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Yan Z, Jin Y, An Z, Liu Y, Samet JM, Wu W. Inflammatory cell signaling following exposures to particulate matter and ozone. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1860:2826-34. [PMID: 27015762 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Particulate matter (PM) and ozone (O3) are two major ambient air pollutants. Epidemiological and toxicological studies have demonstrated exposure to these pollutants is associated with a variety of adverse health effects, including cardiovascular and respiratory disease, in which inflammation is believed to be a common and essential factor. SCOPE OF REVIEW This review mainly focuses on major inflammatory cell signaling pathways triggered by exposure to PM and O3. The receptors covered in this review include the EGF receptor, toll like receptor, and NOD-like receptor. Intracellular signaling protein kinases depicted in this review are phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and mitogen-activated protein kinases. Activation of antioxidant and inflammatory transcription factors such as NrF2 and NFκB induced by PM and O3 is also discussed. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Exposure to PM or O3 can activate cellular signaling networks including membrane receptors, intracellular kinases and phosphatases, and transcription factors that regulate inflammatory responses. While PM-induced cell signaling is associated with resultant ROS, O3-induced cell signaling implicates phosphates. Notably, the cellular signaling induced by PM and O3 exposure varies with cell type and physiochemical properties of these pollutants. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Cellular signaling plays a critical role in the regulation of inflammatory pathogenesis. Elucidation of cellular signaling pathways initiated by PM or O3 cannot only help to uncover the mechanisms of air pollutant toxicity but also provide clues for development of interventional measures against air pollution-induced disorders. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Air Pollution, edited by Wenjun Ding, Andrew J. Ghio and Weidong Wu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Yan
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450001, PR China
| | - Yuefei Jin
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450001, PR China
| | - Zhen An
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province 453003, PR China; Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Environmental Effects and Intervention, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province 453003, PR China
| | - Yingying Liu
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province 453003, PR China; Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Environmental Effects and Intervention, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province 453003, PR China
| | - James M Samet
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Weidong Wu
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province 453003, PR China; Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Environmental Effects and Intervention, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province 453003, PR China; Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province 453003, PR China.
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202
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Codina R, Lockey RF. Pollen used to produce allergen extracts. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2016; 118:148-153. [PMID: 26993170 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the use of pollen for the production of allergen extracts to diagnose and treat allergic diseases, examine the associated regulations, and highlight candidate areas for improvement. DATA SOURCES A PubMed search was performed using focused keywords combined with a review of regulatory documents and industry guidelines. STUDY SELECTIONS The information obtained through literature, documents, and industry was scrutinized and used with personal experience and expertise to write this article. RESULTS Both genetic and environmental factors affect the allergenic composition of pollen because it is a biologically active pharmaceutical ingredient obtained from nature. The potential effect of airborne contaminants in pollen requires major attention but can be properly addressed through careful collection practices, combined with a proper interpretation of the data on purity obtained for each pollen lot. The regulations associated with pollen used to manufacture allergen extracts in the United States and Europe and the numbers of pollen allergen extracts commercially available in both areas of the world differ. A critical parameter to select the appropriate extracts for diagnosis and allergen immunotherapy is to understand the phenomenon of cross-reactivity among pollen families, genera, and species. CONCLUSION Physicians should be aware of the factors responsible for the qualitative and quantitative composition of pollen allergen extracts and the associated regulations to produce suitable extracts to diagnose and treat allergic diseases. Collaboration and cooperation among allergen manufacturing companies and regulatory agencies are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Codina
- Allergen Science and Consulting, Lenoir, North Carolina; Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department or Internal Medicine, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida.
| | - Richard F Lockey
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department or Internal Medicine, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida
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203
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Mishra V, DiAngelo SL, Silveyra P. Sex-specific IL-6-associated signaling activation in ozone-induced lung inflammation. Biol Sex Differ 2016; 7:16. [PMID: 26949510 PMCID: PMC4779258 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-016-0069-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Acute ozone (O3) exposure has known deleterious effects on the respiratory system and has been linked with respiratory disease and infection. Inflammatory lung disease induced by air pollution has demonstrated greater severity and poorer prognosis in women vs. men. Both severe damage to the bronchial-alveolar epithelium and malfunctioning of bronchial-blood barrier have been largely attributed to the pathobiology of O3-induced inflammatory response, but the associated mechanisms in the male and female lung remain unknown. Methods Here, we investigated sex-based differential regulation of lung interleukin-6 (IL-6) and its downstream signaling pathways JAK2/STAT3 and AKT1/NF-κB in response to O3 exposure in a mouse model. We exposed male and female mice (in different stages of the estrous cycle) to 2 ppm of O3 or filtered air (FA) for 3 h, and we harvested lung tissue for protein expression analysis by Western blot. Results We found significant up-regulation of IL-6 and IL-6R in females and IL-6 in males in response to O3 vs. FA. Ozone exposure induced a significant increase in STAT3-Y705 phosphorylation in both females and males. Males exposed to O3 had decreased levels of JAK2, but increased JAK2 (Y1007+Y1008) phosphorylation, while females exposed to O3 showed significant up-regulation of both proteins. Both NF-κB (p105/p50) and AKT1 protein levels were significantly increased only in females exposed to O3. In addition, females exposed to O3 during proestrus displayed increased expression of selected genes when compared to females exposed to O3 in other estrous cycle stages. Conclusions Together, our observations indicate a sex-based and estrous cycle-dependent differential lung inflammatory response to O3 and involvement of two converging JAK2/STAT3 and AKT1/NF-κB pathways. To our knowledge, this is the first study specifically addressing the impact of the estrous cycle in O3-associated lung inflammatory pathways. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13293-016-0069-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Mishra
- Department of Pediatrics, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, H085, Hershey, PA 17033 USA
| | - Susan L DiAngelo
- Department of Pediatrics, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, H085, Hershey, PA 17033 USA
| | - Patricia Silveyra
- Department of Pediatrics, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, H085, Hershey, PA 17033 USA ; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033 USA
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204
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Dai Y, Zhang X, Zhang R, Zhao X, Duan H, Niu Y, Huang C, Meng T, Ye M, Bin P, Shen M, Jia X, Wang H, Yu S, Zheng Y. Long-term exposure to diesel engine exhaust affects cytokine expression among occupational population. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2016; 5:674-681. [PMID: 30090380 PMCID: PMC6060680 DOI: 10.1039/c5tx00462d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Diesel engine exhaust (DEE) is a predominant contributor to urban air pollution. The International Agency for Research on Cancer classified DEE as a group I carcinogen. Inflammatory response is considered to be associated with various health outcomes including carcinogenesis. However, human data linking inflammation with long-term DEE exposure are still lacking. In this study, a total of 137 diesel engine testing workers with an average exposure of 8.2 years and 108 unexposed controls were enrolled. Peripheral blood samples were collected from all subjects, and the association of DEE exposure with inflammatory biomarkers was analyzed. Overall, DEE exposed workers had a significant increase in the C-reactive protein (CRP) and a significant decrease in cytokines including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1β compared to controls after adjusting for age, BMI, smoking status, and alcohol use, and findings were highly consistent when stratified by smoking status. In addition, exposure time dependent patterns for IL-6 and CRP were also found (Ptrend = 0.006 and 0.026, respectively); however, the levels of IL-1β and MIP-1β were significantly lower in subjects with a DEE working time of less than 10 years compared with the controls and then recovered to control levels in workers exposed for >10 years. There were no significant differences in blood cell counts and major lymphocyte subsets between exposed workers and the controls. Our results provide epidemiological evidence for the relationship between DEE exposure and immunotoxicity considering the important roles of cytokines in immunological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Dai
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health , National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control , Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing , 10050 , China . ; ; Tel: +86-10-83132593
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health , National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control , Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing , 10050 , China . ; ; Tel: +86-10-83132593
| | - Rong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health , National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control , Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing , 10050 , China . ; ; Tel: +86-10-83132593
- Department of Toxicology , School of Public Health , Hebei Medical University , Shijiazhuang , 050017 , China
| | - Xuezheng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health , National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control , Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing , 10050 , China . ; ; Tel: +86-10-83132593
- Beijing Xicheng District Tianqiao Community Health Service Center , Beijing , 100050 , China
| | - Huawei Duan
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health , National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control , Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing , 10050 , China . ; ; Tel: +86-10-83132593
| | - Yong Niu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health , National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control , Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing , 10050 , China . ; ; Tel: +86-10-83132593
| | - Chuanfeng Huang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health , National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control , Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing , 10050 , China . ; ; Tel: +86-10-83132593
| | - Tao Meng
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health , National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control , Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing , 10050 , China . ; ; Tel: +86-10-83132593
| | - Meng Ye
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health , National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control , Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing , 10050 , China . ; ; Tel: +86-10-83132593
| | - Ping Bin
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health , National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control , Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing , 10050 , China . ; ; Tel: +86-10-83132593
| | - Meili Shen
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health , National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control , Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing , 10050 , China . ; ; Tel: +86-10-83132593
| | - Xiaowei Jia
- School and Hospital of Stomatology , Peking University , Beijing , 100081 , China
| | - Haisheng Wang
- Luoyang Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Luoyang , Henan Province 471000 , China
| | - Shanfa Yu
- Henan Provincial Institute for Occupational Health , Zhengzhou , 450052 , China
| | - Yuxin Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health , National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control , Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing , 10050 , China . ; ; Tel: +86-10-83132593
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205
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Jiang XQ, Mei XD, Feng D. Air pollution and chronic airway diseases: what should people know and do? J Thorac Dis 2016; 8:E31-40. [PMID: 26904251 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2015.11.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The health effects of air pollution remain a public health concern worldwide. Exposure to air pollution has many substantial adverse effects on human health. Globally, seven million deaths were attributable to the joint effects of household and ambient air pollution. Subjects with chronic respiratory diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma are especially vulnerable to the detrimental effects of air pollutants. Air pollution can induce the acute exacerbation of COPD and onset of asthma, increase the respiratory morbidity and mortality. The health effects of air pollution depend on the components and sources of pollutants, which varied with countries, seasons, and times. Combustion of solid fuels is a major source of air pollutants in developing countries. To reduce the detrimental effects of air pollution, people especially those with COPD or asthma should be aware of the air quality and take extra measures such as reducing the time outdoor and wearing masks when necessary. For reducing the air pollutants indoor, people should use clean fuels and improve the stoves so as to burn fuel more efficiently and vent emissions to the outside. Air cleaners that can improve the air quality efficiently are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Qin Jiang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Anhui Provincial Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230001, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Mei
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Anhui Provincial Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230001, China
