201
|
Croy JR, Meyerson LA, Allen WJ, Bhattarai GP, Cronin JT. Lineage and latitudinal variation inPhragmites australistolerance to herbivory: implications for invasion success. OIKOS 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.07260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan R. Croy
- Dept of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State Univ. Baton Rouge LA 70803 USA
- Dept of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Univ. of California Irvine CA 92697 USA
| | - Laura A. Meyerson
- Dept of Natural Resource Sciences, Univ. of Rhode Island Kingston RI USA
| | - Warwick J. Allen
- Dept of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State Univ. Baton Rouge LA 70803 USA
- The Bio‐Protection Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, Univ. of Canterbury Christchurch New Zealand
| | - Ganesh P. Bhattarai
- Dept of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State Univ. Baton Rouge LA 70803 USA
- Dept of Entomology, Kansas State Univ. Manhattan KS USA
| | - James T. Cronin
- Dept of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State Univ. Baton Rouge LA 70803 USA
| |
Collapse
|
202
|
Zhou B, Liang W. Avian escape responses to observers wearing clothing of different colors: A comparison of urban and rural populations. Glob Ecol Conserv 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e00921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
|
203
|
Lloyd HB, Cruz‐Motta JJ, Glasby TM, Hutchings PA, Gribben PE. Unusual but consistent latitudinal patterns in macroalgal habitats and their invertebrate communities across two countries. DIVERS DISTRIB 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah B. Lloyd
- School of Life Sciences University of Technology Sydney NSW Australia
- Sydney Institute of Marine Science Mosman NSW Australia
| | - Juan J. Cruz‐Motta
- Department of Marine Sciences University of Puerto Rico Mayaguez Puerto Rico
| | - Tim M. Glasby
- New South Wales Department of Primary Industries Port Stephens Fisheries Institute Nelson Bay NSW Australia
| | - Pat A. Hutchings
- Australian Museum Research Institute Australian Museum Sydney NSW Australia
- Department of Biological Sciences Macquarie University North Ryde NSW Australia
| | - Paul E. Gribben
- Sydney Institute of Marine Science Mosman NSW Australia
- Centre for Marine Science and Innovation School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences University of New South Wales Sydney NSW Australia
| |
Collapse
|
204
|
Species better track climate warming in the oceans than on land. Nat Ecol Evol 2020; 4:1044-1059. [PMID: 32451428 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-020-1198-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
There is mounting evidence of species redistribution as climate warms. Yet, our knowledge of the coupling between species range shifts and isotherm shifts remains limited. Here, we introduce BioShifts-a global geo-database of 30,534 range shifts. Despite a spatial imbalance towards the most developed regions of the Northern Hemisphere and a taxonomic bias towards the most charismatic animals and plants of the planet, data show that marine species are better at tracking isotherm shifts, and move towards the pole six times faster than terrestrial species. More specifically, we find that marine species closely track shifting isotherms in warm and relatively undisturbed waters (for example, the Central Pacific Basin) or in cold waters subject to high human pressures (for example, the North Sea). On land, human activities impede the capacity of terrestrial species to track isotherm shifts in latitude, with some species shifting in the opposite direction to isotherms. Along elevational gradients, species follow the direction of isotherm shifts but at a pace that is much slower than expected, especially in areas with warm climates. Our results suggest that terrestrial species are lagging behind shifting isotherms more than marine species, which is probably related to the interplay between the wider thermal safety margin of terrestrial versus marine species and the more constrained physical environment for dispersal in terrestrial versus marine habitats.
Collapse
|
205
|
Andrade M, Blumstein DT. Anti-predator behavior along elevational and latitudinal gradients in dark-eyed juncos. Curr Zool 2020; 66:239-245. [PMID: 32440284 PMCID: PMC7234012 DOI: 10.1093/cz/zoz046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Flight-initiation distance (FID), the distance between an individual and experimenter when it begins to flee, can be used to quantify risk-assessment. Among other factors, prior studies have shown that latitude explains significant variation in avian FID: at lower latitudes, individuals and species have longer FIDs than those living at higher latitudes. No prior studies have focused on the effect of elevation on FID. Given the similar patterns of seasonality, climate, and potentially predator density, that covary between latitude and elevation, birds at higher elevations might tolerate closer approaches. We asked whether elevation or latitude would explain more variation in the FID of a common passerine bird species, dark-eyed juncos (Junco hyemalis). Juncos live in a variety of habitats along both latitudinal and elevational gradients. We found that statistical models containing elevation as a variable explained more of the variation in FID than did models containing latitude. We also found, unexpectedly, that birds at higher elevation fled at greater distances. While more predators were sighted per hour at higher elevations than at lower elevations, the frequency of predator sightings did not explain a significant amount of variation in FID. This result questions whether predator density is the main driver of risk perception along elevational gradients. Nonetheless, because elevation explains more variation in FID than latitude in at least one species, these findings have direct implications on how human impacts on birds are managed. Specifically, those designing set-back zones to reduce human impact on birds may consider modifying them based on both latitude and elevation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madelin Andrade
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, 621 Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1606, USA
| | - Daniel T Blumstein
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, 621 Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1606, USA
| |
Collapse
|
206
|
Moreira X, Abdala-Roberts L, Bruun HH, Covelo F, De Frenne P, Galmán A, Gaytán Á, Jaatinen R, Pulkkinen P, Ten Hoopen JPJG, Timmermans BGH, Tack AJM, Castagneyrol B. Latitudinal variation in seed predation correlates with latitudinal variation in seed defensive and nutritional traits in a widespread oak species. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2020; 125:881-890. [PMID: 31858135 PMCID: PMC7218813 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcz207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Classic theory on geographical gradients in plant-herbivore interactions assumes that herbivore pressure and plant defences increase towards warmer and more stable climates found at lower latitudes. However, the generality of these expectations has been recently called into question by conflicting empirical evidence. One possible explanation for this ambiguity is that most studies have reported on patterns of either herbivory or plant defences whereas few have measured both, thus preventing a full understanding of the implications of observed patterns for plant-herbivore interactions. In addition, studies have typically not measured climatic factors affecting plant-herbivore interactions, despite their expected influence on plant and herbivore traits. METHODS Here we tested for latitudinal variation in insect seed predation and seed traits putatively associated with insect attack across 36 Quercus robur populations distributed along a 20° latitudinal gradient. We then further investigated the associations between climatic factors, seed traits and seed predation to test for climate-based mechanisms of latitudinal variation in seed predation. KEY RESULTS We found strong but contrasting latitudinal clines in seed predation and seed traits, whereby seed predation increased whereas seed phenolics and phosphorus decreased towards lower latitudes. We also found a strong direct association between temperature and seed predation, with the latter increasing towards warmer climates. In addition, temperature was negatively associated with seed traits, with populations at warmer sites having lower levels of total phenolics and phosphorus. In turn, these negative associations between temperature and seed traits led to a positive indirect association between temperature and seed predation. CONCLUSIONS These results help unravel how plant-herbivore interactions play out along latitudinal gradients and expose the role of climate in driving these outcomes through its dual effects on plant defences and herbivores. Accordingly, this emphasizes the need to account for abiotic variation while testing concurrently for latitudinal variation in plant traits and herbivore pressure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xoaquín Moreira
- Misión Biológica de Galicia (MBG-CSIC), Pontevedra, Galicia, Spain
| | - Luis Abdala-Roberts
- Departamento de Ecología Tropical, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Itzimná, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Hans Henrik Bruun
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Felisa Covelo
- Departamento de Sistemas Físicos, Químicos y Naturales, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain
| | | | - Andrea Galmán
- Misión Biológica de Galicia (MBG-CSIC), Pontevedra, Galicia, Spain
| | - Álvaro Gaytán
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Raimo Jaatinen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, Haapastensyrjä Breeding Station, Läyliäinen, Finland
| | - Pertti Pulkkinen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, Haapastensyrjä Breeding Station, Läyliäinen, Finland
| | | | - Bart G H Timmermans
- Department of Agriculture, Louis Bolk Institute, LA Driebergen, the Netherlands
| | - Ayco J M Tack
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | |
Collapse
|
207
|
Supriya K, Price TD, Moreau CS. Competition with insectivorous ants as a contributor to low songbird diversity at low elevations in the eastern Himalaya. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:4280-4290. [PMID: 32489596 PMCID: PMC7246197 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Competitive interactions between distantly related clades could cause complementary diversity patterns of these clades over large spatial scales. One such example might be ants and birds in the eastern Himalaya; ants are very common at low elevations but almost absent at mid-elevations where the abundance of other arthropods and insectivorous bird diversity peaks. Here, we ask if ants at low elevations could compete with birds for arthropod prey. Specifically, we studied the impact of the Asian weaver ant (Oecophylla smaragdina), a common aggressive ant at low elevations. Diet analysis using molecular methods demonstrate extensive diet overlap between weaver ants and songbirds at both low and mid-elevations. Trees without weaver ants have greater non-ant arthropod abundance and leaf damage. Experimental removal of weaver ants results in an increase in the abundance of non-ant arthropods. Notably, numbers of Coleoptera and Lepidoptera were most affected by removal experiments and were prominent components of both bird and weaver ant diets. Our results suggest that songbirds and weaver ants might potentially compete with each other for arthropod prey at low elevations, thereby contributing to lower insectivorous bird diversity at low elevations in eastern Himalaya. Competition with ants may shape vertebrate diversity patterns across broad biodiversity gradients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K. Supriya
- School of Life SciencesArizona State UniversityTempeAZUSA
- Committee on Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of ChicagoChicagoILUSA
| | - Trevor D. Price
- Committee on Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of ChicagoChicagoILUSA
- Department of Ecology and EvolutionUniversity of ChicagoChicagoILUSA
| | - Corrie S. Moreau
- Committee on Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of ChicagoChicagoILUSA
- Departments of Entomology and Ecology & Evolutionary BiologyCornell UniversityIthacaNYUSA
| |
Collapse
|
208
|
