function was performed by Morris water maze (MWZ) and an Aβ1–42 level was determined by ELISA. Protein and mRNA expressions were executed by immunohistochemical (IHC) staining, Western blotting, and qRT-PCR. Results Compared with the NS-treated group, sevoflurane only caused cognitive impairment and increased the level of Aβ1–42 of the brain in the Aβ-treated group. Sevoflurane inhalation but not O2 significantly increased glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule (IBA)1 expression in Aβ-treated hippocampus of rats. Expression levels for Bcl-xL, caspase-9, receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were significantly different in quantification of band intensity between the rats that inhaled O2 and sevoflurane in Aβ-treated groups (all P < 0.05). Interleukin- (IL-) 1β, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA expression increased after the rats inhaled sevoflurane in the Aβ-treated group (both P < 0.01). There were no significant differences in the change of GFAP, IBA1, Bcl-xL, caspase-9, RAGE, BDNF, IL-1β, NF-κB, and iNOS in the NS + O2 and NS + sevo group (all P > 0.05). Conclusion Sevoflurane exacerbates cognitive impairment induced by Aβ1–40 in rats through initiating neurotoxicity, neuroinflammation, and neuronal apoptosis in rat hippocampus.
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220
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Shen Z, Bao X, Wang R. Clinical PET Imaging of Microglial Activation: Implications for Microglial Therapeutics in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:314. [PMID: 30349474 PMCID: PMC6186779 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to extracellular β-amyloid plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles, neuroinflammation has been identified as a key pathological characteristic of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Once activated, neuroinflammatory cells called microglia acquire different activation phenotypes. At the early stage of AD, activated microglia are mainly dominated by the neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype. Conversely, in the later stage of AD, the excessive activation of microglia is considered detrimental and pro-inflammatory, turning into the M1 phenotype. Therapeutic strategies targeting the modulation of microglia may regulate their specific phenotype. Fortunately, with the rapid development of in vivo imaging methodologies, visualization of microglial activation has been well-explored. In this review, we summarize the critical role of activated microglia during the pathogenesis of AD and current studies concerning imaging of microglial activation in AD patients. We explore the possibilities for identifying activated microglial phenotypes with imaging techniques and highlight promising therapies that regulate the microglial phenotype in AD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xinjie Bao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Renzhi Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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221
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Metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5 is altered in LPS-induced murine neuroinflammation model and in the brains of AD and ALS patients. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2018; 46:407-420. [PMID: 30291374 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-018-4179-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the present study was to determine the expression levels of mGluR5 in different mouse strains after induction of neuroinflammation by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge and in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) post mortem to investigate mGluR5 expression in human neurodegenerative diseases. METHODS C57BL/6 and CD1 mice were injected intraperitoneally with either 10 mg/kg LPS or saline. mGluR5 and TSPO mRNA levels were measured after 1 and 5 days by qPCR, and mGluR5 protein levels were determined by PET imaging with the mGluR5-specific radiotracer [18F]PSS232. mGluR5 expression was evaluated in the post-mortem brain slices from AD and ALS patients using in vitro autoradiography. RESULTS mGluR5 and TSPO mRNA levels were increased in brains of C57BL/6 and CD1 mice 1 day after LPS treatment and remained significantly increased after 5 days in C57BL/6 mice but not in CD1 mice. Brain PET imaging with [18F]PSS232 confirmed increased mGluR5 levels in the brains of both mouse strains 1 day after LPS treatment. After 5 days, mGluR5 levels in CD1 mice declined to the levels in vehicle-treated mice but remained high in C57BL/6 mice. Autoradiograms revealed a severalfold higher binding of [18F]PSS232 in post-mortem brain slices from AD and ALS patients compared with the binding in control brains. CONCLUSION LPS-induced neuroinflammation increased mGluR5 levels in mouse brain and is dependent on the mouse strain and time after LPS treatment. mGluR5 levels were also increased in human AD and ALS brains in vitro. PET imaging of mGluR5 levels could potentially be used to diagnose and monitor therapy outcomes in patients with AD and ALS.
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Imperatorin ameliorates lipopolysaccharide induced memory deficit by mitigating proinflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress and modulating brain-derived neurotropic factor. Cytokine 2018; 110:78-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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223
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Yang EJ, Mahmood U, Kim H, Choi M, Choi Y, Lee JP, Cho JY, Hyun JW, Kim YS, Chang MJ, Kim HS. Phloroglucinol ameliorates cognitive impairments by reducing the amyloid β peptide burden and pro-inflammatory cytokines in the hippocampus of 5XFAD mice. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 126:221-234. [PMID: 30118828 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Among the various causative factors involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), oxidative stress has emerged as an important factor. Phloroglucinol is a polyphenol component of phlorotannin, which is found at sufficient levels in Ecklonia cava (E. cava). Phloroglucinol has been reported to exert antioxidant activities in various tissues. Previously, we reported that the stereotaxic injection of phloroglucinol regulated synaptic plasticity in an AD mouse model. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of oral administration of phloroglucinol in AD. The oral administration of phloroglucinol for 2 months attenuated the impairments in cognitive function observed in 6-month-old 5X familial AD (5XFAD) mice, as assessed with the T-maze and Y-maze tests. The administration of phloroglucinol for 2 months in 5XFAD mice caused a reduction in the number of amyloid plaques and in the protein level of BACE1, a major amyloid precursor protein cleavage enzyme, together with γ-secretase. Phloroglucinol also restored the reduction in dendritic spine density and the number of mature spines in the hippocampi of 5XFAD mice. In addition, phloroglucinol-administered 5XFAD mice displayed lower protein levels of GFAP and Iba-1 and mRNA levels of TNF-α and IL-6 compared with vehicle-administered 5XFAD mice. These results demonstrated that phloroglucinol alleviated the neuropathological features and behavioral phenotypes in the 5XFAD mouse model. Taken together, our results suggest that phloroglucinol has therapeutic potential for AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Jeong Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, 103 Daehakro, Jongro-gu, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, 103 Daehakro, Jongro-gu, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Usman Mahmood
- Department of Pharmacology, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, 103 Daehakro, Jongro-gu, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunju Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, 103 Daehakro, Jongro-gu, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, 103 Daehakro, Jongro-gu, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Moonseok Choi
- Department of Pharmacology, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, 103 Daehakro, Jongro-gu, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, 103 Daehakro, Jongro-gu, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunjung Choi
- Department of Pharmacology, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, 103 Daehakro, Jongro-gu, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, 103 Daehakro, Jongro-gu, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Jean-Pyo Lee
- Department of Physiology, Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Ave, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Joo-Youn Cho
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Seoul National University and Hospital, 103 Daehakro, Jongro-gu, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Won Hyun
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Sik Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, 103 Daehakro, Jongro-gu, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon-Jeong Chang
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, College of Natural Science, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hye-Sun Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, 103 Daehakro, Jongro-gu, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, 103 Daehakro, Jongro-gu, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Sungnam, Bundang-Gu 13620, Republic of Korea; Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, 103 Daehakro, Jongro-gu, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea.