| | - Di Feng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Anhui Provincial Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230001, China
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206
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Pasalic E, Hayat MJ, Greenwald R. Air pollution, physical activity, and markers of acute airway oxidative stress and inflammation in adolescents. JOURNAL OF THE GEORGIA PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOCIATION 2016; 6:314-330. [PMID: 30662974 PMCID: PMC6338427 DOI: 10.21633/jgpha.6.2s19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The airway inflammatory response is likely the mechanism for adverse health effects related to exposure to air pollution. Increased ventilation rates during physical activity in the presence of air pollution increases the inhaled dose of pollutants. However, physical activity may moderate the relationship between air pollution and the inflammatory response. The present study aimed to characterize, among healthy adolescents, the relationship between dose of inhaled air pollution, physical activity, and markers of lung function, oxidative stress, and airway inflammation. METHODS With a non-probability sample of adolescents, this observational study estimated the association between air pollution dose and outcome measures by use of general linear mixed models with an unstructured covariance structure and a random intercept for subjects to account for repeated measures within subjects. RESULTS A one interquartile range (IQR) (i.e., 345.64 μg) increase in ozone (O3) inhaled dose was associated with a 29.16% average decrease in the percentage of total oxidized compounds (%Oxidized). A one IQR (i.e., 2.368E+10 particle) increase in total particle number count in the inhaled dose (PNT) was associated with an average decrease in forced expiratory flow (FEF25-75) of 0.168 L/second. Increasing activity levels attenuated the relationship between PNT inhaled dose and exhaled nitric oxide (eNO). The relationship between O3 inhaled dose and percent oxidized exhaled breath condensate cystine (%CYSS) was attenuated by activity level, with increasing activity levels corresponding to smaller changes from baseline for a constant O3 inhaled dose. CONCLUSIONS The moderating effects of activity level suggest that peaks of high concentration doses of air pollution may overwhelm the endogenous redox balance of cells, resulting in increased airway inflammation. Further research that examines the relationships between dose peaks over time and inflammation could help to determine whether a high concentration dose over a short period of time has a different effect than a lower concentration dose over a longer period of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Pasalic
- Master of Public Health Program, Georgia State University School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA
| | - Matthew J. Hayat
- Graduate Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Georgia State University School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA
| | - Roby Greenwald
- Graduate Division of Environmental Health, Georgia State University School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA
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207
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McLaren J, Williams ID. The impact of communicating information about air pollution events on public health. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 538:478-491. [PMID: 26318685 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.07.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Short-term exposure to air pollution has been associated with exacerbation of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This study investigated the relationship between emergency hospital admissions for asthma, COPD and episodes of poor air quality in an English city (Southampton) from 2008-2013. The city's council provides a forecasting service for poor air quality to individuals with respiratory disease to reduce preventable admissions to hospital and this has been evaluated. Trends in nitrogen dioxide, ozone and particulate matter concentrations were related to hospital admissions data using regression analysis. The impacts of air quality on emergency admissions were quantified using the relative risks associated with each pollutant. Seasonal and weekly trends were apparent for both air pollution and hospital admissions, although there was a weak relationship between the two. The air quality forecasting service proved ineffective at reducing hospital admissions. Improvements to the health forecasting service are necessary to protect the health of susceptible individuals, as there is likely to be an increasing need for such services in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- J McLaren
- Centre for Environment Sciences, Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Lanchester Building, University Rd., Highfield, Southampton, Hampshire SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - I D Williams
- Centre for Environment Sciences, Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Lanchester Building, University Rd., Highfield, Southampton, Hampshire SO17 1BJ, UK.
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208
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Nutritional Solutions to Reduce Risks of Negative Health Impacts of Air Pollution. Nutrients 2015; 7:10398-416. [PMID: 26690474 PMCID: PMC4690091 DOI: 10.3390/nu7125539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 11/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Air pollution worldwide has been associated with cardiovascular and respiratory morbidity and mortality, particularly in urban settings with elevated concentrations of primary pollutants. Air pollution is a very complex mixture of primary and secondary gases and particles, and its potential to cause harm can depend on multiple factors—including physical and chemical characteristics of pollutants, which varies with fine-scale location (e.g., by proximity to local emission sources)—as well as local meteorology, topography, and population susceptibility. It has been hypothesized that the intake of anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory nutrients may ameliorate various respiratory and cardiovascular effects of air pollution through reductions in oxidative stress and inflammation. To date, several studies have suggested that some harmful effects of air pollution may be modified by intake of essential micronutrients (such as B vitamins, and vitamins C, D, and E) and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. Here, we review the existing literature related to the potential for nutrition to modify the health impacts of air pollution, and offer a framework for examining these interactions.
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209
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Long-Term Exposure to Primary Traffic Pollutants and Lung Function in Children: Cross-Sectional Study and Meta-Analysis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142565. [PMID: 26619227 PMCID: PMC4664276 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is widespread concern about the possible health effects of traffic-related air pollution. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is a convenient marker of primary pollution. We investigated the associations between lung function and current residential exposure to a range of air pollutants (particularly NO2, NO, NOx and particulate matter) in London children. Moreover, we placed the results for NO2 in context with a meta-analysis of published estimates of the association. Methods and Findings Associations between primary traffic pollutants and lung function were investigated in 4884 children aged 9–10 years who participated in the Child Heart and Health Study in England (CHASE). A systematic literature search identified 13 studies eligible for inclusion in a meta-analysis. We combined results from the meta-analysis with the distribution of the values of FEV1 in CHASE to estimate the prevalence of children with abnormal lung function (FEV1<80% of predicted value) expected under different scenarios of NO2 exposure. In CHASE, there were non-significant inverse associations between all pollutants except ozone and both FEV1 and FVC. In the meta-analysis, a 10 μg/m3 increase in NO2 was associated with an 8 ml lower FEV1 (95% CI: -14 to -1 ml; p: 0.016). The observed effect was not modified by a reported asthma diagnosis. On the basis of these results, a 10 μg/m3 increase in NO2 level would translate into a 7% (95% CI: 4% to 12%) increase of the prevalence of children with abnormal lung function. Conclusions Exposure to traffic pollution may cause a small overall reduction in lung function and increase the prevalence of children with clinically relevant declines in lung function.
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210
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Huang CW, Horng CT, Huang CY, Cho TH, Tsai YC, Chen LJ, Hsu TC, Tzang BS. Secondhand smoke induces hepatic apoptosis and fibrosis in hamster fetus. Hum Exp Toxicol 2015; 35:1005-15. [PMID: 26612555 DOI: 10.1177/0960327115617228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Secondhand smoke (SHS) is an important health issue worldwide. Inhaling SHS during pregnancy could cause abnormalities in the internal tissues of newborns, which may then impair fetal development and even cause severe intrauterine damage and perinatal death. However, the understanding of cytopathic mechanisms of SHS by maternal passive smoking on fetus liver during pregnancy is still limited. This study analyzed the effects of high-dose SHS (SHSH) on fetus liver using a maternal passive smoking animal model. Experiments showed that hepatic matrix metalloproteinase-9 activity and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling-positive cells were significantly increased in livers from fetuses of hamsters treated with SHSH. Similarly, expressions of both extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic molecules were significantly higher in livers from fetuses of hamsters exposed to SHSH. Additionally, significantly increased inflammatory proteins, including transforming growth factor β, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and interleukin 1β, and fibrotic signaling molecules, including phosphorylated Smad2/3, SP1, and α-smooth muscle actin, were observed in the fetus livers from hamsters treated with SHSH. This study revealed that SHSH not only increased apoptosis through intrinsic and extrinsic pathways in the livers of fetuses from hamsters exposed to SHSH but also augmented hepatic fibrosis via Smad2/3 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Wei Huang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Ting Horng
- Medical Education Center, Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan Institute of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yang Huang
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan Graduate Institute of Chinese Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ta-Hsiung Cho
- Department of Optometry, Shu Zen Junior College of Medicine and Management, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chang Tsai
- Institute of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Li-Jeng Chen
- Institute of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tsai-Ching Hsu
- Institute of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan Clinical Laboratory, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Bor-Show Tzang
- Institute of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan Clinical Laboratory, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Leon Hsu HH, Mathilda Chiu YH, Coull BA, Kloog I, Schwartz J, Lee A, Wright RO, Wright RJ. Prenatal Particulate Air Pollution and Asthma Onset in Urban Children. Identifying Sensitive Windows and Sex Differences. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2015; 192:1052-9. [PMID: 26176842 PMCID: PMC4642201 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201504-0658oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE The influence of particulate air pollution on respiratory health starts in utero. Fetal lung growth and structural development occurs in stages; thus, effects on postnatal respiratory disorders may differ based on timing of exposure. OBJECTIVES We implemented an innovative method to identify sensitive windows for effects of prenatal exposure to particulate matter with a diameter less than or equal to 2.5 μm (PM2.5) on children's asthma development in an urban pregnancy cohort. METHODS Analyses included 736 full-term (≥37 wk) children. Each mother's daily PM2.5 exposure was estimated over gestation using a validated satellite-based spatiotemporal resolved model. Using distributed lag models, we examined associations between weekly averaged PM2.5 levels over pregnancy and physician-diagnosed asthma in children by age 6 years. Effect modification by sex was also examined. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Most mothers were ethnic minorities (54% Hispanic, 30% black), had 12 or fewer years of education (66%), and did not smoke in pregnancy (80%). In the sample as a whole, distributed lag models adjusting for child age, sex, and maternal factors (education, race and ethnicity, smoking, stress, atopy, prepregnancy obesity) showed that increased PM2.5 exposure levels at 16-25 weeks gestation were significantly associated with early childhood asthma development. An interaction between PM2.5 and sex was significant (P = 0.01) with sex-stratified analyses showing that the association exists only for boys. CONCLUSIONS Higher prenatal PM2.5 exposure at midgestation was associated with asthma development by age 6 years in boys. Methods to better characterize vulnerable windows may provide insight into underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Brent A. Coull
- Department of Biostatistics
- Department of Environmental Health, and
| | - Itai Kloog
- Department of Environmental Health, and
- Department of Geography and Environmental Development, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
| | - Joel Schwartz
- Department of Environmental Health, and
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Alison Lee
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Robert O. Wright
- Department of Preventive Medicine
- The Mindich Child Health & Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Rosalind J. Wright
- Kravis Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics
- The Mindich Child Health & Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
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212
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Abstract
The bronchial epithelium is constantly exposed to a wide range of environmental materials present in inhaled air, including noxious gases and anthropogenic and natural particulates, such as gas and particles from car emissions, tobacco smoke, pollens, animal dander, and pathogens. As a fully differentiated, pseudostratified mucociliary epithelium, the bronchial epithelium protects the internal milieu of the lung from these agents by forming a physical barrier involving adhesive complexes and a chemical barrier involving secretion of mucus, which traps inhaled particles that can be cleared by the mucociliary escalator. It is a testament to the effectiveness of these two barriers that most environmental challenges are largely overcome without the need to develop an inflammatory response. However, as the initial cell of contact with the environment, the bronchial epithelium also plays a pivotal role in immune surveillance and appropriate activation of immune effector cells and antigen presenting cells in the presence of pathogens or other danger signals. Thus, the bronchial epithelium plays a central role in controlling tissue homeostasis and innate immunity. This review will discuss these barrier properties and how dysregulation of these homeostatic mechanisms can contribute to disease pathologies such as asthma.
