201
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Voudouri K, Nikitovic D, Berdiaki A, Kletsas D, Karamanos NK, Tzanakakis GN. IGF-I/EGF and E2 signaling crosstalk through IGF-IR conduit point affects breast cancer cell adhesion. Matrix Biol 2016; 56:95-113. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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202
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Horton ER, Humphries JD, James J, Jones MC, Askari JA, Humphries MJ. The integrin adhesome network at a glance. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:4159-4163. [PMID: 27799358 PMCID: PMC5117201 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.192054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The adhesion nexus is the site at which integrin receptors bridge intracellular cytoskeletal and extracellular matrix networks. The connection between integrins and the cytoskeleton is mediated by a dynamic integrin adhesion complex (IAC), the components of which transduce chemical and mechanical signals to control a multitude of cellular functions. In this Cell Science at a Glance article and the accompanying poster, we integrate the consensus adhesome, a set of 60 proteins that have been most commonly identified in isolated IAC proteomes, with the literature-curated adhesome, a theoretical network that has been assembled through scholarly analysis of proteins that localise to IACs. The resulting IAC network, which comprises four broad signalling and actin-bridging axes, provides a platform for future studies of the regulation and function of the adhesion nexus in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward R Horton
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Jonathan D Humphries
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Jenny James
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Matthew C Jones
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Janet A Askari
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Martin J Humphries
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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203
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Li Z, Lee H, Zhu C. Molecular mechanisms of mechanotransduction in integrin-mediated cell-matrix adhesion. Exp Cell Res 2016; 349:85-94. [PMID: 27720950 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Cell-matrix adhesion complexes are multi-protein structures linking the extracellular matrix (ECM) to the cytoskeleton. They are essential to both cell motility and function by bidirectionally sensing and transmitting mechanical and biochemical stimulations. Several types of cell-matrix adhesions have been identified and they share many key molecular components, such as integrins and actin-integrin linkers. Mechanochemical coupling between ECM molecules and the actin cytoskeleton has been observed from the single cell to the single molecule level and from immune cells to neuronal cells. However, the mechanisms underlying force regulation of integrin-mediated mechanotransduction still need to be elucidated. In this review article, we focus on integrin-mediated adhesions and discuss force regulation of cell-matrix adhesions and key adaptor molecules, three different force-dependent behaviors, and molecular mechanisms for mechanochemical coupling in force regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhai Li
- Molecular Modeling and Simulation Group, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 8-1-7 Umemidai, Kizugawa, Kyoto 619-0215, Japan
| | - Hyunjung Lee
- Wallace H Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Cheng Zhu
- Wallace H Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA; George W Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
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204
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Calkins S, Youssef NH. Insights into the Utility of the Focal Adhesion Scaffolding Proteins in the Anaerobic Fungus Orpinomyces sp. C1A. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163553. [PMID: 27685796 PMCID: PMC5042518 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Focal adhesions (FAs) are large eukaryotic multiprotein complexes that are present in all metazoan cells and function as stable sites of tight adhesion between the extracellular matrix (ECM) and the cell's cytoskeleton. FAs consist of anchor membrane protein (integrins), scaffolding proteins (e.g. α-actinin, talin, paxillin, and vinculin), signaling proteins of the IPP complex (e.g. integrin-linked kinase, α-parvin, and PINCH), and signaling kinases (e.g. focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and Src kinase). While genes encoding complete focal adhesion machineries are present in genomes of all multicellular Metazoa; incomplete machineries were identified in the genomes of multiple non-metazoan unicellular Holozoa, basal fungal lineages, and amoebozoan representatives. Since a complete FA machinery is required for functioning, the putative role, if any, of these incomplete FA machineries is currently unclear. We sought to examine the expression patterns of FA-associated genes in the anaerobic basal fungal isolate Orpinomyces sp. strain C1A under different growth conditions and at different developmental stages. Strain C1A lacks clear homologues of integrin, and the two signaling kinases FAK and Src, but encodes for all scaffolding proteins, and the IPP complex proteins. We developed a protocol for synchronizing growth of C1A cultures, allowing for the collection and mRNA extraction from flagellated spores, encysted germinating spores, active zoosporangia, and late inactive sporangia of strain C1A. We demonstrate that the genes encoding the FA scaffolding proteins α-actinin, talin, paxillin, and vinculin are indeed transcribed under all growth conditions, and at all developmental stages of growth. Further, analysis of the observed transcriptional patterns suggests the putative involvement of these components in alternative non-adhesion-specific functions, such as hyphal tip growth during germination and flagellar assembly during zoosporogenesis. Based on these results, we propose putative alternative functions for such proteins in the anaerobic gut fungi. Our results highlight the presumed diverse functionalities of FA scaffolding proteins in basal fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelby Calkins
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, United States of America
| | - Noha H. Youssef
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, United States of America
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205
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Abstract
Autophagy, a pathway for lysosomal-mediated cellular degradation, has recently been described as a regulator of cell migration. Although the molecular mechanisms underlying autophagy-dependent motility are only beginning to emerge, new work demonstrates that selective autophagy mediated by the autophagy cargo receptor, NBR1, specifically promotes the dynamic turnover of integrin-based focal adhesion sites during motility. Here, we discuss the detailed mechanisms through which NBR1-dependent selective autophagy supports focal adhesion remodeling, and we describe the interconnections between this pathway and other established regulators of focal adhesion turnover, such as microtubules. We also highlight studies that examine the contribution of autophagy to selective degradation of proteins that mediate cellular tension and to integrin trafficking; these findings hint at further roles for autophagy in supporting adhesion and migration. Given the recently appreciated importance of selective autophagy in diverse cellular processes, we propose that further investigation into autophagy-mediated focal adhesion turnover will not only shed light onto how focal adhesions are regulated but will also unveil new mechanisms regulating selective autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candia M Kenific
- Department of Pathology and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Torsten Wittmann
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jayanta Debnath
- Department of Pathology and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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206
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Young HJ, Lee JW, Kim S. Function of membranous lysyl-tRNA synthetase and its implication for tumorigenesis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2016; 1864:1707-1713. [PMID: 27663887 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2016.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 08/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (ARSs) are essential enzymes that conjugate specific amino acids to their cognate tRNAs for protein synthesis. Besides their catalytic activity, recent studies have uncovered many additional functions of these enzymes through their interactions with diverse cellular factors. Among human ARSs, cytosolic lysyl-tRNA synthetase (KRS) is often highly expressed in cancer cells and tissues, and facilitates cancer cell migration and invasion through the interaction with the 67kDa laminin receptor on the plasma membrane. Specific modulation of this interaction by small molecule inhibitors has revealed a new way to control metastasis. Here, we summarize the pro-metastatic functions of KRS and their patho-physiological implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Jeon Young
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea; Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Weon Lee
- Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sunghoon Kim
- Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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207
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Abstract
The complexity of cell-matrix adhesion convolves its roles in the development and functioning of multicellular organisms and their evolutionary tinkering. Cell-matrix adhesion is mediated by sites along the plasma membrane that anchor the actin cytoskeleton to the matrix via a large number of proteins, collectively called the integrin adhesome. Fundamental challenges for understanding how cell-matrix adhesion sites assemble and function arise from their multi-functionality, rapid dynamics, large number of components and molecular diversity. Systems biology faces these challenges in its strive to understand how the integrin adhesome gives rise to functional adhesion sites. Synthetic biology enables engineering intracellular modules and circuits with properties of interest. In this review I discuss some of the fundamental questions in systems biology of cell-matrix adhesion and how synthetic biology can help addressing them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli Zamir
- a Department of Systemic Cell Biology , Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology , Dortmund , Germany
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208
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Regev M, Sabanay H, Kartvelishvily E, Kam Z, Bershadsky AD. Involvement of Rho GAP GRAF1 in maintenance of epithelial phenotype. Cell Adh Migr 2016; 11:367-383. [PMID: 27588930 PMCID: PMC5569970 DOI: 10.1080/19336918.2016.1227910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Adhesion of epithelial cell to each other and to extracellular matrix, as well as cell migration ability and cytoskeleton organization undergo significant alterations in the course of neoplastic transformation, but regulatory mechanisms involved in these processes are not fully understood. Here, we studied the role of a Rho GAP protein GRAF1 (GTPase Regulator Associated with Focal adhesion kinase-1) in the regulation of the epithelial phenotype in cells of breast derived, non-malignant, MCF10A cell line. GRAF1 was shown to be localized to cell-cell junctions, and its depletion resulted in accelerated cell migration velocity, elongation of the cells and cell colonies, impaired monolayer integrity and significant disruption of desmosomes with a loss of associated keratin filaments. These processes were accompanied by formation of larger focal adhesions, an increased number of contractile actin stress fibers, reduction in epithelial markers and increase in mesenchymal markers such as epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-specific transcription factors Snail-1 and Snail-2, as well as N-cadherin, and vimentin. Moreover, unlike control cells, GRAF1 knocked-down cells demonstrated anchorage-independent growth in soft agar. GRAF1 expression in several highly invasive breast cancer cell lines was low, as compared to the non-malignant MCF10A cells, while overexpressing of GRAF1 in the malignant BT-549 cell line led to a decrease of mesenchymal markers, especially the Snail-1 and 2. Altogether, our analysis suggests that GRAF1 plays a role in the maintenance of normal epithelial phenotype and its depletion leads to an EMT-like process that might be involved in neoplastic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Regev
- a Department of Molecular Cell Biology , Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot , Israel.,b The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer Hospital , Israel
| | - Helena Sabanay
- a Department of Molecular Cell Biology , Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot , Israel
| | - Elena Kartvelishvily
- a Department of Molecular Cell Biology , Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot , Israel
| | - Zvi Kam
