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Li J, Wang Y, Zhang X, Cao L, Ji J, Zheng Q, Gao J. Isolation and structural identification of a novel fructan from Radix Codonopsis. J Carbohydr Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/07328303.2020.1772278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiankuan Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xia Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Lingya Cao
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- School of Basic Medical Science, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jiaojiao Ji
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Qinghong Zheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jianping Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
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202
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Baldini F, Hertel J, Sandt E, Thinnes CC, Neuberger-Castillo L, Pavelka L, Betsou F, Krüger R, Thiele I. Parkinson's disease-associated alterations of the gut microbiome predict disease-relevant changes in metabolic functions. BMC Biol 2020; 18:62. [PMID: 32517799 PMCID: PMC7285525 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-020-00775-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is a systemic disease clinically defined by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the brain. While alterations in the gut microbiome composition have been reported in PD, their functional consequences remain unclear. Herein, we addressed this question by an analysis of stool samples from the Luxembourg Parkinson's Study (n = 147 typical PD cases, n = 162 controls). RESULTS All individuals underwent detailed clinical assessment, including neurological examinations and neuropsychological tests followed by self-reporting questionnaires. Stool samples from these individuals were first analysed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Second, we predicted the potential secretion for 129 microbial metabolites through personalised metabolic modelling using the microbiome data and genome-scale metabolic reconstructions of human gut microbes. Our key results include the following. Eight genera and seven species changed significantly in their relative abundances between PD patients and healthy controls. PD-associated microbial patterns statistically depended on sex, age, BMI, and constipation. Particularly, the relative abundances of Bilophila and Paraprevotella were significantly associated with the Hoehn and Yahr staging after controlling for the disease duration. Furthermore, personalised metabolic modelling of the gut microbiomes revealed PD-associated metabolic patterns in the predicted secretion potential of nine microbial metabolites in PD, including increased methionine and cysteinylglycine. The predicted microbial pantothenic acid production potential was linked to the presence of specific non-motor symptoms. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that PD-associated alterations of the gut microbiome can translate into substantial functional differences affecting host metabolism and disease phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Baldini
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Campus Belval, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Johannes Hertel
- School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Estelle Sandt
- Integrated BioBank of Luxembourg, Dudelange, Luxembourg
| | | | | | - Lukas Pavelka
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Campus Belval, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- Parkinson Research Clinic, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg (CHL), Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | - Fay Betsou
- Integrated BioBank of Luxembourg, Dudelange, Luxembourg
| | - Rejko Krüger
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Campus Belval, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- Parkinson Research Clinic, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg (CHL), Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
- Transversal Translational Medicine, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Ines Thiele
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Campus Belval, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
- School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.
- Discipline of Microbiology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.
- APC Microbiome, Cork, Ireland.
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203
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Hoffman JB, Petriello MC, Morris AJ, Mottaleb MA, Sui Y, Zhou C, Deng P, Wang C, Hennig B. Prebiotic inulin consumption reduces dioxin-like PCB 126-mediated hepatotoxicity and gut dysbiosis in hyperlipidemic Ldlr deficient mice. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 261:114183. [PMID: 32105967 PMCID: PMC7220843 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to some environmental pollutants increases the risk of developing inflammatory disorders such as steatosis and cardiometabolic diseases. Diets high in fermentable fibers such as inulin can modulate the gut microbiota and lessen the severity of pro-inflammatory diseases, especially in individuals with elevated circulating cholesterol. Thus, we aimed to test the hypothesis that hyperlipidemic mice fed a diet enriched with 8% inulin would be protected from the pro-inflammatory toxic effects of PCB 126. Four groups of male Ldlr-/- mice were fed a high cholesterol diet containing 8% inulin or 8% cellulose (control) for 12 weeks. At weeks 2 and 4, mice were exposed to PCB 126 or vehicle (control). PCB 126 exposure induced wasting and impaired glucose tolerance, which were attenuated by inulin consumption. PCB 126 exposure induced hepatic lipid accumulation and increased inflammatory gene expression, which were both decreased by inulin consumption. In addition, inulin feeding decreased atherosclerotic lesion development in the aortic root and modulated the expression of enzymes related to glycolysis. Finally, 16S rRNA sequencing of gut microbial populations showed that PCB 126 modulated multiple microbiota genera (e.g., 3-fold decrease in Allobaculum and 3-fold increase in Coprococcus) which were normalized in inulin fed mice. Overall our data support the hypothesis that a dietary intervention that targets the gut microbiota may be an effective means of attenuating dioxin-like pollutant-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessie B Hoffman
- Superfund Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, USA
| | - Michael C Petriello
- Superfund Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; Lexington Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Andrew J Morris
- Superfund Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; Lexington Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - M Abdul Mottaleb
- Superfund Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; Lexington Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Yipeng Sui
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, USA
| | - Changcheng Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, USA
| | - Pan Deng
- Superfund Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; Department of Animal and Food Sciences, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Chunyan Wang
- Superfund Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; Department of Animal and Food Sciences, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Bernhard Hennig
- Superfund Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; Department of Animal and Food Sciences, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
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204
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Golonka RM, Xiao X, Abokor AA, Joe B, Vijay-Kumar M. Altered nutrient status reprograms host inflammation and metabolic health via gut microbiota. J Nutr Biochem 2020; 80:108360. [PMID: 32163821 PMCID: PMC7242157 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2020.108360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The metabolism of macro- and micronutrients is a complex and highly regulated biological process. An imbalance in the metabolites and their signaling networks can lead to nonresolving inflammation and consequently to the development of chronic inflammatory-associated diseases. Therefore, identifying the accumulated metabolites and altered pathways during inflammatory disorders would not only serve as "real-time" markers but also help in the development of nutritional therapeutics. In this review, we explore recent research that has delved into elucidating the effects of carbohydrate/calorie restriction, protein malnutrition, lipid emulsions and micronutrient deficiencies on metabolic health and inflammation. Moreover, we describe the integrated stress response in terms of amino acid starvation and lipemia and how this modulates new age diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease and atherosclerosis. Lastly, we explain the latest research on metaflammation and inflammaging. This review focuses on multiple signaling pathways, including, but not limited to, the FGF21-β-hydroxybutryate-NLRP3 axis, the GCN2-eIF2α-ATF4 pathway, the von Hippel-Lindau/hypoxia-inducible transcription factor pathway and the TMAO-PERK-FoxO1 axis. Additionally, throughout the review, we explain how the gut microbiota responds to altered nutrient status and also how antimicrobial peptides generated from nutrient-based signaling pathways can modulate the gut microbiota. Collectively, it must be emphasized that metabolic starvation and inflammation are strongly regulated by both environmental (i.e., nutrition, gut microbiome) and nonenvironmental (i.e., genetics) factors, which can influence the susceptibility to inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M Golonka
- UT Microbiome Consortium, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614
| | - Xia Xiao
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Ahmed A Abokor
- UT Microbiome Consortium, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614
| | - Bina Joe
- UT Microbiome Consortium, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614
| | - Matam Vijay-Kumar
- UT Microbiome Consortium, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614.
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Biochemical characterization of a novel thermostable DFA I-forming inulin fructotransferases from Streptomyces peucetius subsp. caesius ATCC 27952. Enzyme Microb Technol 2020; 137:109519. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2020.109519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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206
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Synergetic responses of intestinal microbiota and epithelium to dietary inulin supplementation in pigs. Eur J Nutr 2020; 60:715-727. [PMID: 32435994 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-020-02284-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Inulin is a soluble dietary fiber that has been implicated in regulating the intestinal health. Here, we describe a synergetic response of intestinal microbiota and epithelial functions to increased intake of inulin in a porcine model. METHODS Twenty growing-pigs were randomly allocated to two groups (n = 10) and fed with a basal diet (BD) or BD containing 0.5% inulin (INU) for 21 days. RESULTS We show that INU supplementation not only elevated villus height and the abundance of zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), but also increased acetate and butyrate concentrations in cecum (P < 0.05). Moreover, INU decreased IL-6 and TNFα secretion, and reduced intestinal epithelial cell apoptosis in ileum and cecum (P < 0.05). Interestingly, we observed an elevated 16S rRNA gene copies in cecum after INU ingestion (P < 0.05). INU had no influence on overall diversity, but acutely altered the abundance of specific bacteria. INU decreased the abundance of phylum Proteobacteria in ileum, but increased the phylum Bacteroidetes in the ileum and cecum (P < 0.05). INU significantly elevated the Lactobacillus spp. and Bacteroides spp. in the ileum and cecum, respectively. Importantly, INU elevated the expression levels of GPR43, GLP-2, and ZO-1, but decreased the expression levels of histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) and TNFα in the ileum and cecum mucosa (P < 0.05). Moreover, INU also elevated the expression levels of GPR109A and angiopoietin-4 (ANG-4) in the cecum mucosa (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS This study indicated how the intestinal microbiome and epithelium adapt to inulin ingestion, and furthered our understanding of the mechanisms behind the dietary fiber-modulated intestinal microbiota and health.
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207
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Commensal Bacteria Impact a Protozoan's Integration into the Murine Gut Microbiota in a Dietary Nutrient-Dependent Manner. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:AEM.00303-20. [PMID: 32198171 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00303-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Our current understanding of the host-microbiota interaction in the gut is dominated by studies focused primarily on prokaryotic bacterial communities. However, there is an underappreciated symbiotic eukaryotic protistic community that is an integral part of mammalian microbiota. How commensal protozoan bacteria might interact to form a stable microbial community remains poorly understood. Here, we describe a murine protistic commensal, phylogenetically assigned as Tritrichomonas musculis, whose colonization in the gut resulted in a reduction of gut bacterial abundance and diversity in wild-type C57BL/6 mice. Meanwhile, dietary nutrient and commensal bacteria also influenced the protozoan's intestinal colonization and stability. While mice fed a normal chow diet had abundant T. musculis organisms, switching to a Western-type high-fat diet led to the diminishment of the protozoan from the gut. Supplementation of inulin as a dietary fiber to the high-fat diet partially restored the protozoan's colonization. In addition, a cocktail of broad-spectrum antibiotics rendered permissive engraftment of T. musculis even under a high-fat, low-fiber diet. Furthermore, oral administration of Bifidobacterium spp. together with dietary supplementation of inulin in the high-fat diet impacted the protozoan's intestinal engraftment in a bifidobacterial species-dependent manner. Overall, our study described an example of dietary-nutrient-dependent murine commensal protozoan-bacterium cross talk as an important modulator of the host intestinal microbiome.IMPORTANCE Like commensal bacteria, commensal protozoa are an integral part of the vertebrate intestinal microbiome. How protozoa integrate into a commensal bacterium-enriched ecosystem remains poorly studied. Here, using the murine commensal Tritrichomonas musculis as a proof of concept, we studied potential factors involved in shaping the intestinal protozoal-bacterial community. Understanding the rules by which microbes form a multispecies community is crucial to prevent or correct microbial community dysfunctions in order to promote the host's health or to treat diseases.
