201
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Kabasawa M, Sugaya M, Oka T, Takahashi N, Kawaguchi M, Suga H, Miyagaki T, Takahashi T, Shibata S, Fujita H, Asano Y, Tada Y, Kadono T, Okochi H, Sato S. Decreased interleukin-21 expression in skin and blood in advanced mycosis fungoides. J Dermatol 2016; 43:819-22. [DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.13278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Miyoko Kabasawa
- Department of Dermatology; Faculty of Medicine; University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
- Department of Regenerative Medicine; Research Institute; National Center for Global Health and Medicine; Tokyo Japan
| | - Makoto Sugaya
- Department of Dermatology; Faculty of Medicine; University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
- Department of Regenerative Medicine; Research Institute; National Center for Global Health and Medicine; Tokyo Japan
| | - Tomonori Oka
- Department of Dermatology; Faculty of Medicine; University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
- Department of Regenerative Medicine; Research Institute; National Center for Global Health and Medicine; Tokyo Japan
| | - Naomi Takahashi
- Department of Dermatology; Faculty of Medicine; University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
| | - Makiko Kawaguchi
- Department of Dermatology; Faculty of Medicine; University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
| | - Hiraku Suga
- Department of Dermatology; Faculty of Medicine; University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
| | - Tomomitsu Miyagaki
- Department of Dermatology; Faculty of Medicine; University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
| | - Takehiro Takahashi
- Department of Dermatology; Faculty of Medicine; University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
| | - Sayaka Shibata
- Department of Dermatology; Faculty of Medicine; University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
| | - Hideki Fujita
- Department of Dermatology; Faculty of Medicine; University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
| | - Yoshihide Asano
- Department of Dermatology; Faculty of Medicine; University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
| | - Yayoi Tada
- Department of Dermatology; Faculty of Medicine; University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
| | - Takafumi Kadono
- Department of Dermatology; Faculty of Medicine; University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
| | - Hitoshi Okochi
- Department of Regenerative Medicine; Research Institute; National Center for Global Health and Medicine; Tokyo Japan
| | - Shinichi Sato
- Department of Dermatology; Faculty of Medicine; University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
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202
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Tian Y, Cox MA, Kahan SM, Ingram JT, Bakshi RK, Zajac AJ. A Context-Dependent Role for IL-21 in Modulating the Differentiation, Distribution, and Abundance of Effector and Memory CD8 T Cell Subsets. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:2153-66. [PMID: 26826252 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The activation of naive CD8 T cells typically results in the formation of effector cells (TE) as well as phenotypically distinct memory cells that are retained over time. Memory CD8 T cells can be further subdivided into central memory, effector memory (TEM), and tissue-resident memory (TRM) subsets, which cooperate to confer immunological protection. Using mixed bone marrow chimeras and adoptive transfer studies in which CD8 T cells either do or do not express IL-21R, we discovered that under homeostatic or lymphopenic conditions IL-21 acts directly on CD8 T cells to favor the accumulation of TE/TEM populations. The inability to perceive IL-21 signals under competitive conditions also resulted in lower levels of TRM phenotype cells and reduced expression of granzyme B in the small intestine. IL-21 differentially promoted the expression of the chemokine receptor CX3CR1 and the integrin α4β7 on CD8 T cells primed in vitro and on circulating CD8 T cells in the mixed bone marrow chimeras. The requirement for IL-21 to establish CD8 TE/TEM and TRM subsets was overcome by acute lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection; nevertheless, memory virus-specific CD8 T cells remained dependent on IL-21 for optimal accumulation in lymphopenic environments. Overall, this study reveals a context-dependent role for IL-21 in sustaining effector phenotype CD8 T cells and influencing their migratory properties, accumulation, and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Tian
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Maureen A Cox
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Shannon M Kahan
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Jennifer T Ingram
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Rakesh K Bakshi
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Allan J Zajac
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294
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203
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Hotta-Iwamura C, Tarbell KV. Type 1 diabetes genetic susceptibility and dendritic cell function: potential targets for treatment. J Leukoc Biol 2016; 100:65-80. [PMID: 26792821 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3mr1115-500r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease that results from the defective induction or maintenance of T cell tolerance against islet β cell self-antigens. Under steady-state conditions, dendritic cells with tolerogenic properties are critical for peripheral immune tolerance. Tolerogenic dendritic cells can induce T cell anergy and deletion and, in some contexts, induce or expand regulatory T cells. Dendritic cells contribute to both immunomodulatory effects and triggering of pathogenesis in type 1 diabetes. This immune equilibrium is affected by both genetic and environmental factors that contribute to the development of type 1 diabetes. Genome-wide association studies and disease association studies have identified >50 polymorphic loci that lend susceptibility or resistance to insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. In parallel, diabetes susceptibility regions known as insulin-dependent diabetes loci have been identified in the nonobese diabetic mouse, a model for human type 1 diabetes, providing a better understanding of potential immunomodulatory factors in type 1 diabetes risk. Most genetic candidates have annotated immune cell functions, but the focus has been on changes to T and B cells. However, it is likely that some of the genomic susceptibility in type 1 diabetes directly interrupts the tolerogenic potential of dendritic cells in the pathogenic context of ongoing autoimmunity. Here, we will review how gene polymorphisms associated with autoimmune diabetes may influence dendritic cell development and maturation processes that could lead to alterations in the tolerogenic function of dendritic cells. These insights into potential tolerogenic and pathogenic roles for dendritic cells have practical implications for the clinical manipulation of dendritic cells toward tolerance to prevent and treat type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chie Hotta-Iwamura
- Immune Tolerance Section, Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kristin V Tarbell
- Immune Tolerance Section, Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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204
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Nguyen V, Rus H, Chen C, Rus V. CTL-Promoting Effects of IL-21 Counteract Murine Lupus in the Parent→F1 Graft-versus-Host Disease Model. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:1529-40. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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205
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Li L, Jiang Y, Lao S, Yang B, Yu S, Zhang Y, Wu C. Mycobacterium tuberculosis-Specific IL-21+IFN-γ+CD4+ T Cells Are Regulated by IL-12. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147356. [PMID: 26785168 PMCID: PMC4718545 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In the current study of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB)-specific T and B cells, we found that MTB-specific peptides from early secreted antigenic target-6 (ESAT-6) and culture filtrate protein-10 (CFP-10) induced the expression of IL-21 predominantly in CD4+ T cells. A fraction of IL-21-expressing CD4+ T cells simultaneously expressed Th1 cytokines but did not secrete Th2 or Th17 cytokines, suggesting that MTB-specific IL-21-expressing CD4+ T cells were different from Th1, Th2 and Th17 subpopulations. The majority of MTB-specific IL-21-expressing CD4+ T cells co-expressed IFN-γ and IL-21+IFN-γ+CD4+ T cells exhibited obviously polyfunctionality. In addition, MTB-specific IL-21-expressing CD4+ T cells displayed a CD45RO+CD62LlowCCR7lowCD40LhighICOShigh phenotype. Bcl-6-expression was significantly higher in IL-21-expressing CD4+ T cells than IL-21-CD4+ T cells. Moreover, IL-12 could up-regulate MTB-specific IL-21 expression, especially the frequency of IL-21+IFN-γ+CD4+ T cells. Taken together, our results demonstrated that MTB-specific IL-21+IFN-γ+CD4+ T cells from local sites of tuberculosis (TB) infection could be enhanced by IL-12, which have the features of both Tfh and Th1 cells and may have an important role in local immune responses against TB infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Institute of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control Research of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Wuhan Institute for Tuberculosis Control, Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuxia Jiang
- Institute of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control Research of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Suihua Lao
- Chest Hospital of Guangzhou, Guangzhou, China
| | - Binyan Yang
- Institute of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control Research of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sifei Yu
- Institute of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control Research of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yannan Zhang
- Institute of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control Research of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Changyou Wu
- Institute of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control Research of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail:
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206
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Hu Y, Wang X, Yu S, Hou Y, Ma D, Hou M. Neutralizations of IL-17A and IL-21 regulate regulatory T cell/T-helper 17 imbalance via T-helper 17-associated signaling pathway in immune thrombocytopenia. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2016; 19:723-32. [PMID: 25976230 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2015.1016499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The imbalance of regulatory T cell/T-helper 17 (Treg/Th17) is critical for the pathogenesis of immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) and IL-17A and IL-21 are overexpressed in ITP. The effects and mechanisms of IL-17A and IL-21 in Treg/Th17 imbalance and ITP pathophysiology are not clarified. METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and CD3(+) T cells from ITP patients and healthy controls were treated with cytokines or antibodies to increase or neutralize IL-17A or IL-21 levels for 72 h. Treg/Th17 differentiation, apoptosis, proliferation and Th17 differentiation-associated transcriptional factors were analyzed. RESULTS Natural Treg/Th17 decreased in newly diagnosed ITP patients and recovered after remission. IL-17A or IL-21 increased Th17, decreased Tregs and downregulated Treg/Th17 in vitro. Conversely, neutralization of IL-17A or IL-21 decreased Th17, increased Tregs and up-regulated Treg/Th17. The reverse effects of IL-17A or IL-21 were mediated by Th17-associated transcriptional factors. IL-17A or IL-21 enhanced STAT-1, STAT-3, STAT-5 or RAR-related orphan receptor C (RORC), whereas anti-IL-17A or anti-IL-21 mAb downregulated STAT-1, STAT-5 or RORC transcripts in ITP PBMCs. Proliferation showed no significant difference. IL-21 inhibited apoptosis in ITP PBMCs. CONCLUSION IL-17A and IL-21 induce Th17 and inhibit Tregs re-differentiation via Th17-associated signaling pathway in ITP patients in vitro. It highlights the potential value of IL-17A or IL-21 blockade as a novel therapeutic target for ITP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Hu
- Shandong University, Qilu Hospital, Department of Hematology , Jinan , China
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207
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Lal G, Kulkarni N, Nakayama Y, Singh AK, Sethi A, Burrell BE, Brinkman CC, Iwami D, Zhang T, Hehlgans T, Bromberg JS. IL-10 from marginal zone precursor B cells controls the differentiation of Th17, Tfh and Tfr cells in transplantation tolerance. Immunol Lett 2016; 170:52-63. [PMID: 26772435 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
B cells are known to control CD4T cell differentiation in secondary lymphoid tissues. We hypothesized that IL-10 expression by marginal zone precursor (MZP) regulatory B cells controls the differentiation and positioning of effector and regulatory T cells during tolerization. Costimulatory blockade with donor-specific transfusion (DST) and anti-CD40L mAb in C57BL/6 mice induced tolerance to allogeneic cardiac allograft. B cell depletion or IL-10 deficiency in B cells prevented tolerance, resulting in decreased follicular regulatory CD4(+) T cells (Tfr) and increased IL-21 expression by T follicular helper (Tfh) cells in the B cell and T cell zones. IL-21 acted with IL-6 to induce CCR6(+) Th17 that caused rejection. Deficiency or blockade of IL-6, IL-21, IL-21R, or CCR6 prevented B cell depletion-induced acute cellular rejection; while agonistic mCCL20-Ig induced rejection. Adoptive transfer of IL-10(+/+) MZP in tolerogen treated CD19-Cre(+/-):IL-10(fl/fl) mice rescued the localization of Tfh and Tfr cells in the B cell follicle and prevented allograft rejection. MZP B cell IL-10 is necessary for tolerance and controls the differentiation and position of Th17, Tfh and Tfr cells in secondary lymphoid tissues. This has implications for understanding tolerance induction and how B cell depletion may prevent tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girdhari Lal
- National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, MH, India.