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Kuzu M, Kandemir FM, Yildirim S, Kucukler S, Caglayan C, Turk E. Morin attenuates doxorubicin-induced heart and brain damage by reducing oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 106:443-453. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.06.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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Anti-neuroinflammatory effects of SLOH in Aβ-induced BV-2 microglial cells and 3xTg-AD mice involve the inhibition of GSK-3β. Neurosci Lett 2018; 687:207-215. [PMID: 30278248 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.09.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation has been observed in post-mortem Alzheimer's disease (AD) brains which could be due to Aβ interacting with microglia and astrocytes. SLOH, a carbazole-based fluorophore, was shown to bind to Aβ peptides. Herein, we investigated the anti-neuroinflammatory effects of SLOH using a BV-2 microglial cell model and a triple transgenic AD (3xTg-AD) mouse model. BV-2 cells were incubated with Aβ in the presence of SLOH for 24 h. The levels of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines were determined. Moreover, 3xTg-AD mice were administrated with SLOH (2 mg kg-1) for one month. The mice were then sacrificed and the brains were used to assess the levels of pro-inflammatory, anti-inflammatory cytokines and the activation of ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba1). BV-2 cell studies suggested that SLOH reduced the production and mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, COX-2, iNOS, and increased IL-10. Animal study confirmed that SLOH reduced the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and increased the level of anti-inflammatory cytokine. Moreover, SLOH inhibited the activity of GSK-3β. In 3xTg-AD mouse model, SLOH treatment significantly decreased the number of Iba1-positive cells in mouse brains. Our results demonstrated that SLOH significantly attenuated the neuroinflammation through down-regulating the activity of GSK-3β.
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Zilberzwige-Tal S, Gazit E. Go with the Flow-Microfluidics Approaches for Amyloid Research. Chem Asian J 2018; 13:3437-3447. [PMID: 30117682 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201801007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The rapid development of cost-efficient microfluidic devices has received tremendous attention from scientists of diverse fields. The growing potential of utilizing microfluidic platforms has further advanced the ability to integrate existing technology into microfluidic devices. Thus, allowing scientists to approach questions in fundamental fields, such as amyloid research, using new and otherwise unachievable conditions. Amyloids are associated with neurodegeneration and are in the forefront of many research efforts worldwide. The newly emerged microfluidic technology can serve as a novel research tool providing a platform for developing new methods in this field. In this review, we summarize the recent progress in amyloid research using microfluidic approaches. These approaches are driven from various fields, including physical chemistry, electrochemistry, biochemistry, and cell biology. Moreover, the new insights into novel microfluidic approaches for amyloid research reviewed here can be easily modified for other research interests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shai Zilberzwige-Tal
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, School of Molecular Cell Biology and Biotechnology,George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University⋅, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Ehud Gazit
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Iby and Aladar Fleischman Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel.,Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, School of Molecular Cell Biology and Biotechnology,George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University⋅, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
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227
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Cheng Z, Zou X, Jin Y, Gao S, Lv J, Li B, Cui R. The Role of KLF 4 in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:325. [PMID: 30297986 PMCID: PMC6160590 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4), a member of the family of zinc-finger transcription factors, is widely expressed in range of tissues that play multiple functions. Emerging evidence suggest KLF4’s critical regulatory effect on the neurophysiological and neuropathological processes of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), indicating that KLF4 might be a potential therapeutic target of neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we will summarize relevant studies and illuminate the regulatory role of KLF4 in the neuroinflammation, neuronal apoptosis, axon regeneration and iron accumulation to clarify KLF4’s status in the pathogenesis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqian Cheng
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaohan Zou
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yang Jin
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shuohui Gao
- Department of Orthopedics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiayin Lv
- Department of Gastrointestinal Colorectal Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Bingjin Li
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ranji Cui
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Mendonca P, Taka E, Bauer D, Reams RR, Soliman KFA. The attenuating effects of 1,2,3,4,6 penta-O-galloyl-β-d-glucose on pro-inflammatory responses of LPS/IFNγ-activated BV-2 microglial cells through NFƙB and MAPK signaling pathways. J Neuroimmunol 2018; 324:43-53. [PMID: 30236786 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Overactivated microglial cells exhibit chronic inflammatory response and can lead to the continuous production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, perpetuating inflammation, and ultimately resulting in neuronal injury. 1,2,3,4,6-Penta-O-Galloyl-β-d-Glucose (PGG), which is a naturally occurring polyphenolic compound, has exhibited anti-inflammatory effect through the inhibition of many cytokines in different experimental models, but its effect on activated microglia cells was never described. In the present study, we investigated PGG effect in proteins involved in the NFƙB and MAPK signaling pathways, which play a central role in inflammation through their ability to induce transcription of pro-inflammatory genes. METHODS PCR arrays and RT-PCR with individual primers were used to determine the effect of PGG on mRNA expression of genes involved in NFƙB and MAPK signaling pathways. Western blots were performed to confirm PCR results. RESULTS The data obtained showed that PGG modulated the expression of 5 genes from the NFƙB (BIRC3, CHUK, IRAK1, NFƙB1, NOD1) and 2 genes from MAPK signaling pathway (CDK2 and MYC) when tested in RT-PCR assays. Western blots confirmed the PCR results at the protein level, showing that PGG attenuated the expression of total and phosphorylated proteins (CDK2, CHUK, IRAK1, and NFƙB1) involved in NFƙB and MAPK signaling. CONCLUSION These findings show that PGG could modulate the expression of genes and proteins involved in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in microglia cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Mendonca
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, United States
| | - Equar Taka
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, United States
| | - David Bauer
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, United States
| | - Renee R Reams
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, United States
| | - Karam F A Soliman
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, United States.