Malizia A, Blundo C, Carilla J, Osinaga Acosta O, Cuesta F, Duque A, Aguirre N, Aguirre Z, Ataroff M, Baez S, Calderón-Loor M, Cayola L, Cayuela L, Ceballos S, Cedillo H, Farfán Ríos W, Feeley KJ, Fuentes AF, Gámez Álvarez LE, Grau R, Homeier J, Jadan O, Llambi LD, Loza Rivera MI, Macía MJ, Malhi Y, Malizia L, Peralvo M, Pinto E, Tello S, Silman M, Young KR. Elevation and latitude drives structure and tree species composition in Andean forests: Results from a large-scale plot network. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231553. [PMID: 32311701 PMCID: PMC7170706 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Our knowledge about the structure and function of Andean forests at regional scales remains limited. Current initiatives to study forests over continental or global scales still have important geographical gaps, particularly in regions such as the tropical and subtropical Andes. In this study, we assessed patterns of structure and tree species diversity along ~ 4000 km of latitude and ~ 4000 m of elevation range in Andean forests. We used the Andean Forest Network (Red de Bosques Andinos, https://redbosques.condesan.org/) database which, at present, includes 491 forest plots (totaling 156.3 ha, ranging from 0.01 to 6 ha) representing a total of 86,964 identified tree stems ≥ 10 cm diameter at breast height belonging to 2341 identified species, 584 genera and 133 botanical families. Tree stem density and basal area increases with elevation while species richness decreases. Stem density and species richness both decrease with latitude. Subtropical forests have distinct tree species composition compared to those in the tropical region. In addition, floristic similarity of subtropical plots is between 13 to 16% while similarity between tropical forest plots is between 3% to 9%. Overall, plots ~ 0.5-ha or larger may be preferred for describing patterns at regional scales in order to avoid plot size effects. We highlight the need to promote collaboration and capacity building among researchers in the Andean region (i.e., South-South cooperation) in order to generate and synthesize information at regional scale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agustina Malizia
- Instituto de Ecología Regional (IER), Universidad Nacional de Tucumán (UNT) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Tucumán, Argentina
- * E-mail:
| | - Cecilia Blundo
- Instituto de Ecología Regional (IER), Universidad Nacional de Tucumán (UNT) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Julieta Carilla
- Instituto de Ecología Regional (IER), Universidad Nacional de Tucumán (UNT) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Oriana Osinaga Acosta
- Instituto de Ecología Regional (IER), Universidad Nacional de Tucumán (UNT) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Francisco Cuesta
- Grupo de Investigación en Biodiversidad, Medio Ambiente y Salud (BIOMAS), Universidad de Las Américas (UDLA), Quito, Ecuador
- Consorcio para el Desarrollo Sostenible de la Ecorregión Andina (CONDESAN), Quito, Ecuador
| | - Alvaro Duque
- Departamento de Ciencias Forestales, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Medellín, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Nikolay Aguirre
- Centro de Investigaciones Tropicales del Ambiente y la Biodiversidad, Universidad Nacional de Loja, Loja, Ecuador
| | - Zhofre Aguirre
- Herbario Reinaldo Espinoza, Universidad Nacional de Loja, Loja, Ecuador
| | - Michele Ataroff
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Ecológicas (ICAE), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela
| | - Selene Baez
- Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Marco Calderón-Loor
- Grupo de Investigación en Biodiversidad, Medio Ambiente y Salud (BIOMAS), Universidad de Las Américas (UDLA), Quito, Ecuador
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Leslie Cayola
- Herbario Nacional de Bolivia (LPB), La Paz, Bolivia
- Missouri Botanical Garden, St, Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Luis Cayuela
- Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, España
| | - Sergio Ceballos
- Instituto de Ecología Regional (IER), Universidad Nacional de Tucumán (UNT) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Hugo Cedillo
- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad de Cuenca, Cuenca, Ecuador
| | - William Farfán Ríos
- Herbario Vargas (CUZ), Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Cusco, Perú
| | - Kenneth J. Feeley
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Alfredo Fernando Fuentes
- Herbario Nacional de Bolivia (LPB), La Paz, Bolivia
- Missouri Botanical Garden, St, Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Luis E. Gámez Álvarez
- Laboratorio de Dendrología, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Ambientales, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela
| | - Ricardo Grau
- Instituto de Ecología Regional (IER), Universidad Nacional de Tucumán (UNT) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Juergen Homeier
- Plant Ecology and Ecosystems Research, University of Gottingen, Gottingen, Germany
- Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use (CBL), University of Gottingen, Gottingen, Germany
| | - Oswaldo Jadan
- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad de Cuenca, Cuenca, Ecuador
| | | | - María Isabel Loza Rivera
- Herbario Nacional de Bolivia (LPB), La Paz, Bolivia
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States of America
- Center for Conservation and Sustainable Development, Missouri Botanical Garden, St, Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Manuel J. Macía
- Departamento de Biología, Área de Botánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, España
- Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Cambio Global (CIBC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, España
| | - Yadvinder Malhi
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, United Kingdom
| | - Lucio Malizia
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Jujuy, Jujuy, Argentina
| | - Manuel Peralvo
- Consorcio para el Desarrollo Sostenible de la Ecorregión Andina (CONDESAN), Quito, Ecuador
| | - Esteban Pinto
- Consorcio para el Desarrollo Sostenible de la Ecorregión Andina (CONDESAN), Quito, Ecuador
| | - Sebastián Tello
- Center for Conservation and Sustainable Development, Missouri Botanical Garden, St, Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Miles Silman
- Center for Energy, Environment and Sustainability, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kenneth R. Young
- Department of Geography and the Environment, University of Austin Texas, Texas, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
209
|
Emberts Z, St Mary CM, Howard CC, Forthman M, Bateman PW, Somjee U, Hwang WS, Li D, Kimball RT, Miller CW. The evolution of autotomy in leaf-footed bugs. Evolution 2020; 74:897-910. [PMID: 32267543 PMCID: PMC7317576 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Sacrificing body parts is one of many behaviors that animals use to escape predation. This trait, termed autotomy, is classically associated with lizards. However, several other taxa also autotomize, and this trait has independently evolved multiple times throughout Animalia. Despite having multiple origins and being an iconic antipredatory trait, much remains unknown about the evolution of autotomy. Here, we combine morphological, behavioral, and genomic data to investigate the evolution of autotomy within leaf-footed bugs and allies (Insecta: Hemiptera: Coreidae + Alydidae). We found that the ancestor of leaf-footed bugs autotomized and did so slowly; rapid autotomy (<2 min) then arose multiple times. The ancestor likely used slow autotomy to reduce the cost of injury or to escape nonpredatory entrapment but could not use autotomy to escape predation. This result suggests that autotomy to escape predation is a co-opted benefit (i.e., exaptation), revealing one way that sacrificing a limb to escape predation may arise. In addition to identifying the origins of rapid autotomy, we also show that across species variation in the rates of autotomy can be explained by body size, distance from the equator, and enlargement of the autotomizable appendage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Emberts
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611
| | - Colette M St Mary
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611
| | - Cody Coyotee Howard
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611.,Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611
| | - Michael Forthman
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611
| | - Philip W Bateman
- Behavioural Ecology Lab, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia
| | - Ummat Somjee
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panama
| | - Wei Song Hwang
- Lee Kong Chian Natural History Museum, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117377, Singapore
| | - Daiqin Li
- Department of Biological Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Rebecca T Kimball
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611
| | - Christine W Miller
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611
| |
Collapse
|
210
|
Sirén APK, Morelli TL. Interactive range-limit theory (iRLT): An extension for predicting range shifts. J Anim Ecol 2020; 89:940-954. [PMID: 31758805 PMCID: PMC7187220 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A central theme of range-limit theory (RLT) posits that abiotic factors form high-latitude/altitude limits, whereas biotic interactions create lower limits. This hypothesis, often credited to Charles Darwin, is a pattern widely assumed to occur in nature. However, abiotic factors can impose constraints on both limits and there is scant evidence to support the latter prediction. Deviations from these predictions may arise from correlations between abiotic factors and biotic interactions, as a lack of data to evaluate the hypothesis, or be an artifact of scale. Combining two tenets of ecology-niche theory and predator-prey theory-provides an opportunity to understand how biotic interactions influence range limits and how this varies by trophic level. We propose an expansion of RLT, interactive RLT (iRLT), to understand the causes of range limits and predict range shifts. Incorporating the main predictions of Darwin's hypothesis, iRLT hypothesizes that abiotic and biotic factors can interact to impact both limits of a species' range. We summarize current thinking on range limits and perform an integrative review to evaluate support for iRLT and trophic differences along range margins, surveying the mammal community along the boreal-temperate and forest-tundra ecotones of North America. Our review suggests that range-limit dynamics are more nuanced and interactive than classically predicted by RLT. Many (57 of 70) studies indicate that biotic factors can ameliorate harsh climatic conditions along high-latitude/altitude limits. Conversely, abiotic factors can also mediate biotic interactions along low-latitude/altitude limits (44 of 68 studies). Both scenarios facilitate range expansion, contraction or stability depending on the strength and the direction of the abiotic or biotic factors. As predicted, biotic interactions most often occurred along lower limits, yet there were trophic differences. Carnivores were only limited by competitive interactions (n = 25), whereas herbivores were more influenced by predation and parasitism (77%; 55 of 71 studies). We highlight how these differences may create divergent range patterns along lower limits. We conclude by (a) summarizing iRLT; (b) contrasting how our model system and others fit this hypothesis and (c) suggesting future directions for evaluating iRLT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexej P. K. Sirén
- Department of Interior Northeast Climate Adaptation Science CenterU.S. Geological SurveyAmherstMAUSA
- Department of Environmental ConservationUniversity of MassachusettsAmherstMAUSA
| | - Toni Lyn Morelli
- Department of Interior Northeast Climate Adaptation Science CenterU.S. Geological SurveyAmherstMAUSA
- Department of Environmental ConservationUniversity of MassachusettsAmherstMAUSA
| |
Collapse
|
211
|
Roesti M, Anstett DN, Freeman BG, Lee-Yaw JA, Schluter D, Chavarie L, Rolland J, Holzman R. Pelagic fish predation is stronger at temperate latitudes than near the equator. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1527. [PMID: 32235853 PMCID: PMC7109113 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15335-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Species interactions are widely thought to be strongest in the tropics, potentially contributing to the greater number of species at lower latitudes. Yet, empirical tests of this "biotic interactions" hypothesis remain limited and often provide mixed results. Here, we analyze 55 years of catch per unit effort data from pelagic longline fisheries to estimate the strength of predation exerted by large predatory fish in the world's oceans. We test two central tenets of the biotic interactions hypothesis: that predation is (1) strongest near the equator, and (2) positively correlated with species richness. Counter to these predictions, we find that predation is (1) strongest in or near the temperate zone and (2) negatively correlated with oceanic fish species richness. These patterns suggest that, at least for pelagic fish predation, common assumptions about the latitudinal distribution of species interactions do not apply, thereby challenging a leading explanation for the latitudinal gradient in species diversity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marius Roesti
- Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Daniel N Anstett
- Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Benjamin G Freeman
- Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Julie A Lee-Yaw
- Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Dolph Schluter
- Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Louise Chavarie
- Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Scottish Centre for Ecology and the Natural Environment, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jonathan Rolland
- Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Quartier Sorge, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Roi Holzman
- Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- School of Zoology, Tel Aviv University, 6997801, Ramat Aviv, Israel
- Inter-University Institute for Marine Sciences, 8810302, Eilat, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
212
|
Cortázar-Chinarro M, Meyer-Lucht Y, Van der Valk T, Richter-Boix A, Laurila A, Höglund J. Antimicrobial peptide and sequence variation along a latitudinal gradient in two anurans. BMC Genet 2020; 21:38. [PMID: 32228443 PMCID: PMC7106915 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-020-00839-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While there is evidence of both purifying and balancing selection in immune defense genes, large-scale genetic diversity in antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), an important part of the innate immune system released from dermal glands in the skin, has remained uninvestigated. Here we describe genetic diversity at three AMP loci (Temporin, Brevinin and Palustrin) in two ranid frogs (Rana arvalis and R. temporaria) along a 2000 km latitudinal gradient. We amplified and sequenced part of the Acidic Propiece domain and the hypervariable Mature Peptide domain (~ 150-200 bp) in the three genes using Illumina Miseq and expected to find decreased AMP genetic variation towards the northern distribution limit of the species similarly to studies on MHC genetic patterns. RESULTS We found multiple loci for each AMP and relatively high gene diversity, but no clear pattern of geographic genetic structure along the latitudinal gradient. We found evidence of trans-specific polymorphism in the two species, indicating a common evolutionary origin of the alleles. Temporin and Brevinin did not form monophyletic clades suggesting that they belong to the same gene family. By implementing codon evolution models we found evidence of strong positive selection acting on the Mature Peptide. We also found evidence of diversifying selection as indicated by divergent allele frequencies among populations and high Theta k values. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that AMPs are an important source of adaptive diversity, minimizing the chance of microorganisms developing resistance to individual peptides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cortázar-Chinarro
- Animal Ecology/Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, SE-75236, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Yvonne Meyer-Lucht
- Animal Ecology/Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, SE-75236, Uppsala, Sweden.,Centre for Paleogenetics Svante Arrhenius väg 20C, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tom Van der Valk
- Animal Ecology/Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, SE-75236, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Alex Richter-Boix
- Animal Ecology/Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, SE-75236, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anssi Laurila
- Animal Ecology/Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, SE-75236, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jacob Höglund
- Animal Ecology/Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, SE-75236, Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
213
|
Sonne J, Vizentin-Bugoni J, Maruyama PK, Araujo AC, Chávez-González E, Coelho AG, Cotton PA, Marín-Gómez OH, Lara C, Lasprilla LR, Machado CG, Maglianesi MA, Malucelli TS, González AMM, Oliveira GM, Oliveira PE, Ortiz-Pulido R, Rocca MA, Rodrigues LC, Sazima I, Simmons BI, Tinoco B, Varassin IG, Vasconcelos MF, O'Hara B, Schleuning M, Rahbek C, Sazima M, Dalsgaard B. Ecological mechanisms explaining interactions within plant-hummingbird networks: morphological matching increases towards lower latitudes. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20192873. [PMID: 32156208 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.2873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions between species are influenced by different ecological mechanisms, such as morphological matching, phenological overlap and species abundances. How these mechanisms explain interaction frequencies across environmental gradients remains poorly understood. Consequently, we also know little about the mechanisms that drive the geographical patterns in network structure, such as complementary specialization and modularity. Here, we use data on morphologies, phenologies and abundances to explain interaction frequencies between hummingbirds and plants at a large geographical scale. For 24 quantitative networks sampled throughout the Americas, we found that the tendency of species to interact with morphologically matching partners contributed to specialized and modular network structures. Morphological matching best explained interaction frequencies in networks found closer to the equator and in areas with low-temperature seasonality. When comparing the three ecological mechanisms within networks, we found that both morphological matching and phenological overlap generally outperformed abundances in the explanation of interaction frequencies. Together, these findings provide insights into the ecological mechanisms that underlie geographical patterns in resource specialization. Notably, our results highlight morphological constraints on interactions as a potential explanation for increasing resource specialization towards lower latitudes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jesper Sonne
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Jeferson Vizentin-Bugoni
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.,Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pietro K Maruyama
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.,Centro de Síntese Ecológica e Conservação, Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Andréa C Araujo
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Edgar Chávez-González
- Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas, Instituto de Ciencias Basicas e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Km 4.5, Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo, Mineral de la Reforma, Pachuca, Hidalgo, Mexico
| | - Aline G Coelho
- Laboratório de Ornitologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Peter A Cotton
- Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, Plymouth University, Plymouth, UK
| | - Oscar H Marín-Gómez
- Red de Ambiente y Sustentabilidad, Instituto de Ecología, A.C, Carretera antigua a Coatepec 351 El Haya, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Carlos Lara
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Km 10.5 Autopista Tlaxcala-San Martín Texmelucan, San Felipe Ixtacuixtla, Tlaxcala, Mexico
| | - Liliana R Lasprilla
- Escuela de Ciencias Biologicas, Grupo de Investigación Biología para la Conservación, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Tunja, Boyacá, Colombia
| | - Caio G Machado
- Laboratório de Ornitologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Maria A Maglianesi
- Vicerrectoría de Investigación, Universidad Estatal a Distancia, San José, Costa Rica.,Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Senckenberganlage 25, Frankfurt (Main), Germany
| | - Tiago S Malucelli
- Laboratório de Interações e Biologia Reprodutiva, Departamento de Botânica, Centro Politécnico, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Ana M Martín González
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.,Pacific Ecoinformatics and Computational Ecology Lab, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Genilda M Oliveira
- Instituto Federal de Brasília, Campus Samambaia, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Paulo E Oliveira
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Raul Ortiz-Pulido
- Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas, Instituto de Ciencias Basicas e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Km 4.5, Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo, Mineral de la Reforma, Pachuca, Hidalgo, Mexico
| | - Márcia A Rocca
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Avenida Marechal Rondon, s/n, Jardim Rosa Elze, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Licléia C Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Ornitologia, Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ivan Sazima
- Museu de Zoologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Benno I Simmons
- Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, The David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, UK
| | - Boris Tinoco
- Escuela de Biología, Universidad del Azuay, Cuenca, Ecuador
| | - Isabela G Varassin
- Laboratório de Interações e Biologia Reprodutiva, Departamento de Botânica, Centro Politécnico, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Marcelo F Vasconcelos
- Museu de Ciências Naturais, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais, Coração Eucarístico, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Bob O'Hara
- Department of Mathematical Sciences and Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Matthias Schleuning
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Senckenberganlage 25, Frankfurt (Main), Germany
| | - Carsten Rahbek
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.,Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Ascot, UK.,Danish Institute for Advanced Study, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M 5230, Denmark
| | - Marlies Sazima
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bo Dalsgaard
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
214
|
Rodríguez-Alcalá O, Blanco S, García-Girón J, Jeppesen E, Irvine K, Nõges P, Nõges T, Gross EM, Bécares E. Large-scale geographical and environmental drivers of shallow lake diatom metacommunities across Europe. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 707:135887. [PMID: 31862432 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Disentangling the relative role of species sorting and dispersal limitation in biological communities has become one of the main issues for community ecologists and biogeographers. In this study, we analysed a data set of epiphytic diatoms comprising 34 lakes from six European countries. This data set covers a relatively large latitudinal gradient to elucidate which processes are affecting the distribution of diatom communities on a broad spatial extent. Our results show strong environmental effects on the composition of the diatom communities, while the spatial factor effects were weak, emphasising that compositional variation was mainly due to species turnover. Our data support information from the literature that local abiotic factors are the main predictors controlling the compositional variation of diatom assemblages in European shallow lakes. More specifically, changes in species composition were driven mainly by nutrient content in Northern Europe, whereas lakes located in Southern Europe were more affected by conductivity and lake depth. Our results solve pending questions in the spatial ecology of diatoms by proving that species turnover is stronger than nestedness at any spatial scale, and give support to the use of epiphytic diatoms as biological indicators for shallow lakes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Omar Rodríguez-Alcalá
- Group for Limnology and Environmental Biotechnology, Department of Biodiversity and Environmental Management, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Leon, 24071 Leon, Spain.
| | - Saúl Blanco
- Group for Limnology and Environmental Biotechnology, Department of Biodiversity and Environmental Management, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Leon, 24071 Leon, Spain
| | - Jorge García-Girón
- Group for Limnology and Environmental Biotechnology, Department of Biodiversity and Environmental Management, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Leon, 24071 Leon, Spain
| | - Erik Jeppesen
- Department of Freshwater Ecology, National Environmental Research Institute, Vejlsøvej 25, DK-8600 Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Ken Irvine
- UNESCO-IHE, Department of Water Science and Engineering, Westvest 7, 2611 AX Delft, PO Box 3015, 2601 Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Peeter Nõges
- Chair of Hydrobiology and Fishery, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 5, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Tiina Nõges
- Chair of Hydrobiology and Fishery, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 5, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Elisabeth M Gross
- Université de Lorraine, LIEC UMR 7360 CNRS, Rue Général Delestraint, Bâtiment IBISE, 57070 Metz, Lorraine, France
| | - Eloy Bécares
- Group for Limnology and Environmental Biotechnology, Department of Biodiversity and Environmental Management, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Leon, 24071 Leon, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
215
|
