201
|
Optimizing laboratory animal stress paradigms: The H-H* experimental design. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2017; 75:5-14. [PMID: 27768983 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Major advances in behavioral neuroscience have been facilitated by the development of consistent and highly reproducible experimental paradigms that have been widely adopted. In contrast, many different experimental approaches have been employed to expose laboratory mice and rats to acute versus chronic intermittent stress. An argument is advanced in this review that more consistent approaches to the design of chronic intermittent stress experiments would provide greater reproducibility of results across laboratories and greater reliability relating to various neural, endocrine, immune, genetic, and behavioral adaptations. As an example, the H-H* experimental design incorporates control, homotypic (H), and heterotypic (H*) groups and allows for comparisons across groups, where each animal is exposed to the same stressor, but that stressor has vastly different biological and behavioral effects depending upon each animal's prior stress history. Implementation of the H-H* experimental paradigm makes possible a delineation of transcriptional changes and neural, endocrine, and immune pathways that are activated in precisely defined stressor contexts.
Collapse
|
202
|
Salazar CR, Strizich G, Seeman TE, Isasi CR, Gallo LC, Avilés-Santa LM, Cai J, Penedo FJ, Arguelles W, Sanders AE, Lipton RB, Kaplan RC. Nativity differences in allostatic load by age, sex, and Hispanic background from the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos. SSM Popul Health 2016; 2:416-424. [PMID: 27540567 PMCID: PMC4985030 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Allostatic load (AL), an index of biological "wear and tear" on the body from cumulative exposure to stress, has been little studied in US Hispanics/Latinos. We investigated AL accumulation patterns by age, sex, and nativity in the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos. We studied 15,830 Hispanic/Latinos of Mexican, Cuban, Dominican, Puerto Rican, Central and South American descent aged 18-74 years, 77% of whom were foreign-born. Consistent with the conceptualization of AL, we developed an index based upon 16 physiological markers that spanned the cardiometabolic, parasympathetic, and inflammatory systems. We computed mean adjusted AL scores using log-linear models across age-groups (18-44, 45-54, 55-74 years), by sex and nativity status. Among foreign-born individuals, differences in AL by duration of residence in the US (<10, ≥10 years) and age at migration (<24, ≥24 years) were also examined. In persons younger than 55 years old, after controlling for socioeconomic and behavioral factors, AL was highest among US-born individuals, intermediate in foreign-born Hispanics/Latinos with longer duration in the US (≥10 years), and lowest among those with shorter duration in the US (<10 years) (P <0.0001 for increasing trend). Similarly, AL increased among the foreign-born with earlier age at immigration. These trends were less pronounced among individuals ≥55 years of age. Similar patterns were observed across all Hispanic/Latino heritage groups (P for interaction=0.5). Our findings support both a "healthy immigrant" pattern and a loss of health advantage over time among US Hispanics/Latinos of diverse heritages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian R. Salazar
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Garrett Strizich
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Teresa E. Seeman
- Departments of Epidemiology and Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Carmen R. Isasi
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Linda C. Gallo
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Jianwen Cai
- University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Department of Biostatistics, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Frank J. Penedo
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Anne E. Sanders
- Department of Dental Ecology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Richard B. Lipton
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, and Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Robert C. Kaplan
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
203
|
Thayer Z, Barbosa-Leiker C, McDonell M, Nelson L, Buchwald D, Manson S. Early life trauma, post-traumatic stress disorder, and allostatic load in a sample of American Indian adults. Am J Hum Biol 2016; 29. [PMID: 27901290 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.22943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Among American Indians, prior research has found associations between early life trauma and the development of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adulthood. Given the physiological changes associated with PTSD, early life trauma could indirectly contribute to chronic disease risk. However, the impact of early life trauma on adult physical health in this population has not been previously investigated. METHODS We evaluated associations among early life trauma, PTSD, and 13 physiological biomarkers that index cardiovascular, metabolic, neuroendocrine, anthropometric, and immune function in adulthood by conducting correlation and structural equation modeling path analyses (N = 197). Physiological systems were analyzed individually as well as in a composite measure of allostatic load. RESULTS We found early life trauma was related to PTSD, which in turn was related to elevated allostatic load in adulthood. Among the various components of allostatic load, the neuroendocrine system was the only one significantly related to early life stress and subsequent PTSD development. CONCLUSIONS Changes in allostatic load might reflect adaptive adjustments that maximize short-term survival by enhancing stress reactivity, but at a cost to later health. Interventions should focus on improving access to resources for children who experience early life trauma in order to avoid PTSD and other harmful sequelae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zaneta Thayer
- Department of Anthropology, Da1rtmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, 03755
| | | | - Michael McDonell
- Elson S Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
| | - Lonnie Nelson
- College of Nursing, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
| | - Dedra Buchwald
- Elson S Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
| | - Spero Manson
- Community & Behavioral Health Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz, Colorado
| |
Collapse
|
204
|
Siart B, Pflüger LS, Wallner B. Pulling Rank: Military Rank Affects Hormone Levels and Fairness in an Allocation Experiment. Front Psychol 2016; 7:1750. [PMID: 27891109 PMCID: PMC5104734 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Status within social hierarchies has great effects on the lives of socially organized mammals. Its effects on human behavior and related physiology, however, is relatively little studied. The present study investigated the impact of military rank on fairness and behavior in relation to salivary cortisol (C) and testosterone (T) levels in male soldiers. For this purpose 180 members of the Austrian Armed Forces belonging to two distinct rank groups participated in two variations of a computer-based guard duty allocation experiment. The rank groups were (1) warrant officers (high rank, HR) and (2) enlisted men (low rank, LR). One soldier from each rank group participated in every experiment. At the beginning of the experiment, one participant was assigned to start standing guard and the other participant at rest. The participant who started at rest could choose if and when to relieve his fellow soldier and therefore had control over the experiment. In order to trigger perception of unfair behavior, an additional experiment was conducted which was manipulated by the experimenter. In the manipulated version both soldiers started in the standing guard position and were never relieved, believing that their opponent was at rest, not relieving them. Our aim was to test whether unfair behavior causes a physiological reaction. Saliva samples for hormone analysis were collected at regular intervals throughout the experiment. We found that in the un-manipulated setup high-ranking soldiers spent less time standing guard than lower ranking individuals. Rank was a significant predictor for C but not for T levels during the experiment. C levels in the HR group were higher than in the LR group. C levels were also elevated in the manipulated experiment compared to the un-manipulated experiment, especially in LR. We assume that the elevated C levels in HR were caused by HR feeling their status challenged by the situation of having to negotiate with an individual of lower military rank. This would be in line with the observation that unequally shared duty favored HR in most cases. We conclude that social status, in the form of military rank affects fairness behavior in social interaction and endocrine levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Siart
- Department of Anthropology, University of ViennaVienna, Austria; Department of Behavioural Biology, University of ViennaVienna, Austria
| | - Lena S Pflüger
- Department of Anthropology, University of Vienna Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernard Wallner
- Department of Behavioural Biology, University of Vienna Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
205
|
Fear, vulnerability and sacrifice: Drivers of emergency department use and implications for policy. Soc Sci Med 2016; 169:50-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
206
|
Blue PR, Hu J, Wang X, van Dijk E, Zhou X. When Do Low Status Individuals Accept Less? The Interaction between Self- and Other-Status during Resource Distribution. Front Psychol 2016; 7:1667. [PMID: 27826282 PMCID: PMC5078797 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In real-world social interactions, social status influences responses to resource distribution. However, the way in which one’s own social status interacts with another’s status to influence responses to resource distribution is far from clear. In the current study, we dynamically manipulated participants’ social status and then asked participants to act as recipients in the ultimatum game (UG) along with proposers whose social status was made known to the participants. Experiment 1 used a between-participants design in which the participants were assigned as being of either high or low status according to their performance in a math competition (i.e., rank-inducing task). In Experiment 2, social status was manipulated within-subjects using the same rank-inducing task, with rounds of UG interleaved between rank-inducing sessions. Findings from the two experiments showed that both self-status and other-status influenced responses to UG offers, as participants were more likely to accept low offers from high status than low status proposers; this effect was particularly robust for low status participants when compared with high status participants. These findings suggest that, in comparison with individuals in high status, individuals in low status are more willing to accept low offers during resource distribution and are more affected by other-status considerations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip R Blue
- Center for Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Peking UniversityBeijing, China; School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Jie Hu
- Center for Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Peking UniversityBeijing, China; School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Xueying Wang
- Center for Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Peking UniversityBeijing, China; School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Eric van Dijk
- Department of Social and Organizational Psychology, Leiden UniversityLeiden, Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden UniversityLeiden, Netherlands
| | - Xiaolin Zhou
- Center for Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Peking UniversityBeijing, China; School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking UniversityBeijing, China; Key Laboratory of Machine Perception (Ministry of Education), Peking UniversityBeijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking UniversityBeijing, China; PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking UniversityBeijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
207
|
Massart R, Suderman MJ, Nemoda Z, Sutti S, Ruggiero AM, Dettmer AM, Suomi SJ, Szyf M. The Signature of Maternal Social Rank in Placenta Deoxyribonucleic Acid Methylation Profiles in Rhesus Monkeys. Child Dev 2016; 88:900-918. [PMID: 27739069 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.12640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The effects of social status on human health can be modeled in captive cohorts of nonhuman primates. This study shows that maternal social rank is associated with broad changes in DNA methylation in placentae of rhesus monkeys (N = 10). Differentially methylated genes between social ranks are enriched in signaling pathways playing major roles in placenta physiology. Moreover, the authors found significant overlaps with genes whose expression was previously associated with social rank in adult rhesus monkeys (Tung et al., 2012) and whose methylation was associated with perinatal stress in newborn humans and rhesus monkeys (Nieratschker et al., 2014). These results are consistent with the hypothesis that system-wide epigenetic changes in multiple tissues are involved in long-term adaptations to the social environment.