| | | | - Yumi Nakayama
- Departments of Surgery and Microbiology and Immunology, and Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Amit K Singh
- National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, MH, India
| | | | - Bryna E Burrell
- Departments of Surgery and Microbiology and Immunology, and Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - C Colin Brinkman
- Departments of Surgery and Microbiology and Immunology, and Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Daiki Iwami
- Departments of Surgery and Microbiology and Immunology, and Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Tianshu Zhang
- Departments of Surgery and Microbiology and Immunology, and Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Thomas Hehlgans
- Institute for Immunology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jonathan S Bromberg
- Departments of Surgery and Microbiology and Immunology, and Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States.
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208
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Shi X, Que R, Liu B, Li M, Cai J, Shou D, Wen L, Liu D, Chen L, Liang T, Gong W. Role of IL-21 signaling pathway in transplant-related biology. Transplant Rev (Orlando) 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trre.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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209
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Al-Chami E, Tormo A, Khodayarian F, Rafei M. Therapeutic utility of the newly discovered properties of interleukin-21. Cytokine 2015; 82:33-7. [PMID: 26748727 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Since its discovery in 2000, interleukin-21 (IL-21) has been shown to display a broad spectrum of pleiotropic actions including the regulation of development, differentiation and function of lymphoid-myeloid cells. More specifically, IL-21 modulates the effector functions of T, B and NK cells, which not only have key roles in antitumoral and antiviral immunity but also in exerting major effects on inflammatory responses promoting the development of autoimmune diseases. Recent studies have unveiled an unexpected role for IL-21 in immune regulation and de novo T-cell development. While highlighting its critical role in immunity, this review will mainly focus on recent advances in IL-21 biology and how such newly discovered properties could potentially be exploited therapeutically in the establishment of future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Al-Chami
- Department of Pharmacology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada.
| | - A Tormo
- Department of Pharmacology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada.
| | - F Khodayarian
- Department of Pharmacology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - M Rafei
- Department of Pharmacology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada.
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210
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Xing R, Yang L, Jin Y, Sun L, Li C, Li Z, Zhao J, Liu X. Interleukin-21 Induces Proliferation and Proinflammatory Cytokine Profile of Fibroblast-like Synoviocytes of Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis. Scand J Immunol 2015; 83:64-71. [PMID: 26482544 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Xing
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology; Peking University Third Hospital; Beijing 100191 China
| | - L. Yang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology; Peking University Third Hospital; Beijing 100191 China
| | - Y. Jin
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology; Peking University Third Hospital; Beijing 100191 China
| | - L. Sun
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology; Peking University Third Hospital; Beijing 100191 China
| | - C. Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology; Peking University Third Hospital; Beijing 100191 China
| | - Z. Li
- Department of Anesthesiology; Peking University Third Hospital; Beijing 100191 China
| | - J. Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology; Peking University Third Hospital; Beijing 100191 China
| | - X. Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology; Peking University Third Hospital; Beijing 100191 China
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211
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Jabri B, Abadie V. IL-15 functions as a danger signal to regulate tissue-resident T cells and tissue destruction. Nat Rev Immunol 2015; 15:771-83. [PMID: 26567920 PMCID: PMC5079184 DOI: 10.1038/nri3919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In this Opinion article, we discuss the function of tissues as a crucial checkpoint for the regulation of effector T cell responses, and the notion that interleukin-15 (IL-15) functions as a danger molecule that communicates to the immune system that the tissue is under attack and poises it to mediate tissue destruction. More specifically, we propose that expression of IL-15 in tissues promotes T helper 1 cell-mediated immunity and provides co-stimulatory signals to effector cytotoxic T cells to exert their effector functions and drive tissue destruction. Therefore, we think that IL-15 contributes to tissue protection by promoting the elimination of infected cells but that when its expression is chronically dysregulated, it can promote the development of complex T cell-mediated disorders associated with tissue destruction, such as coeliac disease and type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bana Jabri
- Departments of Medicine, Pathology and Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Knapp Center for Biomedical Discovery (KCBD), Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Valérie Abadie
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases, and Immunology, University of Montreal, and the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada
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212
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Fonteneau JF, Brilot F, Münz C, Gannagé M. The Tumor Antigen NY-ESO-1 Mediates Direct Recognition of Melanoma Cells by CD4+ T Cells after Intercellular Antigen Transfer. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 196:64-71. [PMID: 26608910 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
NY-ESO-1-specific CD4(+) T cells are of interest for immune therapy against tumors, because it has been shown that their transfer into a patient with melanoma resulted in tumor regression. Therefore, we investigated how NY-ESO-1 is processed onto MHC class II molecules for direct CD4(+) T cell recognition of melanoma cells. We could rule out proteasome and autophagy-dependent endogenous Ag processing for MHC class II presentation. In contrast, intercellular Ag transfer, followed by classical MHC class II Ag processing via endocytosis, sensitized neighboring melanoma cells for CD4(+) T cell recognition. However, macroautophagy targeting of NY-ESO-1 enhanced MHC class II presentation. Therefore, both elevated NY-ESO-1 release and macroautophagy targeting could improve melanoma cell recognition by CD4(+) T cells and should be explored during immunotherapy of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabienne Brilot
- Neuroimmunology Group, Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research, The Kids Research Institute at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, St. Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia
| | - Christian Münz
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich 8006, Switzerland
| | - Monique Gannagé
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich 8006, Switzerland; Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland; and Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, Geneva 1205, Switzerland
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213
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Sertori R, Liongue C, Basheer F, Lewis KL, Rasighaemi P, de Coninck D, Traver D, Ward AC. Conserved IL-2Rγc Signaling Mediates Lymphopoiesis in Zebrafish. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 196:135-43. [PMID: 26590317 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1403060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The IL-2 receptor γ common (IL-2Rγc) chain is the shared subunit of the receptors for the IL-2 family of cytokines, which mediate signaling through JAK3 and various downstream pathways to regulate lymphopoiesis. Inactivating mutations in human IL-2Rγc result in SCID, a primary immunodeficiency characterized by greatly reduced numbers of lymphocytes. This study used bioinformatics, expression analysis, gene ablation, and specific pharmacologic inhibitors to investigate the function of two putative zebrafish IL-2Rγc paralogs, il-2rγc.a and il-2rγc.b, and downstream signaling components during early lymphopoiesis. Expression of il-2rγc.a commenced at 16 h post fertilization (hpf) and rose steadily from 4-6 d postfertilization (dpf) in the developing thymus, with il-2rγc.a expression also confirmed in adult T and B lymphocytes. Transcripts of il-2rγc.b were first observed from 8 hpf, but waned from 16 hpf before reaching maximal expression at 6 dpf, but this was not evident in the thymus. Knockdown of il-2rγc.a, but not il-2rγc.b, substantially reduced embryonic lymphopoiesis without affecting other aspects of hematopoiesis. Specific targeting of zebrafish Jak3 exerted a similar effect on lymphopoiesis, whereas ablation of zebrafish Stat5.1 and pharmacologic inhibition of PI3K and MEK also produced significant but smaller effects. Ablation of il-2rγc.a was further demonstrated to lead to an absence of mature T cells, but not B cells in juvenile fish. These results indicate that conserved IL-2Rγc signaling via JAK3 plays a key role during early zebrafish lymphopoiesis, which can be potentially targeted to generate a zebrafish model of human SCID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Sertori
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia; Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Clifford Liongue
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia; Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Faiza Basheer
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia; Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Kanako L Lewis
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093; and
| | - Parisa Rasighaemi
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia; Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Dennis de Coninck
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia; GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht 6200, the Netherlands
| | - David Traver
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093; and
| | - Alister C Ward
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia; Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia;
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214
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Coquet JM, Schuijs MJ, Smyth MJ, Deswarte K, Beyaert R, Braun H, Boon L, Karlsson Hedestam GB, Nutt SL, Hammad H, Lambrecht BN. Interleukin-21-Producing CD4(+) T Cells Promote Type 2 Immunity to House Dust Mites. Immunity 2015; 43:318-30. [PMID: 26287681 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Asthma is a T helper 2 (Th2)-cell-mediated disease; however, recent findings implicate Th17 and innate lymphoid cells also in regulating airway inflammation. Herein, we have demonstrated profound interleukin-21 (IL-21) production after house dust mite (HDM)-driven asthma by using T cell receptor (TCR) transgenic mice reactive to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus 1 and an IL-21GFP reporter mouse. IL-21-producing cells in the mediastinal lymph node (mLN) bore characteristics of T follicular helper (Tfh) cells, whereas IL-21(+) cells in the lung did not express CXCR5 (a chemokine receptor expressed by Tfh cells) and were distinct from effector Th2 or Th17 cells. Il21r(-/-) mice developed reduced type 2 responses and the IL-21 receptor (IL-21R) enhanced Th2 cell function in a cell-intrinsic manner. Finally, administration of recombinant IL-21 and IL-25 synergistically promoted airway eosinophilia primarily via effects on CD4(+) lymphocytes. This highlights an important Th2-cell-amplifying function of IL-21-producing CD4(+) T cells in allergic airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Coquet
- VIB Inflammation Research Center (IRC), Gent University, Zwijnaarde 9052B, Belgium; Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden.
