201
|
MacFarlane M, Inoue S, Kohlhaas SL, Majid A, Harper N, Kennedy DBJ, Dyer MJS, Cohen GM. Chronic lymphocytic leukemic cells exhibit apoptotic signaling via TRAIL-R1. Cell Death Differ 2005; 12:773-82. [PMID: 15861184 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4401649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical trials have been initiated with Apo2L/TRAIL (Genentech) and agonistic mAbs to TRAIL receptors, -R1 and -R2 (Human Genome Sciences). The apoptosis-inducing ability of these mAbs and different TRAIL preparations, in the presence or absence of histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi), varied markedly against primary chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) cells and various tumor cell lines, demonstrating an unanticipated preferential apoptotic signaling via either TRAIL-R1 or -R2. Contrary to literature reports that TRAIL-induced apoptosis occurs primarily via signaling through TRAIL-R2, CLL cells, in the presence of HDACi, undergo predominantly TRAIL-R1-mediated apoptosis. Consequently, Apo2L/TRAIL, which signals primarily through TRAIL-R2, is virtually devoid of activity against CLL cells. To maximize therapeutic benefit, it is essential to ascertain whether a primary tumor signals via TRAIL-R1/-R2, prior to initiating therapy. Thus combination of an agonistic TRAIL-R1 Ab and an HDACi, such as the anticonvulsant sodium valproate, could be of value in treating CLL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M MacFarlane
- MRC Toxicology Unit, Hodgkin Building, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
202
|
Yamamoto T, Nagano H, Sakon M, Wada H, Eguchi H, Kondo M, Damdinsuren B, Ota H, Nakamura M, Wada H, Marubashi S, Miyamoto A, Dono K, Umeshita K, Nakamori S, Yagita H, Monden M. Partial contribution of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)/TRAIL receptor pathway to antitumor effects of interferon-alpha/5-fluorouracil against Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 10:7884-95. [PMID: 15585621 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-04-0794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Our purpose was to explore the contribution of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)/TRAIL receptor pathway to antitumor effects of IFNalpha and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) combination therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Susceptibility of HCC cell lines to TRAIL and/or 5-FU was examined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. The effects of 5-FU, IFNalpha, or both on the expression of TRAIL receptors (R1, R2, R3, and R4) on HCC cells or TRAIL in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were examined by flow cytometry. IFNalpha-induced cytotoxic effects of PBMC on HCC cell lines were examined by (51)Cr release assay. TRAIL expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and liver tissue from patients was examined by real-time reverse transcription-PCR or immunohistochemistry. RESULTS HLE and HepG2 were sensitive to TRAIL, but HuH7, PLC/PRF/5, and HLF were resistant. 5-FU had synergistic effect on TRAIL in HLF and additive effect in four other HCC cell lines. TRAIL receptors on HCC cells were up-regulated by 5-FU, and IFNalpha induced TRAIL on CD4(+) T cells, CD14(+) monocytes, and CD56(+) NK cells. Treatment of effector cells by IFNalpha and target HCC cells by 5-FU enhanced the cytotoxicity of CD14(+) monocytes and CD56(+) NK cells against HCC cells via a TRAIL-mediated pathway. TRAIL mRNA overexpression was noted in PBMC of HCC patients who clinically responded to IFNalpha/5-FU combination therapy, and TRAIL(+) mononuclear cells were found in cancer tissue of a responder. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that modulation of TRAIL/TRAIL receptor-mediated cytotoxic pathway might partially contribute to the anti-HCC effect of IFNalpha and 5-FU combination therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tameyoshi Yamamoto
- Department of Surgery and Clinical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
203
|
Muris JJF, Cillessen SAGM, Vos W, van Houdt IS, Kummer JA, van Krieken JHJM, Jiwa NM, Jansen PM, Kluin-Nelemans HC, Ossenkoppele GJ, Gundy C, Meijer CJLM, Oudejans JJ. Immunohistochemical profiling of caspase signaling pathways predicts clinical response to chemotherapy in primary nodal diffuse large B-cell lymphomas. Blood 2005; 105:2916-23. [PMID: 15576477 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2004-07-2716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractWe used biopsy specimens of primary nodal diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) to investigate whether the inhibition of caspase 8 and/or 9 apoptosis signaling pathways predicts clinical outcome. Expression levels of cellular FLICE inhibitory protein (c-Flip) and numbers of active caspase 3-positive lymphoma cells were used to determine the status of the caspase 8-mediated pathway. Expression levels of Bcl-2 and X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP) were used to determine the status of the caspase 9-mediated pathway. Expression of c-Flip, XIAP, Bcl-2, and caspase 3 activity all provided prognostic information. According to these immunohistochemical parameters, inhibition of either or both caspase signaling pathways was detected in all patients. Three groups of patients were identified, one with a caspase 8 inhibition profile, one with caspase 8 and 9 inhibition profiles, and one with a caspase 9 inhibition profile. Caspase 9 inhibition was strongly associated with poor response to chemotherapy and usually with fatal outcome, whereas caspase 8 inhibition was associated with excellent clinical outcome. Thus, our data strongly suggest that inhibition of the caspase 9-mediated pathway, but not the caspase 8-mediated pathway, is a major cause for therapy resistance in patients with nodal DLBCL.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/administration & dosage
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Apoptosis/physiology
- CASP8 and FADD-Like Apoptosis Regulating Protein
- Caspase 3
- Caspase 8
- Caspase 9
- Caspases/metabolism
- Etoposide/administration & dosage
- Female
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/drug therapy
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/metabolism
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/mortality
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/pathology
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/drug therapy
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/metabolism
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/mortality
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/pathology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases/metabolism
- Proteins/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Treatment Outcome
- X-Linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jettie J F Muris
- Department of Clinical Pathology, VU Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
204
|
Liu LG, Tanaka H, Ito K, Ito T, Sultana TA, Kyo T, Kimura A. Absence of gene mutation in TRAIL receptor 1 (TRAIL-R1) and TRAIL receptor 2 (TRAIL-R2) in chronic myelogenous leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome, and analysis of mRNA Expressions of TRAIL and TRAIL-related genes in chronic myelogenous leukemia. Acta Haematol 2005; 113:113-23. [PMID: 15802890 DOI: 10.1159/000083449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2004] [Accepted: 05/26/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is an interferon (IFN)-induced molecule with apoptotic activity. We examined gene mutations in the death domains of TRAIL receptor 1 (TRAIL-R1) and TRAIL receptor 2 (TRAIL-R2), and in the TRAIL gene promoter in 46 chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) patients. In 23 of the 46 patients, all the coding regions of TRAIL-R2 were also examined. However, no mutation or loss of heterozygosity was found. Furthermore, no mutation in the death domains of TRAIL-R1 and TRAIL-R2 genes, which causes amino acid change, was found in 18 myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) patients. Ribonuclease protection assay (RPA) and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction using polymorphonuclear neutrophils of five new CML patients showed that the TRAIL mRNA expression was very low before in vitro IFN-alpha stimulation and markedly upregulated after IFN-alpha stimulation. FAS mRNA was also upregulated with IFN-alpha stimulation but the fold induction was far lower than that of TRAIL mRNA. In addition, RPA revealed that the ratio of (TRAIL-R1 plus TRAIL-R2) to TRAIL-R3 was also increased after IFN-alpha stimulation. Taken together, gene mutations of TRAIL-R1, TRAIL-R2 are infrequent in patients with CML and MDS. And so is the TRAIL promoter for CML. These mutations seem unrelated to tumorigenesis, disease progression, and response to IFN-alpha therapy in CML. A markedly high induction of TRAIL mRNA by IFN-alpha may have some relevance to IFN-alpha action in CML patients.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Substitution/genetics
- Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic/genetics
- Humans
- Immunologic Factors/pharmacology
- Immunologic Factors/therapeutic use
- Interferon-alpha/pharmacology
- Interferon-alpha/therapeutic use
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Loss of Heterozygosity/genetics
- Male
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Middle Aged
- Myelodysplastic Syndromes/drug therapy
- Myelodysplastic Syndromes/genetics
- Open Reading Frames/genetics
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- Protein Structure, Tertiary/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Receptors, TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/genetics
- TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/genetics
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Gen Liu
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Kasumi, Hiroshima, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
205
|
Abstract
Identification of tumour necrosis factor apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL), a TNF family ligand, sparked a torrent of research, following an initial observation that it could kill tumour cells, but spare normal cells. Almost a decade after its discovery, and with five known receptors, the true physiological role of TRAIL is still debated and its anti-tumorigenic properties limited by potential toxicity. This review takes a comprehensive look at the story of this enigmatic ligand, addressing its remaining potential as a therapeutic and providing an overview of the TRAIL receptors themselves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fiona C Kimberley
- Department of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College, Du Cane Road, London, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
206
|
|
207
|