Collapse
|
208
|
Balconi M, Vanutelli ME. Competition in the Brain. The Contribution of EEG and fNIRS Modulation and Personality Effects in Social Ranking. Front Psychol 2016; 7:1587. [PMID: 27790181 PMCID: PMC5062540 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, the social ranking perception in competition was explored. Brain response (alpha band oscillations, EEG; hemodynamic activity, O2Hb), as well as self-perception of social ranking, cognitive performance, and personality trait (Behavioral Activation System, BAS) were considered during a competitive joint-action. Subjects were required to develop a strategy to obtain a better outcome than a competitor (C) (in term of error rate, and response time, RT). A pre-feedback (without a specific feedback on the performance) and a post-feedback condition (which reinforced the improved performance) were provided. It was found that higher-BAS participants responded in greater measure to perceived higher cognitive performance (post-feedback condition), with increased left prefrontal activity, higher ranking perception, and a better real performance (reduced RTs). These results were explained in term of increased sense of self-efficacy and social position, probably based on higher-BAS sensitivity to reinforcing conditions. In addition, the hemispheric effect in favor of the left side characterized the competitive behavior, showing an imbalance for high-BAS in comparison to low-BAS in the case of a rewarding (post-feedback) context. Therefore, the present results confirmed the significance of BAS in modulating brain responsiveness, self-perceived social position, and real performance during an interpersonal competitive action which is considered highly relevant for social status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michela Balconi
- Research Unit in Affective and Social Neuroscience, Catholic University of Milan, MilanItaly; Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Milan, MilanItaly
| | - Maria E Vanutelli
- Research Unit in Affective and Social Neuroscience, Catholic University of Milan, MilanItaly; Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Milan, MilanItaly
| |
Collapse
|
209
|
Haaker J, Molapour T, Olsson A. Conditioned social dominance threat: observation of others' social dominance biases threat learning. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2016; 11:1627-37. [PMID: 27217107 PMCID: PMC5040915 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsw074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Social groups are organized along dominance hierarchies, which determine how we respond to threats posed by dominant and subordinate others. The persuasive impact of these dominance threats on mental and physical well-being has been well described but it is unknown how dominance rank of others bias our experience and learning in the first place. We introduce a model of conditioned social dominance threat in humans, where the presence of a dominant other is paired with an aversive event. Participants first learned about the dominance rank of others by observing their dyadic confrontations. During subsequent fear learning, the dominant and subordinate others were equally predictive of an aversive consequence (mild electric shock) to the participant. In three separate experiments, we show that participants' eye-blink startle responses and amygdala reactivity adaptively tracked dominance of others during observation of confrontation. Importantly, during fear learning dominant vs subordinate others elicited stronger and more persistent learned threat responses as measured by physiological arousal and amygdala activity. Our results characterize the neural basis of learning through observing conflicts between others, and how this affects subsequent learning through direct, personal experiences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Haaker
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Nobelsväg 11 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tanaz Molapour
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Nobelsväg 11 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andreas Olsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Nobelsväg 11 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
210
|
Lemaitre B. Connecting the obesity and the narcissism epidemics. Med Hypotheses 2016; 95:10-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
|
211
|
Moore SC, Wood AM, Moore L, Shepherd J, Murphy S, Brown GDA. A rank based social norms model of how people judge their levels of drunkenness whilst intoxicated. BMC Public Health 2016; 16:798. [PMID: 27619969 PMCID: PMC5020440 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-3469-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A rank based social norms model predicts that drinkers' judgements about their drinking will be based on the rank of their breath alcohol level amongst that of others in the immediate environment, rather than their actual breath alcohol level, with lower relative rank associated with greater feelings of safety. This study tested this hypothesis and examined how people judge their levels of drunkenness and the health consequences of their drinking whilst they are intoxicated in social drinking environments. METHODS Breath alcohol testing of 1,862 people (mean age = 26.96 years; 61.86 % male) in drinking environments. A subset (N = 400) also answered four questions asking about their perceptions of their drunkenness and the health consequences of their drinking (plus background measures). RESULTS Perceptions of drunkenness and the health consequences of drinking were regressed on: (a) breath alcohol level, (b) the rank of the breath alcohol level amongst that of others in the same environment, and (c) covariates. Only rank of breath alcohol level predicted perceptions: How drunk they felt (b 3.78, 95 % CI 1.69 5.87), how extreme they regarded their drinking that night (b 3.7, 95 % CI 1.3 6.20), how at risk their long-term health was due to their current level of drinking (b 4.1, 95 % CI 0.2 8.0) and how likely they felt they would experience liver cirrhosis (b 4.8. 95 % CI 0.7 8.8). People were more influenced by more sober others than by more drunk others. CONCLUSION Whilst intoxicated and in drinking environments, people base judgements regarding their drinking on how their level of intoxication ranks relative to that of others of the same gender around them, not on their actual levels of intoxication. Thus, when in the company of others who are intoxicated, drinkers were found to be more likely to underestimate their own level of drinking, drunkenness and associated risks. The implications of these results, for example that increasing the numbers of sober people in night time environments could improve subjective assessments of drunkenness, are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon C Moore
- Violence & Society Research Group, School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, CF14 4XY, UK.
| | - Alex M Wood
- Behavioural Science Centre, Stirling Management School, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Laurence Moore
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, 200 Renfield Street, Glasgow, Scotland, G2 3QB, UK
| | - Jonathan Shepherd
- Violence & Society Research Group, School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, CF14 4XY, UK
| | - Simon Murphy
- Centre for the Development and Evaluation of Complex Interventions for Public Health Improvement, Cardiff School of Social Sciences, Cardiff University, 1-3 Museum Place, Cardiff, Wales, CF10 3BD, UK
| | - Gordon D A Brown
- Department of Psychology, University of Warwick, Coventry, England, CV4 7AL, UK
| |
Collapse
|
212
|
Brand CM, Boose KJ, Squires EC, Marchant LF, White FJ, Meinelt A, Snodgrass JJ. Hair plucking, stress, and urinary cortisol among captive bonobos (Pan paniscus). Zoo Biol 2016; 35:415-422. [PMID: 27533897 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Hair plucking has been observed in many captive primate species, including the great apes; however, the etiology of this behavioral pattern is poorly understood. While this behavior has not been reported in wild apes, an ethologically identical behavior in humans, known as trichotillomania, is linked to chronic psychosocial stress and is a predominantly female disorder. This study examines hair plucking (defined here as a rapid jerking away of the hair shaft and follicle by the hand or mouth, often accompanied by inspection and consumption of the hair shaft and follicle) in a captive group of bonobos (N = 13) at the Columbus Zoo and Aquarium in Columbus, Ohio. Plucking data were collected using behavior and all-occurrence sampling; 1,450 social and self-directed grooming bouts were recorded during 128 hr of observation. Twenty-one percent of all grooming bouts involved at least one instance of plucking. Urine samples (N = 55) were collected and analyzed for the stress hormone cortisol. Analyses of urinary cortisol levels showed a significant positive correlation between mean cortisol and self-directed plucking for females (r = 0.88, P < 0.05) but not for males (r = -0.73, P = 0.09). These results demonstrate an association between relative self-directed hair plucking and cortisol among female bonobos. This is the first study to investigate the relationship between hair plucking and cortisol among apes. Overall, these data add to our knowledge of a contemporary issue in captive ape management. Zoo Biol. 35:415-422, 2016. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colin M Brand
- Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon.