| | - Martijn J Schuijs
- VIB Inflammation Research Center (IRC), Gent University, Zwijnaarde 9052B, Belgium
| | - Mark J Smyth
- Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Kim Deswarte
- VIB Inflammation Research Center (IRC), Gent University, Zwijnaarde 9052B, Belgium
| | - Rudi Beyaert
- VIB Inflammation Research Center (IRC), Gent University, Zwijnaarde 9052B, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Gent University, Gent 9000, Belgium
| | - Harald Braun
- VIB Inflammation Research Center (IRC), Gent University, Zwijnaarde 9052B, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Gent University, Gent 9000, Belgium
| | - Louis Boon
- Bioceros, Utrecht 3584CM, the Netherlands
| | | | - Steven L Nutt
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; The Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Hamida Hammad
- VIB Inflammation Research Center (IRC), Gent University, Zwijnaarde 9052B, Belgium; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Gent University Hospital, Gent 9000, Belgium
| | - Bart N Lambrecht
- VIB Inflammation Research Center (IRC), Gent University, Zwijnaarde 9052B, Belgium; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Gent University Hospital, Gent 9000, Belgium; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, ErasmusMC, Rotterdam 3015CD, the Netherlands
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215
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Xue L, Hickling T, Song R, Nowak J, Rup B. Contribution of enhanced engagement of antigen presentation machinery to the clinical immunogenicity of a human interleukin (IL)-21 receptor-blocking therapeutic antibody. Clin Exp Immunol 2015; 183:102-13. [PMID: 26400440 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Reliable risk assessment for biotherapeutics requires accurate evaluation of risk factors associated with immunogenicity. Immunogenicity risk assessment tools were developed and applied to investigate the immunogenicity of a fully human therapeutic monoclonal antibody, ATR-107 [anti-interleukin (IL)-21 receptor] that elicited anti-drug antibodies (ADA) in 76% of healthy subjects in a Phase 1 study. Because the ATR-107 target is expressed on dendritic cells (DCs), the immunogenicity risk related to engagement with DC and antigen presentation pathways was studied. Despite the presence of IL-21R on DCs, ATR-107 did not bind to the DCs more extensively than the control therapeutic antibody (PF-1) that had elicited low clinical ADA incidence. However, ATR-107, but not the control therapeutic antibody, was translocated to the DC late endosomes, co-localized with intracellular antigen-D related (HLA-DR) molecules and presented a dominant T cell epitope overlapping the complementarity determining region 2 (CDR2) of the light chain. ATR-107 induced increased DC activation exemplified by up-regulation of DC surface expression of CD86, CD274 (PD-L1) and CD40, increased expansion of activated DC populations expressing CD86(hi), CD40(hi), CD83(hi), programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1)(hi), HLA-DR(hi) or CCR7(hi), as well as elevated secretion of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α by DCs. DCs exposed to ATR-107 stimulated an autologous T cell proliferative response in human donor cells, in concert with the detection of immunoglobulin (Ig)G-type anti-ATR-107 antibody response in clinical samples. Collectively, the enhanced engagement of antigen presentation machinery by ATR-107 was suggested. The approaches and findings described in this study may be relevant to identifying lower immunogenicity risk targets and therapeutic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Xue
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism- NBE, Pfizer Inc., Andover, MA, USA
| | - T Hickling
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism- NBE, Pfizer Inc., Andover, MA, USA
| | - R Song
- Drug Safety R & D, Pfizer Inc., Andover, MA, USA
| | - J Nowak
- Clinical Pharmacology, Pfizer Inc., Andover, MA, USA
| | - B Rup
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism- NBE, Pfizer Inc., Andover, MA, USA
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216
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Ghalamfarsa G, Mahmoudi M, Mohammadnia-Afrouzi M, Yazdani Y, Anvari E, Hadinia A, Ghanbari A, Setayesh M, Yousefi M, Jadidi-Niaragh F. IL-21 and IL-21 receptor in the immunopathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. J Immunotoxicol 2015; 13:274-85. [PMID: 26507681 DOI: 10.3109/1547691x.2015.1089343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokines are considered important factors in the modulation of various immune responses. Among them, interleukin (IL)-21 is one of the major immune modulators, adjusting various immune responses by affecting various immune cells. It has been suggested that IL-21 may enhance autoimmunity through different mechanisms, such as development and activation of helper T (TH)-17 and follicular helper T (TFH) cells, activation of natural killer (NK) cells, enhancing B-cell differentiation and antibody secretion and suppression of regulatory T (Treg) cells. Moreover, IL-21 has also been suggested to be an inducer of autoimmunity when following treatment of MS patients with some therapeutics such as alemtuzumab. This review will seek to clarify the precise role of IL-21/IL-21R in the pathogenesis of MS and, in its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghasem Ghalamfarsa
- a Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences , Yasuj , Iran
| | - Mahmoud Mahmoudi
- b Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology and Allergy , School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran
| | - Mousa Mohammadnia-Afrouzi
- c Department of Immunology and Microbiology , School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences , Babol , Iran
| | - Yaghoub Yazdani
- d Infectious Diseases Research Center and Laboratory Science Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences , Gorgan , Iran
| | - Enayat Anvari
- e Department of Physiology , Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences , Ilam , Iran
| | - Abolghasem Hadinia
- a Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences , Yasuj , Iran
| | - Amir Ghanbari
- a Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences , Yasuj , Iran
| | - Maryam Setayesh
- f Biology Department , School of Sciences, Shiraz University , Shiraz , Iran
| | - Mehdi Yousefi
- g Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran ;,h Department of Immunology , Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh
- i Department of Immunology , School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
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217
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Wang Z, Ding L, Wang Z, Wang J, Zhu N, Diao Y, Demmy TA, Haitsma JM, Lech-Maranda EE, Bangia NN, Czuczman MA, Qian X, Kovacs KL. Circulating CD4+CXCR5+T Cells Exacerbate B Cell Antibody Production in Crohn's Disease Through IL-21 Secretion. Immunol Invest 2015; 44:665-77. [DOI: 10.3109/08820139.2015.1074246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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218
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Complexity and Controversies over the Cytokine Profiles of T Helper Cell Subpopulations in Tuberculosis. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:639107. [PMID: 26495323 PMCID: PMC4606092 DOI: 10.1155/2015/639107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious infectious disease caused by the TB-causing bacillus Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is considered a public health problem with enormous social impact. Disease progression is determined mainly by the balance between the microorganism and the host defense systems. Although the immune system controls the infection, this control does not necessarily lead to sterilization. Over recent decades, the patterns of CD4+ T cell responses have been studied with a goal of complete understanding of the immunological mechanisms involved in the maintenance of latent or active tuberculosis infection and of the clinical cure after treatment. Conflicting results have been suggested over the years, particularly in studies comparing experimental models and human disease. In recent years, in addition to Th1, Th2, and Th17 profiles, new standards of cellular immune responses, such as Th9, Th22, and IFN-γ-IL-10 double-producing Th cells, discussed here, have also been described. Additionally, many new roles and cellular sources have been described for IL-10, demonstrating a critical role for this cytokine as regulatory, rather than merely pathogenic cytokine, involved in the establishment of chronic latent infection, in the clinical cure after treatment and in keeping antibacillary effector mechanisms active to prevent immune-mediated damage.