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213
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Haikerwal A, Akram M, Sim MR, Meyer M, Abramson MJ, Dennekamp M. Fine particulate matter (PM2.5 ) exposure during a prolonged wildfire period and emergency department visits for asthma. Respirology 2015; 21:88-94. [PMID: 26346113 DOI: 10.1111/resp.12613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The 2006-2007 wildfire period was one of the most extensive and long lasting fires in Australian history with high levels of fine particulate matter (PM2.5 ). Large populations were exposed to smoke for over 2 months. The study aimed to investigate the association between wildfire-related PM2.5 exposure and emergency department (ED) visits for asthma. METHODS A time-stratified case-crossover design was used to investigate associations between daily average PM2.5 and ED attendances for asthma from December 2006 to January 2007. ED data were obtained from the Victorian Emergency Minimum Dataset. Smoke dispersion during the wildfire event was modelled using a validated chemical transport model. Exposure data (daily average PM2.5 , temperature and relative humidity) were modelled for the study period. Various lag periods were investigated. RESULTS There were 2047 ED attendances for asthma during the study period. After adjusting for temperature and relative humidity, an interquartile range increase in PM2.5 levels of 8.6 μg/m(3) was associated with an increase in ED attendances for asthma by 1.96% (95%CI: 0.02, 3.94) on the day of exposure. Lag periods up to 2 days prior did not show any association. A strong association was observed among women 20 years and older (5.08% 95%CI: 1.76, 8.51). CONCLUSIONS Wildfire-related PM2.5 was associated with increased risk of ED attendance for asthma during the wildfire event. It is important to understand the role of wildfire PM2.5 as a trigger for asthma presentations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Haikerwal
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Muhammad Akram
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Malcolm R Sim
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mick Meyer
- CSIRO, CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere Flagship, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael J Abramson
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Martine Dennekamp
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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214
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Codina R, Crenshaw RC, Lockey RF. Considerations About Pollen Used for the Production of Allergen Extracts. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY-IN PRACTICE 2015; 3:676-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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215
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Exploring the role and diversity of mucins in health and disease with special insight into non-communicable diseases. Glycoconj J 2015; 32:575-613. [PMID: 26239922 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-015-9606-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mucins are major glycoprotein components of the mucus that coats the surfaces of cells lining the respiratory, digestive, gastrointestinal and urogenital tracts. They function to protect epithelial cells from infection, dehydration and physical or chemical injury, as well as to aid the passage of materials through a tract i.e., lubrication. They are also implicated in the pathogenesis of benign and malignant diseases of secretory epithelial cells. In Human there are two types of mucins, membrane-bound and secreted that are originated from mucous producing goblet cells localized in the epithelial cell layer or in mucous producing glands and encoded by MUC gene. Mucins belong to a heterogeneous family of high molecular weight proteins composed of a long peptidic chain with a large number of tandem repeats that form the so-called mucin domain. The molecular weight is generally high, ranging between 0.2 and 10 million Dalton and all mucins contain one or more domains which are highly glycosylated. The size and number of repeats vary between mucins and the genetic polymorphism represents number of repeats (VNTR polymorphisms), which means the size of individual mucins can differ substantially between individuals which can be used as markers. In human it is only MUC1 and MUC7 that have mucin domains with less than 40% serine and threonine which in turn could reduce number of PTS domains. Mucins can be considered as powerful two-edged sword, as its normal function protects from unwanted substances and organisms at an arm's length while, malfunction of mucus may be an important factor in human diseases. In this review we have unearthed the current status of different mucin proteins in understanding its role and function in various non-communicable diseases in human with special reference to its organ specific locations. The findings described in this review may be of direct relevance to the major research area in biomedicine with reference to mucin and mucin associated diseases.
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216
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Kelly FJ, Fussell JC. Air pollution and public health: emerging hazards and improved understanding of risk. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2015; 37:631-49. [PMID: 26040976 PMCID: PMC4516868 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-015-9720-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Despite past improvements in air quality, very large parts of the population in urban areas breathe air that does not meet European standards let alone the health-based World Health Organisation Air Quality Guidelines. Over the last 10 years, there has been a substantial increase in findings that particulate matter (PM) air pollution is not only exerting a greater impact on established health endpoints, but is also associated with a broader number of disease outcomes. Data strongly suggest that effects have no threshold within the studied range of ambient concentrations, can occur at levels close to PM2.5 background concentrations and that they follow a mostly linear concentration-response function. Having firmly established this significant public health problem, there has been an enormous effort to identify what it is in ambient PM that affects health and to understand the underlying biological basis of toxicity by identifying mechanistic pathways-information that in turn will inform policy makers how best to legislate for cleaner air. Another intervention in moving towards a healthier environment depends upon the achieving the right public attitude and behaviour by the use of optimal air pollution monitoring, forecasting and reporting that exploits increasingly sophisticated information systems. Improving air quality is a considerable but not an intractable challenge. Translating the correct scientific evidence into bold, realistic and effective policies undisputedly has the potential to reduce air pollution so that it no longer poses a damaging and costly toll on public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank J Kelly
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Health Impact of Environmental Hazards, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Facility of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK,
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217
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Arlt VM, Krais AM, Godschalk RW, Riffo-Vasquez Y, Mrizova I, Roufosse CA, Corbin C, Shi Q, Frei E, Stiborova M, van Schooten FJ, Phillips DH, Spina D. Pulmonary Inflammation Impacts on CYP1A1-Mediated Respiratory Tract DNA Damage Induced by the Carcinogenic Air Pollutant Benzo[a]pyrene. Toxicol Sci 2015; 146:213-25. [PMID: 25911668 PMCID: PMC4517052 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfv086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary inflammation can contribute to the development of lung cancer in humans. We investigated whether pulmonary inflammation alters the genotoxicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the lungs of mice and what mechanisms are involved. To model nonallergic acute inflammation, mice were exposed intranasally to lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 20 µg/mouse) and then instilled intratracheally with benzo[a]pyrene (BaP; 0.5 mg/mouse). BaP-DNA adduct levels, measured by (32)P-postlabeling analysis, were approximately 3-fold higher in the lungs of LPS/BaP-treated mice than in mice treated with BaP alone. Pulmonary Cyp1a1 enzyme activity was decreased in LPS/BaP-treated mice relative to BaP-treated mice suggesting that pulmonary inflammation impacted on BaP-induced Cyp1a1 activity in the lung. Our results showed that Cyp1a1 appears to be important for BaP detoxification in vivo and that the decrease of pulmonary Cyp1a1 activity in LPS/BaP-treated mice results in a decrease of pulmonary BaP detoxification, thereby enhancing BaP genotoxicity (ie, DNA adduct formation) in the lung. Because less BaP was detoxified by Cyp1a1 in the lungs of LPS/BaP-treated mice, more BaP circulated via the blood to extrapulmonary tissues relative to mice treated with BaP only. Indeed, we observed higher BaP-DNA adduct levels in livers of LPS/BaP-treated mice compared with BaP-treated mice. Our results indicate that pulmonary inflammation could be a critical determinant in the induction of genotoxicity in the lung by PAHs like BaP. Cyp1a1 appears to be involved in both BaP bioactivation and detoxification although the contribution of other enzymes to BaP-DNA adduct formation in lung and liver under inflammatory conditions remains to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker M Arlt
- *Analytical and Environmental Sciences Division, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment & Health, King's College London, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom,
| | - Annette M Krais
- *Analytical and Environmental Sciences Division, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment & Health, King's College London, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Roger W Godschalk
- Department of Toxicology, School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Yanira Riffo-Vasquez
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Iveta Mrizova
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 12840 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Candice A Roufosse
- Department of Histopathology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0HS, United Kingdom, and
| | - Charmaine Corbin
- *Analytical and Environmental Sciences Division, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment & Health, King's College London, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Quan Shi
- Department of Toxicology, School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Eva Frei
- Division of Preventive Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marie Stiborova
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 12840 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Frederik-Jan van Schooten
- Department of Toxicology, School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - David H Phillips
- *Analytical and Environmental Sciences Division, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment & Health, King's College London, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Domenico Spina
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
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218
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Respiratory Tract Deposition of Inhaled Wood Smoke Particles in Healthy Volunteers. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv 2015; 28:237-46. [DOI: 10.1089/jamp.2014.1122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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219
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Blume C, Swindle EJ, Gilles S, Traidl-Hoffmann C, Davies DE. Low molecular weight components of pollen alter bronchial epithelial barrier functions. Tissue Barriers 2015; 3:e1062316. [PMID: 26451347 PMCID: PMC4574901 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2015.1062316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The bronchial epithelium plays a key role in providing a protective barrier against many environmental substances of anthropogenic or natural origin which enter the lungs during breathing. Appropriate responses to these agents are critical for regulation of tissue homeostasis, while inappropriate responses may contribute to disease pathogenesis. Here, we compared epithelial barrier responses to different pollen species, characterized the active pollen components and the signaling pathways leading to epithelial activation. Polarized bronchial cells were exposed to extracts of timothy grass (Phleum pratense), ragweed (Ambrosia artemisifolia), mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris), birch (Betula alba) and pine (Pinus sylvestris) pollens. All pollen species caused a decrease in ionic permeability as monitored trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TER) and induced polarized release of mediators analyzed by ELISA, with grass pollen showing the highest activity. Ultrafiltration showed that the responses were due to components <3kDa. However, lipid mediators, including phytoprostane E1, had no effect on TER, and caused only modest induction of mediator release. Reverse-phase chromatography separated 2 active fractions: the most hydrophilic maximally affected cytokine release whereas the other only affected TER. Inhibitor studies revealed that JNK played a more dominant role in regulation of barrier permeability in response to grass pollen exposure, whereas ERK and p38 controlled cytokine release. Adenosine and the flavonoid isorhamnetin present in grass pollen contributed to the overall effect on airway epithelial barrier responses. In conclusion, bronchial epithelial barrier functions are differentially affected by several low molecular weight components released by pollen. Furthermore, ionic permeability and innate cytokine production are differentially regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Blume