Hasegawa H, Yamada Y, Harasawa H, Tsuji T, Murata K, Sugahara K, Tsuruda K, Ikeda S, Imaizumi Y, Tomonaga M, Masuda M, Takasu N, Kamihira S. Sensitivity of adult T-cell leukaemia lymphoma cells to tumour necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand. Br J Haematol 2005; 128:253-65. [PMID: 15638862 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2004.05289.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) induces apoptosis in many transformed cells, but not in normal cells, and hence TRAIL has recently emerged as a novel anti-cancer agent. Adult T-cell leukaemia lymphoma (ATLL) is a neoplasm of T-lymphocyte origin aetiologically associated with human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-I), and is resistant to standard anti-cancer therapy. We thus characterized the sensitivity of ATLL cells to TRAIL in this study. Although most primary ATLL cells and cell lines expressed TRAIL death receptors on their surface, they showed only restricted sensitivity to TRAIL. Among the 10 ATLL cell lines examined, one was sensitive, but two had insufficient death-receptor expression, two had an unknown resistant mechanism with abrogation of the death signal upstream of caspase-8, and the remaining five showed attenuation of the signal in both extrinsic and intrinsic pathways by X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis and Bcl-2/Bcl-xL respectively. Furthermore, the level of HTLV-I tax expression was significantly correlated to TRAIL resistance. Interestingly, ATLL cells themselves expressed TRAIL on the cell surface. Constitutive production of TRAIL may offer resistance, thus allowing the development of TRAIL-resistant ATLL cells. Consequently, the resistant mechanism in ATLL cells against TRAIL was assigned to multiple factors and was not explained by a definitive single agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Hasegawa
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
208
|
Viktorsson K, Lewensohn R, Zhivotovsky B. Apoptotic Pathways and Therapy Resistance in Human Malignancies. Adv Cancer Res 2005; 94:143-96. [PMID: 16096001 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-230x(05)94004-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis and necrosis are two morphologically distinct forms of cell death that are important for maintaining of cellular homeostasis. Almost all agents can provoke either response when applied to cells; however, the duration of treatment and the dose of the used agents determine which type of death (apoptosis or necrosis) is initiated. The response of tumors to chemo-, radio-, and hormone therapy or to treatment with biologically active agents may depend at least in part on the propensity of these tumors to undergo cell death. Some tumors, e.g., leukemias, small cell lung cancer, and seminomas, respond quickly to first-line therapy; this fast response is thought to result from induction of apoptosis. Solid tumors, on the other hand, usually respond slowly and less effectively, with cell death characterized not only by apoptosis but also by necrosis, or mitotic catastrophe. It is likely that resistance of tumors to treatment might be associated with defects in, or dysregulation of, different steps of the apoptotic pathways. Several attempts were undertaken to use the knowledge of these defects to design new drugs, which might either activate or re-activate the apoptotic machinery of tumor cells. Here we discuss the apoptotic pathways and their role in therapy resistance of human malignancies. Although such studies are still in progress, they offer great promise for future cancer therapy. We hope that some of these agents will turn out to be valuable additions to the future therapeutic arsenal, which will most probably include a combination of conventional cytotoxic drugs and molecular target-based pro-apoptotic drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Viktorsson
- Unit of Medical Radiobiology, Department of Oncology/Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Institute, S-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
209
|
Melloni E, Secchiero P, Celeghini C, Campioni D, Grill V, Guidotti L, Zauli G. Functional expression of TRAIL and TRAIL-R2 during human megakaryocytic development. J Cell Physiol 2005; 204:975-82. [PMID: 15828026 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The expression and function of surface TRAIL and TRAIL receptors were investigated in primary megakaryocytic cells, generated in serum-free liquid phase from peripheral human CD34(+) cells. The surface expression of both TRAIL and "death receptor" TRAIL-R2 became detectable starting from the early phase of megakaryocytic differentiation (day 6 of culture) and persisted at later (days10-14) culture times. On the other hand, "death receptor" TRAIL-R1, "decoy receptors" TRAIL-R3, and TRAIL-R4 were barely detectable or undetectable at any time point examined. Addition of recombinant TRAIL at day 6 of culture increased the rate of spontaneous apoptosis of CD34(+)/CD41(dim) megakaryoblasts and it significantly decreased the total output of mature megakaryocytic cells evaluated after additional 4-8 days of culture. Conversely, addition in culture of TRAIL-R2-Fc chimera, which blocked the interaction between endogenous TRAIL and TRAIL-R2 on the surface of cultured megakaryocytic cells, increased the total megakaryocytic cell count. In addition, recombinant TRAIL promoted a small but reproducible increase of maturation in the surviving megakaryocytic cell population, evaluated by both phenotypic analysis and morphology. A similar pro-maturation effect was observed when TRAIL was added to bone marrow-derived CD61(+) megakaryocytic cells. Thus, our data suggest a role of TRAIL as a regulator of megakaryocytopoiesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Melloni
- Department of Morphology and Embryology, Human Anatomy Section, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
210
|
Shankar S, Srivastava RK. Enhancement of therapeutic potential of TRAIL by cancer chemotherapy and irradiation: mechanisms and clinical implications. Drug Resist Updat 2004; 7:139-56. [PMID: 15158769 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2004.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2004] [Revised: 03/15/2004] [Accepted: 03/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Activation of cell surface death receptors by their cognate ligands triggers apoptosis. Several human death receptors (Fas, TNF-R1, TRAMP, DR4, DR5, DR6, EDA-R and NGF-R) have been identified. The most promising cytokine for anticancer therapy is TRAIL/APO-2L, which induces apoptosis in cancer cells by binding to death receptors TRAIL-R1/DR4 and TRAIL-R2/DR5. The cytotoxic activity of TRAIL is relatively selective to cancer cells compared to normal cells. Signaling by TRAIL and its receptors is tightly regulated process essential for key physiological functions in a variety of organs, as well as the maintenance of immune homeostasis. Despite early promising results, recent studies have identified several TRAIL-resistant cancer cells of various origins. Based on molecular analysis of death-receptor signaling pathways several new approaches have been developed to increase the efficacy of TRAIL. Resistance of cancer cells to TRAIL appears to occur through the modulation of various molecular targets. They may include differential expression of death receptors, constitutively active Akt and NFkappaB, overexpression of cFLIP and IAPs, mutations in Bax and Bak genes, and defects in the release of mitochondrial proteins in resistant cells. Conventional chemotherapeutic and chemopreventive drugs, and irradiation can sensitize TRAIL-resistant cells to undergo apoptosis. Thus, these agents enhance the therapeutic potential of TRAIL in TRAIL-sensitive cells and sensitize TRAIL-resistant cells. TRAIL and TRAIL-receptor antibodies may prove to be useful for cancer therapy, either alone or in association with conventional approaches such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy. This review discusses intracellular mechanisms of TRAIL resistance and various approaches that can be taken to sensitize TRAIL-resistant cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharmila Shankar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 N. Pine Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
211
|
Zauli G, Rimondi E, Nicolin V, Melloni E, Celeghini C, Secchiero P. TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) blocks osteoclastic differentiation induced by RANKL plus M-CSF. Blood 2004; 104:2044-50. [PMID: 15213096 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2004-03-1196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The role of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily member receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL) in promoting the differentiation of osteoclasts has been extensively characterized. In this study, we have investigated the effect of TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), a member of the TNF superfamily of cytokines, in osteoclastogenesis, by using human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and the RAW264.7 murine monocytic cell line. Both cell models differentiate into osteoclast-like cells in presence of RANKL plus macrophage-colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), as evaluated in terms of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive multinucleated cells and bone resorption activity. Unexpectedly, when added in culture in combination with RANKL plus M-CSF, TRAIL inhibited osteoclastic differentiation in both cell models. To investigate the molecular mechanism underlining such inhibitory activity, we analyzed the effect of TRAIL on the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) pathways, which play a key role in osteoclastogenesis. Treatment with RANKL plus M-CSF activated both the ERK1/2 and p38/MAPK pathways, which are essential for proliferation and differentiation of preosteoclasts, respectively. Of note, the addition of TRAIL to RANKL plus M-CSF did not affect ERK1/2 but it profoundly inhibited p38/MAPK phosphorylation. Thus, our data demonstrate that TRAIL blocks osteoclastic differentiation and suggest that inhibition of the p38/MAPK pathway by TRAIL likely plays an important role in this process. (Blood. 2004;104:2044-2050)
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Zauli
- Department of Normal Human Morphology, University of Trieste, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
212
|
Crowder C, Dahle Ø, Davis RE, Gabrielsen OS, Rudikoff S. PML mediates IFN-alpha-induced apoptosis in myeloma by regulating TRAIL induction. Blood 2004; 105:1280-7. [PMID: 15459016 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2004-04-1614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon (IFN) induces expression of proapoptotic genes and has been used in the clinical treatment of multiple myeloma. The promyelocytic leukemia (PML) gene is an IFN-induced target that encodes a tumor suppressor protein. PML protein is typically localized within discrete speckled nuclear structures termed PML nuclear bodies (NBs). Multiple myeloma cells demonstrate differential responses to IFN treatment, the mechanism of which is largely unknown. Herein, we show that growth inhibition effects of IFN-alpha in myeloma cells correlate with PML NBs and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) induction, whereas known IFN targets including signal transducer and activator of transcription-1 (STAT1), STAT3, p38, and Daxx cannot account for these differential responses. RNAi silencing of PML blocks IFN-alpha-induced apoptosis in myeloma cells and correspondingly down-regulates TRAIL expression. Similarly, stable expression of a dominant negative TRAIL receptor DR5 partially blocks IFN-induced cell death. These results demonstrate that PML and TRAIL play important roles in IFN-induced apoptosis and identify TRAIL as a novel downstream transcriptional target of PML. Identification of PML and PML NBs as effectors of IFN responses provides insights into mechanisms by which tumor cells exhibit resistance to this class of agents and may prove useful in assessing treatment regimens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun Crowder
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
213
|