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219
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Peters A, Fowler KD, Chalmin F, Merkler D, Kuchroo VK, Pot C. IL-27 Induces Th17 Differentiation in the Absence of STAT1 Signaling. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:4144-53. [PMID: 26408664 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
It is known that differentiation of Th17 cells is promoted by activation of STAT3 and inhibited by activation of STAT1. Although both transcription factors are activated by several cytokines, including IL-6, IL-21, and IL-27, each of these cytokines has a very different effect on Th17 differentiation, ranging from strong induction (IL-6) to strong inhibition (IL-27). To determine the molecular basis for these differences, we measured STAT3 and STAT1 activation profiles for IL-6, IL-21, and IL-27, as well as for cytokine pairs over time. We found that the ratio of activated STAT3/activated STAT1 is crucial in determining whether cytokines promote or inhibit Th17 differentiation. IL-6 and IL-21 induced p-STAT3/p-STAT1 ratios > 1, leading to the promotion of Th17 differentiation, whereas IL-27 or IL-6+IL-27 induced p-STAT3/p-STAT1 ratios < 1, resulting in inhibition of Th17 differentiation. Consistent with these findings, we show that IL-27 induces sufficient p-STAT3 to promote Th17 differentiation in the absence of STAT1. Furthermore, IL-27-induced STAT1-deficient T cells were indistinguishable from bona fide highly proinflammatory Th17 cells because they induced severe experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis upon adoptive transfer. Our results suggest that the ratio of p-STAT3/p-STAT1 induced by a cytokine or cytokine pairs can be used to predict whether they induce a competent Th17-differentiation program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneli Peters
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Kevin D Fowler
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Fanny Chalmin
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Geneva University Hospital, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Doron Merkler
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Geneva University Hospital, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; Department of Neuropathology, University Medical Center, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; and
| | - Vijay K Kuchroo
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115;
| | - Caroline Pot
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Geneva University Hospital, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
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220
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Long-Range Transcriptional Control of the Il2 Gene by an Intergenic Enhancer. Mol Cell Biol 2015; 35:3880-91. [PMID: 26351138 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00592-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is a potent cytokine with roles in both immunity and tolerance. Genetic studies in humans and mice demonstrate a role for Il2 in autoimmune disease susceptibility, and for decades the proximal Il2 upstream regulatory region has served as a paradigm of tissue-specific, inducible gene regulation. In this study, we have identified a novel long-range enhancer of the Il2 gene located 83 kb upstream of the transcription start site. This element can potently enhance Il2 transcription in recombinant reporter assays in vitro, and the native region undergoes chromatin remodeling, transcribes a bidirectional enhancer RNA, and loops to physically interact with the Il2 gene in vivo in a CD28-dependent manner in CD4(+) T cells. This cis regulatory element is evolutionarily conserved and is situated near a human single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) associated with multiple autoimmune disorders. These results indicate that the regulatory architecture of the Il2 locus is more complex than previously appreciated and suggest a novel molecular basis for the genetic association of Il2 polymorphism with autoimmune disease.
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221
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Cirillo E, Giardino G, Gallo V, D'Assante R, Grasso F, Romano R, Di Lillo C, Galasso G, Pignata C. Severe combined immunodeficiency--an update. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2015; 1356:90-106. [PMID: 26235889 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Severe combined immunodeficiencies (SCIDs) are a group of inherited disorders responsible for severe dysfunctions of the immune system. These diseases are life-threatening when the diagnosis is made too late; they are the most severe forms of primary immunodeficiency. SCID patients often die during the first two years of life if appropriate treatments to reconstitute their immune system are not undertaken. Conventionally, SCIDs are classified according either to the main pathway affected by the molecular defect or on the basis of the specific immunologic phenotype that reflects the stage where the blockage occurs during the differentiation process. However, during the last few years many new causative gene alterations have been associated with unusual clinical and immunological phenotypes. Many of these novel forms of SCID also show extra-hematopoietic alterations, leading to complex phenotypes characterized by a functional impairment of several organs, which may lead to a considerable delay in the diagnosis. Here we review the biological and clinical features of SCIDs paying particular attention to the most recently identified forms and to their unusual or extra-immunological clinical features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Cirillo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Pediatrics Section, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuliana Giardino
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Pediatrics Section, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Vera Gallo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Pediatrics Section, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Roberta D'Assante
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Pediatrics Section, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Fiorentino Grasso
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Pediatrics Section, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Roberta Romano
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Pediatrics Section, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Cristina Di Lillo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Pediatrics Section, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Galasso
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Pediatrics Section, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Claudio Pignata
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Pediatrics Section, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
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222
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Pandurangan AK, Mohebali N, Norhaizan ME, Looi CY. Gallic acid attenuates dextran sulfate sodium-induced experimental colitis in BALB/c mice. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2015; 9:3923-34. [PMID: 26251571 PMCID: PMC4524530 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s86345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Gallic acid (GA) is a polyhydroxy phenolic compound that has been detected in various natural products, such as green tea, strawberries, grapes, bananas, and many other fruits. In inflammatory bowel disease, inflammation is promoted by oxidative stress. GA is a strong antioxidant; thus, we evaluated the cytoprotective and anti-inflammatory role of GA in a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced mouse colitis model. Experimental acute colitis was induced in male BALB/c mice by administering 2.5% DSS in the drinking water for 7 days. The disease activity index; colon weight/length ratio; histopathological analysis; mRNA expressions of IL-21 and IL-23; and protein expression of nuclear erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) were compared between the control and experimental mice. The colonic content of malondialdehyde and the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase activity were examined as parameters of the redox state. We determined that GA significantly attenuated the disease activity index and colon shortening, and reduced the histopathological evidence of injury. GA also significantly (P<0.05) reduced the expressions of IL-21 and IL-23. Furthermore, GA activates/upregulates the expression of Nrf2 and its downstream targets, including UDP-GT and NQO1, in DSS-induced mice. The findings of this study demonstrate the protective effect of GA on experimental colitis, which is probably due to an antioxidant nature of GA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Kumar Pandurangan
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia ; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nooshin Mohebali
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Esa Norhaizan
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia ; Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chung Yeng Looi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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223
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Abstract
IL-21 is a type I cytokine essential for immune cell differentiation and function. Although IL-21 can activate several STAT family transcription factors, previous studies focused mainly on the role of STAT3 in IL-21 signaling. Here, we investigated the role of STAT1 and show that STAT1 and STAT3 have at least partially opposing roles in IL-21 signaling in CD4(+) T cells. IL-21 induced STAT1 phosphorylation, and this was augmented in Stat3-deficient CD4(+) T cells. RNA-Seq analysis of CD4(+) T cells from Stat1- and Stat3-deficient mice revealed that both STAT1 and STAT3 are critical for IL-21-mediated gene regulation. Expression of some genes, including Tbx21 and Ifng, was differentially regulated by STAT1 and STAT3. Moreover, opposing actions of STAT1 and STAT3 on IFN-γ expression in CD4(+) T cells were demonstrated in vivo during chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis infection. Finally, IL-21-mediated induction of STAT1 phosphorylation, as well as IFNG and TBX21 expression, were higher in CD4(+) T cells from patients with autosomal dominant hyper-IgE syndrome, which is caused by STAT3 deficiency, as well as in cells from STAT1 gain-of-function patients. These data indicate an interplay between STAT1 and STAT3 in fine-tuning IL-21 actions.
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224
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SUN YING, LIU ZHIHONG, LIU YING, LI XIA. Increased frequencies of memory and activated B cells and follicular helper T cells are positively associated with high levels of activation-induced cytidine deaminase in patients with immunoglobulin A nephropathy. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:5531-7. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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225
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Jackson SR, Yuan J, Teague RM. Targeting CD8+ T-cell tolerance for cancer immunotherapy. Immunotherapy 2015; 6:833-52. [PMID: 25290416 DOI: 10.2217/imt.14.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In the final issue of Science in 2013, the American Association of Science recognized progress in the field of cancer immunotherapy as the 'Breakthrough of the Year.' The achievements were actually twofold, owing to the early success of genetically engineered chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) and to the mounting clinical triumphs achieved with checkpoint blockade antibodies. While fundamentally very different, the common thread of these independent strategies is the ability to prevent or overcome mechanisms of CD8(+) T-cell tolerance for improved tumor immunity. Here we discuss how circumventing T-cell tolerance has provided experimental insights that have guided the field of clinical cancer immunotherapy to a place where real breakthroughs can finally be claimed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie R Jackson
- Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, 1100 South Grand Blvd, St Louis, MO 63104, USA
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226
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Müller D. Antibody fusions with immunomodulatory proteins for cancer therapy. Pharmacol Ther 2015; 154:57-66. [PMID: 26145167 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The potential of immunomodulatory proteins, in particular cytokines, for cancer therapy is well recognized, but hampered by the toxicity associated with their systemic application. In order to address this problem, targeted delivery by antibody fusion proteins has been early proposed and their development intensively pursued over the last decade. Here, factors influencing the selection and modification of cytokines and antibody formats for this approach are being discussed, indicating current developments and translational advances in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dafne Müller
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
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227