Benevenuto RF, Seldal T, Polashock J, Moe SR, Rodriguez‐Saona C, Gillespie MAK, Hegland SJ. Molecular and ecological plant defense responses along an elevational gradient in a boreal ecosystem. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:2478-2491. [PMID: 32184995 PMCID: PMC7069305 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants have the capacity to alter their phenotype in response to environmental factors, such as herbivory, a phenomenon called phenotypic plasticity. However, little is known on how plant responses to herbivory are modulated by environmental variation along ecological gradients. To investigate this question, we used bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) plants and an experimental treatment to induce plant defenses (i.e., application of methyl jasmonate; MeJA), to observe ecological responses and gene expression changes along an elevational gradient in a boreal system in western Norway. The gradient included optimal growing conditions for bilberry in this region (ca. 500 m a.s.l.), and the plant's range limits at high (ca. 900 m a.s.l.) and low (100 m a.s.l.) elevations. Across all altitudinal sites, MeJA-treated plants allocated more resources to herbivory resistance while reducing growth and reproduction than control plants, but this response was more pronounced at the lowest elevation. High-elevation plants growing under less herbivory pressure but more resource-limiting conditions exhibited consistently high expression levels of defense genes in both MeJA-treated and untreated plants at all times, suggesting a constant state of "alert." These results suggest that plant defense responses at both the molecular and ecological levels are modulated by the combination of climate and herbivory pressure, such that plants under different environmental conditions differentially direct the resources available to specific antiherbivore strategies. Our findings are important for understanding the complex impact of future climate changes on plant-herbivore interactions, as this is a major driver of ecosystem functioning and biodiversity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Fonseca Benevenuto
- Faculty of Engineering and ScienceWestern Norway University of Applied SciencesSogndalNorway
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource ManagementNorwegian University of Life SciencesÅsNorway
| | - Tarald Seldal
- Faculty of Engineering and ScienceWestern Norway University of Applied SciencesSogndalNorway
| | - James Polashock
- Genetic Improvement of Fruits and Vegetables LabPhilip E. Marucci Center for Blueberry and Cranberry ResearchUnited States Department of Agriculture‐Agricultural Research ServiceChatsworthNJUSA
| | - Stein R. Moe
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource ManagementNorwegian University of Life SciencesÅsNorway
| | - Cesar Rodriguez‐Saona
- Department of EntomologyPhilip E. Marucci Center for Blueberry and Cranberry ResearchRutgersThe State University of New JerseyChatsworthNJUSA
| | - Mark A. K. Gillespie
- Faculty of Engineering and ScienceWestern Norway University of Applied SciencesSogndalNorway
| | - Stein Joar Hegland
- Faculty of Engineering and ScienceWestern Norway University of Applied SciencesSogndalNorway
| |
Collapse
|
216
|
Manubay JA, Powell S. Detection of prey odours underpins dietary specialization in a Neotropical top-predator: How army ants find their ant prey. J Anim Ecol 2020; 89:1165-1174. [PMID: 32097493 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Deciphering the mechanisms that underpin dietary specialization and niche partitioning is crucial to understanding the maintenance of biodiversity. New world army ants live in species-rich assemblages throughout the Neotropics and are voracious predators of other arthropods. They are therefore an important and potentially informative group for addressing how diverse predator assemblages partition available prey resources. New World army ants are largely specialist predators of other ants, with each species specializing on different ant genera. However, the mechanisms of prey choice are unknown. In this study, we addressed whether the army ant Eciton hamatum: (a) can detect potential prey odours, (b) can distinguish between odours of prey and non-prey and (c) can differentiate between different types of odours associated with its prey. Using field experiments, we tested the response of army ants to the following four odour treatments: alarm odours, dead ants, live ants and nest material. Each treatment had a unique combination of odour sources and included some movement in two of the treatments (alarm and live ants). Odour treatments were tested for both prey and non-prey ants. These data were used to determine the degree to which E. hamatum are using specific prey stimuli to detect potential prey and direct their foraging. Army ants responded strongly to odours derived from prey ants, which triggered both increased localized recruitment and slowed advancement of the raid as they targeted the odour source. Odours from non-prey ants were largely ignored. Additionally, the army ants had the strongest response to the nest material of their preferred prey, with progressively weaker responses across the live ant, dead ant and alarm odours treatments respectively. This study reveals that the detection of prey odours, and especially the most persistent odours related to the prey's nest, provides a mechanism for dietary specialization in army ants. If ubiquitous across the Neotropical army ants, then this olfaction-based ecological specialization may facilitate patterns of resource partitioning and coexistence in these diverse predator communities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John Aidan Manubay
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Scott Powell
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
217
|
Peters MK, Classen A, Müller J, Steffan-Dewenter I. Increasing the phylogenetic coverage for understanding broad-scale diversity gradients. Oecologia 2020; 192:629-639. [PMID: 32052181 PMCID: PMC7058593 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-020-04615-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Despite decades of scientific effort, there is still no consensus on the determinants of broad-scale gradients of animal diversity. We argue that general drivers of diversity are unlikely to be found among the narrowly defined taxa which are typically analyzed in studies of broad-scale diversity gradients because ecological niches evolve largely conservatively. This causes constraints in the use of available niche space leading to systematic differences in diversity gradients among taxa. We instead advocate studies of phylogenetically diverse animal communities along broad environmental gradients. Such multi-taxa communities are less constrained in resource use and diversification and may be better targets for testing major classical hypotheses on diversity gradients. Besides increasing the spatial scale in analyses, expanding the phylogenetic coverage may be a second way to achieve higher levels of generality in studies of broad-scale diversity gradients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcell K Peters
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Alice Classen
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Müller
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany.,Bavarian Forest National Park, Freyunger Str. 2, 94481, Grafenau, Germany
| | - Ingolf Steffan-Dewenter
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
218
|
Kergunteuil A, Humair L, Maire AL, Moreno-Aguilar MF, Godschalx A, Catalán P, Rasmann S. Tritrophic interactions follow phylogenetic escalation and climatic adaptation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2074. [PMID: 32034273 PMCID: PMC7005781 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59068-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
One major goal in plant evolutionary ecology is to address how and why tritrophic interactions mediated by phytochemical plant defences vary across species, space, and time. In this study, we tested three classical hypotheses about plant defences: (i) the resource-availability hypothesis, (ii) the altitudinal/elevational gradient hypothesis and (iii) the defence escalation hypothesis. For this purpose, predatory soil nematodes were challenged to hunt for root herbivores based on volatile cues from damaged or intact roots of 18 Alpine Festuca grass species adapted to distinct climatic niches spanning 2000 meters of elevation. We found that adaptation into harsh, nutrient-limited alpine environments coincided with the production of specific blends of volatiles, highly attractive for nematodes. We also found that recently-diverged taxa exposed to herbivores released higher amounts of volatiles than ancestrally-diverged species. Therefore, our model provides evidence that belowground indirect plant defences associated with tritrophic interactions have evolved under two classical hypotheses in plant ecology. While phylogenetic drivers of volatile emissions point to the defence-escalation hypothesis, plant local adaptation of indirect defences is in line with the resource availability hypothesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alan Kergunteuil
- Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
- INRAE, UMR Laboratoire d'Agronomie et Environnement, Vandoeuvre-lès, 54518, Nancy, France
| | - Laureline Humair
- Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Anne-Laure Maire
- Botanical Garden Neuchâtel, Chemin du Pertuis-du-Sault 58, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - María Fernanda Moreno-Aguilar
- Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Escuela Politécnica Superior de Huesca, Universidad de Zaragoza, Ctra. Cuarte km 1, 22071, Huesca, Spain
| | - Adrienne Godschalx
- INRAE, UMR Laboratoire d'Agronomie et Environnement, Vandoeuvre-lès, 54518, Nancy, France
| | - Pilar Catalán
- Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Escuela Politécnica Superior de Huesca, Universidad de Zaragoza, Ctra. Cuarte km 1, 22071, Huesca, Spain
- Grupo de Bioquímica, Biofísica y Biología Computacional (BIFI, UNIZAR), Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Zaragoza, Spain
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biology, Tomsk State University, Lenin Av. 36, Tomsk, 634050, Russia
| | - Sergio Rasmann
- Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
219
|
Liu X, Chen L, Liu M, García‐Guzmán G, Gilbert GS, Zhou S. Dilution effect of plant diversity on infectious diseases: latitudinal trend and biological context dependence. OIKOS 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.07027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Coastal Ecosystems Research Station of the Yangtze River Estuary, Shanghai Inst. of Eco‐Chongming (SIEC), and School of Life Sciences, Fudan Univ. 2005 Songhu Road CN‐200438 Shanghai PR China
| | - Lifan Chen
- School of Arts and Sciences, Shanghai Univ. of Medicine and Health Sciences Shanghai PR China
| | - Mu Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Coastal Ecosystems Research Station of the Yangtze River Estuary, Shanghai Inst. of Eco‐Chongming (SIEC), and School of Life Sciences, Fudan Univ. 2005 Songhu Road CN‐200438 Shanghai PR China
| | | | | | - Shurong Zhou
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Coastal Ecosystems Research Station of the Yangtze River Estuary, Shanghai Inst. of Eco‐Chongming (SIEC), and School of Life Sciences, Fudan Univ. 2005 Songhu Road CN‐200438 Shanghai PR China
| |
Collapse
|
220
|
Briscoe Runquist RD, Gorton AJ, Yoder JB, Deacon NJ, Grossman JJ, Kothari S, Lyons MP, Sheth SN, Tiffin P, Moeller DA. Context Dependence of Local Adaptation to Abiotic and Biotic Environments: A Quantitative and Qualitative Synthesis. Am Nat 2020; 195:412-431. [PMID: 32097038 DOI: 10.1086/707322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Understanding how spatially variable selection shapes adaptation is an area of long-standing interest in evolutionary ecology. Recent meta-analyses have quantified the extent of local adaptation, but the relative importance of abiotic and biotic factors in driving population divergence remains poorly understood. To address this gap, we combined a quantitative meta-analysis and a qualitative metasynthesis to (1) quantify the magnitude of local adaptation to abiotic and biotic factors and (2) characterize major themes that influence the motivation and design of experiments that seek to test for local adaptation. Using local-foreign contrasts as a metric of local adaptation (or maladaptation), we found that local adaptation was greater in the presence than in the absence of a biotic interactor, especially for plants. We also found that biotic environments had stronger effects on fitness than abiotic environments when ignoring whether those environments were local versus foreign. Finally, biotic effects were stronger at low latitudes, and abiotic effects were stronger at high latitudes. Our qualitative analysis revealed that the lens through which local adaptation has been examined differs for abiotic and biotic factors. It also revealed biases in the design and implementation of experiments that make quantitative results challenging to interpret and provided directions for future research.