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208
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Pobłocki J, Jasińska A, Syrenicz A, Andrysiak-Mamos E, Szczuko M. The Neuroendocrine Neoplasms of the Digestive Tract: Diagnosis, Treatment and Nutrition. Nutrients 2020; 12:E1437. [PMID: 32429294 PMCID: PMC7284837 DOI: 10.3390/nu12051437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are a group of rare neoplasms originating from dispersed neuroendocrine cells, mainly of the digestive and respiratory tract, showing characteristic histology and immunoprofile contributing to classification of NENs. Some NENs have the ability to produce biogenic amines and peptide hormones, which may be associated with clinical syndromes like, e.g., the carcinoid syndrome caused by unmetabolized overproduced serotonin, hypoglycemic syndrome in case of insulinoma, or Zollinger-Ellison syndrome accompanying gastrinoma. Diagnostics for these include ultrasound with endoscopic ultrasound (EUS), computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and positron-emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT). Different nuclear medicine procedures can also be used, like somatostatin analogues scintigraphy (SRS) and 68Ga-Dota-Peptide PET/CT, as well as biochemical methods to determine the level of general neuroendocrine markers, such as chromogranin A (CgA), 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid (5-HIAA), synaptopfysin and cell type-specific peptide hormones, and neurotransmitters like gastrin, insulin, serotonin, and histamine. NENs influence the whole organism by modulating metabolism. The treatment options for neuroendocrine neoplasms include surgery, somatostatin analogue therapy, radionuclide therapy, chemotherapy, molecular targeted therapies, alpha-interferon therapy, and inhibitors of serotonin production. In the case of hypersensitivity to biogenic amines, a diet that limits the main sources of amines should be used. The symptoms are usually connected with histamine, tyramine and putrescine. Exogenic sources of histamine are products that take a long time to mature and ferment. Patients with a genetic insufficiency of the diamine oxidase enzyme (DAO), and those that take medicine belonging to the group of monoamine oxidases (MAO), are particularly susceptible to the negative effects of amines. Diet plays an important role in the initiation, promotion, and progression of cancers. As a result of the illness, the consumption of some nutrients can be reduced, leading to nutritional deficiencies and resulting in malnutrition. Changes in metabolism may lead to cachexia in some patients suffering from NENs. The aim of this narrative review was to advance the knowledge in this area, and to determine possibilities related to dietary support. The authors also paid attention to role of biogenic amines in the treatment of patients with NENs. We can use this information to better understand nutritional issues faced by patients with gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (GEP-NENs), and to help inform the development of screening tools and clinical practice guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Pobłocki
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolic Diseases and Internal Diseases, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Unii Lubelskiej 1str, 70-252 Szczecin, Poland; (J.P.); (A.S.); (E.A.-M.)
| | - Anna Jasińska
- Department of Human Nutrition and Metabolomic, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Broniewskiego 24 str, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Anhelli Syrenicz
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolic Diseases and Internal Diseases, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Unii Lubelskiej 1str, 70-252 Szczecin, Poland; (J.P.); (A.S.); (E.A.-M.)
| | - Elżbieta Andrysiak-Mamos
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolic Diseases and Internal Diseases, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Unii Lubelskiej 1str, 70-252 Szczecin, Poland; (J.P.); (A.S.); (E.A.-M.)
| | - Małgorzata Szczuko
- Department of Human Nutrition and Metabolomic, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Broniewskiego 24 str, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland;
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Prebiotics Inhibit Proteolysis by Gut Bacteria in a Host Diet-Dependent Manner: a Three-Stage Continuous In Vitro Gut Model Experiment. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:AEM.02730-19. [PMID: 32198169 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02730-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary protein residue can result in microbial generation of various toxic metabolites in the gut, such as ammonia. A prebiotic is "a substrate that is selectively utilised by host microorganisms conferring a health benefit" (G. R. Gibson, R. Hutkins, M. E. Sanders, S. L. Prescott, et al., Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 14:491-502, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1038/nrgastro.2017.75). Prebiotics are carbohydrates that may have the potential to reverse the harmful effects of gut bacterial protein fermentation. Three-stage continuous colonic model systems were inoculated with fecal samples from omnivore and vegetarian volunteers. Casein (equivalent to 105 g protein consumption per day) was used within the systems as a protein source. Two different doses of inulin-type fructans (Synergy1) were later added (equivalent to 10 g per day in vivo and 15 g per day) to assess whether this influenced protein fermentation. Bacteria were enumerated by fluorescence in situ hybridization with flow cytometry. Metabolites from bacterial fermentation (short-chain fatty acid [SCFA], ammonia, phenol, indole, and p-cresol) were monitored to further analyze proteolysis and the prebiotic effect. A significantly higher number of bifidobacteria was observed with the addition of inulin together with reduction of Desulfovibrio spp. Furthermore, metabolites from protein fermentation, such as branched-chain fatty acids (BCFA) and ammonia, were significantly lowered with Synergy1. Production of p-cresol varied among donors, as we recognized four high producing models and two low producing models. Prebiotic addition reduced its production only in vegetarian high p-cresol producers.IMPORTANCE Dietary protein levels are generally higher in Western populations than in the world average. We challenged three-stage continuous colonic model systems containing high protein levels and confirmed the production of potentially harmful metabolites from proteolysis, especially replicates of the transverse and distal colon. Fermentations of proteins with a prebiotic supplementation resulted in a change in the human gut microbiota and inhibited the production of some proteolytic metabolites. Moreover, we observed both bacterial and metabolic differences between fecal bacteria from omnivore donors and vegetarian donors. Proteins with prebiotic supplementation showed higher Bacteroides spp. and inhibited Clostridium cluster IX in omnivore models, while in vegetarian modes, Clostridium cluster IX was higher and Bacteroides spp. lower with high protein plus prebiotic supplementation. Synergy1 addition inhibited p-cresol production in vegetarian high p-cresol-producing models while the inhibitory effect was not seen in omnivore models.
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Dahl WJ, Rivero Mendoza D, Lambert JM. Diet, nutrients and the microbiome. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2020; 171:237-263. [PMID: 32475524 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2020.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Although there is associative evidence linking fecal microbiome profile to health and disease, many studies have not considered the confounding effects of dietary intake. Consuming food provides fermentable substrate which sustains the microbial ecosystem that resides with most abundance in the colon. Western, Mediterranean and vegetarian dietary patterns have a role in modulating the gut microbiota, as do trending restrictive diets such the paleolithic and ketogenic. Altering the amount or ratio of carbohydrate, protein and fat, particularly at the extremes of intake, impacts the microbiome. Diets high in fermentable carbohydrates support the relative abundance of Bifidobacterium, Prevotella, Ruminococcus, Dorea and Roseburia, among others, capable of degrading polysaccharides, oligosaccharides and sugars. Conversely, very high fat diets increase bile-resistant organisms such as Bilophila and Bacteroides. Food form, whole foods vs. ultra-processed, alters the provision of macronutrient substrate to the colon due to differing digestibility, and thereby may impact the microbiota and its metabolic activity. In addition, phytochemicals in plant-based foods have specific and possibly prebiotic effects on the microbiome. Further, food ingredients such as certain low-calorie sweeteners enhance Bifidobacterium spp. The weight of evidence to date suggests a high level of interindividual variability in the human microbiome vs. clearly defined, dietary-induced profiles. Healthful dietary patterns, emphasizing plant foods high in microbial-available carbohydrate, support favorable microbiome profiles active in saccharolytic fermentation. Future research into diet and microbiome should consider the balance of gut microbial-generated metabolites, an important link between microbiome profile and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy J Dahl
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.
| | - Daniela Rivero Mendoza
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Jason M Lambert
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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Guarino MPL, Altomare A, Emerenziani S, Di Rosa C, Ribolsi M, Balestrieri P, Iovino P, Rocchi G, Cicala M. Mechanisms of Action of Prebiotics and Their Effects on Gastro-Intestinal Disorders in Adults. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12041037. [PMID: 32283802 PMCID: PMC7231265 DOI: 10.3390/nu12041037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, research has focused on the use of dietary fibers and prebiotics, since many of these polysaccharides can be metabolized by intestinal microbiota, leading to the production of short-chain fatty acids. The metabolites of prebiotic fermentation also show anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory capabilities, suggesting an interesting role in the treatment of several pathological conditions. Galacto-oligosaccharide and short- and long-chain fructans (Fructo-oligosaccharides and inulin) are the most studied prebiotics, even if other dietary compounds seem to show the same features. There is an increasing interest in dietary strategies to modulate microbiota. The aim of this review is to explore the mechanisms of action of prebiotics and their effects on the principal gastro-intestinal disorders in adults, with a special focus on Galacto-oligosaccharides, Fructo-oligosaccharides, lactulose and new emerging substances which currently have evidence of prebiotics effects, such as xilooligosaccharides, soybean oligosaccharides, isomaltooligosaccharides, lactobionic acid, resistant starch and polyphenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Pier Luca Guarino
- Gastroenterology Unit, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, via Álvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; (M.P.L.G.); (S.E.); (M.R.); (P.B.); (G.R.); (M.C.)
| | - Annamaria Altomare
- Gastroenterology Unit, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, via Álvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; (M.P.L.G.); (S.E.); (M.R.); (P.B.); (G.R.); (M.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-06-22541-606; Fax: +39-06-22541-456
| | - Sara Emerenziani
- Gastroenterology Unit, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, via Álvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; (M.P.L.G.); (S.E.); (M.R.); (P.B.); (G.R.); (M.C.)
| | - Claudia Di Rosa
- Unit of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Via Álvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy;
| | - Mentore Ribolsi
- Gastroenterology Unit, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, via Álvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; (M.P.L.G.); (S.E.); (M.R.); (P.B.); (G.R.); (M.C.)
| | - Paola Balestrieri
- Gastroenterology Unit, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, via Álvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; (M.P.L.G.); (S.E.); (M.R.); (P.B.); (G.R.); (M.C.)
| | - Paola Iovino
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry Scuola Medica Salernitana, Università di Salerno, Via Allende, 84081 Salerno, Italy;
| | - Giulia Rocchi
- Gastroenterology Unit, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, via Álvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; (M.P.L.G.); (S.E.); (M.R.); (P.B.); (G.R.); (M.C.)
| | - Michele Cicala
- Gastroenterology Unit, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, via Álvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; (M.P.L.G.); (S.E.); (M.R.); (P.B.); (G.R.); (M.C.)