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Adoro S, Cubillos-Ruiz JR, Chen X, Deruaz M, Vrbanac VD, Song M, Park S, Murooka TT, Dudek TE, Luster AD, Tager AM, Streeck H, Bowman B, Walker BD, Kwon DS, Lazarevic V, Glimcher LH. IL-21 induces antiviral microRNA-29 in CD4 T cells to limit HIV-1 infection. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7562. [PMID: 26108174 PMCID: PMC4481879 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Initial events after exposure determine HIV-1 disease progression, underscoring a critical need to understand host mechanisms that interfere with initial viral replication. Although associated with chronic HIV-1 control, it is not known whether interleukin-21 (IL-21) contributes to early HIV-1 immunity. Here we take advantage of tractable primary human lymphoid organ aggregate cultures to show that IL-21 directly suppresses HIV-1 replication, and identify microRNA-29 (miR-29) as an antiviral factor induced by IL-21 in CD4 T cells. IL-21 promotes transcription of all miR-29 species through STAT3, whose binding to putative regulatory regions within the MIR29 gene is enriched by IL-21 signalling. Notably, exogenous IL-21 limits early HIV-1 infection in humanized mice, and lower viremia in vivo is associated with higher miR-29 expression. Together, these findings reveal a novel antiviral IL-21-miR-29 axis that promotes CD4 T-cell-intrinsic resistance to HIV-1 infection, and suggest a role for IL-21 in initial HIV-1 control in vivo. HIV-infected patients who maintain undetectable virus levels possess elevated plasma concentrations of IL-21. Here, Adoro et al. show that IL-21 inhibits early viral infection in humanized mice and suppresses HIV-1 replication in vitro by upregulating a microRNA via the regulatory protein STAT3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley Adoro
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA.,Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Juan R Cubillos-Ruiz
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA.,Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Maud Deruaz
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
| | - Vladimir D Vrbanac
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.,Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
| | - Minkyung Song
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Suna Park
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Thomas T Murooka
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
| | - Timothy E Dudek
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Andrew D Luster
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
| | - Andrew M Tager
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.,Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
| | - Hendrik Streeck
- Institute for Medical Biology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen D-45147, Germany
| | - Brittany Bowman
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Bruce D Walker
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland 20814, USA
| | - Douglas S Kwon
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Vanja Lazarevic
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Laurie H Glimcher
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA.,Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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228
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Li P, Spolski R, Liao W, Leonard WJ. Complex interactions of transcription factors in mediating cytokine biology in T cells. Immunol Rev 2015; 261:141-56. [PMID: 25123282 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
T-helper (Th) cells play critical roles within the mammalian immune system, and the differentiation of naive CD4(+) T cells into distinct T-helper subsets is critical for normal immunoregulation and host defense. These carefully regulated differentiation processes are controlled by networks of cytokines, transcription factors, and epigenetic modifications, resulting in the generation of multiple CD4(+) T-cell subsets, including Th1, Th2, Th9, Th17, Treg, and Tfh cells. In this review, we discuss the roles of transcription factors in determining the specific type of differentiation and in particular the role of interleukin-2 (IL-2) in promoting or inhibiting Th differentiation. In addition to discussing master regulators and subset-specific transcription factors for distinct T-helper cell populations, we focus on signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) proteins and on the cooperative action of interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) with activator protein 1 (AP-1) family proteins and STAT3 in the assembly of complexes that broadly influence T-cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Lin PY, Jen HY, Chiang BL, Sheu F, Chuang YH. Interleukin-21 suppresses the differentiation and functions of T helper 2 cells. Immunology 2015; 144:668-76. [PMID: 25351608 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
T helper type 2 (Th2) cells, which produce interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-5 and IL-13, control immunity to all forms of allergic inflammatory responses. Interleukin-21 (IL-21) reduces allergic symptoms in murine models and inhibits IL-4-induced IgE secretion by B cells. However, whether or not IL-21 directly affects Th2 cells, which leads to reduced allergic symptoms, is unclear. In this study, we investigated the effects of IL-21 on the differentiation and effector functions of Th2 cells. We found that IL-21 reduced the number of differentiated Th2 cells and these Th2 cells showed a diminished Th2 cytokine production. Interleukin-21 suppressed Th2 cytokine production of already polarized Th2 cells by down-regulation of transcription factor GATA-3. It also induced apoptosis of Th2 cells with decreased anti-apoptotic factor Bcl-2. Intranasal administration of IL-21 at the beginning of ovalbumin (OVA) sensitization or before OVA challenge decreased Th2 cytokines in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of OVA/alum-immunized allergic mice. In addition, the inhibitory effects of IL-21 on Th2 effector functions can also be found in allergic patients. Our results demonstrate that IL-21 suppresses the development of Th2 cells and functions of polarized Th2 cells. Hence, the administration of IL-21 may be considered for use as a preventive and therapeutic approach when dealing with Th2-mediated allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin-Yi Lin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Wang T, Cunningham A, Dokun AO, Hazarika S, Houston K, Chen L, Lye RJ, Spolski R, Leonard WJ, Annex BH. Loss of interleukin-21 receptor activation in hypoxic endothelial cells impairs perfusion recovery after hindlimb ischemia. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015; 35:1218-25. [PMID: 25838422 PMCID: PMC4865891 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.115.305476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Surgical hindlimb ischemia (HLI) in mice has become a valuable preclinical model to study peripheral arterial disease. We previously identified that the different phenotypic outcomes after HLI across inbred mouse strains is related to a region on the short arm of mouse chromosome 7. The gene coding the interleukin-21 receptor (IL-21R) lies at the peak of association in this region. APPROACH AND RESULTS With quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, we found that a mouse strain with a greater ability to upregulate IL-21R after HLI had better perfusion recovery than a strain with no upregulation after HLI. Immunofluorescent staining of ischemic hindlimb tissue showed IL-21R expression on endothelial cells (ECs) from C57BL/6 mice. An EC-enriched fraction isolated from ischemic hindlimb muscle showed higher Il-21R levels than an EC-enriched fraction from nonischemic limbs. In vitro, human umbilical vein ECs showed elevated IL-21R expression after hypoxia and serum starvation. Under these conditions, IL-21 treatment increased cell viability, decreased cell apoptosis, and augmented tube formation. In vivo, either knockout Il21r or blocking IL-21 signaling by treating with IL-21R-Fc (fusion protein that blocks IL-21 binding to its receptor) in C57BL/6 mice resulted in less perfusion recovery after HLI. Both in vitro and in vivo modulation of the IL-21/IL-21R axis under hypoxic conditions resulted in increased signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 phosphorylation and a subsequent increase in the B-cell lymphoma leukemia-2/BCL-2-associated X protein ratio. CONCLUSION Our data indicate that IL-21R upregulation and ligand activation in hypoxic ECs may help perfusion recovery by limiting/preventing apoptosis and favoring cell survival and angiogenesis through the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- From the Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center (T.W., A.C., A.O.D., S.H., K.H., L.C., R.J.L., B.H.A.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (S.H., B.H.A.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; and Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and the Immunology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (R.S., W.J.L.)
| | - Alexis Cunningham
- From the Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center (T.W., A.C., A.O.D., S.H., K.H., L.C., R.J.L., B.H.A.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (S.H., B.H.A.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; and Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and the Immunology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (R.S., W.J.L.)
| | - Ayotunde O Dokun
- From the Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center (T.W., A.C., A.O.D., S.H., K.H., L.C., R.J.L., B.H.A.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (S.H., B.H.A.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; and Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and the Immunology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (R.S., W.J.L.)
| | - Surovi Hazarika
- From the Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center (T.W., A.C., A.O.D., S.H., K.H., L.C., R.J.L., B.H.A.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (S.H., B.H.A.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; and Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and the Immunology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (R.S., W.J.L.)
| | - Kevin Houston
- From the Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center (T.W., A.C., A.O.D., S.H., K.H., L.C., R.J.L., B.H.A.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (S.H., B.H.A.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; and Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and the Immunology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (R.S., W.J.L.)
| | - Lingdan Chen
- From the Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center (T.W., A.C., A.O.D., S.H., K.H., L.C., R.J.L., B.H.A.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (S.H., B.H.A.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; and Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and the Immunology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (R.S., W.J.L.)
| | - R John Lye
- From the Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center (T.W., A.C., A.O.D., S.H., K.H., L.C., R.J.L., B.H.A.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (S.H., B.H.A.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; and Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and the Immunology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (R.S., W.J.L.)
| | - Rosanne Spolski
- From the Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center (T.W., A.C., A.O.D., S.H., K.H., L.C., R.J.L., B.H.A.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (S.H., B.H.A.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; and Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and the Immunology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (R.S., W.J.L.)
| | - Warren J Leonard
- From the Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center (T.W., A.C., A.O.D., S.H., K.H., L.C., R.J.L., B.H.A.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (S.H., B.H.A.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; and Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and the Immunology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (R.S., W.J.L.)
| | - Brian H Annex
- From the Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center (T.W., A.C., A.O.D., S.H., K.H., L.C., R.J.L., B.H.A.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (S.H., B.H.A.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; and Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and the Immunology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (R.S., W.J.L.).
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Mucosal interleukin-21 mRNA expression level is high in patients with Helicobacter pylori and is associated with the severity of gastritis. Cent Eur J Immunol 2015; 40:61-7. [PMID: 26155185 PMCID: PMC4472541 DOI: 10.5114/ceji.2015.50835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is associated with gastritis and marked infiltration of the gastric mucosa by several cytokines secreting inflammatory cells. Different clinical forms of the infection may reflect distinctive patterns of cytokine expression. Interleukin (IL)-17, IL-21, IL-22, and IL-23 have been reported to be involved in H. pylori-induced gastric mucosal inflammation, but the details and relationship to different patterns of inflammation and virulence factors remain unclear. The present study was launched to analyse IL-6 expression in H. pylori-infected and uninfected gastric patients and to investigate its correlation with chronic gastritis among H. pylori-infected patients. Total RNA was extracted from the gastric antrum biopsies of 48 H. pylori-infected patients and 38 H. pylori uninfected patients. Mucosal IL-21 mRNA expression level in H. pylori-infected and uninfected gastric biopsy was determined by real-time PCR. The presence of vacA (vacuolating cytotoxin A) and cagA (cytotoxin associated gene A) virulence factors were evaluated using PCR. Interleukin-21 mRNA expression was significantly high in biopsies of H. pylori-infected patients compared to H. pylori uninfected patients, and the mucosal IL-21 mRNA level was positively correlated with the grade of chronic inflammation. There was no association between virulence factors and IL-21 mRNA expression. We believe that IL-21 might be involved in the pathogenesis of H. pylori and might be an index of the severity of chronic gastritis.