- a Department of Molecular Cell Biology , Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot , Israel
| | - Alexander D Bershadsky
- a Department of Molecular Cell Biology , Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot , Israel.,c Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore , Singapore
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209
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Čunderlíková B. Clinical significance of immunohistochemically detected extracellular matrix proteins and their spatial distribution in primary cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2016; 105:127-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2016.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 04/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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210
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Voudouri K, Nikitovic D, Berdiaki A, Papachristou DJ, Tsiaoussis J, Spandidos DA, Tsatsakis AM, Tzanakakis GN. Heparin regulates B6FS cell motility through a FAK/actin cytoskeleton axis. Oncol Rep 2016; 36:2471-2480. [PMID: 27572115 PMCID: PMC5055209 DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.5057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Soft tissue sarcomas are rare, heterogeneous tumors of mesenchymal origin with an aggressive behavior. Heparin is a mixture of heavily sulfated, linear glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains, which participate in the regulation of various cell biological functions. Heparin is considered to have significant anticancer capabilities, although the mechanisms involved have not been fully defined. In the present study, the effects of unfractionated heparin (UFH) and low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) on B6FS fibrosarcoma cell motility were examined. Both preparations of heparin were shown to both enhance B6FS cell adhesion (p<0.01 and p<0.05), and migration (p<0.05), the maximal effect being evident at the concentration of 10 µg/ml. The utilization of FAK-deficient cells demonstrated that the participation of FAK was obligatory for heparin-dependent fibrosarcoma cell adhesion (p<0.05). The results of confocal microscopy indicated that heparin was taken up by the B6FS cells, and that UFH and LMWH induced F-actin polymerization. Heparitinase digestion demonstrated that the endogenous heparan sulfate (HS) chains did not affect the motility of the B6FS cells (p>0.05, not significant). In conclusion, both UFH and LMWH, through a FAK/actin cytoskeleton axis, promoted the adhesion and migration of B6FS fibrosarcoma cells. Thus, our findings indicate that the responsiveness of fibrosarcoma cells to the exogenous heparin/HS content of the cancer microenvironment may play a role in their ability to become mobile and metastasize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kallirroi Voudouri
- Laboratory of Anatomy‑Histology‑Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Greece
| | - Dragana Nikitovic
- Laboratory of Anatomy‑Histology‑Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Berdiaki
- Laboratory of Anatomy‑Histology‑Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Greece
| | - Dionysios J Papachristou
- Laboratory of Anatomy‑Histology‑Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras 23001, Greece
| | - John Tsiaoussis
- Laboratory of Anatomy‑Histology‑Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Greece
| | - Demetrios A Spandidos
- Laboratory of Virology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Greece
| | - Aristides M Tsatsakis
- Laboratory of Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Greece
| | - George N Tzanakakis
- Laboratory of Anatomy‑Histology‑Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Greece
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211
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Pasqualon T, Pruessmeyer J, Jankowski V, Babendreyer A, Groth E, Schumacher J, Koenen A, Weidenfeld S, Schwarz N, Denecke B, Jahr H, Dreymueller D, Jankowski J, Ludwig A. A cytoplasmic C-terminal fragment of Syndecan-1 is generated by sequential proteolysis and antagonizes Syndecan-1 dependent lung tumor cell migration. Oncotarget 2016; 6:31295-312. [PMID: 26378057 PMCID: PMC4741606 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Syndecan-1 is a surface expressed heparan sulphate proteoglycan, which is upregulated by several tumor types and involved in tumor cell migration and metastasis. Syndecan-1 is shed from the cell surface and the remaining transmembrane fragment undergoes intramembrane proteolysis by γ-secretase. We here show that this generates a cytoplasmic C-terminal fragment (cCTF). In epithelial lung tumor A549 cells the endogenously produced cCTF accumulated when its proteasomal degradation was blocked with bortezomib and this accumulation was prevented by γ-secretase inhibition. Overexpression of the cCTF suppressed migration and invasion of A549 cells. This inhibitory effect was only seen when endogenous syndecan-1 was present, but not in syndecan-1 deficient cells. Further, overexpression of syndecan-1 cCTF increased the basal activation of Src kinase, focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and Rho GTPase. This was associated with increased adhesion to fibronectin and collagen G and an increased recruitment of paxillin to focal adhesions. Moreover, lung tumor formation of A549 cells in mice was reduced by overexpression of syndecan-1 cCTF. Finally, delivery of a synthetic peptide corresponding to the syndecan-1 cCTF suppressed A549 cell migration and increased basal phosphorylation of Src and FAK. Our data indicate that the syndecan-1 cCTF antagonizes syndecan-1 dependent tumor cell migration in vitro and in vivo by dysregulating proadhesive signaling pathways and suggest that the cCTF can be used as an inhibitory peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Pasqualon
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jessica Pruessmeyer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Vera Jankowski
- Institute of Molecular Cardiovascular Research, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Aaron Babendreyer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Esther Groth
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Julian Schumacher
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Andrea Koenen
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sarah Weidenfeld
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Nicole Schwarz
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Bernd Denecke
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Holger Jahr
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Daniela Dreymueller
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Joachim Jankowski
- Institute of Molecular Cardiovascular Research, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Andreas Ludwig
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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212
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Cellular adhesome screen identifies critical modulators of focal adhesion dynamics, cellular traction forces and cell migration behaviour. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31707. [PMID: 27531518 PMCID: PMC4987721 DOI: 10.1038/srep31707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells migrate from the primary tumour into surrounding tissue in order to form metastasis. Cell migration is a highly complex process, which requires continuous remodelling and re-organization of the cytoskeleton and cell-matrix adhesions. Here, we aimed to identify genes controlling aspects of tumour cell migration, including the dynamic organization of cell-matrix adhesions and cellular traction forces. In a siRNA screen targeting most cell adhesion-related genes we identified 200+ genes that regulate size and/or dynamics of cell-matrix adhesions in MCF7 breast cancer cells. In a subsequent secondary screen, the 64 most effective genes were evaluated for growth factor-induced cell migration and validated by tertiary RNAi pool deconvolution experiments. Four validated hits showed significantly enlarged adhesions accompanied by reduced cell migration upon siRNA-mediated knockdown. Furthermore, loss of PPP1R12B, HIPK3 or RAC2 caused cells to exert higher traction forces, as determined by traction force microscopy with elastomeric micropillar post arrays, and led to considerably reduced force turnover. Altogether, we identified genes that co-regulate cell-matrix adhesion dynamics and traction force turnover, thereby modulating overall motility behaviour.
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213
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Valent ET, van Nieuw Amerongen GP, van Hinsbergh VWM, Hordijk PL. Traction force dynamics predict gap formation in activated endothelium. Exp Cell Res 2016; 347:161-170. [PMID: 27498166 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2016.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In many pathological conditions the endothelium becomes activated and dysfunctional, resulting in hyperpermeability and plasma leakage. No specific therapies are available yet to control endothelial barrier function, which is regulated by inter-endothelial junctions and the generation of acto-myosin-based contractile forces in the context of cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. However, the spatiotemporal distribution and stimulus-induced reorganization of these integral forces remain largely unknown. Traction force microscopy of human endothelial monolayers was used to visualize contractile forces in resting cells and during thrombin-induced hyperpermeability. Simultaneously, information about endothelial monolayer integrity, adherens junctions and cytoskeletal proteins (F-actin) were captured. This revealed a heterogeneous distribution of traction forces, with nuclear areas showing lower and cell-cell junctions higher traction forces than the whole-monolayer average. Moreover, junctional forces were asymmetrically distributed among neighboring cells. Force vector orientation analysis showed a good correlation with the alignment of F-actin and revealed contractile forces in newly formed filopodia and lamellipodia-like protrusions within the monolayer. Finally, unstable areas, showing high force fluctuations within the monolayer were prone to form inter-endothelial gaps upon stimulation with thrombin. To conclude, contractile traction forces are heterogeneously distributed within endothelial monolayers and force instability, rather than force magnitude, predicts the stimulus-induced formation of intercellular gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik T Valent
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Geerten P van Nieuw Amerongen
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Victor W M van Hinsbergh
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter L Hordijk
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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214
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Kraft-Sheleg O, Zaffryar-Eilot S, Genin O, Yaseen W, Soueid-Baumgarten S, Kessler O, Smolkin T, Akiri G, Neufeld G, Cinnamon Y, Hasson P. Localized LoxL3-Dependent Fibronectin Oxidation Regulates Myofiber Stretch and Integrin-Mediated Adhesion. Dev Cell 2016; 36:550-61. [PMID: 26954549 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2016.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
For muscles to function, myofibers have to stretch and anchor at the myotendinous junction (MTJ), a region rich in extracellular matrix (ECM). Integrin signaling is required for MTJ formation, and mutations affecting the cascade lead to muscular dystrophies in mice and humans. Underlying mechanisms for integrin activation at the MTJ and ECM modifications regulating its signaling are unclear. We show that lysyl oxidase-like 3 (LoxL3) is a key regulator of integrin signaling that ensures localized control of the cascade. In LoxL3 mutants, myofibers anchor prematurely or overshoot to adjacent somites, and are loose and lack tension. We find that LoxL3 complexes with and directly oxidizes Fibronectin (FN), an ECM scaffold protein and integrin ligand enriched at the MTJ. We identify a mechanism whereby localized LoxL3 secretion from myofiber termini oxidizes FN, enabling enhanced integrin activation at the tips of myofibers and ensuring correct positioning and anchoring of myofibers along the MTJ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ortal Kraft-Sheleg
- The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Shelly Zaffryar-Eilot
- The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Olga Genin
- Department of Poultry and Aquaculture, Institute of Animal Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - Wesal Yaseen
- The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Sharon Soueid-Baumgarten
- The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Ofra Kessler
- Cancer Research and Vascular Biology Center, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Tatyana Smolkin
- Cancer Research and Vascular Biology Center, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Gal Akiri
- Cancer Research and Vascular Biology Center, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Gera Neufeld
- Cancer Research and Vascular Biology Center, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Yuval Cinnamon
- Department of Poultry and Aquaculture, Institute of Animal Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - Peleg Hasson
- The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel.