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Welcome MO. Current Perspectives and Mechanisms of Relationship between Intestinal Microbiota Dysfunction and Dementia: A Review. Dement Geriatr Cogn Dis Extra 2018; 8:360-381. [PMID: 30483303 PMCID: PMC6244112 DOI: 10.1159/000492491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulating data suggest a crucial role of the intestinal microbiota in the development and progression of neurodegenerative diseases. More recently, emerging reports have revealed an association between intestinal microbiota dysfunctions and dementia, a debilitating multifactorial disorder, characterized by progressive deterioration of cognition and behavior that interferes with the social and professional life of the sufferer. However, the mechanisms of this association are not fully understood. SUMMARY In this review, I discuss recent data that suggest mechanisms of cross-talk between intestinal microbiota dysfunction and the brain that underlie the development of dementia. Potential therapeutic options for dementia are also discussed. The pleiotropic signaling of the metabolic products of the intestinal microbiota together with their specific roles in the maintenance of both the intestinal and blood-brain barriers as well as regulation of local, distant, and circulating immunocytes, and enteric, visceral, and central neural functions are integral to a healthy gut and brain. KEY MESSAGES Research investigating the effect of intestinal microbiota dysfunctions on brain health should focus on multiple interrelated systems involving local and central neuroendocrine, immunocyte, and neural signaling of microbial products and transmitters and neurohumoral cells that not only maintain intestinal, but also blood brain-barrier integrity. The change in intestinal microbiome/dysbiome repertoire is crucial to the development of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menizibeya O. Welcome
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Nile University of Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria
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Abstract
We gathered some theoretic and practical concepts related to the importance of nutrition in the prevention and management of Alzheimer disease (AD). Besides the role of nutrients in brain development and functioning, some nutrients exert special control in the development of AD, due to their participation in neurotransmitter synthesis, their modulation in epigenetics mechanisms, and as antioxidants. In addition, some non-nutrient food-derived substances have shown potential in the control of neuroinflammation and consequently in the prevention of AD. Finally, it is important to be aware of the nutritional status and food intake patterns of the patient with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirley Steffany Muñoz Fernández
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715, São Paulo CEP - 01246-904, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Sandra Maria Lima Ribeiro
- School of Public Health and School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715, São Paulo CEP - 01246-904, Brazil and Av. Arlindo Bettio, 1000 CEP 03828-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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231
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Iloun P, Abbasnejad Z, Janahmadi M, Ahmadiani A, Ghasemi R. Investigating the role of P38, JNK and ERK in LPS induced hippocampal insulin resistance and spatial memory impairment: effects of insulin treatment. EXCLI JOURNAL 2018; 17:825-839. [PMID: 30233281 PMCID: PMC6141830 DOI: 10.17179/excli2018-1387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite the consensus that neuro-inflammation and insulin resistance (IR) are two hallmarks of Alzheimer disease (AD), the molecular mechanisms responsible for the development of IR remain uncharacterized. MAPKs are signaling molecules that are implicated in the pathology of AD and have a role in IR development. Given that inflammatory mediators are shown to interfere with insulin signaling pathway in different cell types, the present work aimed to investigate whether neuro-inflammation induced memory loss is associated with hippocampal IR and whether insulin treatment protects against this IR. Subsequently, possible roles of MAPKs in this situation were investigated. Male Wistar rats were cannulated, and LPS (15 µg, day 0), insulin (3 mU) or saline (vehicle) were administered intra-cerebroventricularly (ICV) (days 1-6). Spatial memory performance was assessed during days 7-10 by Morris Water Maze test. Consequently, analysis of the amount of hippocampal phosphorylated forms of P38, JNK, ERK, IRS1 (ser307) and Akt (ser473) were done by Western blot. The outcomes indicated that while LPS induced memory loss and hippocampal IR (shown by elevated IRS1 and decreased Akt phosphorylation), insulin treatment nullified these effects. Molecular results also showed that LPS mediated IR and memory loss are associated with P38 but not JNK and ERK activation; this P38 activation was reversed by insulin treatment. These observations implied that one of the ways by which neuro-inflammation participates in AD is via induction of IR. It seems that this IR is mainly mediated by P38. Therefore, P38 could be considered as a molecular target for preventing IR development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Iloun
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Abbasnejad
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahyar Janahmadi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abolhassan Ahmadiani
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rasoul Ghasemi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Neurophysiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Barakat R, Lin PC, Park CJ, Best-Popescu C, Bakry HH, Abosalem ME, Abdelaleem NM, Flaws JA, Ko C. Prenatal Exposure to DEHP Induces Neuronal Degeneration and Neurobehavioral Abnormalities in Adult Male Mice. Toxicol Sci 2018; 164:439-452. [PMID: 29688563 PMCID: PMC6061835 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Phthalates are a family of synthetic chemicals that are used in producing a variety of consumer products. Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is an widely used phthalate and poses a public health concern. Prenatal exposure to DEHP has been shown to induce premature reproductive senescence in animal studies. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that prenatal exposure to DEHP impairs neurobehavior and recognition memory in her male offspring and we investigated one possible mechanism-oxidative damage in the hippocampus. Pregnant CD-1 female mice were orally administered 200 μg, 500 mg, or 750 mg/kg/day DEHP or vehicle from gestational day 11 until birth. The neurobehavioral impact of the prenatal DEHP exposure was assessed at the ages of 16-22 months. Elevated plus maze and open field tests were used to measure anxiety levels. Y-maze and novel object recognition tests were employed to measure memory function. The oxidative damage in the hippocampus was measured by the levels of oxidative DNA damage and by Spatial light interference microscopic counting of hippocampal neurons. Adult male mice that were prenatally exposed to DEHP exhibited anxious behaviors and impaired spatial and short-term recognition memory. The number of hippocampal pyramidal neurons was significantly decreased in the DEHP mice. Furthermore, DEHP mice expressed remarkably high levels of cyclooxygenase-2, 8-hydroxyguanine, and thymidine glycol in their hippocampal neurons. DEHP mice also had lower circulating testosterone concentrations and displayed a weaker immunoreactivity than the control mice to androgen receptor expression in the brain. This study found that prenatal exposure to DEHP caused elevated anxiety behavior and impaired recognition memory. These behavioral changes may originate from neurodegeneration caused by oxidative damage and inflammation in the hippocampus. Decreased circulating testosterone concentrations and decreased expression of androgen receptor in the brain also may be factors contributing to the impaired neurobehavior in the DEHP mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radwa Barakat
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois 61802
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Qalyubia 13518, Egypt
| | - Po-Ching Lin
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois 61802
| | - Chan Jin Park