Jin H, Yang R, Fong S, Totpal K, Lawrence D, Zheng Z, Ross J, Koeppen H, Schwall R, Ashkenazi A. Apo2 ligand/tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand cooperates with chemotherapy to inhibit orthotopic lung tumor growth and improve survival. Cancer Res 2004; 64:4900-5. [PMID: 15256461 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-0408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Apo2 ligand/tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (Apo2L/TRAIL) is a tumor necrosis factor superfamily member that induces apoptosis through the death receptors DR4 and/or DR5 in various cancer cell types but not in most normal cells. Several lung cancer cell lines express DR4 and DR5 and undergo apoptosis in vitro in response to Apo2L/TRAIL. We investigated the efficacy of recombinant soluble human Apo2L/TRAIL and its interaction with chemotherapy in xenograft models based on human NCI-H460 non-small cell lung carcinoma cells. In vitro, Taxol enhanced caspase activation and apoptosis induction by Apo2L/TRAIL. In vivo, Apo2L/TRAIL or Taxol plus carboplatin chemotherapy partially delayed progression of established subcutaneous tumor xenografts, whereas combined treatment caused tumor regression and a substantially longer growth delay. Apo2L/TRAIL, chemotherapy, or the combination of both inhibited growth of preformed orthotopic lung parenchymal tumors versus control by 60%, 57%, or 97%, respectively (all P < 0.01; n = 8-10). Furthermore, combination treatment improved day-90 survival relative to control (7 of 15 versus 1 of 15; P = 0.0003 by Mantel-Cox) as well as to Apo2L/TRAIL (3 of 14; P = 0.031) or chemotherapy (3 of 15; P = 0.035). These studies provide evidence for in vivo activity of Apo2L/TRAIL against lung tumor xenografts and underscore the potential of this ligand for advancing current lung cancer treatment strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongkui Jin
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
214
|
Abou El Hassan MAI, Mastenbroek DCJ, Gerritsen WR, Giaccone G, Kruyt FAE. Overexpression of Bcl2 abrogates chemo- and radiotherapy-induced sensitisation of NCI-H460 non-small-cell lung cancer cells to adenovirus-mediated expression of full-length TRAIL. Br J Cancer 2004; 91:171-7. [PMID: 15173860 PMCID: PMC2364740 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6601910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL, also known as Apo-2L) is a promising novel anticancer agent that selectively induces apoptosis in tumour cells and the activity of which can be enhanced by combined treatment with chemo- or radiotherapy. For therapeutic purposes, the use of full-length TRAIL may be favourable to recombinant TRAIL based on its increased tumour cell killing potential, and the delivery of TRAIL at the tumour site by adenovirus vectors may provide an approach to overcome the short half-life of recombinant TRAIL and hepatocyte toxicity in vivo. Here, we constructed an adenoviral vector expressing full-length TRAIL (AdTRAIL) and studied the potential of chemo- and radiotherapy in enhancing AdTRAIL-induced apoptosis in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) H460 cells and normal cells and, in addition, investigated the mechanism of AdTRAIL-induced apoptosis. AdTRAIL effectively killed H460 cells, which we previously showed to have a deficiency in mitochondria-dependent apoptosis by downstream activation of caspase-8 rather than caspase-9. Further analyses revealed that AdTRAIL induces death receptor- and mitochondria-dependent apoptosis that could be partially suppressed by Bcl2 overexpression. Combined treatment with doxorubicin (DOX), cisplatin (CDDP), paclitaxel (PTX) and radiation strongly enhanced AdTRAIL-induced cytotoxicity in a synergistic way. Synergy was accompanied by the cleavage of Bid and an increase in caspase-8 processing that was abolished by Bcl2 overexpression, indicating that the Bid-mitochondrial amplification loop is functional in H460 cells. Moreover, combination treatment did not alter the tumour selectivity of AdTRAIL since normal human fibroblasts (NHFs) remained resistant under these conditions. These findings further indicate that the combined use of chemo/radiotherapy and adenovirus-produced full-length TRAIL may provide a valuable treatment option for NSCLC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M A I Abou El Hassan
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - D C J Mastenbroek
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - W R Gerritsen
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - G Giaccone
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - F A E Kruyt
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Oncology, Room Br 232, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
215
|
Davidovich IA, Levenson AS, Levenson Chernokhvostov VV. Overexpression of DcR1 and survivin in genetically modified cells with pleiotropic drug resistance. Cancer Lett 2004; 211:189-97. [PMID: 15219942 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2004.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2003] [Revised: 03/15/2004] [Accepted: 03/22/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A previously identified set of short cDNA fragments (genetic suppressor elements, GSEs) expressed in human HT1080 cells protects them against several chemotherapeutic drugs. We show here that DNA damaging agent cytosine arabinoside can induce apoptosis in GSE-containing drug-resistant derivatives (M125 cells) of HT1080, suggesting that apoptotic pathways are preserved in M125. We also show that both parental cells and M125 constitutively express Fas ligand and TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand, thus pre-disposing cells to apoptosis. In both cell lines, induction of apoptosis requires simultaneous treatment with low doses of cycloheximide (CHX) and death ligands, however, drug-resistant M125 are substantially more resistant to this treatment. Expression of survivin and decoy receptor 1 (DcR1) is lower in parental cells and is further decreased by CHX. In resistant M125 cell, both survivin and DcR1 are overexpressed even after CHX treatment, which can explain relative resistance of these cells. Thus, apoptosis remains intact in cells with resistance-inducing GSE, suggesting that apoptosis inhibitors can be targeted by anti-cancer therapy in drug-resistant tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irina A Davidovich
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 710 N. Fairbanks Ct., Olson 8-424, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
216
|
Spierings DC, de Vries EG, Vellenga E, van den Heuvel FA, Koornstra JJ, Wesseling J, Hollema H, de Jong S. Tissue distribution of the death ligand TRAIL and its receptors. J Histochem Cytochem 2004; 52:821-31. [PMID: 15150291 DOI: 10.1369/jhc.3a6112.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Recombinant human (rh) TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) harbors potential as an anticancer agent. RhTRAIL induces apoptosis via the TRAIL receptors TRAIL-R1 and TRAIL-R2 in tumors and is non-toxic to nonhuman primates. Because limited data are available about TRAIL receptor distribution, we performed an immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis of the expression of TRAIL-R1, TRAIL-R2, the anti-apoptotic TRAIL receptor TRAIL-R3, and TRAIL in normal human and chimpanzee tissues. In humans, hepatocytes stained positive for TRAIL and TRAIL receptors and bile duct epithelium for TRAIL, TRAIL-R1, and TRAIL-R3. In brains, neurons expressed TRAIL-R1, TRAIL-R2, TRAIL-R3 but no TRAIL. In kidneys, TRAIL-R3 was negative, tubuli contorti expressed TRAIL-R1, TRAIL-R2, and TRAIL, and cells in Henle's loop expressed only TRAIL-R2. Heart myocytes showed positivity for all proteins studied. In colon, TRAIL-R1, TRAIL-R2, and TRAIL were present. Germ and Leydig cells were positive for all proteins studied. Endothelium in liver, heart, kidney, and testis lacked TRAIL-R1 and TRAIL-R2. In alveolar septa and bronchial epithelium TRAIL-R2 was expressed, brain vascular endothelium expressed TRAIL-R2 and TRAIL-R3, and in heart vascular endothelium only TRAIL-R3 was present. Only a few differences were observed between human and chimpanzee liver, brain, and kidney. In contrast to human, chimpanzee bile duct epithelium lacked TRAIL, TRAIL-R1, and TRAIL-R3, lung and colon showed no TRAIL or its receptors, TRAIL-R3 was absent in germ and Leydig cells, and vascular endothelium showed only TRAIL-R2 expression in the brain. In conclusion, comparable expression of TRAIL and TRAIL receptors was observed in human and chimpanzee tissues. Lack of liver toxicity in chimpanzees after rhTRAIL administration despite TRAIL-R1 and TRAIL-R2 expression is reassuring for rhTRAIL application in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana C Spierings
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
217
|
Matsuyama W, Yamamoto M, Higashimoto I, Oonakahara KI, Watanabe M, Machida K, Yoshimura T, Eiraku N, Kawabata M, Osame M, Arimura K. TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand is involved in neutropenia of systemic lupus erythematosus. Blood 2004; 104:184-91. [PMID: 15001474 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2003-12-4274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Neutropenia is a common laboratory finding in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). However, the molecular mechanism of SLE neutropenia has not been fully explained. In this study, we examined whether TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is involved in the pathogenesis of SLE neutropenia using samples from SLE patients. Serum TRAIL levels in SLE patients with neutropenia were significantly higher than those of SLE patients without neutropenia and healthy volunteers. Serum TRAIL levels showed a significant negative correlation with neutrophil counts in SLE patients. The expression of TRAIL receptor 3 was significantly lower in SLE patients with neutropenia than in patients without neutropenia or in healthy volunteers. Treatment with glucocorticoids negated the decrease of TRAIL receptor 3 expression on neutrophils of SLE patients. TRAIL may accelerate neutrophil apoptosis of neutrophils from SLE patients, and autologous T cells of SLE patients, which express TRAIL on surface, may kill autologous neutrophils. Interferon gamma and glucocorticoid modulated the expression of TRAIL on T cells of SLE patients and also modulated the expression of cellular Fas-associating protein with death domain–like interleukin-1β–converting enzyme (FLICE)–inhibitory protein (cFLIP), an inhibitor of death receptor signaling, in neutrophils. Thus, our results provide a novel insight into the molecular pathogenesis of SLE neutropenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Matsuyama
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Minami-kyushu Hospital and Third Department of Internal Medicine, Kagoshima University Faculty of Medicine, Sakuragaoka, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
218
|
Min YJ, Lee JH, Choi SJ, Chi HS, Lee JS, Kim WK, Lee KH. Prognostic significance of Fas (CD95) and TRAIL receptors (DR4/DR5) expression in acute myelogenous leukemia. Leuk Res 2004; 28:359-65. [PMID: 15109535 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2003.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2003] [Accepted: 08/13/2003] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We analyzed the clinical significance of the expression of the Fas (CD95) and TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) receptors, the death receptors (DR) 4 and 5, by leukemic blasts in 29 patients with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). CD95 was positive in 18 patients (62%). The DR4 and DR5 receptors were positive in 20 patients (69%) and 29 (100%), respectively. CD95 positivity was not correlated with cytogenetic abnormalities. Complete remission (CR) rate was not significantly different according to the expression of the CD95 or TRAIL receptors. Relapse-free survival was significantly prolonged in patients with CD95-positive AML cells compared with patients with CD95-negative AML cells (73% versus 38% at 3 years; P = 0.047). TRAIL receptors did not show correlation with other clinical parameters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Young Joo Min