- Brooke Laboratory; Clinical and Experimental Sciences; Faculty of Medicine; University of Southampton; University Hospital Southampton ; Southampton, UK
| | - Emily J Swindle
- Brooke Laboratory; Clinical and Experimental Sciences; Faculty of Medicine; University of Southampton; University Hospital Southampton ; Southampton, UK
| | - Stefanie Gilles
- Institute of Environmental Medicine; UNIKA-T; Technische Universität Munich ; Munich, Germany ; CK CARE; Christine Kühne Center for Allergy Research and Education ; Davos, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Traidl-Hoffmann
- Institute of Environmental Medicine; UNIKA-T; Technische Universität Munich ; Munich, Germany ; CK CARE; Christine Kühne Center for Allergy Research and Education ; Davos, Switzerland
| | - Donna E Davies
- Brooke Laboratory; Clinical and Experimental Sciences; Faculty of Medicine; University of Southampton; University Hospital Southampton ; Southampton, UK ; Southampton NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit; University Hospital Southampton ; Southampton, UK
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220
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Yano Y, Senjyu H, Tanaka T, Asai M, Yanagita Y, Nishinakagawa T, Miyamoto N, Kotaki K, Kozu R, Honda S. Factors associated with the annual change in forced expiratory volume in 1 second of officially acknowledged victims of pollution-related illness in improved environments: a longitudinal study. J Phys Ther Sci 2015; 27:1411-6. [PMID: 26157231 PMCID: PMC4483409 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.27.1411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] We examined factors affecting annual change in pulmonary function in residents
previously exposed to air pollution in an area where pollution has been reduced and a long
time period has elapsed. [Subjects and Methods] Data of 730 officially acknowledged
victims of pollution-related illness from an annual survey during 2000 to 2009 were
analyzed. The primary outcome was forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1),
along with factors such as age, body composition, smoking habits, respiratory symptoms,
and classification of medical management (an index of the need for treatment). Multiple
regression analyses were used to identify factors associated with the annual change in
FEV1. [Results] Three significant factors were identified: smoking habit,
classification of medical management, and gender. Smoking habits and classification of
medical management had stronger effects on the annual change in FEV1 than
gender. [Conclusion] With an improved environment, continuation of smoking accelerates the
decline in FEV1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudai Yano
- Department of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation Science, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Japan ; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Japan
| | - Hideaki Senjyu
- Department of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation Science, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Japan
| | - Takako Tanaka
- Department of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation Science, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Japan
| | - Masaharu Asai
- Department of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation Science, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Japan
| | - Yorihide Yanagita
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seirei Mikatahara General Hospital, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Nishinakagawa
- Department of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation Science, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Japan
| | - Naomi Miyamoto
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Science, Kio University, Japan
| | - Kenji Kotaki
- Department of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation Science, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Japan
| | - Ryo Kozu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Japan
| | - Sumihisa Honda
- Department of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation Science, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Japan
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221
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Bach N, Bølling AK, Brinchmann BC, Totlandsdal AI, Skuland T, Holme JA, Låg M, Schwarze PE, Øvrevik J. Cytokine responses induced by diesel exhaust particles are suppressed by PAR-2 silencing and antioxidant treatment, and driven by polar and non-polar soluble constituents. Toxicol Lett 2015; 238:72-82. [PMID: 26160521 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Adsorbed soluble organics seem to be the main drivers of inflammatory responses induced by diesel exhaust particles (DEP). The specific compounds contributing to this process and the cellular mechanisms behind DEP-induced inflammation are not well known. We have assessed pro-inflammatory effects of DEP and various soluble DEP fractions, in human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B). DEP increased the expression of interleukin (IL)-6 and CXCL8. Silencing of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) by siRNA or pretreatment with AhR-antagonists did not attenuate DEP-induced IL-6 and CXCL8 responses. However, the halogenated aromatic hydrocarbon (HAH)-selective AhR antagonist CH223191 caused a considerable reduction in DEP-induced CYP1A1 expression indicating that this response may be due to dioxin or dioxin-like constituents in DEP. Knock-down of protease activated receptor (PAR)-2 attenuated IL-6 responses without affecting CXCL8. Antioxidants did not affect IL-6 expression after 4h DEP-exposure and only partly reduced CXCL8 expression. However, after 24h exposure antioxidant treatment partly suppressed IL-6 protein release and completely blocked CXCL8 release. Furthermore, a heptane-soluble (non-polar) extract of DEP induced both IL-6 and CXCL8 release, whereas a PBS-soluble (highly polar) extract induced only IL-6. Thus, pro-inflammatory responses in DEP-exposed epithelial cells appear to be the result of both reactive oxygen species and receptor signaling, mediated through combinatorial effects between both non-polar and polar constituents adhered to the particle surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolai Bach
- Department of Air Pollution and Noise, Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway; Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Anette Kocbach Bølling
- Department of Air Pollution and Noise, Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway
| | - Bendik C Brinchmann
- Department of Air Pollution and Noise, Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway
| | - Annike I Totlandsdal
- Department of Air Pollution and Noise, Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway
| | - Tonje Skuland
- Department of Air Pollution and Noise, Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway
| | - Jørn A Holme
- Department of Air Pollution and Noise, Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway
| | - Marit Låg
- Department of Air Pollution and Noise, Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway
| | - Per E Schwarze
- Department of Air Pollution and Noise, Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway
| | - Johan Øvrevik
- Department of Air Pollution and Noise, Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway.
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222
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Tseng CY, Chang JF, Wang JS, Chang YJ, Gordon MK, Chao MW. Protective Effects of N-Acetyl Cysteine against Diesel Exhaust Particles-Induced Intracellular ROS Generates Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines to Mediate the Vascular Permeability of Capillary-Like Endothelial Tubes. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131911. [PMID: 26148005 PMCID: PMC4492618 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to diesel exhaust particles (DEP) is associated with pulmonary and cardiovascular diseases. Previous studies using in vitro endothelial tubes as a simplified model of capillaries have found that DEP-induced ROS increase vascular permeability with rearrangement or internalization of adherens junctional VE-cadherin away from the plasma membrane. This allows DEPs to penetrate into the cell and capillary lumen. In addition, pro-inflammatory cytokines are up-regulated and mediate vascular permeability in response to DEP. However, the mechanisms through which these DEP-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines increase vascular permeability remain unknown. Hence, we examined the ability of DEP to induce permeability of human umbilical vein endothelial cell tube cells to investigate these mechanisms. Furthermore, supplementation with NAC reduces ROS production following exposure to DEP. HUVEC tube cells contributed to a pro-inflammatory response to DEP-induced intracellular ROS generation. Endothelial oxidative stress induced the release of TNF-α and IL-6 from tube cells, subsequently stimulating the secretion of VEGF-A independent of HO-1. Our data suggests that DEP-induced intracellular ROS and release of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF- α and IL-6, which would contribute to VEGF-A secretion and disrupt cell-cell borders and increase vasculature permeability. Addition of NAC suppresses DEP-induced ROS efficiently and reduces subsequent damages by increasing endogenous glutathione.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Yi Tseng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Zhongli district, Taoyuan city, Taiwan
- Center of Nanotechnology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Zhongli district, Taoyuan city, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Fen Chang
- Department of Bioscience Technology, College of Science, Chung Yuan Christian University, Zhongli district, Taoyuan city, Taiwan
| | - Jhih-Syuan Wang
- Department of Bioscience Technology, College of Science, Chung Yuan Christian University, Zhongli district, Taoyuan city, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jung Chang
- Department of Bioscience Technology, College of Science, Chung Yuan Christian University, Zhongli district, Taoyuan city, Taiwan
| | - Marion K. Gordon
- Joint program of Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Ming-Wei Chao
- Center of Nanotechnology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Zhongli district, Taoyuan city, Taiwan
- Department of Bioscience Technology, College of Science, Chung Yuan Christian University, Zhongli district, Taoyuan city, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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223
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Øvrevik J, Refsnes M, Låg M, Holme JA, Schwarze PE. Activation of Proinflammatory Responses in Cells of the Airway Mucosa by Particulate Matter: Oxidant- and Non-Oxidant-Mediated Triggering Mechanisms. Biomolecules 2015; 5:1399-440. [PMID: 26147224 PMCID: PMC4598757 DOI: 10.3390/biom5031399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is considered to play a central role in a diverse range of disease outcomes associated with exposure to various types of inhalable particulates. The initial mechanisms through which particles trigger cellular responses leading to activation of inflammatory responses are crucial to clarify in order to understand what physico-chemical characteristics govern the inflammogenic activity of particulate matter and why some particles are more harmful than others. Recent research suggests that molecular triggering mechanisms involved in activation of proinflammatory genes and onset of inflammatory reactions by particles or soluble particle components can be categorized into direct formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) with subsequent oxidative stress, interaction with the lipid layer of cellular membranes, activation of cell surface receptors, and direct interactions with intracellular molecular targets. The present review focuses on the immediate effects and responses in cells exposed to particles and central down-stream signaling mechanisms involved in regulation of proinflammatory genes, with special emphasis on the role of oxidant and non-oxidant triggering mechanisms. Importantly, ROS act as a central second-messenger in a variety of signaling pathways. Even non-oxidant mediated triggering mechanisms are therefore also likely to activate downstream redox-regulated events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Øvrevik
- Department of Air Pollution and Noise, Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404 Nydalen, N-0403 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Magne Refsnes
- Department of Air Pollution and Noise, Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404 Nydalen, N-0403 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Marit Låg
- Department of Air Pollution and Noise, Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404 Nydalen, N-0403 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Jørn A Holme
- Department of Air Pollution and Noise, Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404 Nydalen, N-0403 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Per E Schwarze
- Department of Air Pollution and Noise, Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404 Nydalen, N-0403 Oslo, Norway.