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois 61802
| | - Catherine Best-Popescu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois 61801
| | - Hatem H Bakry
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Qalyubia 13518, Egypt
| | - Mohamed E Abosalem
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Qalyubia 13518, Egypt
| | - Nabila M Abdelaleem
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Qalyubia 13518, Egypt
| | - Jodi A Flaws
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois 61802
| | - CheMyong Ko
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois 61802
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Sagar SR, Singh DP, Panchal NB, Das RD, Pandya DH, Sudarsanam V, Nivsarkar M, Vasu KK. Thiazolyl-thiadiazines as Beta Site Amyloid Precursor Protein Cleaving Enzyme-1 (BACE-1) Inhibitors and Anti-inflammatory Agents: Multitarget-Directed Ligands for the Efficient Management of Alzheimer's Disease. ACS Chem Neurosci 2018; 9:1663-1679. [PMID: 29697965 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with multiple neuropathological events including β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme-1 (BACE-1) inhibition and neuronal inflammation, ensuing degeneracy, and death to neuronal cells. Targeting such a complex disease via a single target directed treatment was found to be inefficacious. Hence, with an intention to incorporate multiple therapeutic effects within a single molecule, multitarget-directed ligands (MTDLs) have been evolved. Herein, for the first time, we report the discovery of novel thiazolyl-thiadiazines that can serve as MTDLs as evident from the in vitro and in vivo studies. These MTDLs exhibited BACE-1 inhibition down to micromolar range, and results from the in vivo studies demonstrated efficient anti-inflammatory activity with inherent gastrointestinal safety. Moreover, compound 6d unveiled noteworthy antioxidant, antiamyloid, neuroprotective, and antiamnesic properties. Overall, results of the present study manifest the potential outcome of thiazolyl-thiadiazines for AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha R. Sagar
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, B. V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development (PERD) Centre, S. G. Highway, Thaltej, Ahmedabad, 380054 Gujarat, India
- Institute of Pharmacy, NIRMA University, S. G. Highway,
Chandlodia, Gota, Ahmedabad, 382481 Gujarat, India
| | - Devendra Pratap Singh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, B. V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development (PERD) Centre, S. G. Highway, Thaltej, Ahmedabad, 380054 Gujarat, India
| | - Nirupa B. Panchal
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, B. V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development (PERD) Centre, S. G. Highway, Thaltej, Ahmedabad, 380054 Gujarat, India
- Institute of Pharmacy, NIRMA University, S. G. Highway,
Chandlodia, Gota, Ahmedabad, 382481 Gujarat, India
| | - Rajesh D. Das
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, B. V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development (PERD) Centre, S. G. Highway, Thaltej, Ahmedabad, 380054 Gujarat, India
| | - Dhaivat H. Pandya
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, B. V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development (PERD) Centre, S. G. Highway, Thaltej, Ahmedabad, 380054 Gujarat, India
| | - Vasudevan Sudarsanam
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, B. V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development (PERD) Centre, S. G. Highway, Thaltej, Ahmedabad, 380054 Gujarat, India
| | - Manish Nivsarkar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, B. V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development (PERD) Centre, S. G. Highway, Thaltej, Ahmedabad, 380054 Gujarat, India
| | - Kamala K. Vasu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, B. V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development (PERD) Centre, S. G. Highway, Thaltej, Ahmedabad, 380054 Gujarat, India
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Electroacupuncture Could Influence the Expression of IL-1 β and NLRP3 Inflammasome in Hippocampus of Alzheimer's Disease Animal Model. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 2018:8296824. [PMID: 30105072 PMCID: PMC6076968 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8296824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Background Effective therapies for Alzheimer's disease (AD) are still being explored. Electroacupuncture with traditional Chinese medicine theory may improve spatial learning and memory abilities and glucose metabolism rates in an animal model of AD. However, the mechanism of electroacupuncture in intervention of AD is still unclear. According to recent studies of AD mechanisms, the NLRP3 inflammasome regulated the expression of IL-1β in the brain which may mediate AD related processes. Therefore, in our study, we intend to explore the possible relation between electroacupuncture and the expression of NLRP 3 inflammasome in the hippocampus of an AD animal model. Method In this study, 7.5-month-old male senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8 (SAMP8) mice were used as an AD animal model, which were randomly divided into two groups: Alzheimer's disease model group (AD group) and electroacupuncture group (EA group). In the control paradigm, 7.5-month-old male SAMR1 mice were used as the normal control group (N group). DU20, DU26, and EX-HN3 were selected as the acupuncture points, and after a 15-day treatment of electroacupuncture, we used immunohistochemistry and Western blotting to examine the expression of IL-1β and NLRP3, ASC, and Caspase-1 in the hippocampus of the AD animal model. Results Compared with N group, IL-1β, NLRP3, ASC, and Caspase-1 positive cells in AD group were increased, and the relative expression of all above proteins significantly increased (P < 0.01). Compared with AD group, the expression of IL-1β, NLRP3, ASC, and Caspase-1 in EA group was significantly decreased (P < 0.01). Conclusion Electroacupuncture treatment could inhibit the inflammation reaction in the hippocampus of SAMP8 mice. What is more, the possible mechanism of electroacupuncture reduced the expression of IL-1β and NLRP3 inflammasome relative protein.
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Phenotypic screening identifies a new oxazolone inhibitor of necroptosis and neuroinflammation. Cell Death Discov 2018; 4:10. [PMID: 30062059 PMCID: PMC6060125 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-018-0067-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Necroptosis is a regulated form of necrosis, which may be critical in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Neuroinflammation, characterized by the activation of glial cells such as microglia, is closely linked with neurodegenerative pathways and constitutes a major mechanism of neural damage and disease progression. Importantly, inhibition of necroptosis results in disease improvement, unveiling an alternative approach for therapeutic intervention. In the present study, we screened a small library of new molecules, potentially inhibitors of necroptosis, using two cellular models of necroptosis. A new oxazolone, Oxa12, reduced tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α)-induced necroptosis in mouse L929 fibrosarcoma cells. Notably, Oxa12 strongly inhibited zVAD-fmk-induced necroptosis in murine BV2 microglial cells. Moreover, Oxa12 blocked phosphorylation of mixed-lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL), and interfered with necrosome complex formation, indicating that Oxa12 targets components upstream of MLKL. In fact, in silico molecular docking studies revealed that Oxa12 is occupying a region similar to the 1-aminoisoquinoline type II kinase inhibitor inside the receptor-interacting protein 1 (RIP1) kinase domain. Finally, in microglial cells, Oxa12 attenuated zVAD-fmk- and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory processes, as revealed by a marked decrease of TNF-α and/or IL-1β expression. More specifically, Oxa12 negatively targeted c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways, as well as NF-κB activation. Overall, we identified a strong lead inhibitor of necroptosis that is also effective at reducing inflammation-associated events. Oxa12 is a promising candidate molecule for further development to target disease states dependent on RIP kinase activity.