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232
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Addition of interleukin-21 for expansion of T-cells for adoptive immunotherapy of murine melanoma. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:8744-60. [PMID: 25903148 PMCID: PMC4425106 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16048744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that interleukin (IL)-7/15 was superior to IL-2 for expansion of T cells in vitro for adoptive immunotherapy. We sought to ascertain whether IL-21 would further improve yield and therapeutic efficacy of T cells in culture. Naïve T cell receptor (TcR) transgenic splenocytes or antigen-sensitized lymph node cells were harvested from PMEL-1 mice and exposed to bryostatin-1 and ionomycin (B/I) for 18 h. Cells were then cultured in IL-2, IL-21, IL-7/15 or IL-7/15/21 for six days. Harvested cells were analyzed by flow cytometry and used to treat C57Bl/6 mice injected intravenously with B16 melanoma. Lungs were harvested and metastases counted 14 days after treatment. Culturing lymphocytes in IL-7/15/21 increased expansion compared to IL-2 or IL-7/15. IL-21 and IL-7/15/21 increased CD8+ cells compared to IL-2 or IL-7/15. IL-21 preferentially expanded a CD8+CD44−CD62L+ T “naïve” population, whereas IL-7/15/21 increased CD8+CD44+CD62Lhigh central-memory T cells. T cells grown in IL-7/15/21 were more effective at reducing metastases than IL-2. The addition of IL-21 to IL-7/15 induced greater expansion of lymphocytes in culture and increased the yield of CD8+ T central-memory cells vs. IL-7/15 alone. This may have significant impact on future clinical trials of adoptive immunotherapy, particularly for generating adequate numbers of lymphocytes for treatment.
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Xu M, Liu M, Du X, Li S, Li H, Li X, Li Y, Wang Y, Qin Z, Fu YX, Wang S. Intratumoral Delivery of IL-21 Overcomes Anti-Her2/Neu Resistance through Shifting Tumor-Associated Macrophages from M2 to M1 Phenotype. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:4997-5006. [PMID: 25876763 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Tumor resistance is a major hurdle to anti-Her2/neu Ab-based cancer therapy. Current strategies to overcome tumor resistance focus on tumor cell-intrinsic resistance. However, the extrinsic mechanisms, especially the tumor microenvironment, also play important roles in modulating the therapeutic response and resistance of the Ab. In this study, we demonstrate that tumor progression is highly associated with TAMs with immune-suppressive M2 phenotypes, and deletion of TAMs markedly enhanced the therapeutic effects of anti-Her2/neu Ab in a HER2/neu-dependent breast cancer cell TUBO model. Tumor local delivery of IL-21 can skew TAM polarization away from the M2 phenotype to a tumor-inhibiting M1 phenotype, which rapidly stimulates T cell responses against tumor and dramatically promotes the therapeutic effect of anti-Her2 Ab. Skewing of TAM polarization by IL-21 relies substantially on direct action of IL-21 on TAMs rather than stimulation of T and NK cells. Thus, our findings identify the abundant TAMs as a major extrinsic barrier for anti-Her2/neu Ab therapy and present a novel approach to combat this extrinsic resistance by tumor local delivery of IL-21 to skew TAM polarization. This study offers a therapeutic strategy to modulate the tumor microenvironment to overcome tumor-extrinsic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; and
| | - Mingyue Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; and
| | - Xuexiang Du
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; and
| | - Sirui Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; and
| | - Hang Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiaozhu Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Ying Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Pathology and Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Zhihai Qin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yang-Xin Fu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Department of Pathology and Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Shengdian Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;
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234
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Yao JY, Chao K, Li MR, Wu YQ, Zhong BH. Interleukin-21 gene polymorphisms and chronic hepatitis B infection in a Chinese population. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:4232-4239. [PMID: 25892873 PMCID: PMC4394084 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i14.4232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the relationship between interleukin-21 (IL21) gene polymorphisms and chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in a Chinese population.
METHODS: In this case-control study, 366 Chinese HBV-infected patients were recruited and divided into hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC; n = 94) and non-HCC (n = 272) groups at The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, from April 2009 to December 2012. In the non-HCC group, the patients were classified into three clinical subsets, 76 patients had chronic hepatitis B, 101 were HBV carriers and 95 patients had HBV-related cirrhosis. Two hundred eight unrelated healthy controls were also included. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs13143866, rs2221903, and rs907715 were subsequently genotyped using the SNaPshot SNP technique.
RESULTS: There were no significant differences in allele and genotype frequencies of SNPs rs13143866, rs2221903, and rs907715 between chronic HBV-infected patients and control subjects. Furthermore, no significant differences were found in the frequencies of all alleles and genotypes between the HCC group and the non-HCC group. However, in the subgroup analysis, IL21 rs13143866 genotype AA frequency in the HBV carrier group was higher than in controls (OR = 6.280, 95%CI: 1.238-31.854; P = 0.019), and the effect of the recessive model (AA vs GG + GA, OR = 6.505, 95%CI: 1.289-32.828) was observed in the HBV carrier group. IL21 rs2221903 genotype TC frequency in the HBV carrier group was higher than in controls (OR = 1.809, 95%CI: 1.043-3.139; P = 0.035). In the haplotype analysis, the ATA haplotype (rs13143866, rs2221903, and rs907715) of IL21 was more frequent in the HCC group than in the non-HCC group (0.165 vs 0.104, P = 0.044; OR = 1.700, 95%CI: 1.010-2.863).
CONCLUSION: Genotypes rs13143866 AA and rs2221903 TC are risk factors for carrying HBV; ATA haplotype increases the risk of HBV-related HCC onset in a Chinese population.
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235
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Wu XN, Ye YX, Niu JW, Li Y, Li X, You X, Chen H, Zhao LD, Zeng XF, Zhang FC, Tang FL, He W, Cao XT, Zhang X, Lipsky PE. Defective PTEN regulation contributes to B cell hyperresponsiveness in systemic lupus erythematosus. Sci Transl Med 2015; 6:246ra99. [PMID: 25101889 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3009131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
PTEN regulates normal signaling through the B cell receptor (BCR). In systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), enhanced BCR signaling contributes to increased B cell activity, but the role of PTEN in human SLE has remained unclear. We performed fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis in B cells from SLE patients and found that all SLE B cell subsets, except for memory B cells, showed decreased expression of PTEN compared with B cells from healthy controls. Moreover, the level of PTEN expression was inversely correlated with disease activity. We then explored the mechanisms governing PTEN regulation in SLE B cells. Notably, in normal but not SLE B cells, interleukin-21 (IL-21) induced PTEN expression and suppressed Akt phosphorylation induced by anti-immunoglobulin M and CD40L stimulation. However, this deficit was not primarily at the signaling or the transcriptional level, because IL-21-induced STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3) phosphorylation was intact and IL-21 up-regulated PTEN mRNA in SLE B cells. Therefore, we examined the expression of candidate microRNAs (miRs) that could regulate PTEN: SLE B cells were found to express increased levels of miR-7, miR-21, and miR-22. These miRs down-regulated the expression of PTEN, and IL-21 stimulation increased the expression of miR-7 and miR-22 in both normal and SLE B cells. Indeed, a miR-7 antagomir corrected PTEN-related abnormalities in SLE B cells in a manner dependent on PTEN. Therefore, defective miR-7 regulation of PTEN contributes to B cell hyperresponsiveness in SLE and could be a new target of therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-ni Wu
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yan-xia Ye
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Jing-wen Niu
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Xin You
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Hua Chen
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Li-dan Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Xiao-feng Zeng
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Feng-chun Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Fu-lin Tang
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Wei He
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, and Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Xue-tao Cao
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, and Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China.