| | - Klaree J Boose
- Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon
| | - Erica C Squires
- Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon
| | | | - Frances J White
- Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon
| | | | - J Josh Snodgrass
- Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon
| |
Collapse
|
213
|
|
214
|
Needham BL, Smith JA, Zhao W, Wang X, Mukherjee B, Kardia SLR, Shively CA, Seeman TE, Liu Y, Diez Roux AV. Life course socioeconomic status and DNA methylation in genes related to stress reactivity and inflammation: The multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Epigenetics 2016; 10:958-69. [PMID: 26295359 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2015.1085139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic changes, such as DNA methylation, have been hypothesized to provide a link between the social environment and disease development. The purpose of this study was to examine associations between life course measures of socioeconomic status (SES) and DNA methylation (DNAm) in 18 genes related to stress reactivity and inflammation using a multi-level modeling approach that treats DNAm measurements as repeat measures within an individual. DNAm and gene expression were assessed in purified monocytes for a random subsample of 1,264 non-Hispanic white, African-American, and Hispanic participants aged 55-94 from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). After correction for multiple testing, we found that low childhood SES was associated with DNAm in 3 stress-related genes (AVP, FKBP5, OXTR) and 2 inflammation-related genes (CCL1, CD1D), low adult SES was associated with DNAm in one stress-related gene (AVP) and 5 inflammation-related genes (CD1D, F8, KLRG1, NLRP12, TLR3), and social mobility was associated with DNAm in 3 stress-related genes (AVP, FKBP5, OXTR) and 7 inflammation-related genes (CCL1, CD1D, F8, KLRG1, NLRP12, PYDC1, TLR3). In general, low SES was associated with increased DNAm. Expression data was available for 7 genes that showed a significant relationship between SES and DNAm. In 5 of these 7 genes (CD1D, F8, FKBP5, KLRG1, NLRP12), DNAm was associated with gene expression for at least one transcript, providing evidence of the potential functional consequences of alterations in DNAm related to SES. The results of this study reflect the biological complexity of epigenetic data and underscore the need for multi-disciplinary approaches to study how DNAm may contribute to the social patterning of disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Belinda L Needham
- a Department of Epidemiology; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Jennifer A Smith
- a Department of Epidemiology; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Wei Zhao
- a Department of Epidemiology; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Xu Wang
- b Department of Epidemiology; Drexel University; Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Bhramar Mukherjee
- c Department of Biostatistics; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Sharon L R Kardia
- a Department of Epidemiology; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Carol A Shively
- d Section on Comparative Medicine; Wake Forest University; Winston-Salem, NC USA
| | - Teresa E Seeman
- e Department of Medicine; University of California ; Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Yongmei Liu
- f Department of Epidemiology and Prevention; Wake Forest University; Winston-Salem, NC USA
| | - Ava V Diez Roux
- b Department of Epidemiology; Drexel University; Philadelphia, PA USA
| |
Collapse
|
215
|
Shavitt S, Cho YI, Johnson TP, Jiang D, Holbrook A, Stavrakantonaki M. Culture Moderates the Relation Between Perceived Stress, Social Support, and Mental and Physical Health. JOURNAL OF CROSS-CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0022022116656132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cultural differences in the relations between perceived stress and mental and physical health, and the role of social support in buffering these relations, are examined in a survey of multiple U.S. cultural/ethnic groups. Findings from a health survey of N = 603 adults comprising approximately equal numbers of non-Hispanic Whites, Mexican Americans, Korean Americans, and African Americans show that perceived stress is negatively correlated with one’s perceived mental and physical health, in line with previous research. However, the role of social support in mitigating this relationship is culturally contingent. A buffering effect of social support on the relation between perceived stress and both mental and physical health was only observed for Mexican Americans, not for the other cultural/ethnic groups. These patterns are discussed in the context of research on differences in social help seeking among distinct types of collectivistic cultural groups. The findings are consistent with recent research on horizontal versus vertical collectivism that highlights the importance of sociability and benevolence in Latin American cultural contexts. The results affirm the importance of distinguishing between collectivistic cultures in understanding how social support may impact mental and physical health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Duo Jiang
- University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, IL, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
216
|
Massey-Abernathy A, Byrd-Craven J. Functional leadership: Bi-strategic controllers high on effortful control show gains in status and health. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2016.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
217
|
Diverio S, Barbato O, Cavallina R, Guelfi G, Iaboni M, Zasso R, Di Mari W, Santoro MM, Knowles TG. A simulated avalanche search and rescue mission induces temporary physiological and behavioural changes in military dogs. Physiol Behav 2016; 163:193-202. [PMID: 27174611 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Saving human lives is of paramount importance in avalanche rescue missions. Avalanche military dogs represent an invaluable resource in these operations. However, their performance can be influenced by several environmental, social and transport challenges. If too severe, these are likely to activate a range of responses to stress, which might put at risk the dogs' welfare. The aim of this study was to assess the physiological and behavioural responses of a group of military dogs to a Simulated Avalanche Search and Rescue mission (SASR). Seventeen avalanche dogs from the Italian Military Force Guardia di Finanza (SAGF dogs) were monitored during a simulated search for a buried operator in an artificial avalanche area (SASR). Heart rate (HR), body temperature (RBT) and blood samples were collected at rest the day before the trial (T0), immediately after helicopter transport at the onset of the SASR (T1), after the discovery of the buried operator (T2) and 2h later (T3). Heart rate (HR), rectal body temperature (RBT), cortisol, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatine kinase (CK), non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were measured. During the search mission the behaviour of each SAGF dog was measured by focal animal sampling and qualitatively assessed by its handler and two observers. Inter-rater agreement was evaluated. Snow and environmental variables were also measured. All dogs successfully completed their search for the buried, simulated victim within 10min. The SASR was shown to exert significant increases on RBT, NEFA and cortisol (P<0.001), CK and HR (P<0.01), AST and LDH (P<0.05). These indicate the activation of a response to stress probably induced by the addition of factors such as helicopter transport, disembarking, and the search and rescue exercise. However, changes were moderate and limited over time, progressively decreasing with complete recovery at T3 except for sera cortisol that showed a slightly slower decline. More time walking within the search was related to lower RBT, conversely to walking. Standing still with head up and exploring with head-up were inversely related with HR. Agreement between handler and observers' opinions on a dog's search mission ability was found only for motivation, signalling behaviour, signs of stress and possessive reward playing. More time signalling was related to shorter search time. In conclusion, despite extreme environmental and training conditions only temporary physiological and behavioural changes were recorded in the avalanche dogs. Their excellent performance in successful simulated SASR may be attributable to extensive training and good dog-handler relationships. Simulated SASR did not seem to impair SAGF dogs' performance or welfare.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Diverio
- LEBA (Laboratory of Ethology and Animal Welfare), Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
| | - Olimpia Barbato
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Roberta Cavallina
- IZSS (Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Regioni Lazio e Toscana), Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriella Guelfi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Martina Iaboni
- LEBA (Laboratory of Ethology and Animal Welfare), Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Renato Zasso
- ARPAV (Agenzia Regionale per la Prevenzione e Protezione Ambientale del Veneto), Arabba Avalanche Centre, Livinallongo, BL, Italy
| | - Walter Di Mari
- GdF (Guardia di Finanza), Direzione Veterinaria e Cinofili, Rome, Italy
| | - Michele Matteo Santoro
- GdF (Guardia di Finanza), Dog Breeding and Training Centre, Castiglione del Lago, Perugia, Italy
| | - Toby G Knowles
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford (Bristol), United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
218
|
Weiss D, Weiss M. The interplay of subjective social status and essentialist beliefs about cognitive aging on cortisol reactivity to challenge in older adults. Psychophysiology 2016; 53:1256-62. [PMID: 27159187 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Older adults are more likely than younger adults to experience stress when confronted with cognitive challenges. However, little is known about individual differences that might explain why some older adults exhibit stronger stress responses than others. We examined the interplay of two social-cognitive factors to explain older adults' cortisol reactivity: (1) subjective social status, and (2) essentialist beliefs about cognitive aging. We hypothesized that, depending on whether older adults believe that aging-related cognitive decline is inevitable versus modifiable, low subjective social status should lead to stronger or weaker cortisol reactivity. Using longitudinal data, we assessed the impact of cognitive challenges on stress reactivity in a sample of older adults (N = 389; 61-86 years). As predicted, regression analyses confirmed that 44 min after cognitively challenging tasks, older adults exhibited a significantly different cortisol reactivity depending on their subjective social status and their essentialist beliefs about cognitive aging. Specifically, older adults with low subjective social status and high essentialist beliefs showed a significantly elevated cortisol reactivity. We discuss the role of essentialist beliefs about cognitive aging to predict when and why high versus low subjective social status leads to stress responses in older adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Weiss
- Department of Sociomedical Sciences, Columbia Aging Center, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mona Weiss
- Department of Management and Organizations, School of Business, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
219
|