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215
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Contribution of collagen adhesion receptors to tissue fibrosis. Cell Tissue Res 2016; 365:521-38. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-016-2440-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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216
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Ventre M, Netti PA. Engineering Cell Instructive Materials To Control Cell Fate and Functions through Material Cues and Surface Patterning. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:14896-14908. [PMID: 26693600 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b08658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Mastering the interaction between cells and extracellular environment is a fundamental prerequisite in order to engineer functional biomaterial interfaces able to instruct cells with specific commands. Such advanced biomaterials might find relevant application in prosthesis design, tissue engineering, diagnostics and stem cell biology. Because of the highly complex, dynamic, and multifaceted context, a thorough understanding of the cell-material crosstalk has not been achieved yet; however, a variety of material features including biological cues, topography, and mechanical properties have been proved to impact the strength and the nature of the cell-material interaction, eventually affecting cell fate and functions. Although the nature of these three signals may appear very different, they are equated by their participation in the same material-cytoskeleton crosstalk pathway as they regulate cell adhesion events. In this work we present recent and relevant findings on the material-induced cell responses, with a particular emphasis on how the presentation of biochemical/biophysical signals modulates cell behavior. Finally, we summarize and discuss the literature data to draw out unifying elements concerning cell recognition of and reaction to signals displayed by material surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Ventre
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production Engineering and Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials, University of Naples Federico II , P.le Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Health Care@CRIB, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , L.go Barsanti e Matteucci 53, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo A Netti
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production Engineering and Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials, University of Naples Federico II , P.le Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Health Care@CRIB, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , L.go Barsanti e Matteucci 53, 80125 Naples, Italy
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217
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Dong JM, Tay FPL, Swa HLF, Gunaratne J, Leung T, Burke B, Manser E. Proximity biotinylation provides insight into the molecular composition of focal adhesions at the nanometer scale. Sci Signal 2016; 9:rs4. [PMID: 27303058 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaf3572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Focal adhesions are protein complexes that link metazoan cells to the extracellular matrix through the integrin family of transmembrane proteins. Integrins recruit many proteins to these complexes, referred to as the "adhesome." We used proximity-dependent biotinylation (BioID) in U2OS osteosarcoma cells to label proteins within 15 to 25 nm of paxillin, a cytoplasmic focal adhesion protein, and kindlin-2, which directly binds β integrins. Using mass spectrometry analysis of the biotinylated proteins, we identified 27 known adhesome proteins and 8 previously unknown components close to paxillin. However, only seven of these proteins interacted directly with paxillin, one of which was the adaptor protein Kank2. The proteins in proximity to β integrin included 15 of the adhesion proteins identified in the paxillin BioID data set. BioID also correctly established kindlin-2 as a cell-cell junction protein. By focusing on this smaller data set, new partners for kindlin-2 were found, namely, the endocytosis-promoting proteins liprin β1 and EFR3A, but, contrary to previous reports, not the filamin-binding protein migfilin. A model adhesome based on both data sets suggests that focal adhesions contain fewer components than previously suspected and that paxillin lies away from the plasma membrane. These data not only illustrate the power of using BioID and stable isotope-labeled mass spectrometry to define macromolecular complexes but also enable the correct identification of therapeutic targets within the adhesome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Ming Dong
- sGSK Group, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Proteos Building, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Felicia Pei-Ling Tay
- sGSK Group, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Proteos Building, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Hannah Lee-Foon Swa
- Quantitative Proteomics Group, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Jayantha Gunaratne
- Quantitative Proteomics Group, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore 138673, Singapore. Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Thomas Leung
- sGSK Group, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Proteos Building, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Brian Burke
- Institute of Medical Biology, 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos Building, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Ed Manser
- sGSK Group, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Proteos Building, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore 138673, Singapore. Institute of Medical Biology, 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos Building, Singapore 138648, Singapore. Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore.
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218
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Alvarez A, Lagos-Cabré R, Kong M, Cárdenas A, Burgos-Bravo F, Schneider P, Quest AFG, Leyton L. Integrin-mediated transactivation of P2X7R via hemichannel-dependent ATP release stimulates astrocyte migration. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1863:2175-88. [PMID: 27235833 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Our previous reports indicate that ligand-induced αVβ3 integrin and Syndecan-4 engagement increases focal adhesion formation and migration of astrocytes. Additionally, ligated integrins trigger ATP release through unknown mechanisms, activating P2X7 receptors (P2X7R), and the uptake of Ca(2+) to promote cell adhesion. However, whether the activation of P2X7R and ATP release are required for astrocyte migration and whether αVβ3 integrin and Syndecan-4 receptors communicate with P2X7R via ATP remains unknown. Here, cells were stimulated with Thy-1, a reported αVβ3 integrin and Syndecan-4 ligand. Results obtained indicate that ATP was released by Thy-1 upon integrin engagement and required the participation of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K), phospholipase-C gamma (PLCγ) and inositol trisphosphate (IP3) receptors (IP3R). IP3R activation leads to increased intracellular Ca(2+), hemichannel (Connexin-43 and Pannexin-1) opening, and ATP release. Moreover, silencing of the P2X7R or addition of hemichannel blockers precluded Thy-1-induced astrocyte migration. Finally, Thy-1 lacking the integrin-binding site did not stimulate ATP release, whereas Thy-1 mutated in the Syndecan-4-binding domain increased ATP release, albeit to a lesser extent and with delayed kinetics compared to wild-type Thy-1. Thus, hemichannels activated downstream of an αVβ3 integrin-PI3K-PLCγ-IP3R pathway are responsible for Thy-1-induced, hemichannel-mediated and Syndecan-4-modulated ATP release that transactivates P2X7Rs to induce Ca(2+) entry. These findings uncover a hitherto unrecognized role for hemichannels in the regulation of astrocyte migration via P2X7R transactivation induced by integrin-mediated ATP release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Alvarez
- Cellular Communication Laboratory, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, 838-0453 Santiago, Chile; Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, 838-0453 Santiago, Chile
| | - Raúl Lagos-Cabré
- Cellular Communication Laboratory, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, 838-0453 Santiago, Chile; Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, 838-0453 Santiago, Chile
| | - Milene Kong
- Cellular Communication Laboratory, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, 838-0453 Santiago, Chile; Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, 838-0453 Santiago, Chile
| | - Areli Cárdenas
- Cellular Communication Laboratory, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, 838-0453 Santiago, Chile; Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, 838-0453 Santiago, Chile
| | - Francesca Burgos-Bravo
- Cellular Communication Laboratory, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, 838-0453 Santiago, Chile; Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, 838-0453 Santiago, Chile
| | - Pascal Schneider
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Andrew F G Quest
- Cellular Communication Laboratory, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, 838-0453 Santiago, Chile; Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, 838-0453 Santiago, Chile; Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, 838-0453 Santiago, Chile
| | - Lisette Leyton
- Cellular Communication Laboratory, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, 838-0453 Santiago, Chile; Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, 838-0453 Santiago, Chile; Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, 838-0453 Santiago, Chile.