Collapse
|
221
|
Baskett CA, Schroeder L, Weber MG, Schemske DW. Multiple metrics of latitudinal patterns in insect pollination and herbivory for a tropical‐temperate congener pair. ECOL MONOGR 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carina A. Baskett
- Department of Plant Biology Ecology, Evolutionary Biology, and Behavior Program Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan 48824 USA
| | - Lucy Schroeder
- Department of Plant Biology Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan 48824 USA
| | - Marjorie G. Weber
- Department of Plant Biology Ecology, Evolutionary Biology, and Behavior Program Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan 48824 USA
| | - Douglas W. Schemske
- Department of Plant Biology Ecology, Evolutionary Biology, and Behavior Program Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan 48824 USA
- W.K. Kellogg Biological Station Michigan State University Hickory Corners Michigan 49060 USA
| |
Collapse
|
222
|
Hidasi-Neto J, Bini LM, Siqueira T, Cianciaruso MV. Ecological similarity explains species abundance distribution of small mammal communities. ACTA OECOLOGICA-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2019.103502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
223
|
Wu H, Ding J. Abiotic and Biotic Determinants of Plant Diversity in Aquatic Communities Invaded by Water Hyacinth [ Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms]. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1306. [PMID: 32983196 PMCID: PMC7477091 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Rapid global environmental changes could exacerbate the impacts of invasive plants on indigenous plant diversity, especially for freshwater ecosystems characterized by relatively simple plant community structures with low bioresistance. However, the abiotic and biotic determinants of plant diversity in aquatic invaded habitats remain unclear. In this study, we measured four α-species diversity indices (the Patrick richness index, Shannon-Wiener diversity index, Simpson diversity index, and Pielou evenness index) in aquatic plant communities invaded by Eichhornia crassipes in southern China. We also recorded eight environmental parameters of these communities (longitude, latitude, elevation, dissolved oxygen, water conductivity, nitrate nitrogen, temperature, and precipitation), together with nine biotic traits of E. crassipes [abundance, invasion cover, height, total carbon (C) content of the leaves and stems, total nitrogen (N) content of the leaves and stems, and the C:N ratio of leaves and stems]. We then used regression analysis and redundancy analysis (RDA) to determine the dominant factors related to plant diversity. We found that the environment significantly affected E. crassipes abundance, height, coverage, stem carbon, and tissue nitrogen, while the leaf C:N stoichiometric ratio was relatively stable. Increasing longitude significantly increased plant diversity, while elevated dissolved oxygen and precipitation slightly improved plant diversity, but increased elevation caused negative effects. E. crassipes invasion significantly decreased all four diversity indices. Increases in E. crassipes coverage and leaf C:N strongly decreased plant diversity, and increased abundance slightly decreased diversity. Our study indicates that both the changing water environment and the properties of the aquatic invasive plants could have significant impacts on plant diversity. Thus, more attention should be paid to aquatic invasion assessment in lower longitudinal regions with lower native hydrophyte diversity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
| | - Jianqing Ding
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- *Correspondence: Jianqing Ding,
| |
Collapse
|
224
|
Tai KC, Shrestha M, Dyer AG, Yang EC, Wang CN. Floral Color Diversity: How Are Signals Shaped by Elevational Gradient on the Tropical-Subtropical Mountainous Island of Taiwan? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:582784. [PMID: 33391297 PMCID: PMC7773721 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.582784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Pollinators with different vision are a key driver of flower coloration. Islands provide important insights into evolutionary processes, and previous work suggests islands may have restricted flower colors. Due to both species richness with high endemism in tropical-subtropical environments, and potentially changing pollinator distributions with altitude, we evaluated flower color diversity across the mountainous island of Taiwan in a comparative framework to understand the cause of color diversity. We sampled flower color signaling on the tropical-subtropical island of Taiwan considering altitudes from sea level to 3300 m to inform how over-dispersion, random processes or clustering may influence flower signaling. We employed a model of bee color space to plot loci from 727 species to enable direct comparisons to data sets from continental studies representing Northern and Southern Hemispheres, and also a continental mountain region. We observed that flower color diversity was similar to flowers that exist in mainland continental studies, and also showed evidence that flowers predominantly had evolved color signals that closely matched bee color preferences. At high altitudes floras tend to be phylogenetically clustered rather than over-dispersed, and their floral colors exhibited weak phylogenetic signal which is consistent with character displacement that facilitated the co-existence of related species. Overall flower color signaling on a tropical-subtropical island is mainly influenced by color preferences of key bee pollinators, a pattern consistent with continental studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- King-Chun Tai
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mani Shrestha
- School of Media and Communication, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- *Correspondence: Mani Shrestha, ;
| | - Adrian G. Dyer
- School of Media and Communication, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - En-Cheng Yang
- Department of Entomology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Neng Wang
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Chun-Neng Wang,
| |
Collapse
|
225
|
Silvestro D, Castiglione S, Mondanaro A, Serio C, Melchionna M, Piras P, Di Febbraro M, Carotenuto F, Rook L, Raia P. A 450 million years long latitudinal gradient in age-dependent extinction. Ecol Lett 2019; 23:439-446. [PMID: 31854097 PMCID: PMC7027860 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Leigh Van Valen famously stated that under constant conditions extinction probability is independent of species age. To test this 'law of constant extinction', we developed a new method using deep learning to infer age‐dependent extinction and analysed 450 myr of marine life across 21 invertebrate clades. We show that extinction rate significantly decreases with age in > 90% of the cases, indicating that most species died out soon after their appearance while those which survived experienced ever decreasing extinction risk. This age‐dependent extinction pattern is stronger towards the Equator and holds true when the potential effects of mass extinctions and taxonomic inflation are accounted for. These results suggest that the effect of biological interactions on age‐dependent extinction rate is more intense towards the tropics. We propose that the latitudinal diversity gradient and selection at the species level account for this exceptional, yet little recognised, macroevolutionary and macroecological pattern.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Silvestro
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Castiglione
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, dell'Ambiente e delle Risorse, Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cinthia, 21, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Alessandro Mondanaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, dell'Ambiente e delle Risorse, Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cinthia, 21, 80126, Napoli, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Via G. La Pira, 4, 50121, Firenze, Italy
| | - Carmela Serio
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, dell'Ambiente e delle Risorse, Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cinthia, 21, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Marina Melchionna
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, dell'Ambiente e delle Risorse, Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cinthia, 21, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Paolo Piras
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cardiovascolari, Respiratorie, Nefrologiche, Anestesiologiche e Geriatriche, "Sapienza", Rome, Italy.,Dipartimento di Ingegneria Strutturale e Geotecnica, Sapienza, Università di Roma, Via Eudossiana 18, 00100, Rome, Italy.,Università di Roma, Via del Policlinico 155, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Mirko Di Febbraro
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze e Territorio, University of Molise, C. da Fonte Lappone 15, 86090, Pesche, IS, Italy
| | - Francesco Carotenuto
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, dell'Ambiente e delle Risorse, Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cinthia, 21, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Rook
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Via G. La Pira, 4, 50121, Firenze, Italy
| | - Pasquale Raia
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, dell'Ambiente e delle Risorse, Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cinthia, 21, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
226
|
Freestone AL, Carroll EW, Papacostas KJ, Ruiz GM, Torchin ME, Sewall BJ. Predation shapes invertebrate diversity in tropical but not temperate seagrass communities. J Anim Ecol 2019; 89:323-333. [PMID: 31671206 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The hypothesis that biotic interactions are stronger at lower relative to higher latitudes has a rich history, drawing from ecological and evolutionary theory. While this hypothesis suggests that stronger interactions at lower latitudes may contribute to the maintenance of contemporary patterns of diversity, there remain few standardized biogeographic comparisons of community effects of species interactions. Using marine seagrasses as a focal ecosystem of conservation importance and sessile marine invertebrates as model prey, we tested the hypothesis that predation is stronger at lower latitudes and can shape contemporary patterns of prey diversity. To further advance understanding beyond prior studies, we also explored mechanisms that likely underlie a change in interaction outcomes with latitude. Multiple observational and experimental approaches were employed to test for effects of predators, and the mechanisms that may underlie these effects, in seagrass ecosystems of the western Atlantic Ocean spanning 30° of latitude from the temperate zone to the tropics. In predator exclusion experiments conducted in a temperate and a tropical region, predation decreased sessile invertebrate abundance, richness and diversity on both natural and standardized artificial seagrass at tropical but not temperate sites. Further, predation reduced invertebrate richness at both local and regional scales in the tropics. Additional experiments demonstrated that predation reduced invertebrate recruitment in the tropics but not the temperate zone. Finally, direct observations of predators showed higher but variable consumption rates on invertebrates at tropical relative to temperate latitudes. Together, these results demonstrate that strong predation in the tropics can have consequential impacts on prey communities through discrete effects on early life stages as well as longer-term cumulative effects on community structure and diversity. Our detailed experiments also provide some of the first data linking large-scale biogeographic patterns, community-scale interaction outcomes and direct observation of predators in the temperate zone and tropics. Therefore, our results support the hypothesis that predation is stronger in the tropics, but also elucidate some of the causes and consequences of this variation in shaping contemporary patterns of diversity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Freestone
- Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD, USA.,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancon, Republic of Panama
| | | | | | - Gregory M Ruiz
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD, USA
| | - Mark E Torchin
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancon, Republic of Panama
| | - Brent J Sewall
- Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
227
|
Bower LM, Winemiller KO. Intercontinental trends in functional and phylogenetic structure of stream fish assemblages. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:13862-13876. [PMID: 31938487 PMCID: PMC6953669 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding of community assembly has been improved by phylogenetic and trait-based approaches, yet there is little consensus regarding the relative importance of alternative mechanisms and few studies have been done at large geographic and phylogenetic scales. Here, we use phylogenetic and trait dispersion approaches to determine the relative contribution of limiting similarity and environmental filtering to community assembly of stream fishes at an intercontinental scale. We sampled stream fishes from five zoogeographic regions. Analysis of traits associated with habitat use, feeding, or both resulted in more occurrences of trait underdispersion than overdispersion regardless of spatial scale or species pool. Our results suggest that environmental filtering and, to a lesser extent, species interactions were important mechanisms of community assembly for fishes inhabiting small, low-gradient streams in all five regions. However, a large proportion of the trait dispersion values were no different from random. This suggests that stochastic factors or opposing assembly mechanisms also influenced stream fish assemblages and their trait dispersion patterns. Local assemblages tended to have lower functional diversity in microhabitats with high water velocity, shallow water depth, and homogeneous substrates lacking structural complexity, lending support for the stress-dominance hypothesis. A high prevalence of functional underdispersion coupled with phylogenetic underdispersion could reflect phylogenetic niche conservatism and/or stabilizing selection. These findings imply that environmental filtering of stream fish assemblages is not only deterministic, but also influences assemblage structure in a fairly consistent manner worldwide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luke M. Bower
- Department of Wildlife and Fisheries SciencesTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTXUSA
| | - Kirk O. Winemiller
- Department of Wildlife and Fisheries SciencesTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTXUSA
| |
Collapse
|
228
|
Galmán A, Abdala-Roberts L, Covelo F, Rasmann S, Moreira X. Parallel increases in insect herbivory and defenses with increasing elevation for both saplings and adult trees of oak (Quercus) species. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2019; 106:1558-1565. [PMID: 31724166 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Herbivory is predicted to increase toward warmer and more stable climates found at lower elevations, and this increase should select for higher plant defenses. Still, a number of recent studies have reported either no evidence of such gradients or reverse patterns. One source of inconsistency may be that plant ontogenetic variation is usually not accounted for and may influence levels of plant defenses and herbivory. METHODS We tested for elevational gradients in insect leaf herbivory and leaf traits putatively associated with herbivore resistance across eight oak (Quercus, Fagaceae) species and compared these patterns for saplings and adult trees. To this end, we surveyed insect leaf herbivory and leaf traits (phenolic compounds, toughness and nutrients) in naturally occurring populations of each oak species at low-, mid- or high-elevation sites throughout the Iberian Peninsula. RESULTS Leaf herbivory and chemical defenses (lignins) were unexpectedly higher at mid- and high-elevation sites than at low-elevation sites. In addition, leaf chemical defenses (lignins and condensed tannins) were higher for saplings than adult trees, whereas herbivory did not significantly differ between ontogenetic stages. Overall, elevational variation in herbivory and plant chemical defenses were consistent across ontogenetic stages (i.e., elevational gradients were not contingent upon tree ontogeny), and herbivory and leaf traits were not associated across elevations. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest disassociated patterns of elevational variation in herbivory and leaf traits, which, in turn, are independent of plant ontogenetic stage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Galmán