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224
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Tibbetts JH. Air quality and climate change: a delicate balance. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2015; 123:A148-53. [PMID: 26030069 PMCID: PMC4455574 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.123-a148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
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225
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Padula AM, Balmes JR, Eisen EA, Mann J, Noth EM, Lurmann FW, Pratt B, Tager IB, Nadeau K, Hammond SK. Ambient polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and pulmonary function in children. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2015; 25:295-302. [PMID: 24938508 PMCID: PMC4270934 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2014.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Few studies have examined the relationship between ambient polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and pulmonary function in children. Major sources include vehicular emissions, home heating, wildland fires, agricultural burning, and power plants. PAHs are an important component of fine particulate matter that has been linked to respiratory health. This cross-sectional study examines the relationship between estimated individual exposures to the sum of PAHs with 4, 5, or 6 rings (PAH456) and pulmonary function tests (forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and forced expiratory flow between 25% and 75% of vital capacity) in asthmatic and non-asthmatic children. We applied land-use regression to estimate individual exposures to ambient PAHs for averaging periods ranging from 1 week to 1 year. We used linear regression to estimate the relationship between exposure to PAH456 with pre- and postbronchodilator pulmonary function tests in children in Fresno, California (N=297). Among non-asthmatics, there was a statistically significant association between PAH456 during the previous 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year and postbronchodilator FEV1. The magnitude of the association increased with the length of the averaging period ranging from 60 to 110 ml decrease in FEV1 for each 1 ng/m(3) increase in PAH456. There were no associations with PAH456 observed among asthmatic children. We identified an association between annual PAHs and chronic pulmonary function in children without asthma. Additional studies are needed to further explore the association between exposure to PAHs and pulmonary function, especially with regard to differential effects between asthmatic and non-asthmatic children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M. Padula
- Department of Pediatrics – Neonatology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - John R. Balmes
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ellen A. Eisen
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer Mann
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth M. Noth
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Boriana Pratt
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Ira B. Tager
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Kari Nadeau
- Department of Pediatrics – Neonatology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - S. Katharine Hammond
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
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226
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Pöschl U, Shiraiwa M. Multiphase chemistry at the atmosphere-biosphere interface influencing climate and public health in the anthropocene. Chem Rev 2015; 115:4440-75. [PMID: 25856774 DOI: 10.1021/cr500487s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Pöschl
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Manabu Shiraiwa
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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227
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Carrigy NB, Ruzycki CA, Golshahi L, Finlay WH. Pediatric in vitro and in silico models of deposition via oral and nasal inhalation. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv 2015; 27:149-69. [PMID: 24870701 DOI: 10.1089/jamp.2013.1075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory tract deposition models provide a useful method for optimizing the design and administration of inhaled pharmaceutical aerosols, and can be useful for estimating exposure risks to inhaled particulate matter. As aerosol must first pass through the extrathoracic region prior to reaching the lungs, deposition in this region plays an important role in both cases. Compared to adults, much less extrathoracic deposition data are available with pediatric subjects. Recently, progress in magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography scans to develop pediatric extrathoracic airway replicas has facilitated addressing this issue. Indeed, the use of realistic replicas for benchtop inhaler testing is now relatively common during the development and in vitro evaluation of pediatric respiratory drug delivery devices. Recently, in vitro empirical modeling studies using a moderate number of these realistic replicas have related airway geometry, particle size, fluid properties, and flow rate to extrathoracic deposition. Idealized geometries provide a standardized platform for inhaler testing and exposure risk assessment and have been designed to mimic average in vitro deposition in infants and children by replicating representative average geometrical dimensions. In silico mathematical models have used morphometric data and aerosol physics to illustrate the relative importance of different deposition mechanisms on respiratory tract deposition. Computational fluid dynamics simulations allow for the quantification of local deposition patterns and an in-depth examination of aerosol behavior in the respiratory tract. Recent studies have used both in vitro and in silico deposition measurements in realistic pediatric airway geometries to some success. This article reviews the current understanding of pediatric in vitro and in silico deposition modeling via oral and nasal inhalation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas B Carrigy
- 1 Aerosol Research Laboratory of Alberta, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G8
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228
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Kanashova T, Popp O, Orasche J, Karg E, Harndorf H, Stengel B, Sklorz M, Streibel T, Zimmermann R, Dittmar G. Differential proteomic analysis of mouse macrophages exposed to adsorbate-loaded heavy fuel oil derived combustion particles using an automated sample-preparation workflow. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:5965-76. [PMID: 25772565 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8595-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ship diesel combustion particles are known to cause broad cytotoxic effects and thereby strongly impact human health. Particles from heavy fuel oil (HFO) operated ships are considered as particularly dangerous. However, little is known about the relevant components of the ship emission particles. In particular, it is interesting to know if the particle cores, consisting of soot and metal oxides, or the adsorbate layers, consisting of semi- and low-volatile organic compounds and salts, are more relevant. We therefore sought to relate the adsorbates and the core composition of HFO combustion particles to the early cellular responses, allowing for the development of measures that counteract their detrimental effects. Hence, the semi-volatile coating of HFO-operated ship diesel engine particles was removed by stepwise thermal stripping using different temperatures. RAW 264.7 macrophages were exposed to native and thermally stripped particles in submersed culture. Proteomic changes were monitored by two different quantitative mass spectrometry approaches, stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) and dimethyl labeling. Our data revealed that cells reacted differently to native or stripped HFO combustion particles. Cells exposed to thermally stripped particles showed a very differential reaction with respect to the composition of the individual chemical load of the particle. The cellular reactions of the HFO particles included reaction to oxidative stress, reorganization of the cytoskeleton and changes in endocytosis. Cells exposed to the 280 °C treated particles showed an induction of RNA-related processes, a number of mitochondria-associated processes as well as DNA damage response, while the exposure to 580 °C treated HFO particles mainly induced the regulation of intracellular transport. In summary, our analysis based on a highly reproducible automated proteomic sample-preparation procedure shows a diverse cellular response, depending on the soot particle composition. In particular, it was shown that both the molecules of the adsorbate layer as well as particle cores induced strong but different effects in the exposed cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Kanashova
- Mass spectrometry, Max-Delbrück Center for molecular medicine, Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
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Kelly FJ, Fussell JC. Linking ambient particulate matter pollution effects with oxidative biology and immune responses. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2015; 1340:84-94. [DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frank J. Kelly
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health; Facility of Life Sciences and Medicine; King's College; London United Kingdom
| | - Julia C. Fussell
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health; Facility of Life Sciences and Medicine; King's College; London United Kingdom
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230
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Ferraro S, Orona N, Villalón L, Saldiva P, Tasat D, Berra A. Air particulate matter exacerbates lung response on Sjögren's Syndrome animals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 67:125-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2014.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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231
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Bono R, Tassinari R, Bellisario V, Gilli G, Pazzi M, Pirro V, Mengozzi G, Bugiani M, Piccioni P. Urban air and tobacco smoke as conditions that increase the risk of oxidative stress and respiratory response in youth. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 137:141-146. [PMID: 25531819 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Air pollution and tobacco smoke can induce negative effects on the human health and often leads to the formation of oxidative stress. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to clarify the role of the urbanization degree and of passive exposure to tobacco smoke in the formation of oxidative stress. Thus, a group of non-smoking adolescents was recruited among those who live and attend school in areas with three different population densities. To each subject a spot of urine was collected to quantify 15-F2t isoprostane as a marker of oxidative stress and cotinine as a marker of passive exposure to tobacco smoke. Furthermore, respiratory functionality was also measured. RESULTS Multiple linear regression analysis results showed a direct correlation (p<0.0001) of 15-F2t isoprostane with both the urbanization and passive smoke. Lung function parameters proved significantly lower for the subjects living in the most populous city of Torino. CONCLUSION This remarks the negative effect that urbanization has on the respiratory conditions. Lastly, lung functionality presented a low inverse correlation with 15-F2t isoprostane, suggesting an independent mechanism than that of the urban factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Bono
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, Italy.
| | - Roberta Tassinari
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, Italy
| | | | - Giorgio Gilli
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, Italy
| | - Marco Pazzi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Italy
| | | | - Giulio Mengozzi
- Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, San Giovanni Battista Hospital, Torino, Italy
| | | | - Pavilio Piccioni
- Unit of Respiratory Medicine, National Health Service (ASL TO2), Torino, Italy
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232
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Adar SD, Kaufman JD, Diez-Roux AV, Hoffman EA, D'Souza J, Stukovsky KH, Rich SS, Rotter JI, Guo X, Raffel LJ, Sampson PD, Oron AP, Raghunathan T, Barr RG. Air pollution and percent emphysema identified by computed tomography in the Multi-Ethnic study of Atherosclerosis. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2015; 123:144-51. [PMID: 25302408 PMCID: PMC4314244 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1307951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Air pollution is linked to low lung function and to respiratory events, yet little is known of associations with lung structure. OBJECTIVES We examined associations of particulate matter (PM2.5, PM10) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) with percent emphysema-like lung on computed tomography (CT). METHODS The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) recruited participants (45-84 years of age) in six U.S. states. Percent emphysema was defined as lung regions < -910 Hounsfield Units on cardiac CT scans acquired following a highly standardized protocol. Spirometry was also conducted on a subset. Individual-level 1- and 20-year average air pollution exposures were estimated using spatiotemporal models that included cohort-specific measurements. Multivariable regression was conducted to adjust for traditional risk factors and study location. RESULTS Among 6,515 participants, we found evidence of an association between percent emphysema and long-term pollution concentrations in an analysis leveraging between-city exposure contrasts. Higher concentrations of PM2.5 (5 μg/m3) and NOx (25 ppb) over the previous year were associated with 0.6 (95% CI: 0.1, 1.2%) and 0.5 (95% CI: 0.1, 0.9%) higher average percent emphysema, respectively. However, after adjustment for study site the associations were -0.6% (95% CI: -1.5, 0.3%) for PM2.5 and -0.5% (95% CI: -1.1, 0.02%) for NOx. Lower lung function measures (FEV1 and FVC) were associated with higher PM2.5 and NOx levels in 3,791 participants before and after adjustment for study site, though most associations were not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS Associations between ambient air pollution and percentage of emphysema-like lung were inconclusive in this cross-sectional study, thus longitudinal analyses may better clarify these associations with percent emphysema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara D Adar
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Pierdominici M, Maselli A, Cecchetti S, Tinari A, Mastrofrancesco A, Alfè M, Gargiulo V, Beatrice C, Di Blasio G, Carpinelli G, Ortona E, Giovannetti A, Fiorito S. Diesel exhaust particle exposure in vitro impacts T lymphocyte phenotype and function. Part Fibre Toxicol 2014; 11:74. [PMID: 25498254 PMCID: PMC4271360 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-014-0074-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Diesel exhaust particles (DEP) are major constituents of ambient air pollution and their adverse health effect is an area of intensive investigations. With respect to the immune system, DEP have attracted significant research attention as a factor that could influence allergic diseases interfering with cytokine production and chemokine expression. With this exception, scant data are available on the impact of DEP on lymphocyte homeostasis. Here, the effects of nanoparticles from Euro 4 (E4) and Euro 5 (E5) light duty diesel engines on the phenotype and function of T lymphocytes from healthy donors were evaluated. Methods T lymphocytes were isolated from peripheral blood obtained from healthy volunteers and subsequently stimulated with different concentration (from 0.15 to 60 μg/ml) and at different time points (from 24 h to 9 days) of either E4 or E5 particles. Immunological parameters, including apoptosis, autophagy, proliferation levels, mitochondrial function, expression of activation markers and cytokine production were evaluated by cellular and molecular analyses. Results DEP exposure caused a pronounced autophagic-lysosomal blockade, thus interfering with a key mechanism involved in the maintaining of T cell homeostasis. Moreover, DEP decreased mitochondrial membrane potential but, unexpectedly, this effect did not result in changes of the apoptosis and/or necrosis levels, as well as of intracellular content of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Finally, a down-regulation of the expression of the alpha chain of the interleukin (IL)-2 receptor (i.e., the CD25 molecule) as well as an abnormal Th1 cytokine expression profile (i.e., a decrease of IL-2 and interferon (IFN)-γ production) were observed after DEP exposure. No differences between the two compounds were detected in all studied parameters. Conclusions Overall, our data identify functional and phenotypic T lymphocyte parameters as relevant targets for DEP cytotoxicity, whose impairment could be detrimental, at least in the long run, for human health, favouring the development or the progression of diseases such as autoimmunity and cancer. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12989-014-0074-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Pierdominici
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
| | - Angela Maselli
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
| | - Serena Cecchetti
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
| | - Antonella Tinari
- Department of Technology and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
| | - Arianna Mastrofrancesco
- San Gallicano Dermatologic Institute, IRCCS-IFO, Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center of Metabolomics Research, Rome, Italy.
| | - Michela Alfè
- Istituto di Ricerche sulla Combustione (IRC), CNR- Naples, Italy.
| | | | | | | | - Giulia Carpinelli
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
| | - Elena Ortona
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy. .,Istituto San Raffaele Sulmona, Sulmona, Italy.
| | - Antonello Giovannetti
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | - Silvana Fiorito
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy. .,Institute of Translational Pharmacology, CNR-Rome, Italy. .,Research Center for Nanotechnologies applied to Engineering-CNIS, Rome, Italy.