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219
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Freeman SA, Christian S, Austin P, Iu I, Graves ML, Huang L, Tang S, Coombs D, Gold MR, Roskelley CD. Applied stretch initiates directional invasion through the action of Rap1 GTPase as a tension sensor. J Cell Sci 2016; 130:152-163. [PMID: 27199371 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.180612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although it is known that a stiffening of the stroma and the rearrangement of collagen fibers within the extracellular matrix facilitate the movement of tumor cells away from the primary lesion, the underlying mechanisms responsible are not fully understood. We now show that this invasion, which can be initiated by applying tensional loads to a three-dimensional collagen gel matrix in culture, is dependent on the Rap1 GTPases (Rap1a and Rap1b, referred to collectively as Rap1). Under these conditions Rap1 activity stimulates the formation of focal adhesion structures that align with the tensional axis as single tumor cells move into the matrix. These effects are mediated by the ability of Rap1 to induce the polarized polymerization and retrograde flow of actin, which stabilizes integrins and recruits vinculin to preformed adhesions, particularly those near the leading edge of invasive cells. Rap1 activity also contributes to the tension-induced collective invasive elongation of tumor cell clusters and it enhances tumor cell growth in vivo Thus, Rap1 mediates the effects of increased extracellular tension in multiple ways that are capable of contributing to tumor progression when dysregulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer A Freeman
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sonja Christian
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada.,Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Road, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Pamela Austin
- Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Road, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada.,Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Irene Iu
- Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Road, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada.,Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Marcia L Graves
- Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Road, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada.,Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Lin Huang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Shuo Tang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Daniel Coombs
- Department of Mathematics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Michael R Gold
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada.,Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Road, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Calvin D Roskelley
- Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Road, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada .,Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada
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220
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Gefen A, Weihs D. Mechanical cytoprotection: A review of cytoskeleton-protection approaches for cells. J Biomech 2016; 49:1321-1329. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2015.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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221
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The exit strategy: Pharmacological modulation of extracellular matrix production and deposition for better aqueous humor drainage. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 787:32-42. [PMID: 27112663 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) is an optic neuropathy and an irreversible blinding disease. The etiology of glaucoma is not known but numerous risk factors are associated with this disease including aging, elevated intraocular pressure (IOP), race, myopia, family history and use of steroids. In POAG, the resistance to the aqueous humor drainage is increased leading to elevated IOP. Lowering the resistance and ultimately the IOP has been the only way to slow disease progression and prevent vision loss. The primary drainage pathway comprising of the trabecular meshwork (TM) is made up of relatively large porous beams surrounded by extracellular matrix (ECM). Its juxtacanalicular tissue (JCT) or the cribriform meshwork is made up of cells embedded in dense ECM. The JCT is considered to offer the major resistance to the aqueous humor outflow. This layer is adjacent to the endothelial cells forming Schlemm's canal, which provides approximately 10% of the outflow resistance. The ECM in the TM and the JCT undergoes continual remodeling to maintain normal resistance to aqueous humor outflow. It is believed that the TM is a major contributor of ECM proteins and evidence points towards increased ECM deposition in the outflow pathway in POAG. It is not clear how and from where the ECM components emerge to hinder the normal aqueous humor drainage. This review focuses on the involvement of the ECM in ocular hypertension and glaucoma and the mechanisms by which various ocular hypotensive drugs, both current and emerging, target ECM production, remodeling, and deposition.
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222
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Sorrentino S, Studt JD, Horev MB, Medalia O, Sapra KT. Toward correlating structure and mechanics of platelets. Cell Adh Migr 2016; 10:568-575. [PMID: 27104281 DOI: 10.1080/19336918.2016.1173803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary physiological function of blood platelets is to seal vascular lesions after injury and form hemostatic thrombi in order to prevent blood loss. This task relies on the formation of strong cellular-extracellular matrix interactions in the subendothelial lesions. The cytoskeleton of a platelet is key to all of its functions: its ability to spread, adhere and contract. Despite the medical significance of platelets, there is still no high-resolution structural information of their cytoskeleton. Here, we discuss and present 3-dimensional (3D) structural analysis of intact platelets by using cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Cryo-ET provides in situ structural analysis and AFM gives stiffness maps of the platelets. In the future, combining high-resolution structural and mechanical techniques will bring new understanding of how structural changes modulate platelet stiffness during activation and adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Sorrentino
- a Department of Biochemistry , University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Jan-Dirk Studt
- b Division of Hematology , University Hospital Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Melanie Bokstad Horev
- c The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev and Department of Life Sciences , Ben-Gurion University , Beer-Sheva , Israel
| | - Ohad Medalia
- a Department of Biochemistry , University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland.,c The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev and Department of Life Sciences , Ben-Gurion University , Beer-Sheva , Israel
| | - K Tanuj Sapra
- a Department of Biochemistry , University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
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223
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Nath S, Devi GR. Three-dimensional culture systems in cancer research: Focus on tumor spheroid model. Pharmacol Ther 2016; 163:94-108. [PMID: 27063403 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 529] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells propagated in three-dimensional (3D) culture systems exhibit physiologically relevant cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, gene expression and signaling pathway profiles, heterogeneity and structural complexity that reflect in vivo tumors. In recent years, development of various 3D models has improved the study of host-tumor interaction and use of high-throughput screening platforms for anti-cancer drug discovery and development. This review attempts to summarize the various 3D culture systems, with an emphasis on the most well characterized and widely applied model - multicellular tumor spheroids. This review also highlights the various techniques to generate tumor spheroids, methods to characterize them, and its applicability in cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sritama Nath
- Division of Surgical Sciences, Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, United States
| | - Gayathri R Devi
- Division of Surgical Sciences, Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, United States; Duke Cancer Institute, Women's Cancer Program, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, United States.
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224
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Byron A, Frame MC. Adhesion protein networks reveal functions proximal and distal to cell-matrix contacts. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2016; 39:93-100. [PMID: 26930633 PMCID: PMC5094910 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2016.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix is generally mediated by integrin receptors, which bind to intracellular adhesion proteins that form multi-molecular scaffolding and signalling complexes. The networks of proteins, and their interactions, are dynamic, mechanosensitive and extremely complex. Recent efforts to characterise adhesions using a variety of technologies, including imaging, proteomics and bioinformatics, have provided new insights into their composition, organisation and how they are regulated, and have also begun to reveal unexpected roles for so-called adhesion proteins in other cellular compartments (for example, the nucleus or centrosomes) in diseases such as cancer. We believe this is opening a new chapter on understanding the wider functions of adhesion proteins, both proximal and distal to cell-matrix contacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Byron
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
| | - Margaret C Frame
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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225
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Abstract
Communication between cells in a multicellular organism occurs by the production of ligands (proteins, peptides, fatty acids, steroids, gases, and other low-molecular-weight compounds) that are either secreted by cells or presented on their surface, and act on receptors on, or in, other target cells. Such signals control cell growth, migration, survival, and differentiation. Signaling receptors can be single-span plasma membrane receptors associated with tyrosine or serine/threonine kinase activities, proteins with seven transmembrane domains, or intracellular receptors. Ligand-activated receptors convey signals into the cell by activating signaling pathways that ultimately affect cytosolic machineries or nuclear transcriptional programs or by directly translocating to the nucleus to regulate transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl-Henrik Heldin
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-75124 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Benson Lu
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Gene Expression Laboratory, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Ron Evans
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Gene Expression Laboratory, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - J Silvio Gutkind
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4340
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226
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Del Bufalo F, Manzo T, Hoyos V, Yagyu S, Caruana I, Jacot J, Benavides O, Rosen D, Brenner MK. 3D modeling of human cancer: A PEG-fibrin hydrogel system to study the role of tumor microenvironment and recapitulate the in vivo effect of oncolytic adenovirus. Biomaterials 2016; 84:76-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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227
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Schaufler V, Czichos-Medda H, Hirschfeld-Warnecken V, Neubauer S, Rechenmacher F, Medda R, Kessler H, Geiger B, Spatz JP, Cavalcanti-Adam EA. Selective binding and lateral clustering of α5β1 and αvβ3 integrins: Unraveling the spatial requirements for cell spreading and focal adhesion assembly. Cell Adh Migr 2016; 10:505-515. [PMID: 27003228 PMCID: PMC5079398 DOI: 10.1080/19336918.2016.1163453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Coordination of the specific functions of α5β1 and αvβ3 integrins is crucial for the precise regulation of cell adhesion, spreading and migration, yet the contribution of differential integrin-specific crosstalk to these processes remains unclear. To determine the specific functions of αvβ3 and α5β1 integrins, we used nanoarrays of gold particles presenting immobilized, integrin-selective peptidomimetic ligands. Integrin binding to the peptidomimetics is highly selective, and cells can spread on both ligands. However, spreading is faster and the projected cell area is greater on α5β1 ligand; both depend on ligand spacing. Quantitative analysis of adhesion plaques shows that focal adhesion size is increased in cells adhering to αvβ3 ligand at 30 and 60 nm spacings. Analysis of αvβ3 and α5β1 integrin clusters indicates that fibrillar adhesions are more prominent in cells adhering to α5β1 ligand, while clusters are mostly localized at the cell margins in cells adhering to αvβ3 ligand. αvβ3 integrin clusters are more pronounced on αvβ3 ligand, though they can also be detected in cells adhering to α5β1 ligand. Furthermore, α5β1 integrin clusters are present in cells adhering to α5β1 ligand, and often colocalize with αvβ3 clusters. Taken together, these findings indicate that the activation of αvβ3 integrin by ligand binding is dispensable for initial adhesion and spreading, but essential to formation of stable focal adhesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Schaufler