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Mechanisms of Action of Prebiotics and Their Effects on Gastro-Intestinal Disorders in Adults. Nutrients 2020. [PMID: 32283802 DOI: 10.3390/nu12041037.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, research has focused on the use of dietary fibers and prebiotics, since many of these polysaccharides can be metabolized by intestinal microbiota, leading to the production of short-chain fatty acids. The metabolites of prebiotic fermentation also show anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory capabilities, suggesting an interesting role in the treatment of several pathological conditions. Galacto-oligosaccharide and short- and long-chain fructans (Fructo-oligosaccharides and inulin) are the most studied prebiotics, even if other dietary compounds seem to show the same features. There is an increasing interest in dietary strategies to modulate microbiota. The aim of this review is to explore the mechanisms of action of prebiotics and their effects on the principal gastro-intestinal disorders in adults, with a special focus on Galacto-oligosaccharides, Fructo-oligosaccharides, lactulose and new emerging substances which currently have evidence of prebiotics effects, such as xilooligosaccharides, soybean oligosaccharides, isomaltooligosaccharides, lactobionic acid, resistant starch and polyphenols.
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213
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Abstract
Microbiome research in the last two decades has delivered as a key finding that the human intestine hosts a unique and complex ecosystem with many variables affecting the composition of the microbiota and in turn its function in metabolism and immune defence. Hundreds of external (environmental) factors have meanwhile been identified as significantly associated with bacterial biomass and diversity and, amongst these, diet is considered as a key determinant of microbial populations. However, dietary intervention studies, including those with fermentable substrates that have bulk effects on bowel functions, have revealed only very minor effects on overall microbiome composition and usually show only a very few species changing in population size. What that means in the context of hundreds of different species coexisting in competition or mutualism in the human colon is far from understood. This review addresses some of the current limits in research on diet effects by taking anatomical and physiological features of the intestine into consideration. It also provides some recommendations on future human studies needed to assess how the diet influences the microbiome and associated effects on metabolic health.
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Singh V, Vijay-Kumar M. Beneficial and detrimental effects of processed dietary fibers on intestinal and liver health: health benefits of refined dietary fibers need to be redefined! Gastroenterol Rep (Oxf) 2020; 8:85-89. [PMID: 32280467 PMCID: PMC7136706 DOI: 10.1093/gastro/goz072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumption of processed foods-which are generally composed of nutritionally starved refined ingredients-has increased exponentially worldwide. A rise in public health awareness that low fiber intake is strongly linked to new-age disorders has spurred food manufacturers to fortify processed foods with refined dietary fibers (RDFs). Consumption of whole foods rich in natural fibers undoubtedly confers an array of health benefits. However, it is not clear whether RDFs extracted from the whole plant, kernel, and fruit peels exert similar physiological effects to their naturally occurring counterparts. Recent studies caution that RDFs are not universally beneficial and that inappropriate consumption of RDFs may risk both gastrointestinal and liver health. Herein, we briefly summarize the beneficial and detrimental effects of RDFs on digestive health and discuss the contribution of metabolites derived from microbial fermentation of RDFs in driving such positive or negative health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Singh
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Matam Vijay-Kumar
- UT-Microbiome Consortium, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, OH, USA
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Toledo, OH, USA
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215
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O'Connell TM. The Application of Metabolomics to Probiotic and Prebiotic Interventions in Human Clinical Studies. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10030120. [PMID: 32213886 PMCID: PMC7143099 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10030120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an ever-increasing appreciation for our gut microbiota that plays a crucial role in the maintenance of health, as well as the development of disease. Probiotics are live bacteria that are consumed to increase the population of beneficial bacteria and prebiotics are dietary substrates intended to promote the propagation of beneficial bacteria. In order to optimize the use of probiotics and prebiotics, a more complete biochemical understanding of the impact that these treatments have on the community and functioning of the gut microbiota is required. Nucleic acid sequencing methods can provide highly detailed information on the composition of the microbial communities but provide less information on the actual function. As bacteria impart much of their influence on the host through the production of metabolites, there is much to be learned by the application of metabolomics. The focus of this review is on the use of metabolomics in the study of probiotic and prebiotic treatments in the context of human clinical trials. Assessment of the current state of this research will help guide the design of future studies to further elucidate the biochemical mechanism by which probiotics and prebiotics function and pave the way toward more personalized applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M O'Connell
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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216
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Jiménez-Avalos JA, Arrevillaga-Boni G, González-López L, García-Carvajal ZY, González-Avila M. Classical methods and perspectives for manipulating the human gut microbial ecosystem. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 61:234-258. [PMID: 32114770 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1724075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A healthy Human Gut Microbial Ecosystem (HGME) is a necessary condition for maintaining the orderly function of the whole body. Major alterations in the normal gut microbial composition, activity and functionality (dysbiosis) by an environmental or host-related disruptive event, can compromise metabolic, inflammatory, and neurological processes, causing disorders such as obesity, inflammatory bowel disease, colorectal cancer, and depressive episodes. The restore or the maintaining of the homeostatic balance of Gut Microbiota (GM) populations (eubiosis) is possible through diet, the use of probiotics, prebiotics, antibiotics, and even Fecal Microbiota Transplantation (FMT). Although these "classic methods" represent an effective and accepted way to modulate GM, the complexity of HGME requires new approaches to control it in a more appropriate way. Among the most promising emergent strategies for modulating GM are the use of engineered nanomaterials (metallic nanoparticles (NP), polymeric-NP, quantum dots, micelles, dendrimers, and liposomes); phagotherapy (i.e., phages linked with the CRISPR/Cas9 system), and the use of antimicrobial peptides, non-antibiotic drugs, vaccines, and immunoglobulins. Here we review the current state of development, implications, advantages, disadvantages, and perspectives of the different approaches for manipulating HGME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Armando Jiménez-Avalos
- Medical and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Department, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco (CIATEJ), Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Arrevillaga-Boni
- Medical and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Department, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco (CIATEJ), Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | | | - Zaira Yunuen García-Carvajal
- Medical and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Department, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco (CIATEJ), Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Marisela González-Avila
- Medical and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Department, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco (CIATEJ), Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
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217
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Quigley EM. Nutraceuticals as modulators of gut microbiota: Role in therapy. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:1351-1362. [PMID: 31659751 PMCID: PMC7056471 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
As our knowledge of the various roles of the gut microbiota in the maintenance of homeostasis grows and as we learn how a disrupted microbiota may contribute to disease, therapeutic strategies that target our microbial fellow-travellers become ever more attractive. Most appealing are those interventions that seek to modify or supplement our diet through the addition of nutraceuticals. We now know that our diet, whether in the short or long term, is a major modifier of microbiota composition and function. Of the various nutraceuticals, two categories, prebiotics and probiotics, have received the greatest attention in basic research and product development. While our understanding of the impacts of prebiotics and probiotics on the indigenous microbiota and host biology have been described in great detail in vitro and in animal models, the clinical literature leaves much to be desired. While many claims have been made, few are supported by high quality clinical trials. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on The Pharmacology of Nutraceuticals. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v177.6/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eamonn M.M. Quigley
- Lynda K and David M Underwood Center for Digestive Disorders, Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyHouston Methodist HospitalHoustonTexas
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218
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Rational use of prebiotics for gut microbiota alterations: Specific bacterial phylotypes and related mechanisms. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2020.103838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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219
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Adamberg K, Jaagura M, Aaspõllu A, Nurk E, Adamberg S. The composition of faecal microbiota is related to the amount and variety of dietary fibres. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2020; 71:845-855. [DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2020.1727864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaarel Adamberg
- Center of Food and Fermentation Technologies, Tallinn, Estonia
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Madis Jaagura
- Center of Food and Fermentation Technologies, Tallinn, Estonia
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Anu Aaspõllu
- National Institute for Health Development, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Eha Nurk
- National Institute for Health Development, Tallinn, Estonia
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Signe Adamberg
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
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220
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Gao J, Azad MAK, Han H, Wan D, Li T. Impact of Prebiotics on Enteric Diseases and Oxidative Stress. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:2630-2641. [PMID: 32066357 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200211121916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In animals, the gastrointestinal microbiota are reported to play a major role in digestion, nutrient absorption and the release of energy through metabolism of food. Therefore, microbiota may be a factor for association between diet and enteric diseases and oxidative stress. The gut microbial composition and concentration are affected by diet throughout the life of an animal, and respond rapidly and efficiently to dietary alterations, in particular to the use of prebiotics. Prebiotics, which play an important role in mammalian nutrition, are defined as dietary ingredients that lead to specific changes in both the composition and activity of the gastrointestinal microbiota through suppressing the proliferation of pathogens and by modifying the growth of beneficial microorganisms in the host intestine. A review of the evidence suggests possible beneficial effects of prebiotics on host intestinal health, including immune stimulation, gut barrier enhancement and the alteration of the gastrointestinal microbiota, and these effects appear to be dependent on alteration of the bacterial composition and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production. The production of SCFAs depends on the microbes available in the gut and the type of prebiotics available. The SCFAs most abundantly generated by gastrointestinal microbiota are acetate, butyrate and propionate, which are reported to have physiological effects on the health of the host. Nowadays, prebiotics are widely used in a range of food products to improve the intestinal microbiome and stimulate significant changes to the immune system. Thus, a diet with prebiotic supplements may help prevent enteric disease and oxidative stress by promoting a microbiome associated with better growth performance. This paper provides an overview of the hypothesis that a combination of ingestible prebiotics, chitosan, fructooligosaccharides and inulin will help relieve the dysbiosis of the gut and the oxidative stress of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Gao
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Changsha, Hunan, China,Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China,National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production,
Changsha, Hunan 410125, China,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Md A K Azad
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Changsha, Hunan, China,Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China,National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production,
Changsha, Hunan 410125, China,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Han
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Changsha, Hunan, China,Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China,National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production,
Changsha, Hunan 410125, China,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Wan
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Changsha, Hunan, China,Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China,National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production,
Changsha, Hunan 410125, China,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - TieJun Li
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Changsha, Hunan, China,Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China,National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production,
Changsha, Hunan 410125, China,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Abstract
Dietary fibers can be utilized to shape the human gut microbiota. However, the outcomes from most dietary fibers currently used as prebiotics are a result of competition between microbes with overlapping abilities to utilize these fibers. Thus, divergent fiber responses are observed across individuals harboring distinct microbial communities. Here, we propose that dietary fibers can be classified hierarchically according to their specificity toward gut microbes. Highly specific fibers harbor chemical and physical characteristics that allow them to be utilized by only a narrow group of bacteria within the gut, reducing competition for that substrate. The use of such fibers as prebiotics targeted to specific microbes would result in predictable shifts independent of the background microbial composition.