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Zhang H, Wang P, Yu H, Yu K, Cao Z, Xu F, Yang X, Song M, Li Y. Aluminum trichloride-induced hippocampal inflammatory lesions are associated with IL-1β-activated IL-1 signaling pathway in developing rats. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 203:170-178. [PMID: 29614410 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.03.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Aluminum (Al) is a recognized environmental pollutant that causes neuroinflammatory lesions, leading to neurodegenerative diseases. Interleukin-1 (IL-1) signaling pathway is responsible for regulating inflammatory lesions. However, it remains unclear whether IL-1 signaling pathway is involved in neuroinflammatory lesions induced by Al exposure. In the present study, one hundred and twenty Wistar rats were orally exposed to 0, 50, 150 and 450 mg/kg BW/d aluminum trichloride (AlCl3) for 90 days, respectively. We found that AlCl3 exposure increased hippocampal Al concentration, reduced hippocampus coefficient, impaired cognitive ability, deteriorated microstructure of hippocampal CA1 and CA3 regions, increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, activated astrocytes and microglia, increased pro-inflammatory cytokines contents and mRNA expressions, and decreased anti-inflammatory cytokines contents and mRNA expressions in the hippocampus. These results indicated that AlCl3 induced the hippocampal inflammatory lesion (HIL). Moreover, AlCl3 exposure increased the mRNA and protein expression of IL-1 signaling pathway core components in the hippocampus, demonstrating that AlCl3 activated IL-1 signaling pathway. Furthermore, the correlation between interleukin-1β (IL-1β) content and HIL and activation of the IL-1 signaling pathway was analyzed. Results showed that IL-1β content was positively correlated with pro-inflammatory cytokines contents and mRNA expressions and activation of IL-1 signaling pathway, and was negatively correlated with hippocampus coefficient, anti-inflammatory cytokines contents and mRNA expressions, and the number of hippocampal neurons. The above results demonstrate that AlCl3-induced HIL is associated with IL-1 signaling pathway, in which IL-1β is a link.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Peiyan Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Hongyan Yu
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Kaiyuan Yu
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Zheng Cao
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Feibo Xu
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Xu Yang
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Miao Song
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yanfei Li
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
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Postmortem Brain, Cerebrospinal Fluid, and Blood Neurotrophic Factor Levels in Alzheimer's Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Mol Neurosci 2018; 65:289-300. [PMID: 29956088 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-018-1100-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggest that aberrations of neurotrophic factors are involved in the etiology and pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), but clinical data were inconsistent. Therefore, a meta-analysis on neurotrophic factor levels in AD is necessary. We performed a systematic review of blood, CSF, and post-mortem brain neurotrophic factor levels in patients with AD compared with controls and quantitatively summarized the clinical data in blood and CSF with a meta-analytical technique. A systematic search of PubMed and Web of Science identified 98 articles in this study (with samples more than 9000). Random effects meta-analysis demonstrated that peripheral blood BDNF levels were significantly decreased in AD patients compared with controls. However, blood NGF, IGF, and VEGF did not show significant differences between cases and controls. In CSF, random effects meta-analysis showed significantly deceased BDNF and increased NGF levels in patients with AD, whereas IGF and VEGF did not show significant differences between the AD group and control group. In addition, 23 post-mortem studies were included in the systematic review. Although data from post-mortem brains were not always consistent across studies, most studies suggested decreased BDNF and increased (pro)NGF levels in hippocampus and neocortex of patients with AD. These results provide strong clinical evidence that AD is accompanied by an aberrant neurotrophin profile, and future investigations into neurotrophins as biomarkers (especially CSF BDNF and NGF) and therapeutic targets for AD may be warranted.
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238
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Edison P, Brooks DJ. Role of Neuroinflammation in the Trajectory of Alzheimer’s Disease and in vivo Quantification Using PET. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 64:S339-S351. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-179929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Edison
- Neurology Imaging Unit, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - David J. Brooks
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Chatterjee S, Mudher A. Alzheimer's Disease and Type 2 Diabetes: A Critical Assessment of the Shared Pathological Traits. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:383. [PMID: 29950970 PMCID: PMC6008657 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) are two of the most prevalent diseases in the elderly population worldwide. A growing body of epidemiological studies suggest that people with T2DM are at a higher risk of developing AD. Likewise, AD brains are less capable of glucose uptake from the surroundings resembling a condition of brain insulin resistance. Pathologically AD is characterized by extracellular plaques of Aβ and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated tau. T2DM, on the other hand is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia and insulin resistance. In this review we have discussed how Insulin resistance in T2DM directly exacerbates Aβ and tau pathologies and elucidated the pathophysiological traits of synaptic dysfunction, inflammation, and autophagic impairments that are common to both diseases and indirectly impact Aβ and tau functions in the neurons. Elucidation of the underlying pathways that connect these two diseases will be immensely valuable for designing novel drug targets for Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreyasi Chatterjee
- Centre of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Amritpal Mudher
- Centre of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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240
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Cumaoğlu A, Yerer MB. The Effects of Aldose Reductase Inhibitor Quercetin and Monochloropivaloylquercetin in Amyloid β Peptide (1–42) Induced Neuroinflammation in Microglial Cells. Nat Prod Commun 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1801300611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglial over-activation plays a crucial roles during neuroinflammation. Aldose reductase (AR) is one of the enzymes that has been linked to inflammatory processes in several diseases. Therefore, inhibition of AR is considered as an important strategy to reduce inflammation. In the present study, Quercetin (Q) and monochloropivaloylquercetin (MCPQ) showed potent inhibition on AR expression and anti-neuroinflammatory effects in Amyloid β (Aβ) peptide (1–42) induced inflammatory process by inhibiting expression of inflammatory mediators from microglial cells. Furthermore, ablation of AR caused a significant reduction on COX2 expression in Aβ-induced neuroinflammation. Q and MCPQ suppressed COX2 mRNA and protein expression, which further resulted in downstream inhibition of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) release in Aβ-induced neuroinflammatory process. Additionally, Aβ treatment resulted in activation of Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) and increased translocation of Nuclear Factor Kappa B (NFκB). Q and Sorbinil significantly reduced the activation of MAPK, at the same time Q, MCPQ and sorbinil decreased nuclear translocation of NFκB and diminished tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α release in Aβ-induced neuroinflammation. The results suggested that AR is a probable target for treatment of neuroinflammation as well as Q and MCPQ could be effective agents for treating or preventing inflammation-related neurodegenerative diseases by AR inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Cumaoğlu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erciyes University, Kayseri, 38039, Turkey