| | - Peter E Lipsky
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China. Formerly National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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236
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Moser EK, Sun J, Kim TS, Braciale TJ. IL-21R signaling suppresses IL-17+ gamma delta T cell responses and production of IL-17 related cytokines in the lung at steady state and after Influenza A virus infection. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120169. [PMID: 25849970 PMCID: PMC4388622 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) infection of the respiratory tract elicits a robust immune response, which is required for efficient virus clearance but at the same time can contribute to lung damage and enhanced morbidity. IL-21 is a member of the type I cytokine family and has many different immune-modulatory functions during acute and chronic virus infections, although its role in IAV infection has not been fully evaluated. In this report we evaluated the contributions of IL-21/IL-21 receptor (IL-21R) signaling to host defense in a mouse model of primary IAV infection using IL-21R knock out (KO) mice. We found that lack of IL-21R signaling had no significant impact on virus clearance, adaptive T cell responses, or myeloid cell accumulations in the respiratory tract. However, a subset of inflammatory cytokines were elevated in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of IL-21R KO mice, including IL-17. Although there was only a small increase in Th17 cells in the lungs of IL-21R KO mice, we observed a dramatic increase in gamma delta (γδ) T cells capable of producing IL-17 both after IAV infection and at steady state in the respiratory tract. Finally, we found that IL-21R signaling suppressed the accumulation of IL-17+ γδ T cells in the respiratory tract intrinsically. Thus, our study reveals a previously unrecognized role of IL-21R signaling in regulating IL-17 production by γδ T cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid/chemistry
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytokines/genetics
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Influenza A virus/immunology
- Influenza A virus/pathogenicity
- Interleukin-17/genetics
- Interleukin-17/metabolism
- Lung/immunology
- Lung/pathology
- Lung/virology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/immunology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/virology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin-21/physiology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Th17 Cells/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily K. Moser
- The Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, The University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Jie Sun
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatrics, The University of Indiana, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Taeg S. Kim
- The Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, The University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, The University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Thomas J. Braciale
- The Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, The University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, The University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Ferreira RC, Simons HZ, Thompson WS, Cutler AJ, Dopico XC, Smyth DJ, Mashar M, Schuilenburg H, Walker NM, Dunger DB, Wallace C, Todd JA, Wicker LS, Pekalski ML. IL-21 production by CD4+ effector T cells and frequency of circulating follicular helper T cells are increased in type 1 diabetes patients. Diabetologia 2015; 58:781-90. [PMID: 25652388 PMCID: PMC4351433 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-015-3509-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Type 1 diabetes results from the autoimmune destruction of insulin-secreting pancreatic beta cells by T cells. Despite the established role of T cells in the pathogenesis of the disease, to date, with the exception of the identification of islet-specific T effector (Teff) cells, studies have mostly failed to identify reproducible alterations in the frequency or function of T cell subsets in peripheral blood from patients with type 1 diabetes. METHODS We assessed the production of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-21, IFN-γ and IL-17 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 69 patients with type 1 diabetes and 61 healthy donors. In an additional cohort of 30 patients with type 1 diabetes and 32 healthy donors, we assessed the frequency of circulating T follicular helper (Tfh) cells in whole blood. IL-21 and IL-17 production was also measured in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from a subset of 46 of the 62 donors immunophenotyped for Tfh. RESULTS We found a 21.9% (95% CI 5.8, 40.2; p = 3.9 × 10(-3)) higher frequency of IL-21(+) CD45RA(-) memory CD4(+) Teffs in patients with type 1 diabetes (geometric mean 5.92% [95% CI 5.44, 6.44]) compared with healthy donors (geometric mean 4.88% [95% CI 4.33, 5.50]). Consistent with this finding, we found a 14.9% increase in circulating Tfh cells in the patients (95% CI 2.9, 26.9; p = 0.016). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION These results indicate that increased IL-21 production is likely to be an aetiological factor in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes that could be considered as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo C. Ferreira
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, WT/MRC Building, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY UK
| | - Henry Z. Simons
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, WT/MRC Building, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY UK
| | - Whitney S. Thompson
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, WT/MRC Building, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY UK
| | - Antony J. Cutler
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, WT/MRC Building, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY UK
| | - Xaquin Castro Dopico
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, WT/MRC Building, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY UK
| | - Deborah J. Smyth
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, WT/MRC Building, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY UK
| | - Meghavi Mashar
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, WT/MRC Building, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY UK
| | - Helen Schuilenburg
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, WT/MRC Building, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY UK
| | - Neil M. Walker
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, WT/MRC Building, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY UK
| | - David B. Dunger
- Department of Paediatrics, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Chris Wallace
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, WT/MRC Building, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY UK
| | - John A. Todd
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, WT/MRC Building, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY UK
| | - Linda S. Wicker
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, WT/MRC Building, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY UK
| | - Marcin L. Pekalski
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, WT/MRC Building, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY UK
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Erman B, Bilic I, Hirschmugl T, Salzer E, Çagdas D, Esenboga S, Akcoren Z, Sanal O, Tezcan I, Boztug K. Combined immunodeficiency with CD4 lymphopenia and sclerosing cholangitis caused by a novel loss-of-function mutation affecting IL21R. Haematologica 2015; 100:e216-9. [PMID: 25769540 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2014.120980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Baran Erman
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria Department of Pediatric Immunology, Hacettepe University of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ivan Bilic
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tatjana Hirschmugl
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Salzer
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Deniz Çagdas
- Department of Pediatric Immunology, Hacettepe University of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Saliha Esenboga
- Department of Pediatric Immunology, Hacettepe University of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Zuhal Akcoren
- Department of Pediatric Pathology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ozden Sanal
- Department of Pediatric Immunology, Hacettepe University of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ilhan Tezcan
- Department of Pediatric Immunology, Hacettepe University of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Kaan Boztug
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
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Davis MR, Zhu Z, Hansen DM, Bai Q, Fang Y. The role of IL-21 in immunity and cancer. Cancer Lett 2015; 358:107-114. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.12.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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240
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Pekkarinen PT, Heikkilä N, Kisand K, Peterson P, Botto M, Daha MR, Drouet C, Isaac L, Helminen M, Haahtela T, Meri S, Jarva H, Arstila TP. Dysregulation of adaptive immune responses in complement C3-deficient patients. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:915-21. [PMID: 25446578 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201444948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In addition to its effector functions, complement is an important regulator of adaptive immune responses. Murine studies suggest that complement modulates helper T-cell differentiation, and Th1 responses in particular are impaired in the absence of functional complement. Here, we have studied humoral responses to toxoid vaccines in eight patients with C3 deficiency, representing more than 25% of all the known patients worldwide. Serum cytokine levels were also studied. The patients developed normal Ig responses to tetanus and diphtheria toxoids, but IgE levels were low. The pattern of antigen-specific IgG subclasses was abnormal, with increased Th1-related IgG3 responses, low IgG2, and almost completely undetectable IgG4. The patients also had increased amounts of Th1-related cytokines IL-12p70 and IL-21, and these showed a positive correlation with IgG3 levels. Our results confirm that complement modulates Th differentiation, but reveal a more nuanced outcome than previously reported. Since IgG4 has been linked to tolerogenic responses, the data also suggest that in the absence of functional complement at least some aspects of systemic tolerance are impaired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pirkka T Pekkarinen
- Haartman Institute and Research Programs Unit, Immunobiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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241
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Lam DC, Luo SY, Deng W, Kwan JS, Rodriguez-Canales J, Cheung AL, Cheng GH, Lin CH, Wistuba II, Sham PC, Wan TS, Tsao SW. Oncogenic mutation profiling in new lung cancer and mesothelioma cell lines. Onco Targets Ther 2015; 8:195-209. [PMID: 25653542 PMCID: PMC4303463 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s71242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Thoracic tumor, especially lung cancer, ranks as the top cancer mortality in most parts of the world. Lung adenocarcinoma is the predominant subtype and there is increasing knowledge on therapeutic molecular targets, namely EGFR, ALK, KRAS, and ROS1, among lung cancers. Lung cancer cell lines established with known clinical characteristics and molecular profiling of oncogenic targets like ALK or KRAS could be useful tools for understanding the biology of known molecular targets as well as for drug testing and screening. Materials and methods Five new cancer cell lines were established from pleural fluid or biopsy tissues obtained from Chinese patients with primary lung adenocarcinomas or malignant pleural mesothelioma. They were characterized by immunohistochemistry, growth kinetics, tests for tumorigenicity, EGFR and KRAS gene mutations, ALK gene rearrangement and OncoSeq mutation profiling. Results These newly established lung adenocarcinoma and mesothelioma cell lines were maintained for over 100 passages and demonstrated morphological and immunohistochemical features as well as growth kinetics of tumor cell lines. One of these new cell lines bears EML4-ALK rearrangement variant 2, two lung cancer cell lines bear different KRAS mutations at codon 12, and known single nucleotide polymorphism variants were identified in these cell lines. Discussion Four new lung adenocarcinoma and one mesothelioma cell lines were established from patients with different clinical characteristics and oncogenic mutation profiles. These characterized cell lines and their mutation profiles will provide resources for exploration of lung cancer and mesothelioma biology with regard to the presence of known oncogenic mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Cl Lam
- Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Susan Y Luo
- Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Deng
- School of Nursing, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Johnny Sh Kwan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Jaime Rodriguez-Canales
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Annie Lm Cheung
- Department of Anatomy, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Grace Hw Cheng
- Center for Genome Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Chi-Ho Lin
- Center for Genome Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Ignacio I Wistuba
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Pak C Sham
- Center for Genome Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Thomas Sk Wan
- Department of Pathology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Sai-Wah Tsao
- Department of Anatomy, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
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Abstract
Advances in our understanding of the pathogenesis of primary Sjögren syndrome (pSS) characterize it as a highly complex process encompassing both the initiation of innate immunity and subsequent adaptive immune responses. IL-21 is receiving attention as a potential key player in the pathogenesis of pSS owing to its pleiotropic effects on the type I interferon signalling pathway, and newly identified roles in generation of follicular and IL-17-producing subtypes of helper T cells, as well as plasma-cell differentiation and B-cell activation. Taking into consideration the diverse biological functions of IL-21 and its clinical relevance to pSS, we propose that this cytokine has a central role in orchestrating the complex immune response in pSS. This hypothesis might provide new insight into the pathogenesis of pSS and facilitate the development of effective therapeutic strategies.