- a Department of New Materials and Biosystems , Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems , Stuttgart , Germany.,b Department of Biophysical Chemistry , Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Helmi Czichos-Medda
- a Department of New Materials and Biosystems , Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems , Stuttgart , Germany.,b Department of Biophysical Chemistry , Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Vera Hirschfeld-Warnecken
- a Department of New Materials and Biosystems , Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems , Stuttgart , Germany.,b Department of Biophysical Chemistry , Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Stefanie Neubauer
- c Institute for Advanced Study and Center for Integrated Protein Science , Department of Chemistry, Technical University Munich , Garching , Germany
| | - Florian Rechenmacher
- c Institute for Advanced Study and Center for Integrated Protein Science , Department of Chemistry, Technical University Munich , Garching , Germany
| | - Rebecca Medda
- a Department of New Materials and Biosystems , Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems , Stuttgart , Germany.,b Department of Biophysical Chemistry , Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Horst Kessler
- c Institute for Advanced Study and Center for Integrated Protein Science , Department of Chemistry, Technical University Munich , Garching , Germany
| | - Benjamin Geiger
- d Department of Molecular Cell Biology , Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot , Israel
| | - Joachim P Spatz
- a Department of New Materials and Biosystems , Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems , Stuttgart , Germany.,b Department of Biophysical Chemistry , Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - E Ada Cavalcanti-Adam
- a Department of New Materials and Biosystems , Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems , Stuttgart , Germany.,b Department of Biophysical Chemistry , Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany
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228
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Muhamed I, Wu J, Sehgal P, Kong X, Tajik A, Wang N, Leckband DE. E-cadherin-mediated force transduction signals regulate global cell mechanics. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:1843-54. [PMID: 26966187 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.185447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This report elucidates an E-cadherin-based force-transduction pathway that triggers changes in cell mechanics through a mechanism requiring epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), and the downstream formation of new integrin adhesions. This mechanism operates in addition to local cytoskeletal remodeling triggered by conformational changes in the E-cadherin-associated protein α-catenin, at sites of mechanical perturbation. Studies using magnetic twisting cytometry (MTC), together with traction force microscopy (TFM) and confocal imaging identified force-activated E-cadherin-specific signals that integrate cadherin force transduction, integrin activation and cell contractility. EGFR is required for the downstream activation of PI3K and myosin-II-dependent cell stiffening. Our findings also demonstrated that α-catenin-dependent cytoskeletal remodeling at perturbed E-cadherin adhesions does not require cell stiffening. These results broaden the repertoire of E-cadherin-based force transduction mechanisms, and define the force-sensitive signaling network underlying the mechano-chemical integration of spatially segregated adhesion receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismaeel Muhamed
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Jun Wu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Poonam Sehgal
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Xinyu Kong
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Arash Tajik
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Deborah E Leckband
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA Carl W. Woese Institute of Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Kadem LF, Holz M, Suana KG, Li Q, Lamprecht C, Herges R, Selhuber-Unkel C. Rapid Reversible Photoswitching of Integrin-Mediated Adhesion at the Single-Cell Level. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:1799-1802. [PMID: 26685922 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201504394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Rapid and reversible photoswitching of cell adhesion is achieved by c(RGDfK)-azobenzenes embedded in a poly(ethylene glycol) background on surfaces. The light-induced cis-trans-isomerization of the azobenzene enables switching of cell adhesion on the surface. Reversibility of switching over several consecutive switching cycles is demonstrated by single-cell force spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laith F Kadem
- Institute for Materials Science, University of Kiel, Kaiserstr. 2, 24143, Kiel, Germany
| | - Michelle Holz
- Otto-Diels-Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 4, 24098, Kiel, Germany
| | - Kristine Grace Suana
- Otto-Diels-Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 4, 24098, Kiel, Germany
| | - Qian Li
- Institute for Materials Science, University of Kiel, Kaiserstr. 2, 24143, Kiel, Germany
| | - Constanze Lamprecht
- Institute for Materials Science, University of Kiel, Kaiserstr. 2, 24143, Kiel, Germany
| | - Rainer Herges
- Otto-Diels-Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 4, 24098, Kiel, Germany
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230
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Smith YE, Vellanki SH, Hopkins AM. Dynamic interplay between adhesion surfaces in carcinomas: Cell-cell and cell-matrix crosstalk. World J Biol Chem 2016; 7:64-77. [PMID: 26981196 PMCID: PMC4768125 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v7.i1.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-cell and cell-matrix signaling and communication between adhesion sites involve mechanisms which are required for cellular functions during normal development and homeostasis; however these cellular functions and mechanisms are often deregulated in cancer. Aberrant signaling at cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion sites often involves downstream mediators including Rho GTPases and tyrosine kinases. This review discusses these molecules as putative mediators of cellular crosstalk between cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion sites, in addition to their attractiveness as therapeutic targets in cancer. Interestingly, inter-junctional crosstalk mechanisms are frequently typified by the way in which bacterial and viral pathogens opportunistically infect or intoxicate mammalian cells. This review therefore also discusses the concept of learning from pathogen-host interaction studies to better understand coordinated communication between cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion sites, in addition to highlighting the potential therapeutic usefulness of exploiting pathogens or their products to tap into inter-junctional crosstalk. Taken together, we feel that increased knowledge around mechanisms of cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion site crosstalk and consequently a greater understanding of their therapeutic targeting offers a unique opportunity to contribute to the emerging molecular revolution in cancer biology.
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231
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Kenific CM, Stehbens SJ, Goldsmith J, Leidal AM, Faure N, Ye J, Wittmann T, Debnath J. NBR1 enables autophagy-dependent focal adhesion turnover. J Cell Biol 2016; 212:577-90. [PMID: 26903539 PMCID: PMC4772495 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201503075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The selective autophagy cargo receptor NBR1 enhances the disassembly of cell-matrix focal adhesions during cell migration. Autophagy is a catabolic pathway involving the sequestration of cellular contents into a double-membrane vesicle, the autophagosome. Although recent studies have demonstrated that autophagy supports cell migration, the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Using live-cell imaging, we uncover that autophagy promotes optimal migratory rate and facilitates the dynamic assembly and disassembly of cell-matrix focal adhesions (FAs), which is essential for efficient motility. Additionally, our studies reveal that autophagosomes associate with FAs primarily during disassembly, suggesting autophagy locally facilitates the destabilization of cell-matrix contact sites. Furthermore, we identify the selective autophagy cargo receptor neighbor of BRCA1 (NBR1) as a key mediator of autophagy-dependent FA remodeling. NBR1 depletion impairs FA turnover and decreases targeting of autophagosomes to FAs, whereas ectopic expression of autophagy-competent, but not autophagy-defective, NBR1 enhances FA disassembly and reduces FA lifetime during migration. Our findings provide mechanistic insight into how autophagy promotes migration by revealing a requirement for NBR1-mediated selective autophagy in enabling FA disassembly in motile cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candia M Kenific
- Department of Pathology and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143 Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Samantha J Stehbens
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Juliet Goldsmith
- Department of Pathology and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143 Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Andrew M Leidal
- Department of Pathology and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Nathalie Faure
- Department of Pathology and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Jordan Ye
- Department of Pathology and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Torsten Wittmann
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Jayanta Debnath
- Department of Pathology and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
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232
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Heris HK, Daoud J, Sheibani S, Vali H, Tabrizian M, Mongeau L. Investigation of the Viability, Adhesion, and Migration of Human Fibroblasts in a Hyaluronic Acid/Gelatin Microgel-Reinforced Composite Hydrogel for Vocal Fold Tissue Regeneration. Adv Healthc Mater 2016; 5:255-65. [PMID: 26501384 PMCID: PMC4885111 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201500370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The potential use of a novel scaffold biomaterial consisting of cross-linked hyaluronic acid (HA)-gelatin (Ge) composite microgels is investigated for use in treating vocal fold injury and scarring. Cell adhesion integrins and kinematics of cell motion are investigated in 2D and 3D culture conditions, respectively. Human vocal fold fibroblast (hVFF) cells are seeded on HA-Ge microgels attached to a HA hydrogel thin film. The results show that hVFF cells establish effective adhesion to HA-Ge microgels through the ubiquitous expression of β1 integrin in the cell membrane. The microgels are then encapsulated in a 3D HA hydrogel for the study of cell migration. The cells within the HA-Ge microgel-reinforced composite hydrogel (MRCH) scaffold have an average motility speed of 0.24 ± 0.08 μm min(-1) . The recorded microscopic images reveal features that are presumably associated with lobopodial and lamellipodial cell migration modes within the MRCH scaffold. Average cell speed during lobopodial migration is greater than that during lamellipodial migration. The cells move faster in the MRCH than in the HA-Ge gel without microgels. These findings support the hypothesis that HA-Ge MRCH promotes cell adhesion and migration; thereby they constitute a promising biomaterial for vocal fold repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein K. Heris
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, McGill University, Montreal (QC)
| | - Jamal Daoud
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal (QC)
| | - Sara Sheibani
- Biological Threat Defence Section, Defence R&D Canada-Suffield, Medicine Hat, (AB)
| | | | - Maryam Tabrizian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal (QC)
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal (QC)
| | - Luc Mongeau
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, McGill University, Montreal (QC)
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233