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235
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De Prins S, Dons E, Van Poppel M, Int Panis L, Van de Mieroop E, Nelen V, Cox B, Nawrot TS, Teughels C, Schoeters G, Koppen G. Airway oxidative stress and inflammation markers in exhaled breath from children are linked with exposure to black carbon. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2014; 73:440-6. [PMID: 25244707 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2014.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current study aimed at assessing the associations between black carbon (BC) exposure and markers for airway inflammation and oxidative stress in primary school children in a Western European urban area. METHODS In 130 children aged 6-12 years old, the fraction of exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO), exhaled breath condensate (EBC) pH, 8-isoprostane and interleukin (IL)-1β were measured in two seasons. BC concentrations on the sampling day (2-h average, 8:00-10:00 AM) and on the day before (24-h average) were assessed using measurements at a central monitoring site. Land use regression (LUR) models were applied to estimate weekly average BC exposure integrated for the time spent at home and at school, and seasonal average BC exposure at the home address. Associations between exposure and biomarkers were tested using linear mixed effect regression models. Next to single exposure models, models combining different BC exposure metrics were used. RESULTS In single exposure models, an interquartile range (IQR) increase in 2-h BC (3.10 μg/m(3)) was linked with a 5.9% (95% CI: 0.1 to 12.0%) increase in 8-isoprostane. FeNO increased by 16.7% (95% CI: 2.2 to 33.2%) per IQR increase in 24-h average BC (4.50 μg/m(3)) and by 12.1% (95% CI: 2.5 to 22.8%) per IQR increase in weekly BC (1.73 μg/m(3)). IL-1β was associated with weekly and seasonal (IQR=1.70 μg/m(3)) BC with respective changes of 38.4% (95% CI: 9.0 to 75.4%) and 61.8% (95% CI: 3.5 to 153.9%) per IQR increase in BC. An IQR increase in weekly BC was linked with a lowering in EBC pH of 0.05 (95% CI: -0.10 to -0.01). All associations were observed independent of sex, age, allergy status, parental education level and meteorological conditions on the sampling day. Most of the associations remained when different BC exposure metrics were combined in multiple exposure models, after additional correction for sampling period or after exclusion of children with airway allergies. In additional analyses, FeNO was linked with 24-h PM10 levels, but the effect size was smaller than for BC. 8-Isoprostane was not linked with either 2-h or 24-h concentrations of PM2.5 or PM10. CONCLUSION BC exposure on the morning of sampling was associated with airway oxidative stress while 24-h and weekly exposures were linked with airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie De Prins
- Environmental Risk and Health Unit, VITO (Flemish Institute for Technological Research), Boeretang 200, B-2400 Mol, Belgium; Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Evi Dons
- Environmental Risk and Health Unit, VITO (Flemish Institute for Technological Research), Boeretang 200, B-2400 Mol, Belgium.
| | - Martine Van Poppel
- Environmental Risk and Health Unit, VITO (Flemish Institute for Technological Research), Boeretang 200, B-2400 Mol, Belgium.
| | - Luc Int Panis
- Environmental Risk and Health Unit, VITO (Flemish Institute for Technological Research), Boeretang 200, B-2400 Mol, Belgium; Transportation Research Institute (IMOB), Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 5 Bus 6, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.
| | - Els Van de Mieroop
- Environment and Health Unit, Provincial Institute of Hygiene, Kronenburgstraat 45, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Vera Nelen
- Environment and Health Unit, Provincial Institute of Hygiene, Kronenburgstraat 45, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Bianca Cox
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Gebouw D, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.
| | - Tim S Nawrot
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Gebouw D, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.
| | - Caroline Teughels
- Environment & Health, Flemish Government, Department of Environment, Nature and Energy, Koning Albert II-laan 20 Bus 8, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Greet Schoeters
- Environmental Risk and Health Unit, VITO (Flemish Institute for Technological Research), Boeretang 200, B-2400 Mol, Belgium; Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Gudrun Koppen
- Environmental Risk and Health Unit, VITO (Flemish Institute for Technological Research), Boeretang 200, B-2400 Mol, Belgium.
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Li N, Bhattacharya P, Karavalakis G, Williams K, Gysel N, Rivera-Rios N. Emissions from commercial-grade charbroiling meat operations induce oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in human bronchial epithelial cells. Toxicol Rep 2014; 1:802-811. [PMID: 28962293 PMCID: PMC5598377 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2014.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Commercial charbroiling emissions are a significant source of ambient particulate matter (PM) in urban settings. The objective of this study was to determine whether organic extract of PM emissions from commercial charbroiling meat operations could induce an inflammatory response in human bronchial epithelial cells and whether this effect was mediated by oxidative stress. PM samples were collected during cooking hamburgers on a commercial-grade under-fired charbroiler and sequentially extracted with water and methanol to obtain the aqueous PM suspension (AqPM) and organic extract (OE). The pro-oxidative and pro-inflammatory effects of OE were assessed using human bronchial epithelial cell line BEAS-2B. While AqPM did not have any effect, OE effectively induced the expression of heme oxygennase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 in BEAS-2B cells. OE also up-regulated the levels of IL-6, IL-8, and prostaglandin E2. OE-induced cellular inflammatory response could be effectively suppressed by the antioxidant N-acetyl cysteine, nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 activator sulforaphane and p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580. In conclusion, organic chemicals emitted from commercial charbroiling meat operations could induce an inflammatory response in human bronchial epithelial cells, which was mediated by oxidative stress and p38 MAPK.
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Key Words
- AqPM, aqueous PM suspension
- COX, cyclooxygenase
- Commercial charbroiling meat emissions
- DEP, diesel exhaust particles
- Environmental and occupational health
- HO-1, heme oxygenase-1
- Human bronchial epithelial cells
- Inflammatory response
- MAPK, mitogen activated protein kinase
- NAC, N-acetyl cysteine
- OC, organic carbon
- OE, organic extract
- Oxidative stress
- PAH, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
- PG, prostaglandin
- PM, particulate matter
- SFN, sulforaphane
- SOD2, superoxide dismutase 2
- TSLP, thymic stromal lymphopoietin
- UFP, ultrafine particles
- p38 MAPK
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Li
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Poulomi Bhattacharya
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Georgios Karavalakis
- Center for Environmental Research and Technology, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Keisha Williams
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Nicholas Gysel
- Center for Environmental Research and Technology, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Nachamari Rivera-Rios
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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Schaumann F, Frömke C, Dijkstra D, Alessandrini F, Windt H, Karg E, Müller M, Winkler C, Braun A, Koch A, Hohlfeld JM, Behrendt H, Schmid O, Koch W, Schulz H, Krug N. Effects of ultrafine particles on the allergic inflammation in the lung of asthmatics: results of a double-blinded randomized cross-over clinical pilot study. Part Fibre Toxicol 2014; 11:39. [PMID: 25204642 PMCID: PMC4354282 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-014-0039-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological and experimental studies suggest that exposure to ultrafine particles (UFP) might aggravate the allergic inflammation of the lung in asthmatics. METHODS We exposed 12 allergic asthmatics in two subgroups in a double-blinded randomized cross-over design, first to freshly generated ultrafine carbon particles (64 μg/m³; 6.1 ± 0.4 × 10⁵ particles/cm³ for 2 h) and then to filtered air or vice versa with a 28-day recovery period in-between. Eighteen hours after each exposure, grass pollen was instilled into a lung lobe via bronchoscopy. Another 24 hours later, inflammatory cells were collected by means of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). ( TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT00527462) RESULTS: For the entire study group, inhalation of UFP by itself had no significant effect on the allergen induced inflammatory response measured with total cell count as compared to exposure with filtered air (p = 0.188). However, the subgroup of subjects, which inhaled UFP during the first exposure, exhibited a significant increase in total BAL cells (p = 0.021), eosinophils (p = 0.031) and monocytes (p = 0.013) after filtered air exposure and subsequent allergen challenge 28 days later. Additionally, the potential of BAL cells to generate oxidant radicals was significantly elevated at that time point. The subgroup that was exposed first to filtered air and 28 days later to UFP did not reveal differences between sessions. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that pre-allergen exposure to UFP had no acute effect on the allergic inflammation. However, the subgroup analysis lead to the speculation that inhaled UFP particles might have a long-term effect on the inflammatory course in asthmatic patients. This should be reconfirmed in further studies with an appropriate study design and sufficient number of subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Schaumann
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Nikolai-Fuchs-Str. 1a, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
| | | | - Dorothea Dijkstra
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Nikolai-Fuchs-Str. 1a, 30625, Hannover, Germany. .,Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Francesca Alessandrini
- Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM), Technische Universität and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung research (DZL), Munich, Germany, Munich, Germany.
| | - Horst Windt
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Nikolai-Fuchs-Str. 1a, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Erwin Karg
- Cooperationgroup Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre (JMSC), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany.
| | - Meike Müller
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Nikolai-Fuchs-Str. 1a, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Carla Winkler
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Nikolai-Fuchs-Str. 1a, 30625, Hannover, Germany. .,Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Armin Braun
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Nikolai-Fuchs-Str. 1a, 30625, Hannover, Germany. .,Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Armin Koch
- Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Jens Michael Hohlfeld
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Nikolai-Fuchs-Str. 1a, 30625, Hannover, Germany. .,Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany. .,Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Heidrun Behrendt
- Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM), Technische Universität and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung research (DZL), Munich, Germany, Munich, Germany.
| | - Otmar Schmid
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Munich, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang Koch
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Nikolai-Fuchs-Str. 1a, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Holger Schulz
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany.
| | - Norbert Krug
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Nikolai-Fuchs-Str. 1a, 30625, Hannover, Germany. .,Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Hannover, Germany.