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243
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Pan M, Zhu H, Xu R. Immune cellular regulation on autoantibody production in pemphigus. J Dermatol 2015; 42:11-7. [PMID: 25558947 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.12697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Pan
- Department of Dermatology; Rui Jin Hospital; School of Medicine; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai China
| | - Haiqin Zhu
- Department of Dermatology; Rui Jin Hospital; School of Medicine; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai China
| | - Renchao Xu
- Department of Dermatology; Rui Jin Hospital; School of Medicine; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai China
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244
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Sakurai T, Inamine A, Iinuma T, Funakoshi U, Yonekura S, Sakurai D, Hanazawa T, Nakayama T, Ishii Y, Okamoto Y. Activation of invariant natural killer T cells in regional lymph nodes as new antigen-specific immunotherapy via induction of interleukin-21 and interferon-γ. Clin Exp Immunol 2014; 178:65-74. [PMID: 24943738 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells play important immunoregulatory functions in allergen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation. To clarify the role of iNKT cells in allergic rhinitis (AR), we generated bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs), which were pulsed by ovalbumin (OVA) and α-galactosylceramide (OVA/α-GalCer-BMDCs) and administered into the oral submucosa of OVA-sensitized mice before nasal challenge. Nasal symptoms, level of OVA-specific immunoglobulin (IgE), and T helper type 2 (Th2) cytokine production in cervical lymph nodes (CLNs) were significantly ameliorated in wild-type (WT) mice treated with OVA/α-GalCer-BMDCs, but not in WT mice treated with OVA-BMDCs. These anti-allergic effects were not observed in Jα18(-/-) recipients that lack iNKT cells, even after similar treatment with OVA/α-GalCer-BMDCs in an adoptive transfer study with CD4(+) T cells and B cells from OVA-sensitized WT mice. In WT recipients of OVA/α-GalCer-BMDCs, the number of interleukin (IL)-21-producing iNKT cells increased significantly and the Th1/Th2 balance shifted towards the Th1 dominant state. Treatment with anti-IL-21 and anti-interferon (IFN)-γ antibodies abrogated these anti-allergic effects in mice treated with α-GalCer/OVA-BMDCs. These results suggest that activation of iNKT cells in regional lymph nodes induces anti-allergic effects through production of IL-21 or IFN-γ, and that these effects are enhanced by simultaneous stimulation with antigen. Thus, iNKT cells might be a useful target in development of new treatment strategies for AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sakurai
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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245
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Li YJ, Zhang F, Qi Y, Chang GQ, Fu Y, Su L, Shen Y, Sun N, Borazanci A, Yang C, Shi FD, Yan Y. Association of circulating follicular helper T cells with disease course of NMO spectrum disorders. J Neuroimmunol 2014; 278:239-46. [PMID: 25468778 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2014.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 10/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
While follicular helper T (Tfh) cells have been shown to be involved in many autoimmune diseases, the association of Tfh cells with the disease activity of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSDs) remains unclear. In this study, the CD4(+)CXCR5(+)PD-1(+) Tfh cell population in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) obtained from NMOSD patients, age- and gender-matched healthy controls, and multiple sclerosis patients was compared by flow cytometry. The serum levels of IL-21, IL-6, IL-17, TNF-α and IL-10 were analyzed by ELISA assays. We found that in NMOSD, the Tfh cell frequency is higher than that of healthy subjects and multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. There are more Tfh cells in the relapsing stage than the remitting stage of NMOSD, thus demonstrating the close association of the Tfh cell population with disease activity. Methylprednisolone, which is used to control disease relapses, significantly decreased the proportion of Tfh cells in NMOSD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jing Li
- Department of Neurology and Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Fang Zhang
- Department of Neurology and Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Yuan Qi
- Department of Neurology and Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Guo-Qiang Chang
- Department of Neurology and Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Ying Fu
- Department of Neurology and Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Lei Su
- Department of Neurology and Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Yi Shen
- Department of Neurology and Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Na Sun
- Department of Neurology and Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Aimee Borazanci
- Department of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA
| | - Chunsheng Yang
- Department of Neurology and Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Fu-Dong Shi
- Department of Neurology and Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China; Department of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA
| | - Yaping Yan
- Department of Neurology and Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China.
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Selective oral ROCK2 inhibitor down-regulates IL-21 and IL-17 secretion in human T cells via STAT3-dependent mechanism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:16814-9. [PMID: 25385601 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1414189111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Rho-associated kinase 2 (ROCK2) regulates the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and the development of autoimmunity in mice. Data from a phase 1 clinical trial demonstrate that oral administration of KD025, a selective ROCK2 inhibitor, to healthy human subjects down-regulates the ability of T cells to secrete IL-21 and IL-17 by 90% and 60%, respectively, but not IFN-γ in response to T-cell receptor stimulation in vitro. Pharmacological inhibition with KD025 or siRNA-mediated inhibition of ROCK2, but not ROCK1, significantly diminished STAT3 phosphorylation and binding to IL-17 and IL-21 promoters and reduced IFN regulatory factor 4 and nuclear hormone RAR-related orphan receptor γt protein levels in T cells derived from healthy subjects or rheumatoid arthritis patients. Simultaneously, treatment with KD025 also promotes the suppressive function of regulatory T cells through up-regulation of STAT5 phosphorylation and positive regulation of forkhead box p3 expression. The administration of KD025 in vivo down-regulates the progression of collagen-induced arthritis in mice via targeting of the Th17-mediated pathway. Thus, ROCK2 signaling appears to be instrumental in regulating the balance between proinflammatory and regulatory T-cell subsets. Targeting of ROCK2 in man may therefore restore disrupted immune homeostasis and have a role in the treatment of autoimmunity.
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247
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Abstract
Chronic inflammation predisposes patients with inflammatory bowel disease to the risk of developing colitis-associated cancer (CAC). Growing evidence strongly suggests that CAC development is multifactorial and is attributed to concurrent, dynamic dysregulations in host immunity, enteric microbiota, and epithelial restitution during the course of chronic inflammation. This article discusses the recent advances in understanding the different forms of CAC that may develop in patients with inflammatory bowel disease and animal models, as well as molecular alterations and other processes that orchestrate the development of CAC.
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248
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Jiang W, Su J, Zhang X, Cheng X, Zhou J, Shi R, Zhang H. Elevated levels of Th17 cells and Th17-related cytokines are associated with disease activity in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Res 2014; 63:943-50. [PMID: 25129403 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-014-0768-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Interleukin-17(IL-17)-producing T helper(Th)17 cells are considered as a new subset of cells critical to the development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We aimed to investigate the distribution of Th17 cells, the expressions of Th17-related cytokines (IL-17, IL-21 and IL-22) and their association with disease activity in IBD patients. METHODS We collected intestinal tissue biopsies from 40 patients with active ulcerative colitis (UC), 20 patients with active Crohn's disease (CD) and 20 healthy controls. The distribution of Th17 cells and expressions of Th17-related cytokines in colonic tissues were evaluated by a standard immunohistochemical procedure. Serum IL-17, IL-21 and IL-22 levels were determined by ELISA. Pearson's and Spearman's correlation analyses were performed to analyze the correlation between the number of Th17 cells, the expressions of Th17-related cytokines and disease activity index, endoscopic and histological grading, and CRP and PLT levels, respectively. RESULTS Compared with healthy controls, the number of Th17 cells and the expressions of IL-17, IL-21 and IL-22 were significantly increased in active IBD patients (P < 0.05). In addition, Pearson's and Spearman's correlation analyses showed that the number of Th17 cells and the expressions of Th17-related cytokines were correlated with disease activity index, endoscopic and histological grading, CRP and PLT levels (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Th17 cells and Th17-related cytokines (IL-17, IL-21 and IL-22) were increased in the intestinal mucosa in active IBD patients and may play an important role in disease activity and mucosal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyu Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, China
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249
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Yu J, He S, Liu P, Hu Y, Wang L, Wang X, Han Y, Zhu X. Interleukin‑21 promotes the development of ulcerative colitis and regulates the proliferation and secretion of follicular T helper cells in the colitides microenvironment. Mol Med Rep 2014; 11:1049-56. [PMID: 25371082 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) are at increased risk of developing colitis‑associated colon cancer. Previous studies have indicated that interleukin (IL)‑21, which is predominantly secreted by follicular T helper (Tfh) cells, is overproduced in inflammatory bowel diseases. In order to investigate the role of IL‑21 in UC and the association between IL‑21 and Tfh cells, the number of Tfh cells and the level of IL‑21 were investigated in colonic tissues from UC patients and wild‑type (WT) mice, which were induced by dextran sulphate sodium (DSS). High Tfh cell counts and levels of IL‑21 were observed in UC patients and WT mice with DSS‑induced colitis. Subsequent comparison of the mucosal damage and expression of Tfh‑associated cytokines in the WT mice and IL‑21 knockout (IL‑21KO) mice following DSS administration, revealed that IL‑21KO mice were largely protected against colitis and exhibited reduced infiltration of Tfh cells, as well as decreased production of Tfh‑associated cytokines. The present study also found that IL‑21 was necessary for the proliferation and secretion of Tfh cells in vitro. In addition, neutralization of IL‑21 in DSS‑administered WT mice using anti‑IL‑21 reduced the number of Tfh cells and the level of mucosal damage. Administration of a neutralizing IL‑21 antibody decreased the colonic infiltration of Tfh cells and reduced damage to the mucosa. These results indicated that Tfh cells are important in UC and that its effector molecule, IL‑21, is not only a critical regulator of inflammation, but also regulates the proliferation and response of Tfh cells in the colitis microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Songbing He
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Pengfei Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Wujiang City, Wujiang Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, Wujiang, Jiangsu 215200, P.R. China
| | - You Hu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Ye Han
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Xinguo Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
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Feng G, Zhang JY, Zeng QL, Yu X, Zhang Z, Lv S, Xu X, Wang FS. Interleukin-21 mediates hepatitis B virus-associated liver cirrhosis by activating hepatic stellate cells. Hepatol Res 2014; 44:E198-205. [PMID: 23905760 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.12215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AIM Interleukin-21 (IL-21) is involved in effective primary hepatic immune response against hepatitis B virus (HBV) and profibrotic function. However, the role of IL-21 in HBV-associated liver cirrhosis is poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the role of IL-21 in HBV-associated liver cirrhosis and possible mechanisms. METHODS The study subjects included 10 healthy controls and 30 patients with HBV-associated liver cirrhosis that categorized into three subgroups based on Child-Pugh score (A, 13; B, 10; C, 7). The frequencies of IL-21(+) CD4(+) T cells were detected by flow cytometry, and the level of IL-21 in plasma was measured by enzyme-linked immunoassay. The distribution of IL-21(+) cells in situ in liver was observed by immunohistochemistry. In addition, the in vitro expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), apoptosis and proliferation markers of LX-2 cells were examined by flow cytometry and Cell Counting Kit-8 kit. Finally, the collagen levels in the supernatant were measured by chemiluminescence. RESULTS Increased peripheral number of IL-21(+) CD4(+) cells, elevated plasma level of IL-21 and IL-21(+) cell accumulation in liver were observed in patients with HBV-associated liver cirrhosis. In vitro administration of IL-21 was accompanied with increased expression of α-SMA, inhibited LX-2 cells apoptosis and upregulated collagen production by LX-2 cells. CONCLUSION IL-21 may contribute to the fibrogenesis of HBV-associated liver cirrhosis by activating the hepatic stellate cells. Therefore, neutralization of IL-21 could be a favorable new therapeutic strategy for liver cirrhosis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohua Feng
- Institute of Translational Hepatology, Beijing 302 Hospital, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
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