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222
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Alyousif Z, Mendoza DR, Auger J, De Carvalho V, Amos S, Sims C, Dahl WJ. Gastrointestinal Tolerance and Microbiome Response to Snacks Fortified with Pea Hull Fiber: A Randomized Trial in Older Adults. Curr Dev Nutr 2020; 4:nzaa005. [PMID: 32025615 PMCID: PMC6994441 DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzaa005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Consuming foods with added fiber may help older adults achieve fiber recommendations; however, many high-fiber ingredients have little effect on laxation and may contribute to unpleasant gastrointestinal side effects. OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to determine the effects of consuming snacks fortified with pea hull fiber (PHF) on stool frequency and form, gastrointestinal symptoms, and appetite in older adults. An exploratory aim was to determine if PHF altered the microbiota profile. METHODS A 10-wk, randomized, blinded, crossover study was carried out. Following a 2-wk baseline period, participants [aged (mean ± SD) 69.7 ± 6.5 y; n = 31; 14 men, 17 women] consumed snacks providing 10 g/d of PHF or a control, each for 2-wk periods followed by 2-wk washouts. Participants used the Bristol Stool Form Scale (BSFS) to record daily stool frequency and gastrointestinal symptoms, and completed the Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale (GSRS) and Simplified Nutritional Appetite Questionnaire (SNAQ) biweekly. One stool was collected per period for 16S ribosomal RNA high-throughput amplicon sequencing of the fecal microbiota profile. RESULTS Participants reported 1.63 ± 0.05 stools/d and 76.6% normal transit stool form at baseline and no change with PHF. GSRS syndrome scores were similarly unchanged. Daily abdominal noises and bloating were higher for PHF versus control, and flatulence was higher for PHF versus baseline, suggesting fermentation in some individuals. There was no evidence to suggest a common PHF-induced microbiome response for the group as a whole; however, a subgroup of participants (n = 7) who responded with increased flatulence (fermenters), harbored many different taxa than nonfermenters, and demonstrated lower abundance of Clostridiales with PHF. Appetite was unchanged with PHF. CONCLUSIONS PHF did not modulate stool form or frequency in older adults with normal bowel habits. Because snacks fortified with PHF did not suppress appetite, PHF may be an appropriate fiber source for older adults at nutritional risk. Microbiome profile may be predictive of gastrointestinal symptom response to PHF. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02778230.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zainab Alyousif
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Daniela Rivero Mendoza
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jérémie Auger
- Rosell Institute for Microbiome and Probiotics, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Samantha Amos
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Charles Sims
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Wendy J Dahl
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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223
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Yang Q, Liang Q, Balakrishnan B, Belobrajdic DP, Feng QJ, Zhang W. Role of Dietary Nutrients in the Modulation of Gut Microbiota: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2020; 12:E381. [PMID: 32023943 PMCID: PMC7071260 DOI: 10.3390/nu12020381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding how dietary nutrients modulate the gut microbiome is of great interest for the development of food products and eating patterns for combatting the global burden of non-communicable diseases. In this narrative review we assess scientific studies published from 2005 to 2019 that evaluated the effect of micro- and macro-nutrients on the composition of the gut microbiome using in vitro and in vivo models, and human clinical trials. The clinical evidence for micronutrients is less clear and generally lacking. However, preclinical evidence suggests that red wine- and tea-derived polyphenols and vitamin D can modulate potentially beneficial bacteria. Current research shows consistent clinical evidence that dietary fibers, including arabinoxylans, galacto-oligosaccharides, inulin, and oligofructose, promote a range of beneficial bacteria and suppress potentially detrimental species. The preclinical evidence suggests that both the quantity and type of fat modulate both beneficial and potentially detrimental microbes, as well as the Firmicutes/Bacteroides ratio in the gut. Clinical and preclinical studies suggest that the type and amount of proteins in the diet has substantial and differential effects on the gut microbiota. Further clinical investigation of the effect of micronutrients and macronutrients on the microbiome and metabolome is warranted, along with understanding how this influences host health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Yang
- Center for Marine Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Oncogene and Related Genes, Department of Pharmacy, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China;
- Centre for Marine Biopro ducts Development, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia 5042, Australia; (Q.L.); (B.B.)
| | - Qi Liang
- Centre for Marine Biopro ducts Development, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia 5042, Australia; (Q.L.); (B.B.)
- Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Tai Yuan 030619, China;
| | - Biju Balakrishnan
- Centre for Marine Biopro ducts Development, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia 5042, Australia; (Q.L.); (B.B.)
| | | | - Qian-Jin Feng
- Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Tai Yuan 030619, China;
| | - Wei Zhang
- Centre for Marine Biopro ducts Development, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia 5042, Australia; (Q.L.); (B.B.)
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224
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Chijiiwa R, Hosokawa M, Kogawa M, Nishikawa Y, Ide K, Sakanashi C, Takahashi K, Takeyama H. Single-cell genomics of uncultured bacteria reveals dietary fiber responders in the mouse gut microbiota. MICROBIOME 2020; 8:5. [PMID: 31969191 PMCID: PMC6977353 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-019-0779-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gut microbiota can have dramatic effects on host metabolism; however, current genomic strategies for uncultured bacteria have several limitations that hinder their ability to identify responders to metabolic changes in the microbiota. In this study, we describe a novel single-cell genomic sequencing technique that can identify metabolic responders at the species level without the need for reference genomes, and apply this method to identify bacterial responders to an inulin-based diet in the mouse gut microbiota. RESULTS Inulin-feeding changed the mouse fecal microbiome composition to increase Bacteroides spp., resulting in the production of abundant succinate in the mouse intestine. Using our massively parallel single-cell genome sequencing technique, named SAG-gel platform, we obtained 346 single-amplified genomes (SAGs) from mouse gut microbes before and after dietary inulin supplementation. After quality control, the SAGs were classified as 267 bacteria, spanning 2 phyla, 4 classes, 7 orders, and 14 families, and 31 different strains of SAGs were graded as high- and medium-quality draft genomes. From these, we have successfully obtained the genomes of the dominant inulin-responders, Bacteroides spp., and identified their polysaccharide utilization loci and their specific metabolic pathways for succinate production. CONCLUSIONS Our single-cell genomics approach generated a massive amount of SAGs, enabling a functional analysis of uncultured bacteria in the intestinal microbiome. This enabled us to estimate metabolic lineages involved in the bacterial fermentation of dietary fiber and metabolic outcomes such as short-chain fatty acid production in the intestinal environment based on the fibers ingested. The technique allows the in-depth isolation and characterization of uncultured bacteria with specific functions in the microbiota and could be exploited to improve human and animal health. Video abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rieka Chijiiwa
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsucho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8480, Japan
- Computational Bio Big-Data Open Innovation Laboratory (CBBD-OIL), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan
| | - Masahito Hosokawa
- Research Organization for Nano and Life Innovation, Waseda University, 513 Wasedatsurumaki-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-0041, Japan.
- Institute for Advanced Research of Biosystem Dynamics, Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan.
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 5-3 Yonban-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-0075, Japan.
| | - Masato Kogawa
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsucho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8480, Japan
- Computational Bio Big-Data Open Innovation Laboratory (CBBD-OIL), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan
| | - Yohei Nishikawa
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsucho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8480, Japan
- Computational Bio Big-Data Open Innovation Laboratory (CBBD-OIL), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan
| | - Keigo Ide
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsucho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8480, Japan
- Computational Bio Big-Data Open Innovation Laboratory (CBBD-OIL), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan
| | - Chikako Sakanashi
- Research Organization for Nano and Life Innovation, Waseda University, 513 Wasedatsurumaki-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-0041, Japan
| | - Kai Takahashi
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsucho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8480, Japan
| | - Haruko Takeyama
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsucho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8480, Japan.
- Computational Bio Big-Data Open Innovation Laboratory (CBBD-OIL), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan.
- Research Organization for Nano and Life Innovation, Waseda University, 513 Wasedatsurumaki-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-0041, Japan.
- Institute for Advanced Research of Biosystem Dynamics, Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan.
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Sharma SG, Sharma NR, Sharma M. Impact of Human Microbiome on Health. MICROBIAL DIVERSITY, INTERVENTIONS AND SCOPE 2020. [PMCID: PMC7315774 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-4099-8_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The human genome in the recent years, by the advent of technological advancements, has emerged as a major prolocutor for reciprocity between the human body and the food consumed. As known, microbiome comprises all the genetic materials within a microbiota and can thereby be also referred to as metagenome of the microbiota. Contemporary researches have revealed the influence of microbiome not only on human mind and health status, but also in wide range of disease switching, ranging from cardio-metabolic diseases, allergies and obesities to life-threatening diseases such as cancer. Though the complete mechanism of many diseases is yet unclear, research works have revealed that the metabolites, nutrients and microbes can be regarded as the key players for such physiological state. The major approach of this chapter is to enlighten the interrelationship of the microbiome on the human health either in a synergistic or in an antagonistic manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiwani Guleria Sharma
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional Univeristy, Phagwara, Punjab India
| | - Neeta Raj Sharma
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional Univeristy, Phagwara, Punjab India
| | - Mohit Sharma
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab India
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Miramontes-Corona C, Escalante A, Delgado E, Corona-González RI, Vázquez-Torres H, Toriz G. Hydrophobic agave fructans for sustained drug delivery to the human colon. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2019.104396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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227
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Experimental Determination of the Threshold Dose for Bifidogenic Activity of Dietary 1-Kestose in Rats. Foods 2019; 9:foods9010004. [PMID: 31861709 PMCID: PMC7022987 DOI: 10.3390/foods9010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
1-Kestose is a non-digestible oligosaccharide consisting of glucose linked to two fructose units. While 1-kestose is not digested in the small intestine of mammals, it is fermented in the ceca and colon, where the growth of bifidobacteria is promoted. In the present study, we assessed the threshold dose of dietary 1-kestose that increased cecal bifidobacterial levels in rats. Rats were fed experimental diets containing 0% to 0.3% 1-kestose for four weeks. The levels of the genus Bifidobacterium and total gut bacteria were significantly increased in cecal samples of rats fed the 0.3% 1-kestose diet. Further, a significant correlation between the dose of 1-kestose and the levels of cecal Bifidobacterium and total gut bacteria was observed. The minimum dose of dietary 1-kestose to induce significant bifidogenic activity in rats was 0.3% by weight in the diet.