Dettmer AM, Wooddell LJ, Rosenberg KL, Kaburu SSK, Novak MA, Meyer JS, Suomi SJ. Associations between early life experience, chronic HPA axis activity, and adult social rank in rhesus monkeys. Soc Neurosci 2016; 12:92-101. [PMID: 27063359 DOI: 10.1080/17470919.2016.1176952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Early life experience and socioeconomic status (SES) are well-established predictors of health outcomes in people. Both factors likely influence health outcomes via hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis regulation. However, it is unclear how early experience and HPA axis activity influence adult social status. We studied differentially reared female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta, N = 90) as models to test the hypothesis that chronic HPA axis activity assessed via hair cortisol concentrations (HCCs) mediated the relationship between early life experience and adult social rank. We found that mother-peer-reared (MPR) monkeys acquired higher social ranks than either of the two nursery-reared (NR) groups (peer-reared, PR, or surrogate-peer-reared, SPR monkeys) (β = -0.07, t(89) = -2.16, p = 0.034). We also found that MPR HCCs were lower during the juvenile period at 18 months (F(2,25) = 3.49, p = 0.047). Furthermore, for MPR but not NR monkeys, changes in HCCs from 18 to 24 months (r(s) = -0.627, p = 0.039) and adult HCCs (r(s) = -0.321, p = 0.03) were negatively correlated with adult social rank. These findings suggest that chronic HPA axis regulation in juvenility, and perhaps in adulthood, may influence adult social status for primates that experience typical early rearing. However, early life adversity may result in dissociation between neuroendocrine stress regulation and adult social competence, which may be risk factors for adverse health outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Dettmer
- a Laboratory of Comparative Ethology , Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, National Institutes of Health , Poolesville , MD , USA
| | - Lauren J Wooddell
- a Laboratory of Comparative Ethology , Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, National Institutes of Health , Poolesville , MD , USA
| | - Kendra L Rosenberg
- b Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences , University of Massachusetts Amherst , Amherst , MA , USA
| | - Stefano S K Kaburu
- c Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine , University of California Davis , Davis , CA , USA
| | - Melinda A Novak
- b Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences , University of Massachusetts Amherst , Amherst , MA , USA
| | - Jerrold S Meyer
- b Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences , University of Massachusetts Amherst , Amherst , MA , USA
| | - Stephen J Suomi
- a Laboratory of Comparative Ethology , Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, National Institutes of Health , Poolesville , MD , USA
| |
Collapse
|
220
|
Nunn CL, Craft ME, Gillespie TR, Schaller M, Kappeler PM. The sociality-health-fitness nexus: synthesis, conclusions and future directions. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 370:rstb.2014.0115. [PMID: 25870401 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This theme issue has highlighted the links between sociality, health and fitness in a broad range of organisms, and with approaches that include field and captive studies of animals, comparative and meta-analyses, theoretical modelling and clinical and psychological studies of humans. In this concluding chapter, we synthesize the results of these diverse studies into some of the key concepts discussed in this issue, focusing on risks of infectious disease through social contact, the effects of competition in groups on susceptibility to disease, and the integration of sociality into research on life-history trade-offs. Interestingly, the studies in this issue both support pre-existing hypotheses, and in other ways challenge those hypotheses. We focus on unexpected results, including a lack of association between ectoparasites and fitness and weak results from a meta-analysis of the links between dominance rank and immune function, and place these results in a broader context. We also review relevant topics that were not covered fully in this theme issue, including self-medication and sickness behaviours, society-level defences against infectious disease, sexual selection, evolutionary medicine, implications for conservation biology and selective pressures on parasite traits. We conclude by identifying general open questions to stimulate and guide future research on the links between sociality, health and fitness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles L Nunn
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Box 90383, Durham, NC 27708, USA Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, 310 Trent Drive, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Meggan E Craft
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Thomas R Gillespie
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Program in Population Biology, Ecology and Evolution, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Mark Schaller
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, 2136 West Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T1Z4
| | - Peter M Kappeler
- Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology Unit, German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany Department of Sociobiology/Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
221
|
Chapman CA, Schoof VAM, Bonnell TR, Gogarten JF, Calmé S. Competing pressures on populations: long-term dynamics of food availability, food quality, disease, stress and animal abundance. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 370:rstb.2014.0112. [PMID: 25870398 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite strong links between sociality and fitness that ultimately affect the size of animal populations, the particular social and ecological factors that lead to endangerment are not well understood. Here, we synthesize approximately 25 years of data and present new analyses that highlight dynamics in forest composition, food availability, the nutritional quality of food, disease, physiological stress and population size of endangered folivorous red colobus monkeys (Procolobus rufomitratus). There is a decline in the quality of leaves 15 and 30 years following two previous studies in an undisturbed area of forest. The consumption of a low-quality diet in one month was associated with higher glucocorticoid levels in the subsequent month and stress levels in groups living in degraded forest fragments where diet was poor was more than twice those in forest groups. In contrast, forest composition has changed and when red colobus food availability was weighted by the protein-to-fibre ratio, which we have shown positively predicts folivore biomass, there was an increase in the availability of high-quality trees. Despite these changing social and ecological factors, the abundance of red colobus has remained stable, possibly through a combination of increasing group size and behavioural flexibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colin A Chapman
- McGill School of Environment, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2T7 Department of Anthropology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2T7 Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, NY 10460, USA
| | - Valérie A M Schoof
- Department of Anthropology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2T7
| | - Tyler R Bonnell
- Department of Psychology, University Hall, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada T1K 3M4
| | - Jan F Gogarten
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 1B1 Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany Research group Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sophie Calmé
- Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada J1K 2R1 Departamento de Conservacion de la Biodiversidad, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Chetumal, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
222
|
Charruau P, Johnston RA, Stahler DR, Lea A, Snyder-Mackler N, Smith DW, vonHoldt BM, Cole SW, Tung J, Wayne RK. Pervasive Effects of Aging on Gene Expression in Wild Wolves. Mol Biol Evol 2016; 33:1967-78. [PMID: 27189566 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msw072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene expression levels change as an individual ages and responds to environmental conditions. With the exception of humans, such patterns have principally been studied under controlled conditions, overlooking the array of developmental and environmental influences that organisms encounter under conditions in which natural selection operates. We used high-throughput RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) of whole blood to assess the relative impacts of social status, age, disease, and sex on gene expression levels in a natural population of gray wolves (Canis lupus). Our findings suggest that age is broadly associated with gene expression levels, whereas other examined factors have minimal effects on gene expression patterns. Further, our results reveal evolutionarily conserved signatures of senescence, such as immunosenescence and metabolic aging, between wolves and humans despite major differences in life history and environment. The effects of aging on gene expression levels in wolves exhibit conservation with humans, but the more rapid expression differences observed in aging wolves is evolutionarily appropriate given the species' high level of extrinsic mortality due to intraspecific aggression. Some expression changes that occur with age can facilitate physical age-related changes that may enhance fitness in older wolves. However, the expression of these ancestral patterns of aging in descendant modern dogs living in highly modified domestic environments may be maladaptive and cause disease. This work provides evolutionary insight into aging patterns observed in domestic dogs and demonstrates the applicability of studying natural populations to investigate the mechanisms of aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Charruau
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Rachel A Johnston
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Daniel R Stahler
- Yellowstone Center for Resources, National Park Service, Yellowstone National Park
| | | | | | - Douglas W Smith
- Yellowstone Center for Resources, National Park Service, Yellowstone National Park
| | | | - Steven W Cole
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology, Semel Institute, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Jenny Tung
- Department of Biology, Duke University Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University
| | - Robert K Wayne
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles
| |
Collapse
|
223
|
Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly L. VanderWaal
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine University of Minnesota 1365 Gortner Avenue St. Paul MN 55108 USA
| | - Vanessa O. Ezenwa
- Odum School of Ecology and Department of Infectious Diseases University of Georgia 140 East Green Street Athens GA 30602 USA
| |
Collapse
|
224
|
On cognitive ecology and the environmental factors that promote Alzheimer disease: lessons from Octodon degus (Rodentia: Octodontidae). Biol Res 2016; 49:10. [PMID: 26897365 PMCID: PMC4761148 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-016-0074-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive ecologist posits that the more efficiently an animal uses information from the biotic and abiotic environment, the more adaptive are its cognitive abilities. Nevertheless, this approach does not test for natural neurodegenerative processes under field or experimental conditions, which may recover animals information processing and decision making and may explain, mechanistically, maladaptive behaviors. Here, we call for integrative approaches to explain the relationship between ultimate and proximate mechanisms behind social behavior. We highlight the importance of using the endemic caviomorph rodent Octodon degus as a valuable natural model for mechanistic studies of social behavior and to explain how physical environments can shape social experiences that might influence impaired cognitive abilities and the onset and progression of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer disease. We consequently suggest neuroecological approaches to examine how key elements of the environment may affect neural and cognitive mechanisms associated with learning, memory processes and brain structures involved in social behavior. We propose the following three core objectives of a program comprising interdisciplinary research in O. degus, namely: (1) to determine whether diet types provided after weaning can lead to cognitive impairment associated with spatial memory, learning and predisposing to develop Alzheimer disease in younger ages; (2) to examine if early life social experience has long term effects on behavior and cognitive responses and risk for development Alzheimer disease in later life and (3) To determine if an increase of social interactions in adult degu reared in different degree of social stressful conditions alter their behavior and cognitive responses.