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, South Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
219
|
Richardson P, Hideshima T, Anderson KC. An update of novel therapeutic approaches for multiple myeloma. Curr Treat Options Oncol 2004; 5:227-38. [PMID: 15115651 DOI: 10.1007/s11864-004-0014-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) remains an incurable malignancy, despite conventional and high-dose therapies, and novel biologically based treatment approaches are urgently needed. Recent studies have characterized the molecular mechanisms by which MM cell/host bone marrow (BM) interactions regulate tumor cell growth, survival, and migration in the BM milieu. These studies have not only enhanced our understanding of disease pathogenesis, but they have also provided the framework for a new treatment paradigm targeting the MM cell in its BM microenvironment to overcome drug resistance and improve patient outcome. Clinical trials are confirming the remarkable activity and improved tolerability of some of the new agents identified through this paradigm, providing exciting evidence of translational success in MM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Richardson
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, D1B02, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
220
|
Hideshima T, Bergsagel PL, Kuehl WM, Anderson KC. Advances in biology of multiple myeloma: clinical applications. Blood 2004; 104:607-18. [PMID: 15090448 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2004-01-0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 465] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
There appear to be 2 pathways involved in the early pathogenesis of premalignant monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) and malignant multiple myeloma (MM) tumors. Nearly half of these tumors are nonhyperdiploid and mostly have immunoglobulin H (IgH) translocations that involve 5 recurrent chromosomal loci, including 11q13 (cyclin D1), 6p21 (cyclin D3), 4p16 (fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 [FGFR3] and multiple myeloma SET domain [MMSET]), 16q23 (c-maf), and 20q11 (mafB). The remaining tumors are hyperdiploid and contain multiple trisomies involving chromosomes 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 15, 19, and 21, but infrequently have IgH translocations involving the 5 recurrent loci. Dysregulated expression of cyclin D1, D2, or D3 appears to occur as an early event in virtually all of these tumors. This may render the cells more susceptible to proliferative stimuli, resulting in selective expansion as a result of interaction with bone marrow stromal cells that produce interleukin-6 (IL-6) and other cytokines. There are 5 proposed tumor groups, defined by IgH translocations and/or cyclin D expression, that appear to have differences in biologic properties, including interaction with stromal cells, prognosis, and response to specific therapies. Delineation of the mechanisms mediating MM cell proliferation, survival, and migration in the bone marrow (BM) microenvironment may both enhance understanding of pathogenesis and provide the framework for identification and validation of novel molecular targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teru Hideshima
- Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
221
|
Tai YT, Catley LP, Mitsiades CS, Burger R, Podar K, Shringpaure R, Hideshima T, Chauhan D, Hamasaki M, Ishitsuka K, Richardson P, Treon SP, Munshi NC, Anderson KC. Mechanisms by which SGN-40, a humanized anti-CD40 antibody, induces cytotoxicity in human multiple myeloma cells: clinical implications. Cancer Res 2004; 64:2846-52. [PMID: 15087402 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-03-3630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
CD40 is expressed on B-cell malignancies, including human multiple myeloma (MM) and a variety of carcinomas. We examined the potential therapeutic utility of SGN-40, the humanized anti-CD40 monoclonal antibody, for treating human MM using MM cell lines and patient MM cells (CD138(++), CD40(+)). SGN-40 (0.01-100 micro g/ml) induces modest cytotoxicity in MM cell lines and patient MM cells. In the presence of de novo protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide, SGN-40 significantly induced apoptosis in Dexamethasone (Dex)-sensitive MM.1S and Dex-resistant MM.1R cells and in patient MM cells. SGN-40-mediated cytotoxicity is associated with up-regulation of cytotoxic ligands of the tumor necrosis factor family (Fas/FasL, tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand, and tumor necrosis factor alpha). SGN-40 treatment also induces a down-regulation of CD40 dependent on an endocytic pathway. Consequently, pretreatment of MM cells with SGN-40 blocked sCD40L-mediated phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase/AKT and nuclear factor kappaB activation. Importantly, pretreatment of MM.1S and MM.1R cells with SGN-40 inhibited proliferation triggered by interleukin 6 (IL-6) but not by insulin-like growth factor-I. In addition, SGN-40 pretreatment of MM.1S cells blocked the ability of IL-6 to protect against Dex-induced inhibition of DNA synthesis. This was associated with a 2-4-fold reduction of IL-6 receptor at protein and mRNA levels in SGN-40-treated MM.1S cells and patient MM cells. Taken together, these results provide the preclinical rationale for the evaluation of SGN-40 as a potential new therapy to improve patient outcome in MM.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- CD40 Antigens/biosynthesis
- CD40 Antigens/immunology
- CD40 Ligand/immunology
- CD40 Ligand/pharmacology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Humans
- I-kappa B Proteins/metabolism
- Immunization, Passive/methods
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/pharmacology
- Interleukin-6/pharmacology
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1/metabolism
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Multiple Myeloma/immunology
- Multiple Myeloma/therapy
- NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha
- Phosphorylation
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-6/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Interleukin-6/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Interleukin-6/genetics
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Tzu Tai
- The Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
222
|
Arts HJG, de Jong S, Hollema H, ten Hoor K, van der Zee AGJ, de Vries EGE. Chemotherapy induces death receptor 5 in epithelial ovarian carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol 2004; 92:794-800. [PMID: 14984943 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2003.11.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2003] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Defects in the apoptotic pathway are a general cause for drug resistance. Chemotherapy in combination with tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) has proven to be an effective strategy to induce apoptosis in vitro in ovarian tumor cells. Systemic TRAIL administration might be a therapeutic option, since no toxicity was observed in nonhuman primates. In the present study, expression of TRAIL and its apoptosis-inducing death receptors (DR4 and DR5) and inhibitory decoy receptor (DcR1) was studied in normal ovaries and in malignant ovarian tumors before and after chemotherapy to investigate the therapeutic potential of TRAIL. METHODS DR4, DR5, DcR1, and TRAIL were studied immunohistochemically in 5 normal ovaries, 15 stages I/II, and 26 stages III/IV primary ovarian cancers, including 19 paired tumor samples (pre- and post-chemotherapy). RESULTS Surface epithelium of normal ovaries expressed TRAIL and its receptors; ovarian stromal cells expressed only DcR1. Of the ovarian cancers, 73% expressed DR4, 51% DR5, 46% DcR1, and 34% TRAIL. Most primary ovarian cancers (88%) expressed at least one death receptor. TRAIL expression was lower in stage III/IV than in stage I/II tumors (P<0.05). In paired samples, DR5 immunostaining was more frequently (P=0.05) and stronger (P<0.01) expressed in residual tumors. CONCLUSION Early stage tumors expressed TRAIL more frequently than advanced stage tumors. Most primary and residual ovarian tumors expressed at least one TRAIL death receptor, while in residual tumors following chemotherapy, DR5 was more frequently expressed. Therefore, human recombinant TRAIL administration might be an interesting treatment option.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H J G Arts
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, University Hospital, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
223
|
Abstract
Multiple myeloma is a malignant disease of plasma cells that manifests as one or more of lytic bone lesions, monoclonal protein in the blood or urine, and disease in the bone marrow. Treatment for myeloma has changed beyond recognition in the past decade, and now includes state of the art supportive treatment and infusional chemotherapy courses, followed for younger patients by high-dose melphalan and an autologous transplant. Patients younger than 70 years can now expect a doubling of median survival to 5 years, a 20% chance of surviving longer than 10 years, and a 50% chance of attaining complete morphological and biochemical remission. Bisphosphonate control of bone disease is essential. Exploitation of the understanding of the biology of myeloma has led to the development of biological treatments, such as thalidomide, CC-5013, and bortezomib, which target the myeloma cell and the bone-marrow microenvironment, which plays a crucial part in the disease's pathogenesis. These treatments will hold the key to future success.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bhawna Sirohi
- Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden NHS Trust, Downs Road, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5PT, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
224
|
Mitsiades CS, Mitsiades NS, McMullan CJ, Poulaki V, Shringarpure R, Akiyama M, Hideshima T, Chauhan D, Joseph M, Libermann TA, García-Echeverría C, Pearson MA, Hofmann F, Anderson KC, Kung AL. Inhibition of the insulin-like growth factor receptor-1 tyrosine kinase activity as a therapeutic strategy for multiple myeloma, other hematologic malignancies, and solid tumors. Cancer Cell 2004; 5:221-30. [PMID: 15050914 DOI: 10.1016/s1535-6108(04)00050-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 442] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2003] [Revised: 11/25/2003] [Accepted: 12/18/2003] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factors and their receptor (IGF-1R) have been implicated in cancer pathophysiology. We demonstrate that IGF-1R is universally expressed in various hematologic (multiple myeloma, lymphoma, leukemia) and solid tumor (breast, prostate, lung, colon, thyroid, renal, adrenal cancer, retinoblastoma, and sarcoma) cells. Specific IGF-1R inhibition with neutralizing antibody, antagonistic peptide, or the selective kinase inhibitor NVP-ADW742 has in vitro activity against diverse tumor cell types (particularly multiple myeloma), even those resistant to conventional therapies, and triggers pleiotropic antiproliferative/proapoptotic molecular sequelae, delineated by global transcriptional and proteomic profiling. NVP-ADW742 monotherapy or its combination with cytotoxic chemotherapy had significant antitumor activity in an orthotopic xenograft MM model, providing in vivo proof of principle for therapeutic use of selective IGF-1R inhibitors in cancer.