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Noecker C, Chiu HC, McNally CP, Borenstein E. Defining and Evaluating Microbial Contributions to Metabolite Variation in Microbiome-Metabolome Association Studies. mSystems 2019; 4:e00579-19. [PMID: 31848305 PMCID: PMC6918031 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00579-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Correlation-based analysis of paired microbiome-metabolome data sets is becoming a widespread research approach, aiming to comprehensively identify microbial drivers of metabolic variation. To date, however, the limitations of this approach and other microbiome-metabolome analysis methods have not been comprehensively evaluated. To address this challenge, we have introduced a mathematical framework to quantify the contribution of each taxon to metabolite variation based on uptake and secretion fluxes. We additionally used a multispecies metabolic model to simulate simplified gut communities, generating idealized microbiome-metabolome data sets. We then compared observed taxon-metabolite correlations in these data sets to calculated ground truth taxonomic contribution values. We found that in simulations of both a representative simple 10-species community and complex human gut microbiota, correlation-based analysis poorly identified key contributors, with an extremely low predictive value despite the idealized setting. We further demonstrate that the predictive value of correlation analysis is strongly influenced by both metabolite and taxon properties, as well as by exogenous environmental variation. We finally discuss the practical implications of our findings for interpreting microbiome-metabolome studies.IMPORTANCE Identifying the key microbial taxa responsible for metabolic differences between microbiomes is an important step toward understanding and manipulating microbiome metabolism. To achieve this goal, researchers commonly conduct microbiome-metabolome association studies, comprehensively measuring both the composition of species and the concentration of metabolites across a set of microbial community samples and then testing for correlations between microbes and metabolites. Here, we evaluated the utility of this general approach by first developing a rigorous mathematical definition of the contribution of each microbial taxon to metabolite variation and then examining these contributions in simulated data sets of microbial community metabolism. We found that standard correlation-based analysis of our simulated microbiome-metabolome data sets can identify true contributions with very low predictive value and that its performance depends strongly on specific properties of both metabolites and microbes, as well as on those of the surrounding environment. Combined, our findings can guide future interpretation and validation of microbiome-metabolome studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Noecker
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Hsuan-Chao Chiu
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Colin P McNally
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Elhanan Borenstein
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Blavatnik School of Computer Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA
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Wu F, Guo X, Zhang M, Ou Z, Wu D, Deng L, Lu Z, Zhang J, Deng G, Chen S, Li S, Yi J, Peng Y. An Akkermansia muciniphila subtype alleviates high-fat diet-induced metabolic disorders and inhibits the neurodegenerative process in mice. Anaerobe 2019; 61:102138. [PMID: 31830598 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2019.102138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity and diabetes, and their complicating mental disorders, severely affect public health. This study aimed to investigate the long-term effects of an Akkermansia muciniphila subtype (A. muciniphilasub) on high-fat diet-induced obesity and diabetes, and to evaluate whether this subtype can alleviate their complicated mental disorders. Whole genome sequencing and short chain fatty acid production analysis in supernatant of pure culture were performed. Female adult C57BL/6 mice were fed a high-fat diet or a normal chow diet and were gavaged with A. muciniphilasub or phosphate-buffered saline daily for 10 months. Body weight, food consumption and blood glucose were measured. At the end of the treatment period, all mice were subjected to the Y-maze test, sucrose preference test, analyses of serum, fecal microbiota analysis and histological examination. This A. muciniphilasub had 278 unique genes compared to the type strain (A. muciniphila ATCC BAA-835) and produced short chain fatty acids both. A. muciniphilasub administration significantly reduced body weight gain and improved the spatial memory of high-fat diet-fed mice. A. muciniphilasub increased Nissl bodies in neurons of the hippocampus, and restored the high-fat diet-inhibited tryptophan metabolism. The high-fat diet led to decreased serum 5-hydroxytryptamine and induced depression, which were not alleviated by A. muciniphilasub. A. muciniphilasub increased the relative fecal abundance of Bifidobacterium, and was negatively correlated with the fecal abundance of Bacteroides. The present study demonstrated the beneficial effects of this A. muciniphilasub on body weight, blood glucose control and the alleviation of the memory decay caused by a high-fat diet in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifan Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xianfeng Guo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zihao Ou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Dan Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lulu Deng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhi Lu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiachun Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Guihua Deng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shengqiang Chen
- Key Lab Neurogenet & Channelopathies Guangdong Pr, Minist Educ, Institute Neurosci, Affiliated Hospital 2, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shenghui Li
- Shenzhen Puensum Genetech Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiangfeng Yi
- Guangzhou Kangze Medical Science and Technology Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yongzheng Peng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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230
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Inulin Supplementation Reduces Systolic Blood Pressure in Women with Breast Cancer Undergoing Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy. Cardiovasc Ther 2019; 2019:5707150. [PMID: 31772611 PMCID: PMC6739761 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5707150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed malignancy in women, and comorbidities like hypertension and obesity diminish their quality of life and negatively affect their response to chemotherapy. Furthermore, inulin supplementation is associated with the reduction of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) risk. Objective To determine whether inulin supplementation prevents the elevation of blood pressure in women with breast cancer undergoing neoadjuvant therapy with cyclophosphamide and doxorubicin. Methods This was a randomized, double-blind placebo controlled trial which included women with early-stage breast cancer undergoing neoadjuvant therapy (n=38). Patients were randomly assigned to participate in two different groups to receive either 15 g of inulin or 15 g of placebo (maltodextrin) for 21 days. Body composition and blood pressure were evaluated before and after the supplementation period. Results Women in the inulin group showed a lower systolic blood pressure (SBP) after the supplementation (-4.21 mmHg, p<0.001). However, SBP increased in the placebo supplemented group. Diastolic blood pressure (DBP) nonsignificantly decreased in the inulin group. Inulin supplementation also increased BMI (p<0.001) but reduced BFP (p=0.288). Furthermore, confounding variables, such as BMI, baseline fasting glucose, age, menopause status, vomiting, constipation, and chronic medication did not have a statistical influence over the inulin effect on SBP. Conclusion Inulin supplementation reduces SBP and prevents increases in DBP in women with breast cancer. This could be an innovative nutraceutical approach to prevent hypertension present in women with this type of cancer at an early stage and may improve the quality of life of the patients and their prognostic development through chemotherapy. Trial Registration Number This trial is registered with ACTRN12616001532493.
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231
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Effect of Diet on the Gut Microbiota: Rethinking Intervention Duration. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11122862. [PMID: 31766592 PMCID: PMC6950569 DOI: 10.3390/nu11122862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 369] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The human gut is inhabited by trillions of microorganisms composing a dynamic ecosystem implicated in health and disease. The composition of the gut microbiota is unique to each individual and tends to remain relatively stable throughout life, yet daily transient fluctuations are observed. Diet is a key modifiable factor influencing the composition of the gut microbiota, indicating the potential for therapeutic dietary strategies to manipulate microbial diversity, composition, and stability. While diet can induce a shift in the gut microbiota, these changes appear to be temporary. Whether prolonged dietary changes can induce permanent alterations in the gut microbiota is unknown, mainly due to a lack of long-term human dietary interventions, or long-term follow-ups of short-term dietary interventions. It is possible that habitual diets have a greater influence on the gut microbiota than acute dietary strategies. This review presents the current knowledge around the response of the gut microbiota to short-term and long-term dietary interventions and identifies major factors that contribute to microbiota response to diet. Overall, further research on long-term diets that include health and microbiome measures is required before clinical recommendations can be made for dietary modulation of the gut microbiota for health.