Collapse
|
225
|
Bratanova B, Loughnan S, Klein O, Claassen A, Wood R. Poverty, inequality, and increased consumption of high calorie food: Experimental evidence for a causal link. Appetite 2016; 100:162-71. [PMID: 26809142 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2016.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Rising obesity represents a serious, global problem. It is now well established that obesity is associated with poverty and wealth inequality, suggesting that these factors may promote caloric intake. Whereas previous work has examined these links from an epidemiological perspective, the current paper examined them experimentally. In Study 1 we found that people experimentally induced to view themselves as poor (v. wealthy) exhibited increased calorie intake. In Study 2, participants who believed that they were poorer or wealthier than their interaction partners exhibited higher levels of anxiety compared to those in an equal partners condition; this anxiety in turn led to increased calorie consumption for people who had a strong need to belong. The findings provide causal evidence for the poverty-intake and inequality-intake links. Further, we identify social anxiety and a strong need to belong as important social psychological factors linking inequality to increased calorie intake.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boyka Bratanova
- University of St. Andrews, United Kingdom; Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | - Robert Wood
- Centre for Ethical Leadership, University of Melbourne, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
226
|
Snyder-Mackler N, Kohn JN, Barreiro LB, Johnson ZP, Wilson ME, Tung J. Social status drives social relationships in groups of unrelated female rhesus macaques. Anim Behav 2016; 111:307-317. [PMID: 26769983 PMCID: PMC4707678 DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2015.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Strong social relationships confer health and fitness benefits in a number of species, motivating the need to understand the processes through which they arise. In female cercopithecine primates, both kinship and dominance rank are thought to influence rates of affiliative behaviour and social partner preference. Teasing apart the relative importance of these factors has been challenging, however, as female kin often occupy similar positions in the dominance hierarchy. Here, we isolated the specific effects of rank on social relationships in female rhesus macaques by analysing grooming patterns in 18 social groups that did not contain close relatives, and in which dominance ranks were experimentally randomized. We found that grooming was asymmetrically directed towards higher-ranking females and that grooming bouts temporarily decreased the likelihood of aggression between grooming partners, supporting the idea that grooming is associated with social tolerance. Even in the absence of kin, females formed the strongest grooming relationships with females adjacent to them in rank, a pattern that was strongest for the highest-ranking females. Using simulations, we show that three rules for allocating grooming based on dominance rank recapitulated most of the relationships we observed. Finally, we evaluated whether a female's tendency to engage in grooming behaviour was stable across time and social setting. We found that one measure, the rate of grooming females provided to others (but not the rate of grooming females received), exhibited modest stability after accounting for the primary effect of dominance rank. Together, our findings indicate that dominance rank has strong effects on social relationships in the absence of kin, suggesting the importance of considering social status and social connectedness jointly when investigating their health and fitness consequences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jordan N. Kohn
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, U.S.A
| | - Luis B. Barreiro
- Department of Pediatrics, Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Centre, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Zachary P. Johnson
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, U.S.A
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, U.S.A
| | - Mark E. Wilson
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, U.S.A
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, U.S.A
| | - Jenny Tung
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, U.S.A
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, U.S.A
- Institute of Primate Research, National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
- Duke Population Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
227
|
Hounkpatin HO, Wood AM, Dunn G. Does income relate to health due to psychosocial or material factors? Consistent support for the psychosocial hypothesis requires operationalization with income rank not the Yitzhaki Index. Soc Sci Med 2015; 150:76-84. [PMID: 26735333 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Research on why income influences health has produced mixed findings. Many, but not all, studies suggest that the relationship between income and health is due to income indicating psychosocial position rather than the associated material benefits. The inconsistent findings may be partly due to the use of the Yitzhaki Index, a function which calculates the accumulated income shortfall for an individual relative to those with higher income, in order to represent the psychosocial position conferred by income. The current study tests whether an alternative specification - income rank - provides more consistent conclusions regarding the psychosocial effect of income on health. We used data from two nationally representative samples: 14,224 observations from 9,404 participants across three waves (2004, 2008, and 2012) of the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA) and 29,237 observations from 8,441 individuals across seven waves (2007-2013) of the Longitudinal Internet Studies for the Social Sciences (LISS). Multilevel regression models indicated that income rank was a stronger and more consistent predictor than both the Yitzhaki Index and actual income of self-rated and objective health. The psychosocial hypothesis is more consistently supported when income rank is used to test it.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hilda Osafo Hounkpatin
- Academic Unit of Primary Care and Population Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, South Academic Block, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO16 6YD, UK.
| | - Alex M Wood
- Behavioural Sciences Centre, Stirling Management School, University of Stirling, Scotland, FK9 4LA, UK; Manchester Centre for Health Psychology, School of Psychological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Graham Dunn
- Centre for Biostatistics, Institute of Population Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
228
|
Maltby J, Paterson K, Day L, Jones C, Kinnear H, Buchanan H. Social ranking effects on tooth-brushing behaviour. Br J Health Psychol 2015; 21:374-88. [PMID: 26663636 DOI: 10.1111/bjhp.12173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A tooth-brushing social rank hypothesis is tested suggesting tooth-brushing duration is influenced when individuals position their behaviour in a rank when comparing their behaviour with other individuals. DESIGN Study 1 used a correlation design, Study 2 used a semi-experimental design, and Study 3 used a randomized intervention design to examine the tooth-brushing social rank hypothesis in terms of self-reported attitudes, cognitions, and behaviour towards tooth-brushing duration. METHODS Study 1 surveyed participants to examine whether the perceived health benefits of tooth-brushing duration could be predicted from the ranking of each person's tooth-brushing duration. Study 2 tested whether manipulating the rank position of the tooth-brushing duration influenced participant-perceived health benefits of tooth-brushing duration. Study 3 used a longitudinal intervention method to examine whether messages relating to the rank positions of tooth-brushing durations causally influenced the self-report tooth-brushing duration. RESULTS Study 1 demonstrates that perceptions of the health benefits from tooth-brushing duration are predicted by the perceptions of how that behaviour ranks in comparison to other people's behaviour. Study 2 demonstrates that the perceptions of the health benefits of tooth-brushing duration can be manipulated experimentally by changing the ranked position of a person's tooth-brushing duration. Study 3 experimentally demonstrates the possibility of increasing the length of time for which individuals clean their teeth by focusing on how they rank among their peers in terms of tooth-brushing duration. CONCLUSIONS The effectiveness of interventions using social-ranking methods relative to those that emphasize comparisons made against group averages or normative guidelines are discussed. STATEMENT OF CONTRIBUTION What is already known on this subject? Individual make judgements based on social rank information. Social rank information has been shown to influence positive health behaviours such as exercise. What does this study add? The health benefits of tooth-brushing are predicted by how tooth-brushing duration ranks within a distribution. Focussing on how teeth-cleaning duration ranks among others produces longer teeth-cleaning durations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John Maltby
- College of Medicine, Biological Sciences and Psychology, Leicester University, UK
| | - Kevin Paterson
- College of Medicine, Biological Sciences and Psychology, Leicester University, UK
| | - Liz Day
- Department of Psychology, Sociology and Politics, Sheffield Hallam University, UK
| | - Ceri Jones
- College of Medicine, Biological Sciences and Psychology, Leicester University, UK.,The Firs Glenfield Hospital, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, UK
| | - Hayley Kinnear
- College of Medicine, Biological Sciences and Psychology, Leicester University, UK
| | - Heather Buchanan
- Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, UK
| |
Collapse
|
229
|
Bicks LK, Koike H, Akbarian S, Morishita H. Prefrontal Cortex and Social Cognition in Mouse and Man. Front Psychol 2015; 6:1805. [PMID: 26635701 PMCID: PMC4659895 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Social cognition is a complex process that requires the integration of a wide variety of behaviors, including salience, reward-seeking, motivation, knowledge of self and others, and flexibly adjusting behavior in social groups. Not surprisingly, social cognition represents a sensitive domain commonly disrupted in the pathology of a variety of psychiatric disorders including Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Schizophrenia (SCZ). Here, we discuss convergent research from animal models to human disease that implicates the prefrontal cortex (PFC) as a key regulator in social cognition, suggesting that disruptions in prefrontal microcircuitry play an essential role in the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders with shared social deficits. We take a translational perspective of social cognition, and review three key behaviors that are essential to normal social processing in rodents and humans, including social motivation, social recognition, and dominance hierarchy. A shared prefrontal circuitry may underlie these behaviors. Social cognition deficits in animal models of neurodevelopmental disorders like ASD and SCZ have been linked to an altered balance of excitation and inhibition (E/I ratio) within the cortex generally, and PFC specifically. A clear picture of the mechanisms by which altered E/I ratio in the PFC might lead to disruptions of social cognition across a variety of behaviors is not well understood. Future studies should explore how disrupted developmental trajectory of prefrontal microcircuitry could lead to altered E/I balance and subsequent deficits in the social domain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucy K Bicks