Collapse
|
225
|
Evens AM, Prachand S, Shi B, Paniaqua M, Gordon LI, Gartenhaus RB. Imexon-Induced Apoptosis in Multiple Myeloma Tumor Cells Is Caspase-8 Dependent. Clin Cancer Res 2004; 10:1481-91. [PMID: 14977852 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-1058-03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Imexon is a 2-cyanoaziridine agent that has been shown to inhibit growth of chemotherapy-sensitive myeloma cells through apoptosis with decreased cellular stores of glutathione and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS). We examined the mechanism of imexon cytotoxicity in a diverse panel of dexamethasone and chemotherapy-sensitive and -resistant myeloma cell lines. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We examined cellular cytotoxicity, apoptosis, and changes in redox state in dexamethasone-sensitive (C2E3), dexamethasone-resistant (1-310 and 1-414), chemotherapy-sensitive (RPMI-8226), and chemotherapy-resistant (DOX-1V and DOX-10V) myeloma cell lines. RESULTS We found significant cytotoxicity after 48-h incubation with imexon (80-160 microM) in dexamethasone and chemotherapy-sensitive and -resistant myeloma cell lines in a time- and dose-dependent manner. The mechanism of imexon cytotoxicity in all cell lines was related to induction of apoptosis with the presence of cleaved caspase-3. Moreover, after imexon exposure in C2E3 and 1-414 cell lines, we demonstrated caspase-8-dependent apoptosis. Bcl-2:bax was proapoptotic with imexon in C2E3, whereas bcl-2:bax was independent of steroid resistance, chemotherapy sensitivity, and chemotherapy resistance. Depletion of intracellular glutathione was documented in RPMI-8226 at high imexon concentrations (>or=225 microM) but not in other cell lines. Furthermore, ROS were found in C2E3, RPMI-8226, and 1-310 only at high imexon concentrations, whereas a sensitive marker of oxidative DNA damage, 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine, was not increased in any cell line. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that imexon has significant broad antimyeloma activity that is mediated through apoptotic mechanisms that is not dependent on production of ROS. Moreover, we have identified a mechanism of cytotoxicity in dexamethasone-sensitive and -resistant myeloma cells induced by imexon that is caspase-8 dependent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Evens
- Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine and the Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
226
|
Cusack JC. Overcoming antiapoptotic responses to promote chemosensitivity in metastatic colorectal cancer to the liver. Ann Surg Oncol 2004; 10:852-62. [PMID: 14527902 DOI: 10.1245/aso.2003.07.518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metastatic colon cancer is highly resistant to chemotherapy. A variety of mechanisms by which cancer cells resist chemotherapy have been described including enhanced export of drug from cancer cells and alterations in drug metabolism. In addition, the response of cancer cells to genotoxic therapies may be diminished by acquired defects in either the response mechanisms to DNA damage or cell cycle regulatory pathways. Recently, attention has focused on mechanisms that are activated by treatment exposure and subsequently promote resistance by rescuing cancer cells from apoptosis. The objective of this review is to examine the role of antiapoptotic mechanisms of chemotherapy resistance and to determine the potential utility of therapeutic strategies that target these mechanisms. METHODS To accomplish the objectives, a brief overview of mechanisms of chemotherapy resistance is provided. The concept of inducible chemotherapy resistance is introduced by examination of a specific antiapoptotic mechanism, mediated by the transcription factor, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa B). The ability to use inhibitors of NF-kappa B to promote chemosensitivity is examined in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS Inhibition of chemotherapy-induced NF-kappa B activation enhances apoptosis and augments chemotherapy sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS NF-kappa B inhibition may overcome cancer cell defense against apoptosis. Molecular therapies that target this resistance mechanism may be useful adjuncts to conventional chemotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James C Cusack
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
227
|
Secchiero P, Melloni E, Heikinheimo M, Mannisto S, Di Pietro R, Iacone A, Zauli G. TRAIL regulates normal erythroid maturation through an ERK-dependent pathway. Blood 2004; 103:517-22. [PMID: 12969966 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2003-06-2137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to investigate the biologic activity of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) on human erythropoiesis, glycophorin A (GPA)+ erythroid cells were generated in serum-free liquid phase from human cord blood (CB) CD34+ progenitor cells. The surface expression of TRAIL-R1 was weakly detectable in the early-intermediate phase of erythroid differentiation (days 4-6; dim-intermediate GPA expression), whereas a clear-cut expression of TRAIL-R2 was observed through the entire course of erythroid differentiation (up to days 12-14; bright GPA expression). On the other hand, surface TRAIL-R3 and -R4 were not detected at any culture time. Besides inducing a rapid but small increase of apoptotic cell death, which was abrogated by the pan-caspase inhibitor z-VAD-fmk, the addition of recombinant TRAIL at day 6 of culture inhibited the generation of morphologically mature erythroblasts. Among the intracellular pathways investigated, TRAIL significantly stimulated the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) but not the p38/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) or the c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway. Consistently with a key role of ERK1/2 in mediating the negative effects of TRAIL on erythroid maturation, PD98059, a pharmacologic inhibitor of the ERK pathway, but not z-VAD-fmk or SB203580, a pharmacologic inhibitor of p38/MAPK, reverted the antidifferentiative effect of TRAIL on CB-derived erythroblasts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Secchiero
- Dept of Morphology and Embryology, Human Anatomy Section, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 66, 44100 Ferrara, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
228
|
Abstract
Hematologic malignancies, including multiple myeloma (MM), will account for more than 100,000 new cases of cancer and over 57,000 deaths in the United States in 2003. Treatment of MM is a serious challenge, because despite a variety of available therapies, median survival is short. A new therapeutic area focuses on inhibiting the activity of the proteasome, a 26S protease complex involved in cell cycle regulation, cell adhesion, inflammation, and protein turnover. The novel proteasome inhibitor, bortezomib (Velcade), was recently approved for use in patients with refractory and relapsed MM and to date is the only proteasome inhibitor to have entered clinical trials. Bortezomib has demonstrated activity with manageable toxicity in a variety of hematologic malignancies in addition to MM, including leukemia and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. This article reviews clinical information on bortezomib in hematologic malignancies both as monotherapy and in combination with dexamethasone. Preliminary reports of bortezomib in combination with Doxil (pegylated liposomal doxorubicin), melphalan, and thalidomide are discussed, and current trials are described. Available data suggest that bortezomib will be useful in the treatment of a variety of hematologic malignancies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul G Richardson
- Dana-Farber Cancer, Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
229
|
Abstract
TRAIL-R2 promoter does not have a typical TATA-box but two functional Sp1-binding sites. TRAIL-R2 promoter belongs to the class of TATA-less and GC-box-containing promoters. The minimal promoter element is contained in the region spanning -198 to -116 upstream of translational initiation codon ATG. Computer analysis shows putative transcription factor binding sites such as c-Ets, AML-1a, c-Myb, Sp1, and GATA-1 in TRAIL-R2 promoter. Hypermethylation of TRAIL-R2 is not frequent compared with that of TRAIL-R3 and TRIAL-R4. There are no potential transcription factor binding sites in highly homologous regions between TRAIL-R2 promoter and TRAIL-R1 promoter, or between TRAIL-R2 promoter and mouse homologue mouse killer (MK) promoter. TRAIL-R2 is known to be a downstream gene of p53, a tumor-suppressor gene, and a p53-binding site in TRAIL-R2 intron 1 is responsible for p53-dependent transcription. Thapsigargin, endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase inhibitor calcium releaser, upregulates TRAIL-R2 expression via the promoter region. Many regulators of TRAIL-R2 have been reported. However, it has not been demonstrated whether they regulate TRAIL-R2 via the promoter region. Here, we show a list of these regulators. Finally, we demonstrate the possibility of cancer therapy using regulation of TRAIL-R2 promoter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsushi Yoshida
- Department of Molecular-Targeting Cancer Prevention Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
230
|
Whang YE, Yuan XJ, Liu Y, Majumder S, Lewis TD. Regulation of sensitivity to TRAIL by the PTEN tumor suppressor. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2004; 67:409-26. [PMID: 15110188 DOI: 10.1016/s0083-6729(04)67021-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The ability of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) to induce apoptosis preferentially in cancer cells is attractive for its development as a novel cancer therapeutic agent, but many cancer cell lines are resistant to TRAIL. While the molecular basis for TRAIL resistance is not always clear, a number of factors have been proposed to mediate TRAIL resistance, including decoy receptor, c-FLIP, nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB, and activation of antiapoptotic kinase signaling. Many growth factor receptors mediate their survival signals through the pathway involving recruitment and activation of phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase and the serine?threonine kinase Akt. The PTEN tumor suppressor is a phosphatase that dephosphorylates the phospholipids phosphorylated by PI-3 kinase, thereby opposing the action of PI 3-kinase, and acts as the primary negative regulator of the PI-3 kinase?Akt pathway in the cell. Loss of PTEN function occurs frequently in human tumors and leads to constitutive activation of Akt in cancer cells. Constitutively active Akt protects cells from TRAIL-induced apoptosis in multiple tumor types. Growth factors such as epidermal growth factor or insulin-like growth factor-1 also inhibit TRAIL-induced apoptosis through the Akt pathway. Akt exerts its antiapoptotic function by its ability to phosphorylate many key components of the cellular apoptotic regulatory circuit, such as BAD, MDM2, FOXO Forkhead transcription factors, and PED?PEA-15 as well as by its role in activating NF-kappaB. Because PTEN loss is common in tumors, strategies to inactivate Akt may be necessary to overcome TRAIL resistance and make TRAIL-based therapy more effective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Young E Whang
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Medicine and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7295, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
231
|
Abstract
Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, has an essential role in controlling cell number in many developmental and physiological settings and in chemotherapy-induced tumour-cell killing. It is a genetically regulated biological process, guided by the ratio of proapoptotic and antiapoptotic proteins. Recently, inducers of apoptosis have been used in cancer therapy. Several studies have attempted to induce apoptosis by triggering the tumour-necrosis-factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand receptor and the BCL2 family of proteins, and others have targeted the caspases, and proteins that inhibit apoptosis. Most of these therapies are still in preclinical development because of their low efficacy and susceptibility to drug resistance, but some of them have shown promising results. In this article, we review the development and clinical efficacy of proapoptotic drugs that have shown promise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Hu
- Department of Gynecologic Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030-4009, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
232
|
Terpos E, Politou M, Rahemtulla A. New insights into the pathophysiology and management of bone disease in multiple myeloma. Br J Haematol 2003; 123:758-69. [PMID: 14632767 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2141.2003.04712.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Evangelos Terpos
- Department of Haematology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
233
|
Johnston JB, Kabore AF, Strutinsky J, Hu X, Paul JT, Kropp DM, Kuschak B, Begleiter A, Gibson SB. Role of the TRAIL/APO2-L death receptors in chlorambucil- and fludarabine-induced apoptosis in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Oncogene 2003; 22:8356-69. [PMID: 14614459 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1207004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The standard treatments for chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) include the alkylating agent chlorambucil (CLB) and the nucleoside analog fludarabine (F-ara-AMP, Flu). Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a death receptor ligand that induces apoptosis preferentially in tumors. However, CLL cells seem to be resistant to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. The TRAIL apoptotic signaling pathway has also been implicated in genotoxin-induced apoptosis through upregulation of TRAIL death receptors DR4 and DR5. In the present study, we demonstrate that the treatment of primary CLL cells with CLB or Flu increases the mRNA, protein and cell surface expression levels of DR4 and DR5 in a dose-dependent manner. In contrast to CLL cells, drug treatment fails to increase significantly the expression of DR4 or DR5 in normal lymphocytes. CLL cells are, however, resistant to TRAIL-induced apoptosis compared to B-cell lines. In contrast, combinational treatment using CLB or Flu with TRAIL (100 ng/ml) gave a synergistic apoptotic response. Furthermore, TRAIL is readily detectable on the cell surface of CLL cells, but TRAIL expression fails to increase following drug treatment. Preventing TRAIL from interacting with DR4 and DR5 decreases CLB-induced apoptosis in CLL cells. A similar, but less marked effect is observed with Flu. These findings indicate the involvement of the TRAIL apoptotic pathway in the mechanism of action of chemotherapy, and this mechanism could be utilized to sensitize CLL cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James B Johnston
- Manitoba Institute of Cell Biology, 675 McDermot Ave., Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 0V9
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
234
|
Yoshida S, Narita T, Koshida S, Ohta S, Takeuchi Y. TRAIL/Apo2L ligands induce apoptosis in malignant rhabdoid tumor cell lines. Pediatr Res 2003; 54:709-17. [PMID: 12904602 DOI: 10.1203/01.pdr.0000085038.53151.d0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL/Apo2L) is a potent inducer of apoptosis in various cancer cells, whereas normal cells are not sensitive to TRAIL-mediated apoptosis. Four TRAIL/Apo2L receptors (DR4, DR5, DcR1, and DcR2) have been identified. DR4 and DR5 have a death domain, whereas DcR1 and DcR2 are called decoy receptors because of their incomplete or lack of a death domain. Malignant rhabdoid tumor (MRT) is an aggressive neoplasm showing a poor prognosis because of its resistance to chemotherapeutic agents. In this study, we examined whether TRAIL could induce apoptotic cell death in MRT cell lines. We found that although half of the MRT cell lines examined were sensitive to TRAIL/Apo2L, Western blot analysis revealed that the expression of DcR2 was low in TRAIL-sensitive MRT cells. We examined the effect of doxorubicin on the expression levels of TRAIL receptors and its enhancement on the susceptibility of MRT cell lines to TRAIL. Western blot and flow cytometric analyses revealed that doxorubicin significantly increased the expression of DR5, and somewhat up-regulated the expression of DR4 and DcR2. Moreover, doxorubicin, NF-kappaB inhibitor (SN50), and PI3-kinase/Akt inhibitor (wortmannin, LY294002) enhanced the susceptibility of MRT cell lines to TRAIL/Apo2L-induced apoptosis. These results suggest that TRAIL/Apo2L may provide the basis for clinical trials of TRAIL-based treatment to improve the outcome of MRT patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shinobu Yoshida
- Department of Pediatrics, Shiga University of Medical Science, Tsukinowa-cho, Seta, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
235
|
Poulaki V, Mitsiades CS, McMullan C, Sykoutri D, Fanourakis G, Kotoula V, Tseleni-Balafouta S, Koutras DA, Mitsiades N. Regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor expression by insulin-like growth factor I in thyroid carcinomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003; 88:5392-8. [PMID: 14602779 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2003-030389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) produced by tumor cells potently stimulates endothelial cell proliferation and angiogenesis and plays a key role in the pathophysiology of several neoplasias. Hypoxia activates the VEGF promoter via response elements that bind the transcription factors hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1 alpha) and activator protein-1 (AP-1). Yet, the paracrine signaling pathways regulating VEGF production and angiogenesis in thyroid cancer have not been fully elucidated. In this study, we, therefore, investigated the regulation of VEGF production by the thyroid carcinoma cell line SW579. We found that IGF-I up-regulated VEGF mRNA expression and protein secretion. Furthermore, transfection of SW579 cells with vector expressing a constitutively active form of Akt, a major mediator of IGF-I signaling, also stimulated VEGF expression. The IGF-I-induced up-regulation of VEGF production was associated with activation of AP-1 and HIF-1 alpha and was abrogated by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitors (wortmannin and LY294002); Jun kinase inhibitor (SP600125); HIF-1 alpha antisense oligonucleotide; or geldanamycin, an inhibitor of the heat shock protein 90 molecular chaperone, which regulates the three-dimensional conformation and function of IGF-I-receptor and Akt. These data indicate that IGF-I stimulates VEGF synthesis in thyroid carcinomas in an Akt-dependent pathway via AP-1 and HIF-1 alpha and provide the framework for clinical use of small-molecule inhibitors, including geldanamycin analogs, to abrogate proangiogenic cascades in thyroid cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vassiliki Poulaki
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
236
|
Turco MC, Romano MF, Petrella A, Bisogni R, Tassone P, Venuta S. NF-κB/Rel-mediated regulation of apoptosis in hematologic malignancies and normal hematopoietic progenitors. Leukemia 2003; 18:11-7. [PMID: 14574329 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2403171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The activity of NF-kappaB/Rel transcription factors can downmodulate apoptosis in normal and neoplastic cells of the hematologic and other compartments, contributing in maintaining neoplastic clone survival and impairing response to therapy. Alterations in nfkappab or ikappaB genes are documented in some hematologic neoplasias, while in others dysfunction in NF-kappaB/Rel-activating signaling pathways can be recognized. The prosurvival properties of NF-kappaB/Rel appear to rely on the induced expression of molecules (caspase inhibitors, Bcl2 protein family members, etc.), which interfere with the apoptosis pathway. Constitutive NF-kappaB/Rel activity in some hematologic malignancies could be advantageous for neoplastic clone expansion by counteracting stress stimuli (consumption of growth factors and metabolites) and immune system-triggered apoptosis; it is furthermore likely to play a central role in determining resistance to therapy. Based on this evidence, NF-kappaB/Rel-blocking approaches have been introduced in antineoplastic strategies. The identification of NF-kappaB/Rel target genes relevant for survival in specific neoplasias is required in order to address tailored therapies and avoid possible detrimental effects due to widespread NF-kappaB/Rel inhibition. Moreover, comparative analyses of normal hematopoietic progenitors and neoplastic cell sensitivities to inhibitors of NF-kappaB/Rel and their target genes will allow to evaluate the impact of these tools on normal bone marrow.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M C Turco
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Catanzaro, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
237
|
Younes A, Kadin ME. Emerging applications of the tumor necrosis factor family of ligands and receptors in cancer therapy. J Clin Oncol 2003; 21:3526-34. [PMID: 12972530 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2003.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormalities of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family members have been linked to several human diseases, including cancer. Novel treatment strategies for cancer are emerging based on an understanding of the function of TNF family members. The advantage of these strategies is their potential to selectively target cancer cells, while sparing normal cells. Combining these new strategies with currently available treatments such as chemotherapy and radiation therapy is under investigation, with promising results. However, because some TNF family members are toxic to normal mammalian cells when administered systemically, only a few TNF family members have potential therapeutic value. This concise review focuses on the clinical implications of four TNF family members for cancer treatment: CD30/CD30 ligand, CD40/CD40 ligand, receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB (RANK)/RANK ligand, and TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) Apo-2L/TRAIL receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anas Younes
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, Unit 429, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
238
|