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Jacob RS, George E, Singh PK, Salot S, Anoop A, Jha NN, Sen S, Maji SK. Cell Adhesion on Amyloid Fibrils Lacking Integrin Recognition Motif. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:5278-98. [PMID: 26742841 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.678177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloids are highly ordered, cross-β-sheet-rich protein/peptide aggregates associated with both human diseases and native functions. Given the well established ability of amyloids in interacting with cell membranes, we hypothesize that amyloids can serve as universal cell-adhesive substrates. Here, we show that, similar to the extracellular matrix protein collagen, amyloids of various proteins/peptides support attachment and spreading of cells via robust stimulation of integrin expression and formation of integrin-based focal adhesions. Additionally, amyloid fibrils are also capable of immobilizing non-adherent red blood cells through charge-based interactions. Together, our results indicate that both active and passive mechanisms contribute to adhesion on amyloid fibrils. The present data may delineate the functional aspect of cell adhesion on amyloids by various organisms and its involvement in human diseases. Our results also raise the exciting possibility that cell adhesivity might be a generic property of amyloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reeba S Jacob
- From the Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400076, India
| | - Edna George
- From the Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400076, India
| | - Pradeep K Singh
- From the Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400076, India
| | - Shimul Salot
- From the Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400076, India
| | - Arunagiri Anoop
- From the Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400076, India
| | - Narendra Nath Jha
- From the Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400076, India
| | - Shamik Sen
- From the Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400076, India
| | - Samir K Maji
- From the Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400076, India
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234
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Vehlow A, Storch K, Matzke D, Cordes N. Molecular Targeting of Integrins and Integrin-Associated Signaling Networks in Radiation Oncology. Recent Results Cancer Res 2016; 198:89-106. [PMID: 27318682 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-49651-0_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Radiation and chemotherapy are the main pillars of the current multimodal treatment concept for cancer patients. However, tumor recurrences and resistances still hamper treatment success regardless of advances in radiation beam application, particle radiotherapy, and optimized chemotherapeutics. To specifically intervene at key recurrence- and resistance-promoting molecular processes, the development of potent and specific molecular-targeted agents is demanded for an efficient, safe, and simultaneous integration into current standard of care regimens. Potential targets for such an approach are integrins conferring structural and biochemical communication between cells and their microenvironment. Integrin binding to extracellular matrix activates intracellular signaling for regulating essential cellular functions such as survival, proliferation, differentiation, adhesion, and cell motility. Tumor-associated characteristics such as invasion, metastasis, and radiochemoresistance also highly depend on integrin function. Owing to their dual functionality and their overexpression in the majority of human malignancies, integrins present ideal and accessible targets for cancer therapy. In the following chapter, the current knowledge on aspects of the tumor microenvironment, the molecular regulation of integrin-dependent radiochemoresistance and current approaches to integrin targeting are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Vehlow
- OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Katja Storch
- OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Daniela Matzke
- OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Nils Cordes
- OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
- Institute of Radiooncology, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany.
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235
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Lehtimäki J, Hakala M, Lappalainen P. Actin Filament Structures in Migrating Cells. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2016; 235:123-152. [PMID: 27469496 DOI: 10.1007/164_2016_28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cell migration is necessary for several developmental processes in multicellular organisms. Furthermore, many physiological processes such as wound healing and immunological events in adult animals are dependent on cell migration. Consequently, defects in cell migration are linked to various diseases including immunological disorders as well as cancer progression and metastasis formation. Cell migration is driven by specific protrusive and contractile actin filament structures, but the types and relative contributions of these actin filament arrays vary depending on the cell type and the environment of the cell. In this chapter, we introduce the most important actin filament structures that contribute to mesenchymal and amoeboid cell migration modes and discuss the mechanisms by which the assembly and turnover of these structures are controlled by various actin-binding proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaakko Lehtimäki
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 56, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markku Hakala
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 56, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pekka Lappalainen
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 56, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
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236
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He X, Lee B, Jiang Y. Cell-ECM Interactions in Tumor Invasion. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 936:73-91. [PMID: 27739043 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-42023-3_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The cancer cells obtain their invasion potential not only by genetic mutations, but also by changing their cellular biophysical and biomechanical features and adapting to the surrounding microenvironments. The extracellular matrix, as a crucial component of the tumor microenvironment, provides the mechanical support for the tissue, mediates the cell-microenvironment interactions, and plays a key role in cancer cell invasion. The biomechanics of the extracellular matrix, particularly collagen, have been extensively studied in the biomechanics community. Cell migration has also enjoyed much attention from both the experimental and modeling efforts. However, the detailed mechanistic understanding of tumor cell-ECM interactions, especially during cancer invasion, has been unclear. This chapter reviews the recent advances in the studies of ECM biomechanics, cell migration, and cell-ECM interactions in the context of cancer invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuxiu He
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Byoungkoo Lee
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Yi Jiang
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA.
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237
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Marcos CM, da Silva JDF, de Oliveira HC, Assato PA, Singulani JDL, Lopez AM, Tamayo DP, Hernandez-Ruiz O, McEwen JG, Mendes-Giannini MJS, Fusco-Almeida AM. Decreased expression of 14-3-3 in Paracoccidioides brasiliensis confirms its involvement in fungal pathogenesis. Virulence 2015; 7:72-84. [PMID: 26646480 PMCID: PMC4994830 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2015.1122166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction between the fungal pathogen Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and host cells is usually mediated by specific binding events between adhesins on the fungal surface and receptors on the host extracellular matrix or cell surface. One molecule implicated in the P. brasiliensis-host interaction is the 14-3-3 protein. The 14-3-3 protein belongs to a family of conserved regulatory molecules that are expressed in all eukaryotic cells and are involved in diverse cellular functions. Here, we investigated the relevance of the 14-3-3 protein to the virulence of P. brasiliensis. Using antisense RNA technology and Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation, we generated a 14-3-3-silenced strain (expression reduced by ˜55%). This strain allowed us to investigate the interaction between 14-3-3 and the host and to correlate the functions of P. brasiliensis 14-3-3 with cellular features, such as morphological characteristics and virulence, that are important for pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Maria Marcos
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Araraquara; UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista; Departamento de Análises Clínicas; Laboratório de Micologia Clínica; Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Julhiany de Fátima da Silva
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Araraquara; UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista; Departamento de Análises Clínicas; Laboratório de Micologia Clínica; Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Haroldo Cesar de Oliveira
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Araraquara; UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista; Departamento de Análises Clínicas; Laboratório de Micologia Clínica; Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Akemi Assato
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Araraquara; UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista; Departamento de Análises Clínicas; Laboratório de Micologia Clínica; Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Junya de Lacorte Singulani
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Araraquara; UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista; Departamento de Análises Clínicas; Laboratório de Micologia Clínica; Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Angela Maria Lopez
- Unidad de Biología Celular y Molecular; Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB) - Medellín, Colombia
| | - Diana Patricia Tamayo
- Unidad de Biología Celular y Molecular; Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB) - Medellín, Colombia
| | - Orville Hernandez-Ruiz
- Unidad de Biología Celular y Molecular; Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB) - Medellín, Colombia
- Escuela de Microbiología; Universidad de Antioquia; Medellín, Colombia
| | - Juan G McEwen
- Unidad de Biología Celular y Molecular; Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB) - Medellín, Colombia
- Facultad de Medicina; Universidad de Antioquia; Medellín, Colombia
| | - Maria José Soares Mendes-Giannini
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Araraquara; UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista; Departamento de Análises Clínicas; Laboratório de Micologia Clínica; Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Marisa Fusco-Almeida
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Araraquara; UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista; Departamento de Análises Clínicas; Laboratório de Micologia Clínica; Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
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238
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Changede R, Xu X, Margadant F, Sheetz MP. Nascent Integrin Adhesions Form on All Matrix Rigidities after Integrin Activation. Dev Cell 2015; 35:614-621. [PMID: 26625956 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Integrin adhesions assemble and mature in response to ligand binding and mechanical factors, but the molecular-level organization is not known. We report that ∼100-nm clusters of ∼50 β3-activated integrins form very early adhesions under a wide variety of conditions on RGD surfaces. These adhesions form similarly on fluid and rigid substrates, but most adhesions are transient on rigid substrates. Without talin or actin polymerization, few early adhesions form, but expression of either the talin head or rod domain in talin-depleted cells restores early adhesion formation. Mutation of the integrin binding site in the talin rod decreases cluster size. We suggest that the integrin clusters constitute universal early adhesions and that they are the modular units of cell matrix adhesions. They require the association of activated integrins with cytoplasmic proteins, in particular talin and actin, and cytoskeletal contraction on them causes adhesion maturation for cell motility and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishita Changede
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411
| | - Xiaochun Xu
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411
| | - Felix Margadant
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411
| | - Michael P Sheetz
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411; Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.