- Misión Biológica de Galicia (MBG-CSIC), Apartado de correos 28, 36080, Pontevedra, Galicia, Spain
| | - Luis Abdala-Roberts
- Departamento de Ecología Tropical, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Apartado Postal 4-116, Itzimná, 97000, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Felisa Covelo
- Departamento de Sistemas Físicos, Químicos y Naturales, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Carretera de Utrera km. 1, 41013, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Sergio Rasmann
- Institute of Biology, Laboratory of Functional Ecology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Xoaquín Moreira
- Misión Biológica de Galicia (MBG-CSIC), Apartado de correos 28, 36080, Pontevedra, Galicia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
229
|
Zvereva EL, Castagneyrol B, Cornelissen T, Forsman A, Hernández‐Agüero JA, Klemola T, Paolucci L, Polo V, Salinas N, Theron KJ, Xu G, Zverev V, Kozlov MV. Opposite latitudinal patterns for bird and arthropod predation revealed in experiments with differently colored artificial prey. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:14273-14285. [PMID: 31938518 PMCID: PMC6953658 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The strength of biotic interactions is generally thought to increase toward the equator, but support for this hypothesis is contradictory. We explored whether predator attacks on artificial prey of eight different colors vary among climates and whether this variation affects the detection of latitudinal patterns in predation. Bird attack rates negatively correlated with model luminance in cold and temperate environments, but not in tropical environments. Bird predation on black and on white (extremes in luminance) models demonstrated different latitudinal patterns, presumably due to differences in prey conspicuousness between habitats with different light regimes. When attacks on models of all colors were combined, arthropod predation decreased, whereas bird predation increased with increasing latitude. We conclude that selection for prey coloration may vary geographically and according to predator identity, and that the importance of different predators may show contrasting patterns, thus weakening the overall latitudinal trend in top-down control of herbivorous insects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tatiana Cornelissen
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e EvoluçãoUniversidade Federal de Minas GeraisBelo HorizonteBrazil
| | - Anders Forsman
- Department of Biology and Environmental ScienceLinnaeus UniversityKalmarSweden
| | | | - Tero Klemola
- Department of BiologyUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
| | - Lucas Paolucci
- Setor de Ecologia e ConservaçãoDepartamento de BiologiaUniversidade Federal de LavrasLavrasBrazil
- Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da AmazôniaBrasíliaBrazil
- Departamento de Biologia GeralUniversidade Federal de Viçosa, Campus UniversitárioViçosaBrazil
| | - Vicente Polo
- Department of Biology and Geology, Physics and Inorganic ChemistryUniversity Rey Juan CarlosMóstolesSpain
| | - Norma Salinas
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Naturaleza, Territorio y Energías RenovablesPontificia Universidad Católica del PerúLimaPeru
| | - Kasselman Jurie Theron
- Department of Conservation Ecology and EntomologyStellenbosch UniversityMatielandSouth Africa
| | - Guorui Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest EcologyXishuangbanna Tropical Botanical GardenChinese Academy of SciencesMenglunChina
| | - Vitali Zverev
- Department of BiologyUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
| | | |
Collapse
|
230
|
Environmental ranges estimated from species distribution models are not good predictors of lizard and frog physiological tolerances. Evol Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-019-10022-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
231
|
Lu X, He M, Tang S, Wu Y, Shao X, Wei H, Siemann E, Ding J. Herbivory may promote a non-native plant invasion at low but not high latitudes. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2019; 124:819-827. [PMID: 31318017 PMCID: PMC6868397 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcz121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The strengths of biotic interactions such as herbivory are expected to decrease with increasing latitude for native species. To what extent this applies to invasive species and what the consequences of this variation are for competition among native and invasive species remain unexplored. Here, herbivore impacts on the invasive plant Alternanthera philoxeroides and its competition with the native congener A. sessilis were estimated across latitudes in China. METHODS An common garden experiment spanning ten latitudinal degrees was conducted to test how herbivore impacts on A. philoxeroides and A. sessilis, and competition between them change with latitude. In addition, a field survey was conducted from 21°N to 36.8°N to test whether A. philoxeroides invasiveness changes with latitude in nature as a result of variations in herbivory. KEY RESULTS In the experiment, A. sessilis cover was significantly higher than A. philoxeroides cover when they competed in the absence of herbivores, but otherwise their cover was comparable at low latitude. However, A. philoxeroides cover was always higher on average than A. sessilis cover at middle latitude. At high latitude, only A. sessilis emerged in the second year. Herbivore abundance decreased with latitude and A. philoxeroides emerged earlier than A. sessilis at middle latitude. In the field survey, the ratio of A. philoxeroides to A. sessilis cover was hump shaped with latitude. CONCLUSION These results indicate that herbivory may promote A. philoxeroides invasion only at low latitude by altering the outcome of competition in favour of the invader and point to the importance of other factors, such as earlier emergence, in A. philoxeroides invasion at higher latitudes. These results suggest that the key factors promoting plant invasions might change with latitude, highlighting the importance of teasing apart the roles of multiple factors in plant invasions within a biogeographic framework.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinmin Lu
- College of Plant Sciences & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- For correspondence. E-mail ,
| | - Minyan He
- Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Saichun Tang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Plant Conservation and Restoration Ecology in Karst Terrain, Guangxi Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Yuqing Wu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xu Shao
- Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hui Wei
- Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Evan Siemann
- Biosciences Department, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jianqing Ding
- College of Plant Sciences & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
| |
Collapse
|
232
|
Mendoza M, Araújo MB. Climate shapes mammal community trophic structures and humans simplify them. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5197. [PMID: 31729393 PMCID: PMC6858300 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12995-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nature’s complexity is intriguing, but the circumstances determining whether or how order emerges from such complexity remains a matter of extensive research. Using the geographical distributions and food preferences of all terrestrial mammal species with masses >3 kg, we show that large mammals group into feeding guilds (species exploiting similar resources) and that these guilds form trophic structures that vary across biomes globally. We identify five trophic structures closely matching climate variability and named them boreal, temperate, semiarid, seasonal tropical and humid tropical owing to their relative overlap with the distribution of biomes. We also find that human activities simplify trophic structures, generally transitioning them to species-poorer states. Detected transitions include boreal and temperate structures becoming depauperate or seasonal- and humid-tropical becoming semiarid. Whether the observed generalities among trophic structures of large mammals are indicative of patterns across whole food webs is matter for further investigation. The results help refine projections of the effects of environmental change on the trophic structure of large mammals. Broad scale patterns in the distribution of animal community functional properties could be determined by climate and disrupted by human activities. Here the authors show global patterns in large-mammal trophic structure related to climate variation, which human activities simplify in predictable ways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Mendoza
- Departamento de Biogeografía y Cambio Global, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, c/ Jose Gutierrez Abascal, 2, 28006, Madrid, Spain. .,Rui Nabeiro Biodiversity Chair, MED Institute, Universidade de Évora, Largo dos Colegiais, 7000, Évora, Portugal.
| | - Miguel B Araújo
- Departamento de Biogeografía y Cambio Global, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, c/ Jose Gutierrez Abascal, 2, 28006, Madrid, Spain. .,Rui Nabeiro Biodiversity Chair, MED Institute, Universidade de Évora, Largo dos Colegiais, 7000, Évora, Portugal. .,Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
233
|
Brzeziński M, Żmihorski M, Nieoczym M, Wilniewczyc P, Zalewski A. The expansion wave of an invasive predator leaves declining waterbird populations behind. DIVERS DISTRIB 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Michał Żmihorski
- Mammal Research Institute Polish Academy of Sciences Białowieża Poland
| | - Marek Nieoczym
- Department of Zoology and Animal Ecology University of Life Sciences Lublin Poland
| | | | - Andrzej Zalewski
- Mammal Research Institute Polish Academy of Sciences Białowieża Poland
| |
Collapse
|
234
|
Aristov D, Varfolomeeva M. Moon snails Amauropsis islandica can shape the population of Baltic clams Limecola balthica by size-selective predation in the high-latitude White Sea. Polar Biol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-019-02597-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
235
|
Cobian GM, Egan CP, Amend AS. Plant-microbe specificity varies as a function of elevation. THE ISME JOURNAL 2019; 13:2778-2788. [PMID: 31300724 PMCID: PMC6794252 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-019-0470-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Specialized associations between interacting species fundamentally determine the diversity and distribution of both partners. How the specialization of guilds of organisms varies along environmental gradients underpins popular theories of biogeography and macroecology, whereas the degree of specialization of a species is typically considered fixed. However, the extent to which environmental context impacts specialization dynamics is seldom examined empirically. In this study, we examine how specialization within a bipartite network consisting of three co-occurring plant species and their foliar fungal endophyte symbionts changes along a 1000-meter elevation gradient where host species were held constant. The gradient, along the slope of Mauna Loa shield volcano, represents almost the entire elevational range of two of the three plants. Network and plant specialization values displayed a parabolic relationship with elevation, and were highest at middle elevations, whereas bipartite associations were least specific at low and high elevations. Shannon's diversity of fungal endophytes correlated negatively with specificity, and was highest at the ends of the transects. Although plant host was a strong determinant of fungal community composition within sites, fungal species turnover was high among sites. There was no evidence of spatial or elevational patterning in fungal community compositon. Our work demonstrates that specificity can be a plastic trait, which is influenced by the environment and centrality of the host within its natural range.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerald M Cobian
- Department of Botany, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Cameron P Egan
- Pacific Biosciences Research Center, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Anthony S Amend
- Department of Botany, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
236
|
Gripenberg S, Basset Y, Lewis OT, Terry JCD, Wright SJ, Simón I, Fernández DC, Cedeño‐Sanchez M, Rivera M, Barrios H, Brown JW, Calderón O, Cognato AI, Kim J, Miller SE, Morse GE, Pinzón‐Navarro S, Quicke DLJ, Robbins RK, Salminen J, Vesterinen E. A highly resolved food web for insect seed predators in a species-rich tropical forest. Ecol Lett 2019; 22:1638-1649. [PMID: 31359570 PMCID: PMC6852488 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The top-down and indirect effects of insects on plant communities depend on patterns of host use, which are often poorly documented, particularly in species-rich tropical forests. At Barro Colorado Island, Panama, we compiled the first food web quantifying trophic interactions between the majority of co-occurring woody plant species and their internally feeding insect seed predators. Our study is based on more than 200 000 fruits representing 478 plant species, associated with 369 insect species. Insect host-specificity was remarkably high: only 20% of seed predator species were associated with more than one plant species, while each tree species experienced seed predation from a median of two insect species. Phylogeny, but not plant traits, explained patterns of seed predator attack. These data suggest that seed predators are unlikely to mediate indirect interactions such as apparent competition between plant species, but are consistent with their proposed contribution to maintaining plant diversity via the Janzen-Connell mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Gripenberg
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of ReadingReadingUK
- Smithsonian Tropical Research InstituteBalboaRepublic of Panama
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Biodiversity UnitUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
| | - Yves Basset
- ForestGEOSmithsonian Tropical Research InstituteBalboaRepublic of Panama
- Faculty of ScienceUniversity of South BohemiaCeske BudejoviceCzech Republic
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of SciencesInstitute of EntomologyCeske BudejoviceCzech Republic
- Maestria de EntomologiaUniversidad de PanamáPanamaRepublic of Panama
| | | | | | | | - Indira Simón
- Smithsonian Tropical Research InstituteBalboaRepublic of Panama
| | | | | | - Marleny Rivera
- Smithsonian Tropical Research InstituteBalboaRepublic of Panama
- Maestria de EntomologiaUniversidad de PanamáPanamaRepublic of Panama
| | - Héctor Barrios
- Maestria de EntomologiaUniversidad de PanamáPanamaRepublic of Panama
| | - John W. Brown
- National Museum of Natural HistorySmithsonian InstitutionWashington, DCUSA
| | | | | | - Jorma Kim
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