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232
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Sasaki D, Sasaki K, Kadowaki Y, Aotsuka Y, Kondo A. Bifidogenic and butyrogenic effects of young barely leaf extract in an in vitro human colonic microbiota model. AMB Express 2019; 9:182. [PMID: 31721000 PMCID: PMC6854142 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-019-0911-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Young barley leaf extract (YBL) contains beneficial substances such as fructans, minerals, and vitamins. The effects of YBL administration on the human colonic microbiota and its production of metabolites were evaluated using an in vitro model culture system. Fermentations were started by inoculating fecal samples from nine healthy subjects, with or without 1.5% YBL. Bacterial 16S rRNA sequencing results confirmed that YBL administration significantly increased the relative abundances of bacteria related to the genus Bifidobacterium (p = 0.001, paired t-test) and those of the genera Faecalibacterium, Roseburia, Unclassified Ruminococcaceae, and Lachnospira (p = 0.013, p = 0.019, p = 0.028, and p = 0.034, respectively, paired t-test). Increased abundances of the latter genera corresponded to increased butyrate production in human colonic microbiota models following fermentation with 1.5% YBL, when compared to fermentation without 1.5% YBL (p = 0.006, Dunnett's test). In addition, YBL administration significantly increased the production levels of amino acids such as lysine, glutamate, serine, threonine, alanine, isoleucine, leucine, valine, and phenylalanine. Therefore, our results showed the health-promoting bifidogenic and butyrogenic effects of YBL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Sasaki
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501 Japan
| | - Kengo Sasaki
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501 Japan
| | - Yasushi Kadowaki
- JPD Co., Ltd., 7-98 Kita-Itami, Itami-shi, Hyogo, 664-0831 Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Aotsuka
- JPD Co., Ltd., 7-98 Kita-Itami, Itami-shi, Hyogo, 664-0831 Japan
| | - Akihiko Kondo
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501 Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045 Japan
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233
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The effects of inulin on gut microbial composition: a systematic review of evidence from human studies. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 39:403-413. [DOI: 10.1007/s10096-019-03721-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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234
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Zeng H, Huang L, Zhou L, Wang P, Chen X, Ding K. A galactoglucan isolated from of Cistanche deserticola Y. C. Ma. and its bioactivity on intestinal bacteria strains. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 223:115038. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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235
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Watson AW, Houghton D, Avery PJ, Stewart C, Vaughan EE, Meyer PD, de Bos Kuil MJ, Weijs PJ, Brandt K. Changes in stool frequency following chicory inulin consumption, and effects on stool consistency, quality of life and composition of gut microbiota. Food Hydrocoll 2019; 96:688-698. [PMID: 31680713 PMCID: PMC6686634 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2019.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Inulin is a soluble dietary fibre, also classified as a prebiotic, extracted from chicory roots. The present study aimed to determine the effect of consumption of native chicory inulin on the stool frequency of middle-aged to older adults (40-75 years old) with uncomfortably but not clinically relevant low stool frequency, specified as two to four days without bowel movements per week. Two randomised, double blind, placebo-controlled crossover trials were conducted using similar protocols in differing populations. Trial A was conducted in Amsterdam, The Netherlands and subsequently Trial B was conducted in Newcastle, United Kingdom. Both trials involved supplementation for 5 weeks with 10 g per day of inulin or placebo, a washout period of 2 weeks, and then crossed over to receive the other treatment. In Trial B, faecal gut microbiota composition was assessed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. In Trial A, which 10 volunteers completed, the stool frequency was significantly increased to an average 4.9 ± 0.23 (SEM) times per week during inulin periods versus 3.6 ± 0.25 in the periods with placebo (p = 0.01). In contrast, in Trial B which 20 volunteers completed, there was no significant effect of the inulin on stool frequency (7.5 ± 2.1 times per week with inulin, 8.1 ± 3.0 with placebo, p = 0.35). However, many subjects in Trial B had a stool frequency >5 per week also for the placebo period, in breach of the inclusion criteria. Combining the data of 16 low stool frequency subjects from Trials A and B showed a significant effect of inulin to increase stool frequency from 4.1 to 5.0 per week (p = 0.032). Regarding secondary outcomes, stool consistency was significantly softer with inulin treatment compared to placebo periods, it increased 0.29 on the Bristol stool scale (p = 0.008) when data from all subjects of Trials A and B were combined. No other differences in bowel habit parameters due to inulin consumption were significant. None of the differences in specific bacterial abundance, alpha or beta diversity were significant, however the trends were in directions consistent with published studies on other types of inulin. We conclude that 10 g per day of native chicory inulin can increase stool frequency in subjects with low stool frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony W. Watson
- NU-Food Research Facility, Human Nutrition Research Centre, Newcastle University, NE1 7RU, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, NE2 4HH, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - David Houghton
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences and Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, NE2 4HH, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Peter J. Avery
- School of Mathematics & Statistics, Newcastle University, NE1 7RU, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Christopher Stewart
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, NE2 4HH, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Elaine E. Vaughan
- Sensus (Royal Cosun), Borchwerf 3, 4704 RG Roosendaal, the Netherlands
| | | | - Minse J.J. de Bos Kuil
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences, Postbus 2165, 1000 CD Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Peter J.M. Weijs
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences, Postbus 2165, 1000 CD Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Kirsten Brandt
- NU-Food Research Facility, Human Nutrition Research Centre, Newcastle University, NE1 7RU, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, NE2 4HH, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Xue J, Li X, Liu P, Li K, Sha L, Yang X, Zhu L, Wang Z, Dong Y, Zhang L, Lei H, Zhang X, Dong X, Wang H. Inulin and metformin ameliorate polycystic ovary syndrome via anti-inflammation and modulating gut microbiota in mice. Endocr J 2019; 66:859-870. [PMID: 31270279 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej18-0567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) represents an endocrine disorder, which is closely related with gut microbiota. Inulin, a kind of probiotics, has been proven to alleviate gut microbiota dysbiosis. Metformin, a biguanide agent, shows beneficial effects on chronic metabolic diseases. Our objective was to assess the effects and associated mechanisms of inulin and metforin on attenuation of PCOS in mice. Mice were divided into 4 groups: control group (CON), model group (MOD), inulin group (INU), metformin group (MET). The last three groups were fed 6 mg of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) per 100 g body weight and 60% high-fat diet to generate mice model. After 21 days of intervention, mice were euthanized and associated indications were investigated. Body weight (BW) and testosterone (T) levels were significantly decreased, but estradiol (E2) levels were increased in INU or MET group, respectively. Ovary HE staining demonstrated that inulin or metformin ameliorated PCOS morphology. Inflammatory indicators from plasma and ovary including TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-17A were decreased in INU or MET group. Moreover, IL-10 in ovary of INU or MET group was increased. Sequencing and analysis of gut microbiota showed that compared to MOD group, Bifidobacterium was increased, but Proteobacteria, Helicobacter and Parasutterella were decreased in INU group. Helicobacter was decreased in MET group. Correlation analysis showed that gut microbiota was correlated with inflammatory factors. Our results revealed that inulin and metformin alleviated PCOS via anti-inflammation and modulating gut microbiota, which may contribute to potential clinical therapy for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xue
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Medical Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, China
| | - Xiaorong Li
- The Center for Reproductive Medicine, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, China
| | - Ping Liu
- Endocrinology Department, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, China
| | - Ke Li
- Clinical Medical College, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, China
- Endocrinology Department, Ningxia People's Hospital, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750002, China
| | - Liping Sha
- Endocrinology Department, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, China
| | - Xiaoli Yang
- Clinical Medical College, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, China
| | - Lili Zhu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Medical Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Clinical Medical College, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, China
| | - Youping Dong
- Endocrinology Department, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Endocrinology Department, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, China
| | - Hong Lei
- Endocrinology Department, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, China
| | - Xiaoxia Zhang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, China
| | - Xiaoying Dong
- Endocrinology Department, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Medical Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, China
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Huang Y, Zhao S, Yao K, Liu D, Peng X, Huang J, Huang Y, Li L. Physicochemical, microbiological, rheological, and sensory properties of yoghurts with new polysaccharide extracts from
Lactarius volemus
Fr. using three probiotics. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0307.12653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Huang
- School of Food Science and Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou Guangdong 510640 China
| | - Shan Zhao
- School of Food Science and Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou Guangdong 510640 China
| | - Kun Yao
- School of Food Science and Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou Guangdong 510640 China
| | - Dongmei Liu
- School of Food Science and Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou Guangdong 510640 China
| | - Xin Peng
- School of Food Science and Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou Guangdong 510640 China
| | - Juan Huang
- School of Food Science and Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou Guangdong 510640 China
- Guangdong Yantang Dairy Co., Ltd Guangzhou Guangdong 510640 China
| | - Yongyao Huang
- School of Food Science and Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou Guangdong 510640 China
| | - Li Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou Guangdong 510640 China
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238
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The effect of inulin and resistant maltodextrin on weight loss during energy restriction: a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blinded intervention. Eur J Nutr 2019; 59:2507-2524. [PMID: 31605197 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-019-02099-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The objective of this study was to investigate the additive effects of combining energy restriction with dietary fibres on change in body weight and gut microbiota composition. METHODS The study was a 12-week randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blinded, parallel intervention trial. A total of 116 overweight or obese participants were assigned randomly either to 10 g inulin plus 10 g resistant maltodextrin or to 20 g of placebo supplementation through 400 mL of milk a day, while on a - 500 kcal/day energy restricted diet. RESULTS Altogether, 86 participants completed the intervention. There were no significant differences in weight loss or body composition between the groups. The fibre supplement reduced systolic (5.35 ± 2.4 mmHg, p = 0.043) and diastolic (2.82 ± 1.3 mmHg, p = 0.047) blood pressure to a larger extent than placebo. Furthermore, a larger decrease in serum insulin was observed in the placebo group compared to the fibre group (- 26.0 ± 9.2 pmol/L, p = 0.006). The intake of fibre induced changes in the composition of gut microbiota resulting in higher abundances of Parabacteroides and Bifidobacteria, compared to placebo. The effects on blood pressure and glucose metabolism were mainly observed in women, and could be attributed to a higher gut microbiota diversity after intervention. Finally, the fibre group experienced a higher degree of gastrointestinal symptoms, which attenuated over time. CONCLUSIONS Supplementation of inulin and resistant maltodextrin did not provide an additional weight loss during an energy-restricted diet, but reduced both systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Furthermore, the fibre supplement did stimulate the growth of potentially beneficial bacteria genera. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRY The study was registered at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov , NCT03135041.