Greil R, Anether G, Johrer K, Tinhofer I. Tracking death dealing by Fas and TRAIL in lymphatic neoplastic disorders: pathways, targets, and therapeutic tools. J Leukoc Biol 2003; 74:311-30. [PMID: 12949235 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0802416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past decade, it was concluded from a number of investigations that death domain-containing members of the tumor necrosis factor-receptor (TNF-R) family and their ligands such as Fas/FasL and TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-R/TRAIL are essential for maintaining an intact immune system for surveillance against infection and cancer development and that nondeath domain-containing members such as CD30 or CD40 are involved in the fine tuning of this system during the selection process of the lymphatic system. In line with this conclusion are the observations that alterations in structure, function, and regulation of these molecules contribute to autoimmunity and cancer development of the lymphoid system. Besides controlling size and function of the lymphoid cell pool, Fas/FasL and TRAIL-R/TRAIL regulate myelopoiesis and the dendritic cell functions, and severe alterations of these lineages during the outgrowth and expansion of the lymphoid tumors have been reported. It is the aim of this review to summarize what is currently known about the complex role of these two death receptor/ligand systems in normal, disturbed, and neoplastic hemato-/lymphopoiesis and to point out how such knowledge can be used in developing novel, therapeutic options and the problems that will have to be faced along the way.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Greil
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Innsbruck Medical School, Austria.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
239
|
Martelli AM, Tazzari PL, Tabellini G, Bortul R, Billi AM, Manzoli L, Ruggeri A, Conte R, Cocco L. A new selective AKT pharmacological inhibitor reduces resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs, TRAIL, all-trans-retinoic acid, and ionizing radiation of human leukemia cells. Leukemia 2003; 17:1794-805. [PMID: 12970779 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2403044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
It is now well established that the reduced capacity of tumor cells of undergoing cell death through apoptosis plays a key role both in the pathogenesis of cancer and in therapeutic treatment failure. Indeed, tumor cells frequently display multiple alterations in signal transduction pathways leading to either cell survival or apoptosis. In mammals, the pathway based on phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt conveys survival signals of extreme importance and its downregulation, by means of pharmacological inhibitors of PI3K, considerably lowers resistance to various types of therapy in solid tumors. We recently described an HL60 leukemia cell clone (HL60AR cells) with a constitutively active PI3K/Akt pathway. These cells were resistant to multiple chemotherapeutic drugs, all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA), and tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL). Treatment with two pharmacological inhibitors of PI3K, wortmannin and Ly294002, restored sensitivity of HL60AR cells to the aforementioned treatments. However, these inhibitors have some drawbacks that may severely limit or impede their clinical use. Here, we have tested whether or not a new selective Akt inhibitor, 1L-6-hydroxymethyl-chiro-inositol 2(R)-2-O-methyl-3-O-octadecylcarbonate (Akt inhibitor), was as effective as Ly294002 in lowering the sensitivity threshold of HL60 cells to chemotherapeutic drugs, TRAIL, ATRA, and ionizing radiation. Our findings demonstrate that, at a concentration which does not affect PI3K activity, the Akt inhibitor markedly reduced resistance of HL60AR cells to etoposide, cytarabine, TRAIL, ATRA, and ionizing radiation. This effect was likely achieved through downregulation of expression of antiapoptotic proteins such as c-IAP1, c-IAP2, cFLIP(L), and of Bad phosphorylation on Ser 136. The Akt inhibitor did not influence PTEN activity. At variance with Ly294002, the Akt inhibitor did not negatively affect phosphorylation of protein kinase C-zeta and it was less effective in downregulating p70S6 kinase (p70S6K) activity. The Akt inhibitor increased sensitivity to apoptotic inducers of K562 and U937, but not of MOLT-4, leukemia cells. Overall, our results indicate that selective Akt pharmacological inhibitors might be used in the future for enhancing the sensitivity of leukemia cells to therapeutic treatments that induce apoptosis or for overcoming resistance to these treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A M Martelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Anatomiche Umane e Fisiopatologia dell'Apparato Locomotore, Sezione di Anatomia, Cell Signalling Laboratory, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
240
|
Anderson KC, Shaughnessy JD, Barlogie B, Harousseau JL, Roodman GD. Multiple myeloma. HEMATOLOGY. AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEMATOLOGY. EDUCATION PROGRAM 2003:214-40. [PMID: 12446425 DOI: 10.1182/asheducation-2002.1.214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This update provides new insights into the biology, diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of multiple myeloma (MM) and its complications. In Section I, Drs. John Shaughnessy, Jr., and Bart Barlogie first correlate global gene microarray expression profiling of patient MM samples with normal plasma cells to provide the basis for a developmental stage-based classification of MM. The powerful clinical utility of these analyses is illustrated in delineating mechanism of drug action, identifying novel therapeutic targets, and providing a molecular analysis not only of the tumor cell, but also of the tumor microenvironment, in MM. In Section II, Dr. Jean-Luc Harousseau reviews the rationale and current results of high dose therapy and autologous stem cell transplantation in MM, including optimal patient selection, prognostic factors, conditioning regimens, sources of stem cells, use of tandem transplantation, and maintenance therapy. He then provides an update on the results of allotransplantation approaches in MM, focusing on proposed methods to reduce toxicity and exploit the graft-versus-MM alloimmune effect by transplantation earlier in the disease course, T cell depletion, and nonmyeloablative transplantation. In Section III, Dr. G. David Roodman provides recent insights into the mechanisms of osteoclast activation, interactions between bone and MM cells, adhesive interactions in MM bone disease, and osteoblast suppression. These recent advances not only provide insights into pathogenesis of MM bone disease, but also form the framework for novel therapeutics. In Section IV, Dr. Kenneth Anderson provides an up-to-date discussion of the role of the bone marrow microenvironment in promoting growth, survival, drug resistance, and migration of MM cells and the signaling cascades mediating these sequelae. These studies provide the framework for evaluation of novel therapeutics targeting the MM cell-host interaction in vivo in animal models and in derived clinical trials.
Collapse
|
241
|
Johnson TR, Stone K, Nikrad M, Yeh T, Zong WX, Thompson CB, Nesterov A, Kraft AS. The proteasome inhibitor PS-341 overcomes TRAIL resistance in Bax and caspase 9-negative or Bcl-xL overexpressing cells. Oncogene 2003; 22:4953-63. [PMID: 12902978 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1206656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate that PS-341, a small molecule inhibitor of the proteasome, markedly sensitizes resistant prostate, colon, and bladder cancer cells to TNF-like apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced apoptosis irrespective of Bcl-xL overexpression. PS-341 treatment by itself does not affect the levels of Bax, Bak, caspases 3 and 8, c-Flip or FADD, but elevates levels of TRAIL receptors DR4 and DR5. This increase in receptor protein levels is associated with the ubiquitination of the DR5 protein. When PS-341 is combined with TRAIL, the levels of activated caspase 8 and cleaved Bid are substantially increased. In Bax-negative TRAIL-resistant HC-4 colon cancer cells, the combination of PS-341 and TRAIL overcomes the block to activation of the mitochondrial pathway and causes SMAC and cytochrome c release followed by apoptosis. Similarly, murine embryonic fibroblasts lacking Bax undergo apoptosis when exposed to the combination of PS-341 and TRAIL; however, fibroblasts lacking Bak are significantly resistant. Taken together, these findings indicate that PS-341 enhances TRAIL-induced apoptosis by increasing the cleavage of caspase 8, causing Bak-dependent release of mitochondrial proapoptotic proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R Johnson
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, 4200 East Ninth Ave., Denver, CO 80262, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
242
|
Younes A, Aggarwall BB. Clinical implications of the tumor necrosis factor family in benign and malignant hematologic disorders. Cancer 2003; 98:458-67. [PMID: 12879461 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.11524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF), originally identified as a factor produced in the serum of endotoxin-injected animals, is a cytokine that mediates tumor necrosis. To date, 20 different members of the TNF superfamily and 21 different receptors have been identified. All ligands of the TNF superfamily have been found to activate transcription factor NF-kappaB and c-Jun kinase. Members of this family have diverse biologic effects, including induction of apoptosis, promotion of cell survival, and regulation of the immune system. The current review focuses on four members that play important roles in regulating hematopoietic cells and are involved in the pathogenesis of several hematologic malignancies. The potential therapeutic use of these members also is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anas Younes
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
243
|
Secchiero P, Milani D, Gonelli A, Melloni E, Campioni D, Gibellini D, Capitani S, Zauli G. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) and TNF-alpha promote the NF-kappaB-dependent maturation of normal and leukemic myeloid cells. J Leukoc Biol 2003; 74:223-32. [PMID: 12885939 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0103004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) and TNF-alpha induced monocytic maturation of primary normal CD34-derived myeloid precursors and of the M2/M3-type acute myeloid leukemia HL-60 cell line, associated to increased nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB activity and nuclear translocation of p75, p65, and p50 NF-kappaB family members. Consistently, both cytokines also induced the degradation of the NF-kappaB inhibitors, IkappaBalpha and IkappaB epsilon, and up-regulated the surface expression of TRAIL-R3, a known NF-kappaB target. However, NF-kappaB activation and IkappaB degradation occurred with different time-courses, since TNF-alpha was more potent, rapid, and transient than TRAIL. Of the two TRAIL receptors constitutively expressed by HL-60 (TRAIL-R1 and TRAIL-R2), only the former was involved in IkappaB degradation, as demonstrated by using agonistic anti-TRAIL receptor antibodies. Moreover, NF-kappaB nuclear translocation induced by TRAIL but not by TNF-alpha was abrogated by z-IETD-fmk, a caspase-8-specific inhibitor. The key role of NF-kappaB in mediating the biological effects of TNF-alpha and TRAIL was demonstrated by the ability of unrelated pharmacological inhibitors of the NF-kappaB pathway (parthenolide and MG-132) to abrogate TNF-alpha- and TRAIL-induced monocytic maturation. These findings demonstrate that NF-kappaB is essential for monocytic maturation and is activated via distinct pathways, involving or not involving caspases, by the related cytokines TRAIL and TNF-alpha.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Secchiero
- Department of Morphology and Embryology, Human Anatomy Section, St. Anna Hospital, University of Ferrara, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
244
|