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Global review of studies on traffic police with special focus on environmental health effects. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2014; 27:523-35. [PMID: 25034905 DOI: 10.2478/s13382-014-0285-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Since occupation is a major determinant of health, traffic police personnel face multiple occupational hazards. They are continuously exposed to vehicular emissions and work in a noisy and polluted environment. The objective of the present review is to explore the impact of occupational health hazards on the health of traffic police personnel. Published research papers on traffic police reporting occupational health issues were accessed and reviewed. Attempts were made to access papers that reported negative associations in order to present a balanced review. The majority of the studies have reported a decrease in the lung function and increased respiratory morbidity. The research on the cytogenetic abnormalities or genotoxic effect of vehicular emissions arising due to long-term exposure to benzene and other polyaromatic hydrocarbons has provided conflicting results, since more or less equal numbers of studies have given evidence for and against the causal association. There is a vast accumulation of epidemiological evidence on the casual association between vehicular pollution and its carcinogenic effect. Multiple studies have concluded that traffic police are highly stressed. A number of occupational factors have been attributed to stress among traffic police. Occupational health studies help us to understand the effects of vehicular pollution and its adverse influence on workers. They also provide opportunity for defined exposures measurements and precise risk assessment. The findings from these studies are easily generalizable and can help us understand the impact of air pollution on the general population.
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239
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Liang L, Li F, Bao A, Zhang M, Chung KF, Zhou X. Activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in ovalbumin and ozone-induced mouse model of asthma. Respirology 2014; 18 Suppl 3:20-9. [PMID: 24188200 DOI: 10.1111/resp.12189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Ozone exposure worsens the development of allergen-induced asthma. The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway plays an important role in the development of the inflammatory response, airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and airway remodelling. In this study, the role of the p38 MAPK pathway on the effects of chronic ozone exposure in ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized and -challenged mice was investigated. METHODS Mice were sensitized and challenged with OVA followed by ozone exposure. Dexamethasone (Dex) and SB239063, a p38 MAPK inhibitor, were used as preventive treatment. RESULTS Compared with OVA-challenged mice, ozone exposure of OVA-challenged mice led to enhanced recruitment of inflammatory cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, increases in inflammation scores, collagen accumulation, bronchial wall thickness and messenger RNA levels of inflammatory cytokines, along with activation of p38 MAPK/HSP27 and downregulation of MAPK phosphatase-1 (MKP-1) in the lung tissue. Dex treatment partially attenuated lung inflammation, while the cotreatment of Dex and SB239063 effectively reduced lung inflammation, inhibited airway remodelling, inactivated p38 MAPK/HSP27 and upregulated MKP-1 in the lung tissue. CONCLUSIONS Ozone exposure aggravated airway inflammation, airway remodelling, activation of p38 MAPK and downregulation of MKP-1 in OVA-sensitized and -challenged mice, which was ineffectively controlled by corticosteroids. p38 MAPK activation is a likely pathway involved in corticosteroid insensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
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Carbon monoxide and respiratory symptoms in young adult passive smokers: a pilot study comparing waterpipe to cigarette. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2014; 27:571-82. [PMID: 25012596 DOI: 10.2478/s13382-014-0246-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Studies have correlated second hand smoke (SHS) with many diseases, especially respiratory effects. The goal of this study was to measure the impact of SHS on the respiratory symptoms and exhaled carbon monoxide. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study population consisted of 50 young workers in restaurants serving waterpipes, 48 university students who sit frequently in the university cafeteria where cigarette smoking is allowed and 49 university students spending time in places where smoking is not allowed. Subjects completed questionnaires on socio-demographic characteristics, respiratory symptoms and exposure to SHS. Exhaled carbon monoxide levels were measured. ANOVA and Chi-square tests were used when applicable as well as linear and logistic regression analysis. RESULTS Exposure to cigarette smoke in university (adjusted odds ratio (ORa) = 6.06) and occupational exposure to waterpipe smoke (ORa = 7.08) were predictors of chronic cough. Being married (ORa = 6.40), living near a heavy traffic road (ORa = 9.49) or near a local power generator (ORa = 7.54) appeared responsible for chronic sputum production. Moreover, predictors of chronic allergies were: being male (ORa = 7.81), living near a local power generator (ORa = 5.52) and having a family history of chronic respiratory diseases (ORa = 17.01). Carbon monoxide levels were augmented by the number of weekly hours of occupational exposure to waterpipe smoke (β = 1.46) and the number of daily hours of exposure to cigarette smoke (β = 1.14). CONCLUSIONS In summary, young non-smoker subjects demonstrated more chronic cough and elevated carbon monoxide levels when exposed to SHS while the effect of waterpipe was even more evident.
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241
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Makra L, Matyasovszky I, Bálint B, Csépe Z. Association of allergic rhinitis or asthma with pollen and chemical pollutants in Szeged, Hungary, 1999-2007. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2014; 58:753-68. [PMID: 23558448 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-013-0656-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Revised: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The effect of biological (pollen) and chemical air pollutants on respiratory hospital admissions for the Szeged region in Southern Hungary is analysed. A 9-year (1999-2007) database includes--besides daily number of respiratory hospital admissions--daily mean concentrations of CO, PM10, NO, NO2, O3 and SO2. Two pollen variables (Ambrosia and total pollen excluding Ambrosia) are also included. The analysis was performed for patients with chronic respiratory complaints (allergic rhinitis or asthma bronchiale) for two age categories (adults and the elderly) of males and females. Factor analysis was performed to clarify the relative importance of the pollutant variables affecting respiratory complaints. Using selected low and high quantiles corresponding to probability distributions of respiratory hospital admissions, averages of two data sets of each air pollutant variable were evaluated. Elements of these data sets were chosen according to whether actual daily patient numbers were below or above their quantile value. A nonparametric regression technique was applied to discriminate between extreme and non-extreme numbers of respiratory admissions using pollen and chemical pollutants as explanatory variables. The strongest correlations between extreme patient numbers and pollutants can be observed during the pollen season of Ambrosia, while the pollen-free period exhibits the weakest relationships. The elderly group with asthma bronchiale is characterised by lower correlations between extreme patient numbers and pollutants compared to adults and allergic rhinitis, respectively. The ratio of the number of correct decisions on the exceedance of a quantile resulted in similar conclusions as those obtained by using multiple correlations.
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Affiliation(s)
- László Makra
- Department of Climatology and Landscape Ecology, University of Szeged, POB 653, 6701, Szeged, Hungary,
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deCastro BR. Acrolein and asthma attack prevalence in a representative sample of the United States adult population 2000-2009. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96926. [PMID: 24816802 PMCID: PMC4016153 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Acrolein is an air toxic and highly potent respiratory irritant. There is little epidemiology available, but US EPA estimates that outdoor acrolein is responsible for about 75 percent of non-cancer respiratory health effects attributable to air toxics in the United States, based on the Agency's 2005 NATA (National-Scale Air Toxics Assessment) and acrolein's comparatively potent inhalation reference concentration of 0.02 µg/m3. Objectives Assess the association between estimated outdoor acrolein exposure and asthma attack reported by a representative cross-sectional sample of the adult United States population. Methods NATA 2005 chronic outdoor acrolein exposure estimates at the census tract were linked with residences oif adults (≥18 years old) in the NHIS (National Health Interview Survey) 2000 – 2009 (n = 271,348 subjects). A sample-weighted logistic regression model characterized the association between the prevalence of reporting at least one asthma attack in the 12 months prior to survey interview and quintiles of exposure to outdoor acrolein, controlling for potential confounders. Results In the highest quintile of outdoor acrolein exposure (0.05 – 0.46 µg/m3), there was a marginally significant increase in the asthma attack pOR (prevalence-odds ratio [95% CI] = 1.08 [0.98∶1.19]) relative to the lowest quintile. The highest quintile was also associated with a marginally significant increase in prevalence-odds (1.13 [0.98∶1.29]) in a model limited to never smokers (n = 153,820). Conclusions Chronic exposure to outdoor acrolein of 0.05 – 0.46 µg/m3 appears to increase the prevalence-odds of having at least one asthma attack in the previous year by 8 percent in a representative cross-sectional sample of the adult United States population.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Rey deCastro
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Division of Laboratory Sciences, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
- * E-mail:
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243
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Forbes B, O'Lone R, Allen PP, Cahn A, Clarke C, Collinge M, Dailey LA, Donnelly LE, Dybowski J, Hassall D, Hildebrand D, Jones R, Kilgour J, Klapwijk J, Maier CC, McGovern T, Nikula K, Parry JD, Reed MD, Robinson I, Tomlinson L, Wolfreys A. Challenges for inhaled drug discovery and development: Induced alveolar macrophage responses. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2014; 71:15-33. [PMID: 24530633 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Revised: 02/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Alveolar macrophage (AM) responses are commonly induced in inhalation toxicology studies, typically being observed as an increase in number or a vacuolated 'foamy' morphology. Discriminating between adaptive AM responses and adverse events during nonclinical and clinical development is a major scientific challenge. When measuring and interpreting induced AM responses, an understanding of macrophage biology is essential; this includes 'sub-types' of AMs with different roles in health and disease and mechanisms of induction/resolution of AM responses to inhalation of pharmaceutical aerosols. In this context, emerging assay techniques, the utility of toxicokinetics and the requirement for new biomarkers are considered. Risk assessment for nonclinical toxicology findings and their translation to effects in humans is discussed from a scientific and regulatory perspective. At present, when apparently adaptive macrophage-only responses to inhaled investigational products are observed in nonclinical studies, this poses a challenge for risk assessment and an improved understanding of induced AM responses to inhaled pharmaceuticals is required.