| | - Scott E. Miller
- National Museum of Natural HistorySmithsonian InstitutionWashington, DCUSA
| | | | | | - Donald L. J. Quicke
- Integrative Ecology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of ScienceChulalongkorn UniversityBangkokThailand
| | - Robert K. Robbins
- National Museum of Natural HistorySmithsonian InstitutionWashington, DCUSA
| | | | - Eero Vesterinen
- Biodiversity UnitUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
- Department of EcologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
| |
Collapse
|
237
|
Ceron K, Oliveira‐Santos LGR, Souza CS, Mesquita DO, Caldas FLS, Araujo AC, Santana DJ. Global patterns in anuran–prey networks: structure mediated by latitude. OIKOS 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.06621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karoline Ceron
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Inst. de Biociências, Univ. Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Cidade Universitária CEP 79002‐970 Campo Grande Mato Grosso do Sul Brazil
| | | | - Camila S. Souza
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Inst. de Biociências, Univ. Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Cidade Universitária CEP 79002‐970 Campo Grande Mato Grosso do Sul Brazil
- Campus Centro Politécnico, Depto de Botânica, Univ. Federal do Paraná Curitiba Paraná Brazil
| | - Daniel O. Mesquita
- Depto de Sistemática e Ecologia, Univ. Federal da Paraíba, Cidade Universitária João Pessoa Paraíba Brazil
| | | | - Andréa C. Araujo
- Inst. de Biociências, Univ. Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Cidade Universitária Campo Grande Mato Grosso do Sul Brazil
| | - Diego J. Santana
- Inst. de Biociências, Univ. Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Cidade Universitária Campo Grande Mato Grosso do Sul Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
238
|
Spatio-temporal climate change contributes to latitudinal diversity gradients. Nat Ecol Evol 2019; 3:1419-1429. [DOI: 10.1038/s41559-019-0962-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
|
239
|
Reynolds PL, Stachowicz JJ, Hovel K, Boström C, Boyer K, Cusson M, Eklöf JS, Engel FG, Engelen AH, Eriksson BK, Fodrie FJ, Griffin JN, Hereu CM, Hori M, Hanley TC, Ivanov M, Jorgensen P, Kruschel C, Lee KS, McGlathery K, Moksnes PO, Nakaoka M, O'Connor MI, O'Connor NE, Orth RJ, Rossi F, Ruesink J, Sotka EE, Thormar J, Tomas F, Unsworth RKF, Whalen MA, Duffy JE. Latitude, temperature, and habitat complexity predict predation pressure in eelgrass beds across the Northern Hemisphere. Ecology 2019; 99:29-35. [PMID: 29083472 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Latitudinal gradients in species interactions are widely cited as potential causes or consequences of global patterns of biodiversity. However, mechanistic studies documenting changes in interactions across broad geographic ranges are limited. We surveyed predation intensity on common prey (live amphipods and gastropods) in communities of eelgrass (Zostera marina) at 48 sites across its Northern Hemisphere range, encompassing over 37° of latitude and four continental coastlines. Predation on amphipods declined with latitude on all coasts but declined more strongly along western ocean margins where temperature gradients are steeper. Whereas in situ water temperature at the time of the experiments was uncorrelated with predation, mean annual temperature strongly positively predicted predation, suggesting a more complex mechanism than simply increased metabolic activity at the time of predation. This large-scale biogeographic pattern was modified by local habitat characteristics; predation declined with higher shoot density both among and within sites. Predation rates on gastropods, by contrast, were uniformly low and varied little among sites. The high replication and geographic extent of our study not only provides additional evidence to support biogeographic variation in predation intensity, but also insight into the mechanisms that relate temperature and biogeographic gradients in species interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pamela L Reynolds
- Data Science Initiative, University of California, Davis, California, 95616, USA.,Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, California, 95616, USA.,Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William & Mary, Gloucester Point, Virginia, 23062, USA
| | - John J Stachowicz
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, California, 95616, USA
| | - Kevin Hovel
- Department of Biology, Coastal & Marine Institute, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, 92182, USA
| | | | - Katharyn Boyer
- San Francisco State University, San Francisco, California, 94132, USA
| | - Mathieu Cusson
- Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, Québec, G7H 2B1, Canada
| | | | - Friederike G Engel
- University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Kiel, Germany
| | | | | | - F Joel Fodrie
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Morehead City, North Carolina, 28557, USA
| | - John N Griffin
- College of Science, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Clara M Hereu
- Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Masakazu Hori
- National Research Institute of Fisheries and Environment of Inland Sea (FEIS) Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency (FRA) Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima, 739-0452, Japan
| | - Torrance C Hanley
- Northeastern University Marine Science Center, Nahant, Massachusetts, 01908, USA
| | | | - Pablo Jorgensen
- Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico.,Geomare, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
| | | | | | | | - Per-Olav Moksnes
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Masahiro Nakaoka
- Akkeshi Marine Station, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Akkeshi, Hokkaido, 088-1113, Japan
| | - Mary I O'Connor
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | | | - Robert J Orth
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William & Mary, Gloucester Point, Virginia, 23062, USA
| | - Francesca Rossi
- CNRS, UMR 9190 MARBEC, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Erik E Sotka
- College of Charleston, Charleston, South Carolina, 29412, USA
| | | | - Fiona Tomas
- Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331, USA.,Instituto Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados, Illes Balears UIB-CSIC, Spain
| | | | - Matthew A Whalen
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, California, 95616, USA
| | - J Emmett Duffy
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William & Mary, Gloucester Point, Virginia, 23062, USA.,Tennenbaum Marine Observatories Network, Smithsonian Institution, Edgewater, Maryland, 21037, USA
| |
Collapse
|
240
|
Yakovis E, Artemieva A. Epibenthic predators control mobile macrofauna associated with a foundation species in a subarctic subtidal community. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:10499-10512. [PMID: 31624563 PMCID: PMC6787839 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Foundation species (FS) are strong facilitators providing habitat for numerous dependent organisms. The communities shaped by FS are commonly structured by interplay of facilitation and consumer control. Predators or grazers often indirectly determine community structure eliminating either FS or their principal competitors. Alternatively, they can prey on the dependent taxa directly, which is generally buffered by FS via forming complex habitats with numerous refuges. The latter case has been never investigated at high latitudes, where consumer control is widely considered weak. We manipulated the presence of common epibenthic crustacean predators to assess their effect on mobile macrofauna of the clusters developed by a FS (barnacle Balanus crenatus and its empty tests) in the White Sea shallow subtidal (65° N). While predation pressure on the FS itself here is low, the direct effects of a spider crab Hyas araneus and a shrimp Spirontocaris phippsii on the associated assemblages were unexpectedly strong. Removing the predators did not change species diversity, but tripled total abundance and altered multivariate community structure specifically increasing the numbers of amphipods, isopods (only affected by shrimp), and bivalves. Consumer control in the communities shaped by FS may not strictly follow the latitudinal predation gradient rule.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eugeniy Yakovis
- Invertebrate Zoology DepartmentSaint Petersburg State UniversitySaint PetersburgRussia
| | - Anna Artemieva
- Invertebrate Zoology DepartmentSaint Petersburg State UniversitySaint PetersburgRussia
| |
Collapse
|
241
|
Camacho LF, Avilés L. Decreasing Predator Density and Activity Explains Declining Predation of Insect Prey along Elevational Gradients. Am Nat 2019; 194:334-343. [DOI: 10.1086/704279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
|
242
|
Souto‐Vilarós D, Machac A, Michalek J, Darwell CT, Sisol M, Kuyaiva T, Isua B, Weiblen GD, Novotny V, Segar ST. Faster speciation of fig‐wasps than their host figs leads to decoupled speciation dynamics: Snapshots across the speciation continuum. Mol Ecol 2019; 28:3958-3976. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.15190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Souto‐Vilarós
- Faculty of Science University of South Bohemia České Budějovice Czech Republic
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences Institute of Entomology České Budějovice Czech Republic
| | - Antonin Machac
- Center for Theoretical Study Charles University and Czech Academy of Sciences Prague Czech Republic
- Department of Ecology Charles University Prague Czech Republic
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate Natural History Museum of Denmark University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
- Biodiversity Research Centre University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Jan Michalek
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences Institute of Entomology České Budějovice Czech Republic
| | | | - Mentap Sisol
- New Guinea Binatang Research Centre Madang Papua New Guinea
| | - Thomas Kuyaiva
- New Guinea Binatang Research Centre Madang Papua New Guinea
| | - Brus Isua
- New Guinea Binatang Research Centre Madang Papua New Guinea
| | - George D. Weiblen
- Institute on the Environment University of Minnesota Saint Paul MN USA
| | - Vojtech Novotny
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences Institute of Entomology České Budějovice Czech Republic
- New Guinea Binatang Research Centre Madang Papua New Guinea
| | - Simon T. Segar
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences Institute of Entomology České Budějovice Czech Republic
- Department of Crop and Environment Sciences Harper Adams University Newport UK
| |
Collapse
|
243
|
Pizano C, Kitajima K, Graham JH, Mangan SA. Negative plant-soil feedbacks are stronger in agricultural habitats than in forest fragments in the tropical Andes. Ecology 2019; 100:e02850. [PMID: 31351010 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
There is now strong evidence suggesting that interactions between plants and their species-specific antagonistic microbes can maintain native plant community diversity. In contrast, the decay in diversity in plant communities invaded by nonnative plant species might be caused by weakening negative feedback strengths, perhaps because of the increased relative importance of plant mutualists such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). Although the vast majority of studies examining plant-soil feedbacks have been conducted in a single habitat type, there are fewer studies that have tested how the strength and direction of these feedbacks change across habitats with differing dominating plants. In a fragmented montane agricultural system in Colombia, we experimentally teased apart the relative importance of AMF and non-AMF microbes (a microbial filtrate) to the strength and direction of feedbacks in both native and nonnative plant species. We hypothesized that native tree species of forest fragments would exhibit stronger negative feedbacks with a microbial filtrate that likely contained pathogens than with AMF alone, whereas nonnative plant species, especially a highly invasive dominant grass, would exhibit overall weaker negative feedbacks or even positive feedbacks regardless of the microbial type. We reciprocally inoculated each of 10 plant species separately with either the AMF community or the microbial filtrate originating from their own conspecifics, or with the AMF or microbial filtrate originating from each of the other nine heterospecific plant species. Overall, we found that the strength of negative feedback mediated by the filtrate was much stronger than feedbacks mediated by AMF. Surprisingly, we found that the two nonnative species, Urochloa brizantha and Coffea arabica, experienced stronger negative feedbacks with microbial filtrate than did the native forest tree species, suggesting that species-specific antagonistic microbes accumulate when a single host species dominates, as is the case in agricultural habitats. However, negative feedback between forest trees and agricultural species suggests that soil community dynamics may contribute to the re-establishment of native species into abandoned agricultural lands. Furthermore, our finding of no negative feedbacks among trees in forest fragments may be due to a loss in diversity of those microbes that drive diversity-maintaining processes in intact tropical forests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camila Pizano
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611, USA.,Biología de la Conservación, Cenicafé, Km4 vía antigua, Chinchiná-Manizales, Colombia
| | - Kaoru Kitajima
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611, USA.,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panama
| | - James H Graham
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, Florida, 33850, USA
| | - Scott A Mangan
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panama.,Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, 63130, USA
| |
Collapse
|
244
|
Amancio G, Aguirre-Jaimes A, Hernández-Ortiz V, Guevara R, Quesada M. Vertical and Horizontal Trophic Networks in the Aroid-Infesting Insect Community of Los Tuxtlas Biosphere Reserve, Mexico. INSECTS 2019; 10:insects10080252. [PMID: 31443212 PMCID: PMC6722588 DOI: 10.3390/insects10080252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Insect-aroid interaction studies have focused largely on pollination systems; however, few report trophic interactions with other herbivores. This study features the endophagous insect community in reproductive aroid structures of a tropical rainforest of Mexico, and the shifting that occurs along an altitudinal gradient and among different hosts. In three sites of the Los Tuxtlas Biosphere Reserve in Mexico, we surveyed eight aroid species over a yearly cycle. The insects found were reared in the laboratory, quantified and identified. Data were analyzed through species interaction networks. We recorded 34 endophagous species from 21 families belonging to four insect orders. The community was highly specialized at both network and species levels. Along the altitudinal gradient, there was a reduction in richness and a high turnover of species, while the assemblage among hosts was also highly specific, with different dominant species. Our findings suggest that intrinsic plant factors could influence their occupation, and that the coexistence of distinct insect species in the assemblage could exert a direct or indirect influence on their ability to colonize such resources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guadalupe Amancio
- Red de Interacciones Multitróficas, Instituto de Ecología A.C., Xalapa, Veracruz 91073, Mexico
| | - Armando Aguirre-Jaimes
- Red de Interacciones Multitróficas, Instituto de Ecología A.C., Xalapa, Veracruz 91073, Mexico
| | - Vicente Hernández-Ortiz
- Red de Interacciones Multitróficas, Instituto de Ecología A.C., Xalapa, Veracruz 91073, Mexico.