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239
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Liebert A, Bicknell B, Johnstone DM, Gordon LC, Kiat H, Hamblin MR. "Photobiomics": Can Light, Including Photobiomodulation, Alter the Microbiome? PHOTOBIOMODULATION PHOTOMEDICINE AND LASER SURGERY 2019; 37:681-693. [PMID: 31596658 PMCID: PMC6859693 DOI: 10.1089/photob.2019.4628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Objective: The objective of this review is to consider the dual effects of microbiome and photobiomodulation (PBM) on human health and to suggest a relationship between these two as a novel mechanism. Background: PBM describes the use of low levels of visible or near-infrared (NIR) light to heal and stimulate tissue, and to relieve pain and inflammation. In recent years, PBM has been applied to the head as an investigative approach to treat diverse brain diseases such as stroke, traumatic brain injury (TBI), Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, and psychiatric disorders. Also, in recent years, increasing attention has been paid to the total microbial population that colonizes the human body, chiefly in the gut and the mouth, called the microbiome. It is known that the composition and health of the gut microbiome affects many diseases related to metabolism, obesity, cardiovascular disorders, autoimmunity, and even brain disorders. Materials and methods: A literature search was conducted for published reports on the effect of light on the microbiome. Results: Recent work by our research group has demonstrated that PBM (red and NIR light) delivered to the abdomen in mice, can alter the gut microbiome in a potentially beneficial way. This has also now been demonstrated in human subjects. Conclusions: In consideration of the known effects of PBM on metabolomics, and the now demonstrated effects of PBM on the microbiome, as well as other effects of light on the microbiome, including modulating circadian rhythms, the present perspective introduces a new term "photobiomics" and looks forward to the application of PBM to influence the microbiome in humans. Some mechanisms by which this phenomenon might occur are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Liebert
- Australasian Research Institute, Wahroonga, Australia.,Department of Medicine, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Brian Bicknell
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, North Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Luke C Gordon
- Discipline of Physiology, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Hosen Kiat
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Marsfield, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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240
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Andrade-Oliveira V, Foresto-Neto O, Watanabe IKM, Zatz R, Câmara NOS. Inflammation in Renal Diseases: New and Old Players. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1192. [PMID: 31649546 PMCID: PMC6792167 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation, a process intimately linked to renal disease, can be defined as a complex network of interactions between renal parenchymal cells and resident immune cells, such as macrophages and dendritic cells, coupled with recruitment of circulating monocytes, lymphocytes, and neutrophils. Once stimulated, these cells activate specialized structures such as Toll-like receptor and Nod-like receptor (NLR). By detecting danger-associated molecules, these receptors can set in motion major innate immunity pathways such as nuclear factor ĸB (NF-ĸB) and NLRP3 inflammasome, causing metabolic reprogramming and phenotype changes of immune and parenchymal cells and triggering the secretion of a number of inflammatory mediators that can cause irreversible tissue damage and functional loss. Growing evidence suggests that this response can be deeply impacted by the crosstalk between the kidneys and other organs, such as the gut. Changes in the composition and/or metabolite production of the gut microbiota can influence inflammation, oxidative stress, and fibrosis, thus offering opportunities to positively manipulate the composition and/or functionality of gut microbiota and, consequentially, ameliorate deleterious consequences of renal diseases. In this review, we summarize the most recent evidence that renal inflammation can be ameliorated by interfering with the gut microbiota through the administration of probiotics, prebiotics, and postbiotics. In addition to these innovative approaches, we address the recent discovery of new targets for drugs long in use in clinical practice. Angiotensin II receptor antagonists, NF-ĸB inhibitors, thiazide diuretics, and antimetabolic drugs can reduce renal macrophage infiltration and slow down the progression of renal disease by mechanisms independent of those usually attributed to these compounds. Allopurinol, an inhibitor of uric acid production, has been shown to decrease renal inflammation by limiting activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. So far, these protective effects have been shown in experimental studies only. Clinical studies will establish whether these novel strategies can be incorporated into the arsenal of treatments intended to prevent the progression of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius Andrade-Oliveira
- Bernardo's Lab, Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC, Santo André, Brazil.,Laboratory of Transplantation Immunobiology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Orestes Foresto-Neto
- Renal Division, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ingrid Kazue Mizuno Watanabe
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunobiology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Nephrology Division, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roberto Zatz
- Renal Division, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Niels Olsen Saraiva Câmara
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunobiology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Renal Division, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Nephrology Division, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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241
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Rinninella E, Cintoni M, Raoul P, Lopetuso LR, Scaldaferri F, Pulcini G, Miggiano GAD, Gasbarrini A, Mele MC. Food Components and Dietary Habits: Keys for a Healthy Gut Microbiota Composition. Nutrients 2019; 11:E2393. [PMID: 31591348 PMCID: PMC6835969 DOI: 10.3390/nu11102393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota is a changing ecosystem, containing trillions of bacteria, continuously shaped by many factors, such as dietary habits, seasonality, lifestyle, stress, antibiotics use, or diseases. A healthy host-microorganisms balance must be respected in order to optimally maintain the intestinal barrier and immune system functions and, consequently, prevent disease development. In the past several decades, the adoption of modern dietary habits has become a growing health concern, as it is strongly associated with obesity and related metabolic diseases, promoting inflammation and both structural and behavioral changes in gut microbiota. In this context, novel dietary strategies are emerging to prevent diseases and maintain health. However, the consequences of these different diets on gut microbiota modulation are still largely unknown, and could potentially lead to alterations of gut microbiota, intestinal barrier, and the immune system. The present review aimed to focus on the impact of single food components (macronutrients and micronutrients), salt, food additives, and different dietary habits (i.e., vegan and vegetarian, gluten-free, ketogenic, high sugar, low FODMAP, Western-type, and Mediterranean diets) on gut microbiota composition in order to define the optimal diet for a healthy modulation of gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Rinninella
- UOC di Nutrizione Clinica, Dipartimento di Scienze Gastroenterologiche, Endocrino‑Metaboliche e Nefro‑Urologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy.
- Istituto di Patologia Speciale Medica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| | - Marco Cintoni
- Scuola di Specializzazione in Scienza dell'Alimentazione, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Pauline Raoul
- Istituto di Patologia Speciale Medica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| | - Loris Riccardo Lopetuso
- Istituto di Patologia Speciale Medica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy.
- UOC di Medicina Interna e Gastroenterologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Gastroenterologiche, Endocrino‑Metaboliche e Nefro‑Urologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| | - Franco Scaldaferri
- Istituto di Patologia Speciale Medica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy.
- UOC di Medicina Interna e Gastroenterologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Gastroenterologiche, Endocrino‑Metaboliche e Nefro‑Urologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| | - Gabriele Pulcini
- Scuola di Specializzazione in Scienza dell'Alimentazione, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Giacinto Abele Donato Miggiano
- UOC di Nutrizione Clinica, Dipartimento di Scienze Gastroenterologiche, Endocrino‑Metaboliche e Nefro‑Urologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy.
- Istituto di Patologia Speciale Medica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| | - Antonio Gasbarrini
- Istituto di Patologia Speciale Medica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy.
- UOC di Medicina Interna e Gastroenterologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Gastroenterologiche, Endocrino‑Metaboliche e Nefro‑Urologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| | - Maria Cristina Mele
- UOC di Nutrizione Clinica, Dipartimento di Scienze Gastroenterologiche, Endocrino‑Metaboliche e Nefro‑Urologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy.
- Istituto di Patologia Speciale Medica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy.
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242
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Prebiotics: tools to manipulate the gut microbiome and metabolome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 46:1445-1459. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-019-02203-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The human gut is an ecosystem comprising trillions of microbes interacting with the host. The composition of the microbiota and their interactions play roles in different biological processes and in the development of human diseases. Close relationships between dietary modifications, microbiota composition and health status have been established. This review focuses on prebiotics, or compounds which selectively encourage the growth of beneficial bacteria, their mechanisms of action and benefits to human hosts. We also review advances in synthesis technology for human milk oligosaccharides, part of one of the most well-characterized prebiotic–probiotic relationships. Current and future research in this area points to greater use of prebiotics as tools to manipulate the microbial and metabolic diversity of the gut for the benefit of human health.
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243
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Nealon NJ, Parker KD, Lahaie P, Ibrahim H, Maurya AK, Raina K, Ryan EP. Bifidobacterium longum-fermented rice bran and rice bran supplementation affects the gut microbiome and metabolome. Benef Microbes 2019; 10:823-839. [PMID: 31965839 DOI: 10.3920/bm2019.0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated gut microbiota composition along with food, host, and microbial derived metabolites in the colon and systemic circulation of healthy mice following dietary rice bran and fermented rice bran intake. Adult male BALB/c mice were fed a control diet or one of two experimental diets containing 10% w/w rice bran fermented by Bifidobacterium longum or 10% w/w non-fermented rice bran for 15 weeks. Metabolomics was performed on the study diets (food), the murine colon and whole blood. These were analysed in concert with 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing of faeces, caecum, and colon microbiomes. Principal components analysis of murine microbiota composition displayed marked separation between control and experimental diets, and between faecal and tissue (caecum and colon) microbiomes. Colon and caecal microbiomes in both experimental diet groups showed enrichment of Roseburia, Lachnospiraceae, and Clostridiales related amplicon sequence variants compared to control. Bacterial composition was largely similar between experimental diets. Metabolite profiling revealed 530 small molecules comprising of 39% amino acids and 21% lipids that had differential abundances across food, colon, and blood matrices, and statistically significant between the control, rice bran, and fermented rice bran groups. The amino acid metabolite, N-delta-acetylornithine, was notably increased by B. longum rice bran fermentation when compared to non-fermented rice bran in food, colon, and blood. These findings support that dietary intake of rice bran fermented with B. longum modulates multiple metabolic pathways important to the gut and overall health.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Nealon
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA.,Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, 80521 CO, USA
| | - K D Parker
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| | - P Lahaie
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| | - H Ibrahim
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA.,Zagazig University, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, 44511 Zagazig, Egypt
| | - A K Maurya
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - K Raina
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - E P Ryan
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA.,Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, 80521 CO, USA.,University of Colorado Cancer Center, Division of Cancer Control and Prevention, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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244
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Gupta S, Lokesh J, Abdelhafiz Y, Siriyappagouder P, Pierre R, Sørensen M, Fernandes JMO, Kiron V. Macroalga-Derived Alginate Oligosaccharide Alters Intestinal Bacteria of Atlantic Salmon. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2037. [PMID: 31572312 PMCID: PMC6753961 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Prebiotics are substrates intended to sculpt gut microbial communities as they are selectively utilized by the microorganisms to exert beneficial health effects on hosts. Macroalga-derived oligosaccharides are candidate prebiotics, and herein, we determined the effects of Laminaria sp.-derived alginate oligosaccharide (AlgOS) on the distal intestinal microbiota of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Using a high-throughput 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing technique, we investigated the microbiota harbored in the intestinal content and mucus of the fish offered feeds supplemented with 0.5 and 2.5% AlgOS. We found that the prebiotic shifts the intestinal microbiota profile; alpha diversity was significantly reduced with 2.5% AlgOS while with 0.5% AlgOS the alteration occurred without impacting the bacterial diversity. Beta diversity analysis indicated the significant differences between control and prebiotic-fed groups. The low supplementation level of AlgOS facilitated the dominance of Proteobacteria (including Photobacterium phosphoreum, Aquabacterium parvum, Achromobacter insolitus), and Spirochaetes (Brevinema andersonii) in the content or mucus of the fish, and few of these bacteria (Aliivibrio logei, A. parvum, B. andersonii, A. insolitus) have genes associated with butyrate production. The results indicate that the low inclusion of AlgOS can plausibly induce a prebiotic effect on the distal intestinal microbiota of Atlantic salmon. These findings can generate further interest in the potential of macroalgae-derived oligosaccharides for food and feed applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Gupta