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239
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Heading in the Right Direction: Understanding Cellular Orientation Responses to Complex Biophysical Environments. Cell Mol Bioeng 2015; 9:12-37. [PMID: 26900408 PMCID: PMC4746215 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-015-0422-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of cardiovascular regeneration is to mimic the biological and mechanical functioning of tissues. For this it is crucial to recapitulate the in vivo cellular organization, which is the result of controlled cellular orientation. Cellular orientation response stems from the interaction between the cell and its complex biophysical environment. Environmental
biophysical cues are continuously detected and transduced to the nucleus through entwined mechanotransduction pathways. Next to the biochemical cascades invoked by the mechanical stimuli, the structural mechanotransduction pathway made of focal adhesions and the actin cytoskeleton can quickly transduce the biophysical signals directly to the nucleus. Observations linking cellular orientation response to biophysical cues have pointed out that the anisotropy and cyclic straining of the substrate influence cellular orientation. Yet, little is known about the mechanisms governing cellular orientation responses in case of cues applied separately and in combination. This review provides the state-of-the-art knowledge on the structural mechanotransduction pathway of adhesive cells, followed by an overview of the current understanding of cellular orientation responses to substrate anisotropy and uniaxial cyclic strain. Finally, we argue that comprehensive understanding of cellular orientation in complex biophysical environments requires systematic approaches based on the dissection of (sub)cellular responses to the individual cues composing the biophysical niche.
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240
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Hadzic E, Catillon M, Halavatyi A, Medves S, Van Troys M, Moes M, Baird MA, Davidson MW, Schaffner-Reckinger E, Ampe C, Friederich E. Delineating the Tes Interaction Site in Zyxin and Studying Cellular Effects of Its Disruption. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140511. [PMID: 26509500 PMCID: PMC4624954 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Focal adhesions are integrin-based structures that link the actin cytoskeleton and the extracellular matrix. They play an important role in various cellular functions such as cell signaling, cell motility and cell shape. To ensure and fine tune these different cellular functions, adhesions are regulated by a large number of proteins. The LIM domain protein zyxin localizes to focal adhesions where it participates in the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton. Because of its interactions with a variety of binding partners, zyxin has been proposed to act as a molecular scaffold. Here, we studied the interaction of zyxin with such a partner: Tes. Similar to zyxin, Tes harbors three highly conserved LIM domains of which the LIM1 domain directly interacts with zyxin. Using different zyxin variants in pull-down assays and ectopic recruitment experiments, we identified the Tes binding site in zyxin and showed that four highly conserved amino acids are crucial for its interaction with Tes. Based upon these findings, we used a zyxin mutant defective in Tes-binding to assess the functional consequences of abrogating the zyxin-Tes interaction in focal adhesions. Performing fluorescence recovery after photobleaching, we showed that zyxin recruits Tes to focal adhesions and modulates its turnover in these structures. However, we also provide evidence for zyxin-independent localization of Tes to focal adhesions. Zyxin increases focal adhesion numbers and reduces focal adhesion lifetimes, but does so independent of Tes. Quantitative analysis showed that the loss of interaction between zyxin and Tes affects the process of cell spreading. We conclude that zyxin influences focal adhesion dynamics, that it recruits Tes and that this interaction is functional in regulating cell spreading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ermin Hadzic
- Laboratory of Cytoskeleton and Cell Plasticity, Life Sciences Research Unit, University of Luxembourg, Luxemburg, Luxembourg
| | - Marie Catillon
- Laboratory of Cytoskeleton and Cell Plasticity, Life Sciences Research Unit, University of Luxembourg, Luxemburg, Luxembourg
| | - Aliaksandr Halavatyi
- Laboratory of Cytoskeleton and Cell Plasticity, Life Sciences Research Unit, University of Luxembourg, Luxemburg, Luxembourg
| | - Sandrine Medves
- Laboratory of Cytoskeleton and Cell Plasticity, Life Sciences Research Unit, University of Luxembourg, Luxemburg, Luxembourg
| | | | - Michèle Moes
- Laboratory of Cytoskeleton and Cell Plasticity, Life Sciences Research Unit, University of Luxembourg, Luxemburg, Luxembourg
| | - Michelle A. Baird
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory and Department of Biological Science, The Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
| | - Michael W. Davidson
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory and Department of Biological Science, The Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
| | - Elisabeth Schaffner-Reckinger
- Laboratory of Cytoskeleton and Cell Plasticity, Life Sciences Research Unit, University of Luxembourg, Luxemburg, Luxembourg
| | - Christophe Ampe
- Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- * E-mail:
| | - Evelyne Friederich
- Laboratory of Cytoskeleton and Cell Plasticity, Life Sciences Research Unit, University of Luxembourg, Luxemburg, Luxembourg
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241
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Mechanosensitivity of integrin adhesion complexes: role of the consensus adhesome. Exp Cell Res 2015; 343:7-13. [PMID: 26515553 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cell and tissue stiffness have been known to contribute to both developmental and pathological signalling for some time, but the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Integrins and their associated adhesion signalling complexes (IACs), which form a nexus between the cell cytoskeleton and the extracellular matrix, act as a key force sensing and transducing unit in cells. Accordingly, there has been much interest in obtaining a systems-level understanding of IAC composition. Proteomic approaches have revealed the complexity of IACs and identified a large number of components that are regulated by cytoskeletal force. Here we review the function of the consensus adhesome, an assembly of core IAC proteins that emerged from a meta-analysis of multiple proteomic datasets, in the context of mechanosensing. As IAC components have been linked to a variety of diseases involved with rigidity sensing, the field is now in a position to define the mechanosensing function of individual IAC proteins and elucidate their mechanisms of action.
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Reinecke J, Caplan S. Endocytosis and the Src family of non-receptor tyrosine kinases. Biomol Concepts 2015; 5:143-55. [PMID: 25372749 DOI: 10.1515/bmc-2014-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulated intracellular transport of nutrient, adhesion, and growth factor receptors is crucial for maintaining cell and tissue homeostasis. Endocytosis, or endocytic membrane trafficking, involves the steps of intracellular transport that include, but are not limited to, internalization from the plasma membrane, sorting in early endosomes, transport to late endosomes/lysosomes followed by degradation, and/or recycling back to the plasma membrane through tubular recycling endosomes. In addition to regulating the localization of transmembrane receptor proteins, the endocytic pathway also controls the localization of non-receptor molecules. The non-receptor tyrosine kinase c-Src (Src) and its closely related family members Yes and Fyn represent three proteins whose localization and signaling activities are tightly regulated by endocytic trafficking. Here, we provide a brief overview of endocytosis, Src function and its biochemical regulation. We will then concentrate on recent advances in understanding how Src intracellular localization is regulated and how its subcellular localization ultimately dictates downstream functioning. As Src kinases are hyperactive in many cancers, it is essential to decipher the spatiotemporal regulation of this important family of tyrosine kinases.