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York NY, USA ; Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York NY, USA ; Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York NY, USA ; Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York NY, USA ; Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York NY, USA
| | - Hiroyuki Koike
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York NY, USA ; Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York NY, USA ; Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York NY, USA ; Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York NY, USA ; Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York NY, USA
| | - Schahram Akbarian
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York NY, USA ; Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York NY, USA ; Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York NY, USA
| | - Hirofumi Morishita
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York NY, USA ; Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York NY, USA ; Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York NY, USA ; Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York NY, USA ; Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
230
|
Lehmann J, Majolo B, McFarland R. The effects of social network position on the survival of wild Barbary macaques,Macaca sylvanus. Behav Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arv169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
|
231
|
Reyes-García V, Guèze M, Díaz-Reviriego I, Duda R, Fernández-Llamazares Á, Gallois S, Napitupulu L, Orta-Martínez M, Pyhälä A. The adaptive nature of culture. A cross-cultural analysis of the returns of local environmental knowledge in three indigenous societies. CURRENT ANTHROPOLOGY 2015; 57:761-784. [PMID: 28104924 DOI: 10.1086/689307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Researchers have argued that the behavioral adaptations that explain the success of our species are partially cultural, i.e., cumulative and socially transmitted. Thus, understanding the adaptive nature of culture is crucial to understand human evolution. We use a cross-cultural framework and empirical data purposely collected to test whether culturally transmitted and individually appropriated knowledge provides individual returns in terms of hunting yields and health and, by extension, to nutritional status, a proxy for individual adaptive success. Data were collected in three subsistence-oriented societies: the Tsimane' (Amazon), the Baka (Congo Basin), and the Punan (Borneo). Results suggest that variations in individual levels of local environmental knowledge relate to individual hunting returns and to self-reported health, but not to nutritional status. We argue that this paradox can be explained through the prevalence of sharing: individuals achieving higher returns to their knowledge transfer them to the rest of the population, which explains the lack of association between knowledge and nutritional status. The finding is in consonance with previous research highlighting the importance of cultural traits favoring group success, but pushes it forward by elucidating the mechanisms through which individual and group level adaptive forces interact.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Reyes-García
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellatera, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maximilien Guèze
- Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellatera, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Díaz-Reviriego
- Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellatera, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Romain Duda
- Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellatera, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Álvaro Fernández-Llamazares
- Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellatera, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sandrine Gallois
- Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellatera, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lucentezza Napitupulu
- Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellatera, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Martí Orta-Martínez
- Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellatera, Barcelona, Spain; International Institute of Social Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Aili Pyhälä
- Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellatera, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
232
|
Abstract
Group size is an important trait of social animals, affecting how individuals allocate time and use space, and influencing both an individual's fitness and the collective, cooperative behaviors of the group as a whole. Here we tested predictions motivated by the ecological constraints model of group size, examining the effects of group size on ranging patterns and adult female glucocorticoid (stress hormone) concentrations in five social groups of wild baboons (Papio cynocephalus) over an 11-y period. Strikingly, we found evidence that intermediate-sized groups have energetically optimal space-use strategies; both large and small groups experience ranging disadvantages, in contrast to the commonly reported positive linear relationship between group size and home range area and daily travel distance, which depict a disadvantage only in large groups. Specifically, we observed a U-shaped relationship between group size and home range area, average daily distance traveled, evenness of space use within the home range, and glucocorticoid concentrations. We propose that a likely explanation for these U-shaped patterns is that large, socially dominant groups are constrained by within-group competition, whereas small, socially subordinate groups are constrained by between-group competition and predation pressures. Overall, our results provide testable hypotheses for evaluating group-size constraints in other group-living species, in which the costs of intra- and intergroup competition vary as a function of group size.
Collapse
|
233
|
Arlet ME, Chapman CA, Isbell LA, Molleman F, Mänd R, Hõrak P, Carey JR. Social and Ecological Correlates of Parasitic Infections in Adult Male Gray-Cheeked Mangabeys (Lophocebus albigena). INT J PRIMATOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-015-9866-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
234
|
Semenyna SW, Honey PL. Dominance styles mediate sex differences in Dark Triad traits. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2015.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
235
|
van der Borg JAM, Schilder MBH, Vinke CM, de Vries H. Dominance in Domestic Dogs: A Quantitative Analysis of Its Behavioural Measures. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133978. [PMID: 26309101 PMCID: PMC4556277 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A dominance hierarchy is an important feature of the social organisation of group living animals. Although formal and/or agonistic dominance has been found in captive wolves and free-ranging dogs, applicability of the dominance concept in domestic dogs is highly debated, and quantitative data are scarce. Therefore, we investigated 7 body postures and 24 behaviours in a group of domestic dogs for their suitability as formal status indicators. The results showed that high posture, displayed in most dyadic relationships, and muzzle bite, displayed exclusively by the highest ranking dogs, qualified best as formal dominance indicators. The best formal submission indicator was body tail wag, covering most relationships, and two low postures, covering two-thirds of the relationships. In addition, both mouth lick, as included in Schenkel's active submission, and pass under head qualified as formal submission indicators but were shown almost exclusively towards the highest ranking dogs. Furthermore, a status assessment based on changes in posture displays, i.e., lowering of posture (LoP) into half-low, low, low-on-back or on-back, was the best status indicator for most relationships as it showed good coverage (91% of the dyads), a nearly linear hierarchy (h' = 0.94, p<0.003) and strong unidirectionality (DCI = 0.97). The associated steepness of 0.79 (p<0.0001) indicated a tolerant dominance style for this dog group. No significant correlations of rank with age or weight were found. Strong co-variation between LoP, high posture, and body tail wag justified the use of dominance as an intervening variable. Our results are in line with previous findings for captive wolves and free-ranging dogs, for formal dominance with strong linearity based on submission but not aggression. They indicate that the ethogram for dogs is best redefined by distinguishing body postures from behavioural activities. A good insight into dominance hierarchies and its indicators will be helpful in properly interpreting dog-dog relationships and diagnosing problem behaviour in dogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanne A. M. van der Borg
- Wageningen University Behavioural Ecology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Matthijs B. H. Schilder
- Utrecht University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Animals in Science & Society, P.O. Box 80166, 3508 TD, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Claudia M. Vinke
- Utrecht University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Animals in Science & Society, P.O. Box 80166, 3508 TD, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Han de Vries
- Utrecht University Animal Ecology Group, Department of Biology, Padualaan 8, f3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
236
|