| | - Mükerrem Betül Yerer
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erciyes University, Kayseri, 38039, Turkey
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241
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Bahaeddin Z, Yans A, Khodagholi F, Sahranavard S. Dietary supplementation with Allium hirtifolium and/or Astragalus hamosus improved memory and reduced neuro-inflammation in the rat model of Alzheimer’s disease. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2018; 43:558-564. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2017-0585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Allium hirtifolium Boiss and Astragalus hamosus L. are mentioned in Iranian traditional medicine documentation as therapy for a kind of dementia with the features and symptoms similar to those of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In the present study, the effects of these herbs on neuro-inflammation and memory have been evaluated as new therapies in amyloid beta (Aβ)-induced memory impairment model. Separate groups of rats were fed with A. hirtifolium or A. hamosus extract (both 100 mg/(kg·day)−1) started 1 week before stereotaxic surgery to 24 h before behavioral testing (totally, for 16 successive days). The effects of oral administration of mentioned extracts on the memory and neuro-inflammation were assessed in the Aβ-injected rats. The results of this study showed that oral administration of both A. hirtifolium and A. hamosus improved the memory, examined by using Y-maze test and shuttle box apparatus. Also, Western blotting analysis of cyclooxygenase-2, interleukin-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α showed that these herbs have ameliorating effects against the neuro-inflammation caused by Aβ. These findings suggest that the use of A. hirtifolium and A. hamosus as herbal therapy may be suitable for decreasing AD-related symptoms and treatment of other neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Bahaeddin
- Traditional Medicine Clinical Trial Research Center, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Asal Yans
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fariba Khodagholi
- NeuroBiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shamim Sahranavard
- Traditional Medicine and Materia Medica Research Center and Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of Traditional Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Sochocka M, Sobczyński M, Sender-Janeczek A, Zwolińska K, Błachowicz O, Tomczyk T, Ziętek M, Leszek J. Association between Periodontal Health Status and Cognitive Abilities. The Role of Cytokine Profile and Systemic Inflammation. Curr Alzheimer Res 2018; 14:978-990. [PMID: 28317488 PMCID: PMC5676025 DOI: 10.2174/1567205014666170316163340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background: Contemporary neurobiology, periodontal medicine, and immunology are now focusing on the relationship between chronic periodontitis and systemic diseases, which also include Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However a causative relationship between dementia and periodontitis has yet to be confirmed. Objective: The aim of the study was to determine whether periodontal health status and cognitive abilities are correlated with the relative changes in systemic measures of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines as a reflection of systemic inflammation. We hypothesized that poor periodontal health status may be associated with cognitive impairment and dementia via the exacerbation of systemic inflammation. Methods: Based on the periodontal and psychiatric examinations and the cytokine levels produced by unstimulated and LPS-stimulated PBL isolated from 128 participants, we have examined if the coexisting of these two clinically described conditions may have influence on the systemic inflammation. Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Bleeding on Probing (BoP) test results were combined into the one mathematical function U, which determines the severity of specific condition, called Cognitive and periodontal impairment state. Similarly, the levels of cytokines were combined into the one mathematical function V, whose value determines the level of Inflammatory state. The correlation between U and V was determined. Results: These results confirm that the presence of cognitive decline and the additional source of pro-inflammatory mediators, like periodontal health problems, aggravate the systemic inflammation. Conclusion: It is most likely that the comorbidity of these two disorders may deepen the cognitive impairment, and neurodegenerative lesions and advance to dementia and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Sochocka
- Laboratory of Virology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Weigla 12, 53-114 Wroclaw. Poland
| | - Maciej Sobczyński
- Department of Genomics, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw. Poland
| | | | - Katarzyna Zwolińska
- Laboratory of Virology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw. Poland
| | - Olga Błachowicz
- Laboratory of Virology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw. Poland
| | - Tomasz Tomczyk
- Laboratory of Virology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw. Poland
| | - Marek Ziętek
- Department of Periodontology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw. Poland
| | - Jerzy Leszek
- Department of Psychiatry, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw. Poland
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243
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Gargouri B, Yousif NM, Bouchard M, Fetoui H, Fiebich BL. Inflammatory and cytotoxic effects of bifenthrin in primary microglia and organotypic hippocampal slice cultures. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:159. [PMID: 29793499 PMCID: PMC5968622 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1198-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pyrethroids, such as bifenthrin (BF), are among the most widely used class of insecticides that pose serious risks to human and wildlife health. Pyrethroids are proposed to affect astrocytic functions and to cause neuron injury in the central nervous system (CNS). Microglia are key cells involved in innate immune responses in the CNS, and microglia activation has been linked to inflammation and neurotoxicity. However, little information is known about the effects of BF-induced toxicity in primary microglial cells as well as in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures (OHSCs). METHODS Oxidative stress and inflammatory responses induced by BF were evaluated in primary microglial cells and OHSCs incubated with different concentrations of BF (1-20 μM) for 4 and 24 h. mRNA and protein synthesis of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-6 (IL-6), nuclear erythroid-2 like factor-2 (Nrf-2), and microsomal prostaglandin synthase-1 (mPGES-1) was also studied by qPCR and Western blot. Cell viability was analyzed by MTT-tetrazolio (MTT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays. Neurotoxicity in OHSCs was analyzed by propidium iodide (PI) staining and confocal microscopy. RESULTS Exposure of microglial cells to BF for 24 h resulted in a dose-dependent reduction in the number of viable cells. At sub-cytotoxic concentrations, BF increased reactive oxygen species (ROS), TNF-alpha synthesis, and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production, at both 4- and 24-h time points, respectively. Furthermore, BF incubation decreased superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities and increased lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, and H2O2 formation. In addition, BF significantly induced protein synthesis and mRNA expression of oxidative and inflammatory mediators after 4 and 24 h, including Nrf-2, COX-2, mPGES-1, and nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB). A 24-h exposure of OHSCs to BF also increased neuronal death compared to untreated controls. Furthermore, depletion of microglia from OHSCs potently enhanced neuronal death induced by BF. CONCLUSIONS Overall, BF exhibited cytotoxic effects in primary microglial cells, accompanied by the induction of various inflammatory and oxidative stress markers including the Nrf-2/COX-2/mPGES-1/NF-kappaB pathways. Moreover, the study provided evidence that BF induced neuronal death in OHSCs and suggests that microglia exert a protective function against BF toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brahim Gargouri
- Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Laboratory of Toxicology-Microbiology and Environmental Health (17ES06), Sciences Faculty of Sfax, University of Sfax, BP1171, 3000 Sfax, Tunisia
- Laboratory of Translational Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hauptstrasse 5, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nizar M. Yousif
- Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michèle Bouchard
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Toxicological Risk Assessment and Management, University of Montreal, Roger-Gaudry Building, U424, Main Station, Montreal, P.O. Box 6128, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7 Canada
| | - Hamadi Fetoui
- Laboratory of Toxicology-Microbiology and Environmental Health (17ES06), Sciences Faculty of Sfax, University of Sfax, BP1171, 3000 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Bernd L. Fiebich
- Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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244
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von Haefen C, Sifringer M, Endesfelder S, Kalb A, González-López A, Tegethoff A, Paeschke N, Spies CD. Physostigmine Restores Impaired Autophagy in the Rat Hippocampus after Surgery Stress and LPS Treatment. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2018; 13:383-395. [PMID: 29790105 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-018-9790-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Tissue damage and pathogen invasion during surgical trauma have been identified as contributing factors leading to neuroinflammation in the hippocampus, which can be protected by stimulation of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway using the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor physostigmine. Macroautophagy, an intracellular degradation pathway used to recycle and eliminate damaged proteins and organelles by lysosomal digestion, seems to be important for cell survival under stress conditions. This study aimed to examine the role of autophagy in physostigmine-mediated hippocampal cell protection in a rat model of surgery stress. In the presence or absence of physostigmine, adult Wistar rats underwent surgery in combination with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Activated microglia, apoptosis-, autophagy-, and anti-inflammatory-related genes and -proteins in the hippocampus were determined by Real-Time PCR, Western blot and fluorescence microscopy after 1 h, 24 h and 3 d. Surgery combined with LPS-treatment led to microglia activation after 1 h and 24 h which was accompanied by apoptotic cell death after 24 h in the hippocampus. Furthermore, it led to a decreased expression of ATG-3 after 24 h and an increased expression of p62/ SQSTM1 after 1 h and 24 h. Administration of physostigmine significantly increased autophagy related markers and restored the autophagic flux after surgery stress, detected by increased degradation of p62/ SQSTM1 in the hippocampus after 1 h and 24 h. Furthermore, physostigmine reduced activated microglia and apoptosis relevant proteins and elevated the increased expression of TGF-beta1 and MFG-E8 after surgery stress. In conclusion, activation of autophagy may be essential in physostigmine-induced neuroprotection against surgery stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa von Haefen
- Department of Anesthesiology and Operative Intensive Care Medicine (CCM, CVK), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Marco Sifringer
- Department of Anesthesiology and Operative Intensive Care Medicine (CCM, CVK), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefanie Endesfelder
- Department of Neonatology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Kalb
- Department of Anesthesiology and Operative Intensive Care Medicine (CCM, CVK), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Adrián González-López
- Department of Anesthesiology and Operative Intensive Care Medicine (CCM, CVK), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany.,CIBER-Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Annalena Tegethoff
- Department of Anesthesiology and Operative Intensive Care Medicine (CCM, CVK), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nadine Paeschke
- Department of Anesthesiology and Operative Intensive Care Medicine (CCM, CVK), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia D Spies
- Department of Anesthesiology and Operative Intensive Care Medicine (CCM, CVK), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
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245
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Microbial production of novel sulphated alkaloids for drug discovery. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7980. [PMID: 29789647 PMCID: PMC5964154 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26306-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural products from plants are useful as lead compounds in drug discovery. Plant benzylisoquinoline alkaloids (BIAs) exhibit various pharmaceutical activities. Although unidentified BIAs are expected to be of medicinal value, sufficient quantities of such BIAs, for biological assays, are sometimes difficult to obtain due to their low content in natural sources. Here, we showed that high productivity of BIAs in engineered Escherichia coli could be exploited for drug discovery. First, we improved upon the previous microbial production system producing (S)-reticuline, an important BIA intermediate, to obtain yields of around 160 mg/L, which was 4-fold higher than those of the previously reported highest production system. Subsequently, we synthesised non-natural BIAs (O-sulphated (S)-reticulines) by introducing human sulphotransferases into the improved (S)-reticuline production system. Analysis of human primary cells treated with these BIAs demonstrated that they affected a biomarker expression in a manner different from that by the parent compound (S)-reticuline, suggesting that simple side-chain modification altered the characteristic traits of BIA. These results indicated that highly productive microbial systems might facilitate the production of scarce or novel BIAs and enable subsequent evaluation of their biological activities. The system developed here could be applied to other rare natural products and might contribute to the drug-discovery process as a next-generation strategy.
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246
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Deoxyelephantopin ameliorates lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-induced memory impairments in rats: Evidence for its anti-neuroinflammatory properties. Life Sci 2018; 206:45-60. [PMID: 29792878 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIM Neuroinflammation is a critical pathogenic mechanism of most neurodegenerative disorders especially, Alzheimer's disease (AD). Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are known to induce neuroinflammation which is evident from significant upsurge of pro-inflammatory mediators in in vitro BV-2 microglial cells and in vivo animal models. In present study, we investigated anti-neuroinflammatory properties of deoxyelephantopin (DET) isolated from Elephantopus scaber in LPS-induced neuroinflammatory rat model. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, DET (0.625. 1.25 and 2.5 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered in rats for 21 days and those animals were challenged with single injection of LPS (250 μg/kg, i.p.) for 7 days. Cognitive and behavioral assessment was carried out for 7 days followed by molecular assessment on brain hippocampus. Statistical significance was analyzed with one-way analysis of variance followed by Dunnett's test to compare the treatment groups with the control group. KEY FINDINGS DET ameliorated LPS-induced neuroinflammation by suppressing major pro-inflammatory mediators such as iNOS and COX-2. Furthermore, DET enhanced the anti-inflammatory cytokines and concomitantly suppressed the pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokine production. DET treatment also reversed LPS-induced behavioral and memory deficits and attenuated LPS-induced elevation of the expression of AD markers. DET improved synaptic-functionality via enhancing the activity of pre- and post-synaptic markers, like PSD-95 and SYP. DET also prevented LPS-induced apoptotic neurodegeneration via inhibition of PARP-1, caspase-3 and cleaved caspase-3. SIGNIFICANCE Overall, our studies suggest DET can prevent neuroinflammation-associated memory impairment and neurodegeneration and it could be developed as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of neuroinflammation-mediated and neurodegenerative disorders, such as AD.