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244
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Geiser M, Stoeger T, Casaulta M, Chen S, Semmler-Behnke M, Bolle I, Takenaka S, Kreyling WG, Schulz H. Biokinetics of nanoparticles and susceptibility to particulate exposure in a murine model of cystic fibrosis. Part Fibre Toxicol 2014; 11:19. [PMID: 24758489 PMCID: PMC4008490 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-11-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Persons with cystic fibrosis (CF) are at-risk for health effects from ambient air pollution but little is known about the interaction of nanoparticles (NP) with CF lungs. Here we study the distribution of inhaled NP in a murine CF model and aim to reveal mechanisms contributing to adverse effects of inhaled particles in susceptible populations. METHODS Chloride channel defective CftrTgH (neoim) Hgu mice were used to analyze lung function, lung distribution and whole body biokinetics of inhaled NP, and inflammatory responses after intratracheal administration of NP. Distribution of 20-nm titanium dioxide NP in lungs was assessed on ultrathin sections immediately and 24 h after a one-hour NP inhalation. NP biokinetics was deduced from total and regional lung deposition and from whole body translocation of inhaled 30-nm iridium NP within 24 h after aerosol inhalation. Inflammatory responses were assessed within 7 days after carbon NP instillation. RESULTS Cftr mutant females had moderately reduced lung compliance and slightly increased airway resistance compared to wild type mice. We found no genotype dependent differences in total, regional and head deposition or in secondary-organ translocation of inhaled iridium NP. Titanium dioxide inhalation resulted in higher NP uptake by alveolar epithelial cells in Cftr mutants. Instillation of carbon NP induced a comparable acute and transient inflammatory response in both genotypes. The twofold increase of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) neutrophils in Cftr mutant compared to wild type mice at day 3 but not at days 1 and 7, indicated an impaired capacity in inflammation resolution in Cftr mutants. Concomitant to the delayed decline of neutrophils, BAL granulocyte-colony stimulating factor was augmented in Cftr mutant mice. Anti-inflammatory 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid was generally significantly lower in BAL of Cftr mutant than in wild type mice. CONCLUSIONS Despite lacking alterations in lung deposition and biokinetics of inhaled NP, and absence of significant differences in lung function, higher uptake of NP by alveolar epithelial cells and prolonged, acute inflammatory responses to NP exposure indicate a moderately increased susceptibility of lungs to adverse effects of inhaled NP in Cftr mutant mice and provides potential mechanisms for the increased susceptibility of CF patients to air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Geiser
- Institute of Anatomy, Medical Faculty, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland.
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245
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Toll like receptor-3 priming alters diesel exhaust particle-induced cytokine responses in human bronchial epithelial cells. Toxicol Lett 2014; 228:42-7. [PMID: 24709138 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is considered central in the pathology of health effects from airborne particulate matter (PM). Preexisting inflammatory disorders, such as asthma, but also pulmonary infections, appear to be a risk factor of adverse health effects from PM exposure. Thus, to assess whether and how preexisting inflammation may sensitize lung cells toward additional proinflammatory effects of PM, human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) were primed with the highly proinflammatory Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) ligand, Poly I:C, prior to exposure with diesel exhaust particles (DEP). DEP-exposure alone induced increased gene-expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and CXCL8 (IL-8) but did not affect expression of CCL5 (RANTES), while TLR3-priming alone induced expression of IL-6, CXCL8 and CCL5. DEP-exposure exacerbated IL-6 and CXCL8 responses in TLR3-primed cells, while TLR3-induced CCL5 was suppressed by DEP. TLR3-priming and DEP-exposure resulted in possible additive effects on p38 phosphorylation and IκB-degradation, while DEP rather suppressed ERK and JNK-activation. However, TLR3-priming elicited a considerable increase in p65-phosphorylation at serine 536 which is known to enhance the transcriptional activity of NF-κB. DEP-exposure was unable to induce p65-phosphorylation. Thus TLR3-priming may affect susceptibility toward DEP by activating both shared and complementing pathways required for optimal expression of proinflammatory genes such as IL-6 and CXCL8. The study underscores that primed "sick" cells may be more susceptible toward effects of particle-exposure and respond both stronger and differently compared to unprimed "healthy" cells.
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Borcherding J, Baltrusaitis J, Chen H, Stebounova L, Wu CM, Rubasinghege G, Mudunkotuwa IA, Caraballo JC, Zabner J, Grassian VH, Comellas AP. Iron oxide nanoparticles induce Pseudomonas aeruginosa growth, induce biofilm formation, and inhibit antimicrobial peptide function. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. NANO 2014; 1:123-132. [PMID: 25221673 PMCID: PMC4158920 DOI: 10.1039/c3en00029j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Given the increased use of iron-containing nanoparticles in a number of applications, it is important to understand any effects that iron-containing nanoparticles can have on the environment and human health. Since iron concentrations are extremely low in body fluids, there is potential that iron-containing nanoparticles may influence the ability of bacteria to scavenge iron for growth, affect virulence and inhibit antimicrobial peptide (AMP) function. In this study, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA01) and AMPs were exposed to iron oxide nanoparticles, hematite (α-Fe2O3), of different sizes ranging from 2 to 540 nm (2 ± 1, 43 ± 6, 85 ± 25 and 540 ± 90 nm) in diameter. Here we show that the greatest effect on bacterial growth, biofilm formation, and AMP function impairment is found when exposed to the smallest particles. These results are attributed in large part to enhanced dissolution observed for the smallest particles and an increase in the amount of bioavailable iron. Furthermore, AMP function can be additionally impaired by adsorption onto nanoparticle surfaces. In particular, lysozyme readily adsorbs onto the nanoparticle surface which can lead to loss of peptide activity. Thus, this current study shows that co-exposure of nanoparticles and known pathogens can impact host innate immunity. Therefore, it is important that future studies be designed to further understand these types of impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Haihan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | | | - Chia-Ming Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | | | | | | | - Joseph Zabner
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Vicki H. Grassian
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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Xu W. Expression data analysis to identify biomarkers associated with asthma in children. Int J Genomics 2014; 2014:165175. [PMID: 24790987 PMCID: PMC3985200 DOI: 10.1155/2014/165175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Revised: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is characterized by recurrent episodes of wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing. It is usually caused by a combination of complex and incompletely understood environmental and genetic interactions. We obtained gene expression data with high-throughput screening and identified biomarkers of children's asthma using bioinformatics tools. Next, we explained the pathogenesis of children's asthma from the perspective of gene regulatory networks: DAVID was applied to perform Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enriching analysis for the top 3000 pairs of relationships in differentially regulatory network. Finally, we found that HAND1, PTK1, NFKB1, ZIC3, STAT6, E2F1, PELP1, USF2, and CBFB may play important roles in children's asthma initiation. On account of regulatory impact factor (RIF) score, HAND1, PTK7, and ZIC3 were the potential asthma-related factors. Our study provided some foundations of a strategy for biomarker discovery despite a poor understanding of the mechanisms underlying children's asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Xu
- Department of Paediatrics, Rizhao City People's Hospital, No. 126 Donggang Area, Tai'an Road, Rizhao City, Shandong 276800, China
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248
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Ranzi A, Porta D, Badaloni C, Cesaroni G, Lauriola P, Davoli M, Forastiere F. Exposure to air pollution and respiratory symptoms during the first 7 years of life in an Italian birth cohort. Occup Environ Med 2014; 71:430-6. [PMID: 24659182 PMCID: PMC4033119 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2013-101867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Ambient air pollution has been consistently associated with exacerbation of respiratory diseases in schoolchildren, but the role of early exposure to traffic-related air pollution in the first occurrence of respiratory symptoms and asthma is not yet clear. Methods We assessed the association between indexes of exposure to traffic-related air pollution during different periods of life and respiratory outcomes in a birth cohort of 672 newborns (Rome, Italy). Direct interviews of the mother were conducted at birth and at 6, 15 months, 4 and 7 years. Exposure to traffic-related air pollution was assessed for each residential address during the follow-up period using a Land-Use Regression model (LUR) for nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and a Geographic Information System (GIS) variable of proximity to high-traffic roads (HTR) (>10 000vehicles/day). We used age-specific NO2 levels to develop indices of exposure at birth, current, and lifetime time-weighted average. The association of NO2 and traffic proximity with respiratory disorders were evaluated using logistic regression in a longitudinal approach (Generalised Estimating Equation). The exposure indexes were used as continuous and categorical variables (cut-off points based on the 75th percentile for NO2 and the 25th percentile for distance from HTRs). Results The average NO2 exposure level at birth was 37.2 μg/m3 (SD 7.2, 10–90th range 29.2–46.1). There were no statistical significant associations between the exposure indices and the respiratory outcomes in the longitudinal model. The odds ratios for a 10-µg/m3 increase in time-weighted average NO2 exposure were: asthma incidence OR=1.09; 95 CI% 0.78 to 1.52, wheezing OR=1.07; 95 CI% 0.90 to 1.28, shortness of breath with wheezing OR=1.16; 95 CI% 0.94 to 1.43, cough or phlegm apart from cold OR=1.11; 95 CI% 0.92 to 1.33, and otitis OR=1.08; 95 CI% 0.89 to 1.32. Stronger but not significant associations were found considering the 75th percentile of the NO2 distribution as a cut-off, especially for incidence of asthma and prevalence of wheeze (OR=1.41; 95 CI% 0.88 to 2.28 and OR=1.27; 95 CI% 0.95 to 1.70, respectively); the highest OR was found for wheezing (OR=2.29; 95 CI% 1.15 to 4.56) at the 7-year follow-up. No association was found with distance from HTRs. Conclusions Exposure to traffic-related air pollution is only weakly associated with respiratory symptoms in young children in the first 7 years of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ranzi
- Environmental Health Reference Centre, Regional Agency for Environmental Prevention of Emilia-Romagna, Modena, Italy
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Rice MB, Ljungman PL, Wilker EH, Gold DR, Schwartz JD, Koutrakis P, Washko GR, O'Connor GT, Mittleman MA. Short-term exposure to air pollution and lung function in the Framingham Heart Study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2014; 188:1351-7. [PMID: 24200465 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201308-1414oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Short-term exposure to ambient air pollution has been associated with lower lung function. Few studies have examined whether these associations are detectable at relatively low levels of pollution within current U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) standards. OBJECTIVES To examine exposure to ambient air pollutants within EPA standards and lung function in a large cohort study. METHODS We included 3,262 participants of the Framingham Offspring and Third Generation cohorts living within 40 km of the Harvard Supersite monitor in Boston, Massachusetts (5,358 examinations, 1995-2011) who were not current smokers, with previous-day pollutant levels in compliance with EPA standards. We compared lung function (FEV1 and FVC) after previous-day exposure to particulate matter less than 2.5 μm in diameter (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and ozone (O3) in the "moderate" range of the EPA Air Quality Index to exposure in the "good" range. We also examined linear relationships between moving averages of pollutant concentrations 1, 2, 3, 5, and 7 days before spirometry and lung function. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Exposure to pollutant concentrations in the "moderate" range of the EPA Air Quality Index was associated with a 20.1-ml lower FEV1 for PM2.5 (95% confidence interval [CI], -33.4, -6.9), a 30.6-ml lower FEV1 for NO2 (95% CI, -60.9, -0.2), and a 55.7-ml lower FEV1 for O3 (95% CI, -100.7, -10.8) compared with the "good" range. The 1- and 2-day moving averages of PM2.5, NO2, and O3 before testing were negatively associated with FEV1 and FVC. CONCLUSIONS Short-term exposure to PM2.5, NO2, and O3 within current EPA standards was associated with lower lung function in this cohort of adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary B Rice
- 1 Cardiovascular Epidemiology Research Unit, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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