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243
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Toromanov G, Gugutkov D, Gustavsson J, Planell J, Salmerón-Sánchez M, Altankov G. Dynamic Behavior of Vitronectin at the Cell–Material Interface. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2015; 1:927-934. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5b00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Georgi Toromanov
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Dencho Gugutkov
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Johan Gustavsson
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Josep Planell
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, Barcelona 08028, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Zaragoza 50018, Spain
| | - Manuel Salmerón-Sánchez
- School
of Engineering/Division of Biomedical Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - George Altankov
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, Barcelona 08028, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Zaragoza 50018, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avancats (ICREA), Barcelona 08010, Spain
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244
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Yamada M, Sekiguchi K. Molecular Basis of Laminin-Integrin Interactions. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2015; 76:197-229. [PMID: 26610915 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctm.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Laminins are composed of three polypeptide chains, designated as α, β, and γ. The C-terminal region of laminin heterotrimers, containing coiled-coil regions, short tails, and laminin globular (LG) domains, is necessary and sufficient for binding to integrins, which are the major laminin receptor class. Laminin recognition by integrins critically requires the α chain LG domains and a glutamic acid residue of the γ chain at the third position from the C-terminus. Furthermore, the C-terminal region of the β chain contains a short amino acid sequence that modulates laminin affinity for integrins. Thus, all three of the laminin chains act cooperatively to facilitate integrin binding. Mammals possess 5 α (α1-5), 3 β (β1-3), and 3 γ (γ1-3) chains, combinations of which give rise to 16 distinct laminin isoforms. Each isoform is expressed in a tissue-specific and developmental stage-specific manner, exerting its functions through binding of integrins. In this review, we detail the current knowledge surrounding the molecular basis and physiological relevance of specific interactions between laminins and integrins, and describe the mechanisms underlying laminin action through integrins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Yamada
- Laboratory of Extracellular Matrix Biochemistry, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kiyotoshi Sekiguchi
- Laboratory of Extracellular Matrix Biochemistry, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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245
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Abstract
SUMMARY Stimuli that promote cell migration, such as chemokines, cytokines, and growth factors in metazoans and cyclic AMP in Dictyostelium, activate signaling pathways that control organization of the actin cytoskeleton and adhesion complexes. The Rho-family GTPases are a key convergence point of these pathways. Their effectors include actin regulators such as formins, members of the WASP/WAVE family and the Arp2/3 complex, and the myosin II motor protein. Pathways that link to the Rho GTPases include Ras GTPases, TorC2, and PI3K. Many of the molecules involved form gradients within cells, which define the front and rear of migrating cells, and are also established in related cellular behaviors such as neuronal growth cone extension and cytokinesis. The signaling molecules that regulate migration can be integrated to provide a model of network function. The network displays biochemical excitability seen as spontaneous waves of activation that propagate along the cell cortex. These events coordinate cell movement and can be biased by external cues to bring about directed migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Devreotes
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Alan Rick Horwitz
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908
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246
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Iwamoto DV, Calderwood DA. Regulation of integrin-mediated adhesions. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2015; 36:41-7. [PMID: 26189062 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2015.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Integrins are heterodimeric transmembrane adhesion receptors that couple the actin cytoskeleton to the extracellular environment and bidirectionally relay signals across the cell membrane. These processes are critical for cell attachment, migration, differentiation, and survival, and therefore play essential roles in metazoan development, physiology, and pathology. Integrin-mediated adhesions are regulated by diverse factors, including the conformation-specific affinities of integrin receptors for their extracellular ligands, the clustering of integrins and their intracellular binding partners into discrete adhesive structures, mechanical forces exerted on the adhesion, and the intracellular trafficking of integrins themselves. Recent advances shed light onto how the interaction of specific intracellular proteins with the short cytoplasmic tails of integrins controls each of these activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel V Iwamoto
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St., New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - David A Calderwood
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St., New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St., New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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247
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Revach OY, Geiger B. The interplay between the proteolytic, invasive, and adhesive domains of invadopodia and their roles in cancer invasion. Cell Adh Migr 2015; 8:215-25. [PMID: 24714132 DOI: 10.4161/cam.27842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Invadopodia are actin-based protrusions of the plasma membrane that penetrate into the extracellular matrix (ECM), and enzymatically degrade it. Invadopodia and podosomes, often referred to, collectively, as "invadosomes," are actin-based membrane protrusions that facilitate matrix remodeling and cell invasion across tissues, processes that occur under specific physiological conditions such as bone remodeling, as well as under pathological states such as bone, immune disorders, and cancer metastasis. In this review, we specifically focus on the functional architecture of invadopodia in cancer cells; we discuss here three functional domains of invadopodia responsible for the metalloproteinase-based degradation of the ECM, the cytoskeleton-based mechanical penetration into the matrix, and the integrin adhesome-based adhesion to the ECM. We will describe the structural and molecular organization of each domain and the cross-talk between them during the invasion process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Or-Yam Revach
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology; Weizmann Institute of Science; Rehovot, Israel
| | - Benjamin Geiger
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology; Weizmann Institute of Science; Rehovot, Israel
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248
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Dumbauld DW, García AJ. A helping hand: How vinculin contributes to cell-matrix and cell-cell force transfer. Cell Adh Migr 2015; 8:550-7. [PMID: 25482640 DOI: 10.4161/cam.29139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Vinculin helps cells regulate and respond to mechanical forces. It is a scaffolding protein that tightly regulates its interactions with potential binding partners within adhesive structures-including focal adhesions that link the cell to the extracellular matrix and adherens junctions that link cells to each other-that physically connect the force-generating actin cytoskeleton (CSK) with the extracellular environment. This tight control of binding partner interaction-mediated by vinculin's autoinhibitory head-tail interaction-allows vinculin to rapidly interact and detach in response to changes in the dynamic forces applied through the cell. In doing so, vinculin modulates the structural composition of focal adhesions and the cell's ability to generate traction forces and adhesion strength. Recent evidence suggests that vinculin plays a similar role in regulating the fate and function of cell-cell junctions, further underscoring the importance of this protein. Using our lab's recent work as a starting point, this commentary explores several outstanding questions regarding the nature of vinculin activation and its function within focal adhesions and adherens junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Dumbauld
- a Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering; Georgia Institute of Technology ; Atlanta , GA USA
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249
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Slater JH, Culver JC, Long BL, Hu CW, Hu J, Birk TF, Qutub AA, Dickinson ME, West JL. Recapitulation and Modulation of the Cellular Architecture of a User-Chosen Cell of Interest Using Cell-Derived, Biomimetic Patterning. ACS NANO 2015; 9:6128-38. [PMID: 25988713 PMCID: PMC5292984 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b01366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneity of cell populations can confound population-averaged measurements and obscure important findings or foster inaccurate conclusions. The ability to generate a homogeneous cell population, at least with respect to a chosen trait, could significantly aid basic biological research and development of high-throughput assays. Accordingly, we developed a high-resolution, image-based patterning strategy to produce arrays of single-cell patterns derived from the morphology or adhesion site arrangement of user-chosen cells of interest (COIs). Cells cultured on both cell-derived patterns displayed a cellular architecture defined by their morphology, adhesive state, cytoskeletal organization, and nuclear properties that quantitatively recapitulated the COIs that defined the patterns. Furthermore, slight modifications to pattern design allowed for suppression of specific actin stress fibers and direct modulation of adhesion site dynamics. This approach to patterning provides a strategy to produce a more homogeneous cell population, decouple the influences of cytoskeletal structure, adhesion dynamics, and intracellular tension on mechanotransduction-mediated processes, and a platform for high-throughput cellular assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H. Slater
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - James C. Culver
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Byron L. Long
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Chenyue W. Hu
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Jingzhe Hu
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Taylor F. Birk
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Amina A. Qutub
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Mary E. Dickinson
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Jennifer L. West
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States
- Address correspondence to:
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250
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Ghazalli N, Mahdavi A, Feng T, Jin L, Kozlowski MT, Hsu J, Riggs AD, Tirrell DA, Ku HT. Postnatal Pancreas of Mice Contains Tripotent Progenitors Capable of Giving Rise to Duct, Acinar, and Endocrine Cells In Vitro. Stem Cells Dev 2015; 24:1995-2008. [PMID: 25941840 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2015.0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Postnatal pancreas is a potential source for progenitor cells to generate endocrine β-cells for treating type 1 diabetes. However, it remains unclear whether young (1-week-old) pancreas harbors multipotent progenitors capable of differentiating into duct, acinar, and endocrine cells. Laminin is an extracellular matrix (ECM) protein important for β-cells' survival and function. We established an artificial extracellular matrix (aECM) protein that contains the functional IKVAV (Ile-Lys-Val-Ala-Val) sequence derived from laminin (designated aECM-lam). Whether IKVAV is necessary for endocrine differentiation in vitro is unknown. To answer these questions, we cultured single cells from 1-week-old pancreas in semi-solid media supplemented with aECM-lam, aECM-scr (which contains a scrambled sequence instead of IKVAV), or Matrigel. We found that colonies were generated in all materials. Individual colonies were examined by microfluidic reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, immunostaining, and electron microscopy analyses. The majority of the colonies expressed markers for endocrine, acinar, and ductal lineages, demonstrating tri-lineage potential of individual colony-forming progenitors. Colonies grown in aECM-lam expressed higher levels of endocrine markers Insulin1, Insulin2, and Glucagon compared with those grown in aECM-scr and Matrigel, indicating that the IKVAV sequence enhances endocrine differentiation. In contrast, Matrigel was inhibitory for endocrine gene expression. Colonies grown in aECM-lam displayed the hallmarks of functional β-cells: mature insulin granules and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Colony-forming progenitors were enriched in the CD133(high) fraction and among 230 micro-manipulated single CD133(high) cells, four gave rise to colonies that expressed tri-lineage markers. We conclude that young postnatal pancreas contains multipotent progenitor cells and that aECM-lam promotes differentiation of β-like cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadiah Ghazalli
- 1 Irell & Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute at City of Hope , Duarte, California.,2 The Department of Translational Research & Cellular Therapeutics, Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute at City of Hope , Duarte, California
| | - Alborz Mahdavi
- 3 Department of Bioengineering, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, California
| | - Tao Feng
- 2 The Department of Translational Research & Cellular Therapeutics, Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute at City of Hope , Duarte, California
| | - Liang Jin
- 2 The Department of Translational Research & Cellular Therapeutics, Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute at City of Hope , Duarte, California
| | - Mark T Kozlowski
- 4 Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, California
| | - Jasper Hsu
- 2 The Department of Translational Research & Cellular Therapeutics, Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute at City of Hope , Duarte, California
| | - Arthur D Riggs
- 1 Irell & Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute at City of Hope , Duarte, California.,2 The Department of Translational Research & Cellular Therapeutics, Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute at City of Hope , Duarte, California
| | - David A Tirrell
- 4 Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, California
| | - H Teresa Ku
- 1 Irell & Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute at City of Hope , Duarte, California.,2 The Department of Translational Research & Cellular Therapeutics, Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute at City of Hope , Duarte, California
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