Marty PR, van Noordwijk MA, Heistermann M, Willems EP, Dunkel LP, Cadilek M, Agil M, Weingrill T. Endocrinological correlates of male bimaturism in wild Bornean orangutans. Am J Primatol 2015; 77:1170-8. [PMID: 26235914 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Among primates, orangutans are unique in having pronounced male bimaturism leading to two fully adult morphs that differ in both physical appearance and behavior. While unflanged males have a female-like appearance, flanged males have the full suite of secondary sexual characteristics, including cheek flanges and a large throat sac. So far, hormonal correlates of arrested development in unflanged males and the expression of secondary sexual characteristics in flanged males have only been studied in zoo-housed individuals. In this study, we investigated fecal androgen and glucocorticoid metabolites as hormonal correlates of male bimaturism in 17 wild adult Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus) in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. We predicted and found higher androgen levels in flanged males compared to unflanged males, probably due to ongoing strong competition among flanged males who meet too infrequently to establish a clear linear dominance hierarchy. Furthermore, we found no difference in fecal glucocorticoid metabolite concentrations between flanged and unflanged males, indicating that social stress is unlikely to explain arrested development in unflanged wild orangutans. The only actively developing male in our study showed significantly higher androgen levels during the period of development than later as a fully flanged male. This supports earlier findings from zoo studies that elevated androgen levels are associated with the development of secondary sexual characteristics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pascal R Marty
- Anthropological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, Switzerland.,Junior Research Group Sexual Selection in Primates, German Primate Centre, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | | | - Erik P Willems
- Anthropological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lynda P Dunkel
- Anthropological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Manuela Cadilek
- Anthropological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Muhammad Agil
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bogor Agriculture University, Indonesia
| | - Tony Weingrill
- Anthropological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
237
|
Beery AK, Bicks L, Mooney SJ, Goodwin NL, Holmes MM. Sex, social status, and CRF receptor densities in naked mole-rats. J Comp Neurol 2015; 524:228-43. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.23834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Annaliese K. Beery
- Department of Psychology, Department of Biology, Program in Neuroscience; Smith College; Northampton Massachusetts 01063 USA
| | - Lucy Bicks
- Department of Psychology, Department of Biology, Program in Neuroscience; Smith College; Northampton Massachusetts 01063 USA
| | - Skyler J. Mooney
- Department of Psychology; University of Toronto Mississauga; Mississauga Ontario L5L 1C6 Canada
| | - Nastacia L. Goodwin
- Department of Psychology, Department of Biology, Program in Neuroscience; Smith College; Northampton Massachusetts 01063 USA
| | - Melissa M. Holmes
- Department of Psychology; University of Toronto Mississauga; Mississauga Ontario L5L 1C6 Canada
- Departments of Cell and Systems Biology & Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario M5S 3G5 Canada
| |
Collapse
|
238
|
Capuchin monkeys with similar personalities have higher-quality relationships independent of age, sex, kinship and rank. Anim Behav 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2015.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
239
|
Veling W, Susser E, Selten JP, Hoek HW. Social disorganization of neighborhoods and incidence of psychotic disorders: a 7-year first-contact incidence study. Psychol Med 2015; 45:1789-1798. [PMID: 25402968 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291714002682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Environmental factors such as urban birth and ethnic minority position have been related to risk for psychotic disorders. There is some evidence that not only individual, but also neighborhood characteristics influence this risk. The aim of this study was to investigate social disorganization of neighborhoods and incidence of psychotic disorders. METHOD The research was a 7-year first-contact incidence study of psychotic disorders in The Hague. Neighborhood characteristics included continuous, dichotomous and cumulative measures of socio-economic level, residential mobility, ethnic diversity, proportion of single person households, voter turnout, population density and crime level. Using multilevel Poisson regression analysis, incidence rate ratios (IRRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of psychotic disorders were calculated for the indicators of neighborhood social disorganization. RESULTS A total of 618 incident cases were identified. Neighborhood socio-economic level and residential mobility had the strongest association with incidence of psychotic disorders [individual-level adjusted Wald χ2 1 = 13.03 (p = 0.0003) and 5.51 (p = 0.02), respectively]. All but one (proportion of single person households) of the dichotomous neighborhood indicators were significantly associated with a higher IRR. The cumulative degree of neighborhood social disorganization was strongly and linearly associated with the incidence of psychotic disorders (trend test, Wald χ2 5 = 25.76, p = 0.0001). The IRR in neighborhoods with the highest degree of social disorganization was 1.95 (95% CI 1.38-2.75) compared with the lowest disorganization category. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that the risk for developing a psychotic disorder is higher for people living in socially disorganized environments. Longitudinal studies are needed to investigate causality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Veling
- Parnassia Psychiatric Institute,The Hague,The Netherlands
| | - E Susser
- Department of Epidemiology,Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University,New York,NY,USA
| | - J-P Selten
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology,Maastricht University,Maastricht,The Netherlands
| | - H W Hoek
- Parnassia Psychiatric Institute,The Hague,The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
240
|
Nielsen F, Roos JM, Combs RM. Clues of subjective social status among young adults. SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH 2015; 52:370-388. [PMID: 26004468 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2015.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We investigate determinants of subjective social status (SSS) as measured by respondents placing themselves on a ten-rung ladder from least to most "money", "education" and "respected job", in a large sample of young adults. The most potent clues of SSS are proximate in the life course, reflecting educational attainment and current socioeconomic and job situation, rather than distal characteristics such as family background, although relatively distal High school GPA has a lingering effect. Additional analyses reveal that College selectivity has a substantial impact on SSS, net of other variables in the model; Currently married does not significantly contribute to SSS, but contrary to some expectations Number of children significantly lowers SSS. We find no evidence of greater "status borrowing" by women as associations of SSS with shared household characteristics (Household income, Household assets, Home ownership) do not differ by gender. Our findings for these young adults support the conclusion of earlier research that SSS reflects a "cognitive averaging" of standard dimensions of socioeconomic status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- François Nielsen
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill - Department of Sociology, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - J Micah Roos
- University of California, Berkeley - Graduate School of Education, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Oklahoma State University, Department of Sociology, Stillwater, OK 74074, USA
| | - R M Combs
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill - School of Information and Library Science, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| |
Collapse
|
241
|
Martinez IL, Artze-Vega I, Wells AL, Mora JC, Gillis M. Twelve tips for teaching social determinants of health in medicine. MEDICAL TEACHER 2015; 37:647-652. [PMID: 25373885 DOI: 10.3109/0142159x.2014.975191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There has been a recent movement towards social accountability in medical schools, which includes integrating the social, economic, and cultural determinants of health into the curriculum. Medical schools and their guiding bodies have met this challenge of educating future physicians to provide effective care to diverse populations with varying response and successes. Because these topics have not been systematically taught in most medical school curricula, strategies are needed to teach them alongside clinical sciences. AIM AND METHOD We provide 12 tips on how to teach social determinants of health and cultural competency to undergraduate medical students. These recommendations are based on a review of the literature and our experience in developing and delivering a longitudinal course over the last five years. CONCLUSION Medical students must be taught to think critically about the social and cultural issues impacting health, and the intersection with the basic biology and clinical skills. Teaching social determinants of health in medicine requires keeping the material concrete and applicable. Educators must engage students in active learning strategies, reflection, and focus on how to make the material relevant to the clinical care of patients.
Collapse
|
242
|
Leatherman T, Jernigan K. INTRODUCTION: BIOCULTURAL CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE STUDY OF HEALTH DISPARITIES. ANNALS OF ANTHROPOLOGICAL PRACTICE 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/napa.12051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kasey Jernigan
- Department of Anthropology; University of Massachusetts; Amherst
| |
Collapse
|
243
|
A spontaneous depressive pattern in adult female rhesus macaques. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11267. [PMID: 26059851 PMCID: PMC4462019 DOI: 10.1038/srep11267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-human primates offer unique opportunities to study the development of depression rooted in behavioral and physiological abnormalities. This study observed adult female rhesus macaques within social hierarchies and aimed to characterize the physiological and brain abnormalities accompanying depressive-like behavior. The behaviors of 31 female rhesus macaques from 14 different breeding groups were video recorded, and the footage was analyzed using the focal animal technique. There were 13 monkeys who never displayed huddling behavior (non-huddlers). The remaining 18 monkeys were divided into two groups according the mean time spent in the huddle posture. Four monkeys were designated as high huddlers, whereas the other 14 monkeys were low huddlers. An inverse relationship was discovered between social rank and depression. High huddlers spent more time engaging in physical contact and in close proximity to other monkeys, as well as less time spontaneously and reactively locomoting, than low huddlers and/or non-huddlers. Cortisol levels measured from the hair were elevated significantly in high huddlers compared with low huddlers and non-huddlers, and the measured cortisol levels were specifically higher in high huddlers than subordinate or dominant control monkeys. Regional cerebral blood flow data revealed significant and widespread decreases in high huddlers compared with non-huddlers.