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247
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Lee AY, Lee MH, Lee S, Cho EJ. Neuroprotective Effect of Alpha-Linolenic Acid against Aβ-Mediated Inflammatory Responses in C6 Glial Cell. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:4853-4861. [PMID: 29668263 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b00836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic approaches for neurodegeneration, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), have been widely studied. One of the critical hallmarks of AD is accumulation of amyloid beta (Aβ). Aβ induces neurotoxicity and releases inflammatory mediators or cytokines through activation of glial cell, and these pathological features are observed in AD patient's brain. The purpose of this study is to investigate the protective effect of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) on Aβ25-35-induced neurotoxicity in C6 glial cells. Exposure of C6 glial cells to 50 μM Aβ25-35 caused cell death, overproduction of nitric oxide (NO), and pro-inflammatory cytokines release [interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α], while treatment of ALA increased cell viability and markedly attenuated Aβ25-35-induced excessive production of NO and those inflammatory cytokines. Inhibitory effect of ALA on generation of NO and cytokines was mediated by down-regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 protein and mRNA expressions. In addition, ALA treatment inhibited reactive oxygen species generation induced by Aβ25-35 through the enhancement of the nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor-2 (Nrf-2) protein levels and subsequent induction of heme-oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression in C6 glial cells dose- and time-dependently. Furthermore, the levels of neprilysin and insulin-degrading enzyme protein expressions, which contribute to degradation of Aβ, were also increased by treatment of ALA compared to Aβ25-35-treated control group. In conclusion, effects of ALA on Aβ degradation were shown to be mediated through inhibition of inflammatory responses and activation of antioxidative system, Nrf-2/HO-1 signaling pathway, in C6 glial cells. Our findings suggest that ALA might have the potential for therapeutics of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ah Young Lee
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition & Kimchi Research Institute , Pusan National University , Busan 46241 , Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung Hee Lee
- Department of Southern Area Crop Science , National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration , Gyeongnam 50424 , Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghyun Lee
- Department of Integrative Plant Science , Chung-Ang University , Gyeonggi 17546 , Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Ju Cho
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition & Kimchi Research Institute , Pusan National University , Busan 46241 , Republic of Korea
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248
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Suppression of T lymphocyte activation by 3-chloro-1,2-propanediol mono- and di-palmitate esters in vitro. Toxicol In Vitro 2018; 51:54-62. [PMID: 29733892 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated whether and how 3-chloro-1,2-propanediol (3-MCPD) fatty acid esters, a group of food contaminants formed during processing, might inhibit the immune system through suppressing T lymphocyte activation for the first time. Three 3-MCPD esters including 1-palmitoyl-3-chloropropanediol (1-pal), 2-palmitoyl-3-chloropropanediol (2-pal), and1,2-dipalmitoyl-3-chloropropanediol (dipal) were selected as the probe compounds to test the possible effects of fatty acid structure on their potential immune inhibitory effect. The results showed that 1-pal and 2-pal, but not dipal, significantly suppressed ConA-induced T lymphocyte proliferation, cell cycle activity, Th1 and Th2 cytokine secretion, CD4+ T cell populations, and the ratio of CD4+/CD8+ T cells under the experimental conditions. Moreover, Western blotting and immunofluorescence analyses revealed that 1-pal and 2-pal could inhibit the activation of ConA-stimulated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathways. In addition, 1-pal significantly suppressed DNFB-induced delayed-type hyper sensitivity (DTH) reaction characterized by the increased ear thickness and IFN-γ production in mice. These observations indicated that 3-MCPD esters exerted a negative effect on T lymphocyte-mediated immunity, and the immunosuppressive activities of 3-MCPD monopalmitates were stronger than 3-MCPD dipalmitate.
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249
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Jin YY, Singh P, Chung HJ, Hong ST. Blood Ammonia as a Possible Etiological Agent for Alzheimer's Disease. Nutrients 2018; 10:E564. [PMID: 29734664 PMCID: PMC5986444 DOI: 10.3390/nu10050564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD), characterized by cognitive decline and devastating neurodegeneration, is the most common age-related dementia. Since AD is a typical example of a complex disease that is affected by various genetic and environmental factors, various factors could be involved in preventing and/or treating AD. Extracellular accumulation of beta-amyloid peptide (Aβ) and intracellular accumulation of tau undeniably play essential roles in the etiology of AD. However, interestingly enough, medications targeting Aβ or tau all failed and the only clinically efficient medications for AD are drugs targeting the cholinergic pathway. Also, a very intriguing discovery in AD is that the Mediterranean diet (MeDi), containing an unusually large quantity of Lactobacilli, is very effective in preventing AD. Based on recently emerging findings, it is our opinion that the reduction of blood ammonia levels by Lactobacilli in MeDi is the therapeutic agent of MeDi for AD. The recent evidence of Lactobacilli lowering blood ammonia level not only provides a link between AD and MeDi but also provides a foundation of pharmabiotics for hyperammonemia as well as various neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yan Jin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Institute for Medical Science, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Chonbuk 54907, Korea.
| | - Parul Singh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Institute for Medical Science, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Chonbuk 54907, Korea.
| | - Hea-Jong Chung
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Institute for Medical Science, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Chonbuk 54907, Korea.
| | - Seong-Tschool Hong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Institute for Medical Science, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Chonbuk 54907, Korea.
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Inhibitive Effect of Resveratrol on the Inflammation in Cultured Astrocytes and Microglia Induced by Aβ1–42. Neuroscience 2018; 379:390-404. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Revised: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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