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
| | - Jep Lokesh
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
| | - Yousri Abdelhafiz
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
| | | | - Ronan Pierre
- CEVA (Centre d'Etude et de Valorisation des Algues), Pleubian, France
| | - Mette Sørensen
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
| | | | - Viswanath Kiron
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
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245
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Andrade AC, Bautista CR, Cabrera MR, Guerra RS, Chávez EG, Ahumada CF, Lagunes AG. Agave salmiana fructans as gut health promoters: Prebiotic activity and inflammatory response in Wistar healthy rats. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 136:785-795. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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246
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Aguilera-Correa JJ, Madrazo-Clemente P, Martínez-Cuesta MDC, Peláez C, Ortiz A, Sánchez-Niño MD, Esteban J, Requena T. Lyso-Gb3 modulates the gut microbiota and decreases butyrate production. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12010. [PMID: 31427622 PMCID: PMC6700068 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48426-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Fabry disease is a rare X-linked lysosomal storage disorder resulting from deficient activity of α-galactosidase A, leading to the accumulation of glycosphingolipids such as globotriaosylsphingosine (lyso-Gb3). The gastrointestinal symptoms of this disease may be disabling, and the life expectancy of affected patients is shortened by kidney and heart disease. Our hypothesis was that lyso-Gb3 may modify the gut microbiota. The impact of a clinically relevant concentration of lyso-Gb3 on mono- or multispecies bacterial biofilms were evaluated. A complex bacterial community from the simulated transverse colon microbiota was studied using quantitative PCR to estimate different bacterial group concentrations and a HPLC was used to estimate short-chain fatty acids concentrations. We found that lyso-Gb3 increased the biofilm-forming capacity of several individual bacteria, including Bacteroides fragilis and significantly increased the growth of B. fragilis in a multispecies biofilm. Lyso-Gb3 also modified the bacterial composition of the human colon microbiota suspension, increasing bacterial counts of B. fragilis, among others. Finally, lyso-Gb3 modified the formation of short-chain fatty acids, leading to a striking decrease in butyrate concentration. Lyso-Gb3 modifies the biology of gut bacteria, favoring the production of biofilms and altering the composition and short-chain fatty-acid profile of the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- John-Jairo Aguilera-Correa
- Clinical Microbiology Department, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, UAM. Av. Reyes Católicos, 2, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Patricia Madrazo-Clemente
- Clinical Microbiology Department, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, UAM. Av. Reyes Católicos, 2, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Del Carmen Martínez-Cuesta
- Department of Food Biotechnology and Microbiology, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación, CIAL (CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera, 9, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Peláez
- Department of Food Biotechnology and Microbiology, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación, CIAL (CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera, 9, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Ortiz
- Nephrology Department. IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, UAM. Av. Reyes Católicos, 2, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Jaime Esteban
- Clinical Microbiology Department, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, UAM. Av. Reyes Católicos, 2, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa Requena
- Department of Food Biotechnology and Microbiology, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación, CIAL (CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera, 9, 28049, Madrid, Spain
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247
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Prebiotics: Mechanisms and Preventive Effects in Allergy. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11081841. [PMID: 31398959 PMCID: PMC6722770 DOI: 10.3390/nu11081841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic diseases now affect over 30% of individuals in many communities, particularly young children, underscoring the need for effective prevention strategies in early life. These allergic conditions have been linked to environmental and lifestyle changes driving the dysfunction of three interdependent biological systems: microbiota, epithelial barrier and immune system. While this is multifactorial, dietary changes are of particular interest in the altered establishment and maturation of the microbiome, including the associated profile of metabolites that modulate immune development and barrier function. Prebiotics are non-digestible food ingredients that beneficially influence the health of the host by 1) acting as a fermentable substrate for some specific commensal host bacteria leading to the release of short-chain fatty acids in the gut intestinal tract influencing many molecular and cellular processes; 2) acting directly on several compartments and specifically on different patterns of cells (epithelial and immune cells). Nutrients with prebiotic properties are therefore of central interest in allergy prevention for their potential to promote a more tolerogenic environment through these multiple pathways. Both observational studies and experimental models lend further credence to this hypothesis. In this review, we describe both the mechanisms and the therapeutic evidence from preclinical and clinical studies exploring the role of prebiotics in allergy prevention.
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248
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Chambers ES, Byrne CS, Morrison DJ, Murphy KG, Preston T, Tedford C, Garcia-Perez I, Fountana S, Serrano-Contreras JI, Holmes E, Reynolds CJ, Roberts JF, Boyton RJ, Altmann DM, McDonald JAK, Marchesi JR, Akbar AN, Riddell NE, Wallis GA, Frost GS. Dietary supplementation with inulin-propionate ester or inulin improves insulin sensitivity in adults with overweight and obesity with distinct effects on the gut microbiota, plasma metabolome and systemic inflammatory responses: a randomised cross-over trial. Gut 2019; 68:1430-1438. [PMID: 30971437 PMCID: PMC6691855 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2019-318424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the underlying mechanisms behind changes in glucose homeostasis with delivery of propionate to the human colon by comprehensive and coordinated analysis of gut bacterial composition, plasma metabolome and immune responses. DESIGN Twelve non-diabetic adults with overweight and obesity received 20 g/day of inulin-propionate ester (IPE), designed to selectively deliver propionate to the colon, a high-fermentable fibre control (inulin) and a low-fermentable fibre control (cellulose) in a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over design. Outcome measurements of metabolic responses, inflammatory markers and gut bacterial composition were analysed at the end of each 42-day supplementation period. RESULTS Both IPE and inulin supplementation improved insulin resistance compared with cellulose supplementation, measured by homeostatic model assessment 2 (mean±SEM 1.23±0.17 IPE vs 1.59±0.17 cellulose, p=0.001; 1.17±0.15 inulin vs 1.59±0.17 cellulose, p=0.009), with no differences between IPE and inulin (p=0.272). Fasting insulin was only associated positively with plasma tyrosine and negatively with plasma glycine following inulin supplementation. IPE supplementation decreased proinflammatory interleukin-8 levels compared with cellulose, while inulin had no impact on the systemic inflammatory markers studied. Inulin promoted changes in gut bacterial populations at the class level (increased Actinobacteria and decreased Clostridia) and order level (decreased Clostridiales) compared with cellulose, with small differences at the species level observed between IPE and cellulose. CONCLUSION These data demonstrate a distinctive physiological impact of raising colonic propionate delivery in humans, as improvements in insulin sensitivity promoted by IPE and inulin were accompanied with different effects on the plasma metabolome, gut bacterial populations and markers of systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward S Chambers
- Section for Nutrition Research, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Claire S Byrne
- Section for Nutrition Research, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Douglas J Morrison
- Stable Isotope Biochemistry Laboratory, Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre, Glasgow, UK
| | - Kevin G Murphy
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Tom Preston
- Stable Isotope Biochemistry Laboratory, Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre, Glasgow, UK
| | - Catriona Tedford
- School of Computing, Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, UK
| | | | - Sofia Fountana
- Computational and Systems Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Elaine Holmes
- Computational and Systems Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Julie A K McDonald
- Division of Integrative Systems Medicine and Digestive Disease, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Julian R Marchesi
- Division of Integrative Systems Medicine and Digestive Disease, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK,School of Biosciences, University of Cardiff, Cardiff, UK
| | - Arne N Akbar
- Division of Infectionand Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Natalie E Riddell
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Gareth A Wallis
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Gary S Frost
- Section for Nutrition Research, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
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249
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Gut Microbiota, Muscle Mass and Function in Aging: A Focus on Physical Frailty and Sarcopenia. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11071633. [PMID: 31319564 PMCID: PMC6683074 DOI: 10.3390/nu11071633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human gut microbiota is able to influence the host physiology by regulating multiple processes, including nutrient absorption, inflammation, oxidative stress, immune function, and anabolic balance. Aging is associated with reduced microbiota biodiversity, increased inter-individual variability, and over-representation of pathobionts, and these phenomena may have great relevance for skeletal muscle mass and function. For this reason, the presence of a gut-muscle axis regulating the onset and progression of age-related physical frailty and sarcopenia has been recently hypothesized. In this narrative review, we summarize the studies supporting a possible association between gut microbiota-related parameters with measures of muscle mass, muscle function, and physical performance in animal models and humans. Reduced muscle mass has been associated with distinct microbiota composition and reduced fermentative capacity in mice, and the administration of probiotics or butyrate to mouse models of muscle wasting has been associated with improved muscle mass. However, no studies have targeted the human microbiome associated with sarcopenia. Limited evidence from human studies shows an association between microbiota composition, involving key taxa such as Faecalibacterium and Bifidobacterium, and grip strength. Similarly, few studies conducted on patients with parkinsonism showed a trend towards a different microbiota composition in those with reduced gait speed. No studies have assessed the association of fecal microbiota with other measures of physical performance. However, several studies, mainly with a cross-sectional design, suggest an association between microbiota composition and frailty, mostly assessed according to the deficit accumulation model. Namely, frailty was associated with reduced microbiota biodiversity, and lower representation of butyrate-producing bacteria. Therefore, we conclude that the causal link between microbiota and physical fitness is still uncertain due to the lack of targeted studies and the influence of a large number of covariates, including diet, exercise, multimorbidity, and polypharmacy, on both microbiota composition and physical function in older age. However, the relationship between gut microbiota and physical function remains a very promising area of research for the future.
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Abstract
The gut microbiome is a complex microbial community that plays a key role in human health. Diet is an important factor dictating gut microbiome composition. This is mediated by multiple microbe-microbe interactions that result in the fermentation of nondigestible carbohydrates and the production of short-chain fatty acids. Certain species play key metabolic roles in the microbiome, and their disappearance could result in dysbiosis. In this work, a synthetic consortium of 14 gut microbes was studied during the utilization of prebiotic inulin in batch bioreactors. Fermentations were repeated leaving one species out every time, in order to evaluate the impact of their elimination on the system. Substrate consumption, microbial composition, and metabolite production were determined. Single deletions never resulted in a complete loss of bacterial growth or inulin consumption, suggesting functional redundancy. Deletions of Bacteroides dorei and Lachnoclostridium clostridioforme resulted in lower biomass and higher residual inulin. The absence of B. dorei impacted the abundance of the other 10 species negatively. Lachnoclostridium symbiosum, a butyrate producer, appeared to be the most sensitive species to deletions, being stimulated by the presence of Escherichia coli, Bifidobacterium adolescentis, B. dorei, and Lactobacillus plantarum Conversely, bioreactors without these species did not show butyrate production. L. clostridioforme was observed to be essential for propionate production, and B. dorei for lactate production. Our analysis identified specific members that were essential for the function of the consortium. In conclusion, species deletions from microbial consortia could be a useful approach to identify relevant interactions between microorganisms and defining metabolic roles in the gut microbiome.IMPORTANCE Gut microbes associate, compete for, and specialize in specific metabolic tasks. These interactions are dictated by the cross-feeding of degradation or fermentation products. However, the individual contribution of microbes to the function of the gut microbiome is difficult to evaluate. It is essential to understand the complexity of microbial interactions and how the presence or absence of specific microorganisms affects the stability and functioning of the gut microbiome. The experimental approach of this study could be used for identifying keystone species, in addition to redundant functions and conditions that contribute to community stability. Redundancy is an important feature of the microbiome, and its reduction could be useful for the design of microbial consortia with desired metabolic properties enhancing the tasks of the keystone species.
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