Collapse
|
244
|
Habig B, Archie EA. Social status, immune response and parasitism in males: a meta-analysis. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2015; 370:20140109. [PMID: 25870395 PMCID: PMC4410375 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In male vertebrates, two conflicting paradigms--the energetic costs of high dominance rank and the chronic stress of low rank--have been proposed to explain patterns of immune function and parasitism. To date, neither paradigm has provided a complete explanation for status-related differences in male health. Here, we applied meta-analyses to test for correlations between male social status, immune responses and parasitism. We used an ecoimmunological framework, which proposes that males should re-allocate investment in different immune components depending on the costs of dominance or subordination. Spanning 297 analyses, from 77 studies on several vertebrate taxa, we found that most immune responses were similar between subordinate and dominant males, and neither dominant nor subordinate males consistently invested in predictable immune components. However, subordinate males displayed significantly lower delayed-type hypersensitivity and higher levels of some inflammatory cytokines than dominant males, while dominant males exhibited relatively lower immunoglobulin responses than subordinate males. Despite few differences in immunity, dominant males exhibited consistently higher parasitism than subordinate males, including protozoan blood parasites, ectoparasites and gastrointestinal helminths. We discuss our results in the context of the costs of dominance and subordination and advocate future work that measures both parasitism and immune responses in wild systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bobby Habig
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, 100 Galvin Life Sciences Center, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Archie
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, 100 Galvin Life Sciences Center, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| |
Collapse
|
245
|
|
246
|
Mobbs D, Hagan CC, Dalgleish T, Silston B, Prévost C. The ecology of human fear: survival optimization and the nervous system. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:55. [PMID: 25852451 PMCID: PMC4364301 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We propose a Survival Optimization System (SOS) to account for the strategies that humans and other animals use to defend against recurring and novel threats. The SOS attempts to merge ecological models that define a repertoire of contextually relevant threat induced survival behaviors with contemporary approaches to human affective science. We first propose that the goal of the nervous system is to reduce surprise and optimize actions by (i) predicting the sensory landscape by simulating possible encounters with threat and selecting the appropriate pre-encounter action and (ii) prevention strategies in which the organism manufactures safe environments. When a potential threat is encountered the (iii) threat orienting system is engaged to determine whether the organism ignores the stimulus or switches into a process of (iv) threat assessment, where the organism monitors the stimulus, weighs the threat value, predicts the actions of the threat, searches for safety, and guides behavioral actions crucial to directed escape. When under imminent attack, (v) defensive systems evoke fast reflexive indirect escape behaviors (i.e., fight or flight). This cascade of responses to threat of increasing magnitude are underwritten by an interconnected neural architecture that extends from cortical and hippocampal circuits, to attention, action and threat systems including the amygdala, striatum, and hard-wired defensive systems in the midbrain. The SOS also includes a modulatory feature consisting of cognitive appraisal systems that flexibly guide perception, risk and action. Moreover, personal and vicarious threat encounters fine-tune avoidance behaviors via model-based learning, with higher organisms bridging data to reduce face-to-face encounters with predators. Our model attempts to unify the divergent field of human affective science, proposing a highly integrated nervous system that has evolved to increase the organism's chances of survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dean Mobbs
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University New York, NY, USA
| | - Cindy C Hagan
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University New York, NY, USA
| | - Tim Dalgleish
- Medical Research Council-Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit Cambridge, UK
| | - Brian Silston
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University New York, NY, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
247
|
Tung J, Barreiro LB, Burns MB, Grenier JC, Lynch J, Grieneisen LE, Altmann J, Alberts SC, Blekhman R, Archie EA. Social networks predict gut microbiome composition in wild baboons. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 25774601 PMCID: PMC4379495 DOI: 10.7554/elife.05224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 300] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Social relationships have profound effects on health in humans and other primates, but the mechanisms that explain this relationship are not well understood. Using shotgun metagenomic data from wild baboons, we found that social group membership and social network relationships predicted both the taxonomic structure of the gut microbiome and the structure of genes encoded by gut microbial species. Rates of interaction directly explained variation in the gut microbiome, even after controlling for diet, kinship, and shared environments. They therefore strongly implicate direct physical contact among social partners in the transmission of gut microbial species. We identified 51 socially structured taxa, which were significantly enriched for anaerobic and non-spore-forming lifestyles. Our results argue that social interactions are an important determinant of gut microbiome composition in natural animal populations-a relationship with important ramifications for understanding how social relationships influence health, as well as the evolution of group living.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Tung
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, United States
| | - Luis B Barreiro
- Department of Pediatrics, Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Centre, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Michael B Burns
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States
| | - Jean-Christophe Grenier
- Department of Pediatrics, Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Centre, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Josh Lynch
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States
| | - Laura E Grieneisen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, United States
| | - Jeanne Altmann
- Institute of Primate Research, National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Susan C Alberts
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, United States
| | - Ran Blekhman
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States
| | - Elizabeth A Archie
- Institute of Primate Research, National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| |
Collapse
|
248
|
Zahran S, Snodgrass JG, Maranon DG, Upadhyay C, Granger DA, Bailey SM. Stress and telomere shortening among central Indian conservation refugees. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E928-36. [PMID: 25730846 PMCID: PMC4352804 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1411902112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Research links psychosocial stress to premature telomere shortening and accelerated human aging; however, this association has only been demonstrated in so-called "WEIRD" societies (Western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic), where stress is typically lower and life expectancies longer. By contrast, we examine stress and telomere shortening in a non-Western setting among a highly stressed population with overall lower life expectancies: poor indigenous people--the Sahariya--who were displaced (between 1998 and 2002) from their ancestral homes in a central Indian wildlife sanctuary. In this setting, we examined adult populations in two representative villages, one relocated to accommodate the introduction of Asiatic lions into the sanctuary (n = 24 individuals), and the other newly isolated in the sanctuary buffer zone after their previous neighbors were moved (n = 22). Our research strategy combined physical stress measures via the salivary analytes cortisol and α-amylase with self-assessments of psychosomatic stress, ethnographic observations, and telomere length assessment [telomere-fluorescence in situ hybridization (TEL-FISH) coupled with 3D imaging of buccal cell nuclei], providing high-resolution data amenable to multilevel statistical analysis. Consistent with expectations, we found significant associations between each of our stress measures--the two salivary analytes and the psychosomatic symptom survey--and telomere length, after adjusting for relevant behavioral, health, and demographic traits. As the first study (to our knowledge) to link stress to telomere length in a non-WEIRD population, our research strengthens the case for stress-induced telomere shortening as a pancultural biomarker of compromised health and aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sammy Zahran
- Department of Economics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1771
| | - Jeffrey G Snodgrass
- Department of Anthropology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1787;
| | - David G Maranon
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1681
| | - Chakrapani Upadhyay
- Department of Sociology, Government Postgraduate College, Pratapgarh, Rajasthan 312604, India
| | - Douglas A Granger
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Salivary Bioscience Research, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1104; and School of Nursing and Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Susan M Bailey
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1681
| |
Collapse
|
249
|
Hawley PH. Social dominance in childhood and its evolutionary underpinnings: why it matters and what we can do. Pediatrics 2015; 135 Suppl 2:S31-8. [PMID: 25733723 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2014-3549d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
|
250
|
Abstract
Social groups across species rapidly self-organize into hierarchies, where members vary in their level of power, influence, skill, or dominance. In this review, we explore the nature of social hierarchies and the traits associated with status in both humans and nonhuman primates, and how status varies across development in humans. Our review finds that we can rapidly identify social status based on a wide range of cues. Like monkeys, we tend to use certain cues, like physical strength, to make status judgments, although layered on top of these more primitive perceptual cues are sociocultural status cues like job titles and educational attainment. One's relative status has profound effects on attention, memory, and social interactions, as well as health and wellness. These effects can be particularly pernicious in children and adolescents. Developmental research on peer groups and social exclusion suggests teenagers may be particularly sensitive to social status information, but research focused specifically on status processing and associated brain areas is very limited. Recent evidence from neuroscience suggests that there may be an underlying neural network, including regions involved in executive, emotional, and reward processing, that is sensitive to status information. We conclude with questions for future research as well as stressing the need to expand social neuroscience research on status processing to adolescents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica E Koski
- a Department of Psychology , Temple University , Philadelphia , PA 19122 , USA
| | - Hongling Xie
- a Department of Psychology , Temple University , Philadelphia , PA 19122 , USA
| | - Ingrid R Olson
- a Department of Psychology , Temple University , Philadelphia , PA 19122 , USA
| |
Collapse
|