| | - Roger Guevara
- Red de Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología A.C., Xalapa, Veracruz 91073, Mexico
| | - Mauricio Quesada
- Laboratorio Nacional de Análisis y Síntesis Ecológica, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad Morelia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia 58190 Michoacán, Mexico
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia 58190 Michoacán, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
245
|
Lifjeld JT, Gohli J, Albrecht T, Garcia-Del-Rey E, Johannessen LE, Kleven O, Marki PZ, Omotoriogun TC, Rowe M, Johnsen A. Evolution of female promiscuity in Passerides songbirds. BMC Evol Biol 2019; 19:169. [PMID: 31412767 PMCID: PMC6694576 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-019-1493-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Female promiscuity is highly variable among birds, and particularly among songbirds. Comparative work has identified several patterns of covariation with social, sexual, ecological and life history traits. However, it is unclear whether these patterns reflect causes or consequences of female promiscuity, or if they are byproducts of some unknown evolutionary drivers. Moreover, factors that explain promiscuity at the deep nodes in the phylogenetic tree may be different from those important at the tips, i.e. among closely related species. Here we examine the relationships between female promiscuity and a broad set of predictor variables in a comprehensive data set (N = 202 species) of Passerides songbirds, which is a highly diversified infraorder of the Passeriformes exhibiting significant variation in female promiscuity. Results Female promiscuity was highly variable in all major clades of the Passerides phylogeny and also among closely related species. We found several significant associations with female promiscuity, albeit with fairly small effect sizes (all R2 ≤ 0.08). More promiscuous species had: 1) less male parental care, particularly during the early stages of the nesting cycle (nest building and incubation), 2) more short-term pair bonds, 3) greater degree of sexual dichromatism, primarily because females were drabber, 4) more migratory behaviour, and 5) stronger pre-mating sexual selection. In a multivariate model, however, the effect of sexual selection disappeared, while the other four variables showed additive effects and together explained about 16% of the total variance in female promiscuity. Female promiscuity showed no relationship with body size, life history variation, latitude or cooperative breeding. Conclusions We found that multiple traits were associated with female promiscuity, but these associations were generally weak. Some traits, such as reduced parental care in males and more cryptic plumage in females, might even be responses to, rather than causes of, variation in female promiscuity. Hence, the high variation in female promiscuity among Passerides species remains enigmatic. Female promiscuity seems to be a rapidly evolving trait that often diverges between species with similar ecologies and breeding systems. A future challenge is therefore to understand what drives within-lineage variation in female promiscuity over microevolutionary time scales. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12862-019-1493-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan T Lifjeld
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1172, Blindern, NO-0318, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Jostein Gohli
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1172, Blindern, NO-0318, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tomáš Albrecht
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Květná 8, CZ-67502, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Zoology, Charles University in Prague, Viničná 7, CZ-12844, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eduardo Garcia-Del-Rey
- Macaronesian Institute of Field Ornithology, C/ Elias Ramos Gonzalez 5, 3-H, 38001, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Lars Erik Johannessen
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1172, Blindern, NO-0318, Oslo, Norway
| | - Oddmund Kleven
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, P.O. Box 5685, Torgarden, NO-7485, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Petter Z Marki
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1172, Blindern, NO-0318, Oslo, Norway.,Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Taiwo C Omotoriogun
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1172, Blindern, NO-0318, Oslo, Norway.,A.P. Leventis Ornithological Research Institute, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria.,Biotechnology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, Elizade University, P.M.B. 002, Ilara-Mokin, Ondo State, Nigeria
| | - Melissah Rowe
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1172, Blindern, NO-0318, Oslo, Norway.,Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1066, Blindern, NO-0316, Oslo, Norway
| | - Arild Johnsen
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1172, Blindern, NO-0318, Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
246
|
Forrister DL, Endara MJ, Younkin GC, Coley PD, Kursar TA. Herbivores as drivers of negative density dependence in tropical forest saplings. Science 2019; 363:1213-1216. [PMID: 30872524 DOI: 10.1126/science.aau9460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Ecological theory predicts that the high local diversity observed in tropical forests is maintained by negative density-dependent interactions within and between closely related plant species. By using long-term data on tree growth and survival for coexisting Inga (Fabaceae, Mimosoideae) congeners, we tested two mechanisms thought to underlie negative density dependence (NDD): competition for resources and attack by herbivores. We quantified the similarity of neighbors in terms of key ecological traits that mediate these interactions, as well as the similarity of herbivore communities. We show that phytochemical similarity and shared herbivore communities are associated with decreased growth and survival at the sapling stage, a key bottleneck in the life cycle of tropical trees. None of the traits associated with resource acquisition affect plant performance, indicating that competition between neighbors may not shape local tree diversity. These results suggest that herbivore pressure is the primary mechanism driving NDD at the sapling stage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dale L Forrister
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - María-José Endara
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Centro de Investigación de la Biodiversidad y Cambio Climático (BioCamb) e Ingeniería en Biodiversidad y Recursos Genéticos. Facultad de Ciencias de Medio Ambiente, Universidad Tecnológica Indoamérica, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Gordon C Younkin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Phyllis D Coley
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancón, Republic of Panamá
| | - Thomas A Kursar
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancón, Republic of Panamá
| |
Collapse
|
247
|
Chomicki G, Weber M, Antonelli A, Bascompte J, Kiers ET. The Impact of Mutualisms on Species Richness. Trends Ecol Evol 2019; 34:698-711. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
248
|
Abdala-Roberts L, Quijano-Medina T, Moreira X, Vázquez-González C, Parra-Tabla V, Berny Mier Y Terán JC, Grandi L, Glauser G, Turlings TCJ, Benrey B. Bottom-up control of geographic variation in insect herbivory on wild cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) by plant defenses and climate. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2019; 106:1059-1067. [PMID: 31322738 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE The occurrence and amount of herbivory are shaped by bottom-up forces, primarily plant traits (e.g., defenses), and by abiotic factors. Addressing these concurrent effects in a spatial context has been useful in efforts to understand the mechanisms governing variation in plant-herbivore interactions. Still, few studies have evaluated the simultaneous influence of multiple sources of bottom-up variation on spatial variation in herbivory. METHODS We tested to what extent chemical (phenolics, production of terpenoid glands) and physical (pubescence) defensive plant traits and climatic factors are associated with variation in herbivory by leaf-chewing insects across populations of wild cotton (Gossypium hirsutum). RESULTS We found substantial population variation in cotton leaf defenses and insect leaf herbivory. Leaf pubescence, but not gossypol gland density or phenolic content, was significantly negatively associated with herbivory by leaf-chewing insects. In addition, there were direct effects of climate on defenses and herbivory, with leaf pubescence increasing toward drier conditions and leaf damage increasing toward wetter and cooler conditions. There was no evidence, however, of indirect effects (via plant defenses) of climate on herbivory. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that spatial variation in insect herbivory on wild G. hirsutum is predominantly driven by concurrent and independent influences of population variation in leaf pubescence and climatic factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Abdala-Roberts
- Departamento de Ecología Tropical, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Apartado Postal 4-116, Itzimná, 97000, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Teresa Quijano-Medina
- Departamento de Ecología Tropical, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Apartado Postal 4-116, Itzimná, 97000, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Xoaquín Moreira
- Misión Biológica de Galicia (MBG-CSIC), Apdo. 28, 36080, Pontevedra, Spain
| | | | - Víctor Parra-Tabla
- Departamento de Ecología Tropical, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Apartado Postal 4-116, Itzimná, 97000, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | | | - Luca Grandi
- Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology (FARCE Lab), Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Gaétan Glauser
- Neuchâtel Platform of Analytical Chemistry, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile Argand 11, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Ted C J Turlings
- Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology (FARCE Lab), Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Betty Benrey
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Entomology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
249
|
Kergunteuil A, Humair L, Münzbergová Z, Rasmann S. Plant adaptation to different climates shapes the strengths of chemically mediated tritrophic interactions. Funct Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alan Kergunteuil
- Functional Ecology Laboratory, Institute of Biology University of Neuchâtel Neuchâtel Switzerland
| | - Lauréline Humair
- Functional Ecology Laboratory, Institute of Biology University of Neuchâtel Neuchâtel Switzerland
| | - Zuzana Münzbergová
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science Charles University Prague Czech Republic
- Institute of Botany Czech Academy of Sciences Průhonice Czech Republic
| | - Sergio Rasmann
- Functional Ecology Laboratory, Institute of Biology University of Neuchâtel Neuchâtel Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
250
|
Culumber ZW, Anaya-Rojas JM, Booker WW, Hooks AP, Lange EC, Pluer B, Ramírez-Bullón N, Travis J. Widespread Biases in Ecological and Evolutionary Studies. Bioscience 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biz063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
There has been widespread discussion of biases in the sciences. The extent of most forms of bias has scarcely been confronted with rigorous data. In the present article, we evaluated the potential for geographic, taxonomic, and citation biases in publications between temperate and tropical systems for nine broad topics in ecology and evolutionary biology. Across 1,800 papers sampled from 60,000 peer-reviewed, empirical studies, we found consistent patterns of bias in the form of increased numbers of studies in temperate systems. Tropical studies were nearly absent from some topics. Furthermore, there were strong taxonomic biases across topics and geographic regions, as well as evidence for citation biases in many topics. Our results indicate a strong geographic imbalance in publishing patterns and among different taxonomic groups across a wide range of topics. The task ahead is to address what these biases mean and how they influence the state of our knowledge in ecology and evolution.
Collapse
|