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) affects 15,000 new patients annually in the US, with 50,000 total patients, and remains incurable. Our preliminary in vitro and animal studies suggest a role for MM-host interactions in regulating MM cell growth, drug resistance, and migration in the bone marrow. Importantly, treatment strategies which target mechanisms whereby MM cells grow and survive in the bone marrow, including thalidomide and its potent immunomodulatory derivatives and proteasome inhibitor PS-341, can overcome classical drug resistance in preclinical and early clinical studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teru Hideshima
- Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
245
|
Sayers TJ, Brooks AD, Koh CY, Ma W, Seki N, Raziuddin A, Blazar BR, Zhang X, Elliott PJ, Murphy WJ. The proteasome inhibitor PS-341 sensitizes neoplastic cells to TRAIL-mediated apoptosis by reducing levels of c-FLIP. Blood 2003; 102:303-10. [PMID: 12637321 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2002-09-2975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Because of the pivotal role the proteasome plays in apoptosis, inhibitors of this enzyme, such as PS-341, provide a great opportunity for exploring synergy between proteasome inhibition and other apoptosis-inducing agents. Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) can selectively induce apoptosis in tumor cells. In overnight assays, combinations of PS-341 and TRAIL were much more effective than either agent alone in promoting apoptosis of a murine myeloid leukemia, C1498, and a murine renal cancer, Renca. For C1498 cells, apoptosis sensitization by PS-341 affected neither the activity of nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) nor the levels of most antiapoptotic proteins. However, reductions in the antiapoptotic protein c-FLIP in response to PS-341 were observed in both C1498 and Renca cells. Treatment of normal bone marrow mixed with C1498 tumor cells for 18 hours with a combination of PS-341 and TRAIL resulted in a specific depletion of the tumor cells. Upon transfer to irradiated syngeneic recipient mice, mixtures treated with the PS-341 plus TRAIL combination resulted in enhanced long-term tumor-free survival of mice. These data therefore support the targeting of apoptotic pathways in tumor cells, using combinations of agents such as PS-341 and TRAIL that interact synergistically to preferentially promote tumor cell apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Sayers
- Basic Sciences Program, SAIC-Frederick, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute/NIH, Bldg 560, Rm 31-30, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
246
|
CHEN QUAN, RAY SUBRATA, HUSSEIN MOHAMADA, SRKALOVIC GORDAN, ALMASAN ALEXANDRU. Role of Apo2L/TRAIL and Bcl-2-family proteins in apoptosis of multiple myeloma. Leuk Lymphoma 2003; 44:1209-14. [PMID: 12916874 PMCID: PMC1199086 DOI: 10.1080/1042819031000068052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Apo2 Ligand or Tumour Necrosis Factor (TNF)-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand (Apo2L/TRAIL) is a member of the TNF gene superfamily that selectively induces apoptosis in tumor cells of diverse origins through engagement of death receptors. We have recently demonstrated that Type I interferons (IFN-alpha and beta) induce apoptosis in multiple myeloma (MM) cell lines and in plasma cells from MM patients. Moreover, Apo2L selectively induces apoptosis of patient MM tumor cells while sparing non-malignant cells. Apo2L induction is one of the earliest events following IFN administration in these cells. IFNs activate Caspases and the mitochondrial-dependent apoptotic pathway mediated by Apo2L production. Cell death induced by IFNs and Apo2L can be blocked by a dominant-negative Apo2L receptor, DRS, and is regulated by members of the Bcl-2 family of proteins. This review is focused on the apoptotic signaling pathways regulated by Apo2L and Bcl-2-family proteins and summarizes what is known about their clinical role.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- QUAN CHEN
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - SUBRATA RAY
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - MOHAMAD A. HUSSEIN
- Myeloma Program, Taussig Cancer Center, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - GORDAN SRKALOVIC
- Myeloma Program, Taussig Cancer Center, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - ALEXANDRU ALMASAN
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Taussig Cancer Center, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
247
|
Lee NS, Cheong HJ, Kim SJ, Kim SE, Kim CK, Lee KT, Park SK, Baick SH, Hong DS, Park HS, Won JH. Ex vivo purging of leukemia cells using tumor-necrosis-factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Leukemia 2003; 17:1375-83. [PMID: 12835727 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2402960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of tumor-necrosis-factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand TRAIL to eradicate leukemia cell lines, while sparing normal hematopoietic stem cells. Human Jurkat and Molt-4 cell lines were used to optimize the purging process in umbilical cord blood (UCB) mononuclear cells. The Jurkat cell line was TRAIL sensitive and TRAIL-resistant Molt-4 cell line became sensitive after being treated with TRAIL and a low dose of doxorubicin (0.1 micro M), but UCB mononuclear cells remained resistant. DR4 expression was increased when Jurkat cells were treated with TRAIL, and DR5 expression increased after exposing Molt-4 cells to TRAIL plus a low dose of doxorubicin for 24 h. The expression of DR4 and DR5 in UCB mononuclear cells was unchanged after treatment with TRAIL, a low-dose doxorubicin, or TRAIL plus a low dose of doxorubicin. In TRAIL-sensitive Jurkat cells, caspases 8, 9, 3, and 7 were activated by TRAIL treatment and activation of caspases was augmented by TRAIL plus a low dose of doxorubicin than TRAIL or a low dose of doxorubicin alone in Molt-4 cells. Experiments involving mixture of UCB mononuclear cells and Jurkat or Molt-4 cells showed a marked eradication of leukemia cells and the limiting dilution assay demonstrated an eradication rate of more than 4 logs after 24 h incubation with 100 ng/ml of TRAIL in Jurkat cells. In the case of Molt-4 cells, the eradication rate was about 3 logs when TRAIL was used in combination with a low dose of doxorubicin. No significant decrease in the number of granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming unit) (CFU-GM) colonies was detected when UCB mononuclear cells were treated with TRAIL in combination with a low dose of doxorubicin. These results suggest that TRAIL offers the possibility of being used as an ex vivo purging agent for autologous transplantation in hematologic malignancies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N-S Lee
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Soon Chun Hyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
248
|
Richardson PG, Barlogie B, Berenson J, Singhal S, Jagannath S, Irwin D, Rajkumar SV, Srkalovic G, Alsina M, Alexanian R, Siegel D, Orlowski RZ, Kuter D, Limentani SA, Lee S, Hideshima T, Esseltine DL, Kauffman M, Adams J, Schenkein DP, Anderson KC. A phase 2 study of bortezomib in relapsed, refractory myeloma. N Engl J Med 2003; 348:2609-17. [PMID: 12826635 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa030288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1972] [Impact Index Per Article: 93.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bortezomib, a boronic acid dipeptide, is a novel proteasome inhibitor that has been shown in preclinical and phase 1 studies to have antimyeloma activity. METHODS In this multicenter, open-label, nonrandomized, phase 2 trial, we enrolled 202 patients with relapsed myeloma that was refractory to the therapy they had received most recently. Patients received 1.3 mg of bortezomib per square meter of body-surface area twice weekly for 2 weeks, followed by 1 week without treatment, for up to eight cycles (24 weeks). In patients with a suboptimal response, oral dexamethasone (20 mg daily, on the day of and the day after bortezomib administration) was added to the regimen. The response was evaluated according to the criteria of the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation and confirmed by an independent review committee. RESULTS Of 193 patients who could be evaluated, 92 percent had been treated with three or more of the major classes of agents for myeloma, and in 91 percent, the myeloma was refractory to the therapy received most recently. The rate of response to bortezomib was 35 percent, and those with a response included 7 patients in whom myeloma protein became undetectable and 12 in whom myeloma protein was detectable only by immunofixation. The median overall survival was 16 months, with a median duration of response of 12 months. Grade 3 adverse events included thrombocytopenia (in 28 percent of patients), fatigue (in 12 percent), peripheral neuropathy (in 12 percent), and neutropenia (in 11 percent). Grade 4 events occurred in 14 percent of patients. CONCLUSIONS Bortezomib, a member of a new class of anticancer drugs, is active in patients with relapsed multiple myeloma that is refractory to conventional chemotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul G Richardson
- Department of Adult Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
249
|
Jones DT, Ganeshaguru K, Mitchell WA, Foroni L, Baker RJ, Prentice HG, Mehta AB, Wickremasinghe RG. Cytotoxic drugs enhance the ex vivo sensitivity of malignant cells from a subset of acute myeloid leukaemia patients to apoptosis induction by tumour necrosis factor receptor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand. Br J Haematol 2003; 121:713-20. [PMID: 12780785 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2141.2003.04340.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We have studied the actions of tumour-necrosis-factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) on cells isolated from patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). Apoptosis induction was initially assessed by quantitative morphological analysis. Only 2/19 isolates showed a > 10% increase in apoptotic cells following TRAIL treatment. However, incubation with TRAIL combined with fludarabine, cytosine arabinoside or daunorubicin resulted in additive or super-additive apoptosis induction in approximately half of the isolates. Molecular evidence of super-additive apoptosis induction by TRAIL and cytotoxic agents was obtained by quantification of caspase 3 activation, detected by Western blot analysis of poly (ADP ribose) polymerase cleavage. The ability of TRAIL and daunorubicin to induce super-additive apoptosis correlated with the ability of these agents to activate caspase 8 and to augment cellular levels of the truncated pro-apoptotic form of the BCL-2 family member BID. Our data suggest that co-administration of TRAIL with conventional cytotoxic drugs may be of therapeutic value in some patients with AML.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dylan T Jones
- Department of Haematology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
250
|
Almasan A, Ashkenazi A. Apo2L/TRAIL: apoptosis signaling, biology, and potential for cancer therapy. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2003; 14:337-48. [PMID: 12787570 DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6101(03)00029-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 433] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Apo2 ligand or tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (Apo2L/TRAIL) is one of several members of the TNF gene superfamily that induce apoptosis through engagement of death receptors. Apo2L/TRAIL is unusual as compared to any other cytokine as it interacts with a complex system of receptors: two pro-apoptotic death receptors and three anti-apoptotic decoys. This protein has generated tremendous excitement as a potential tumor-specific cancer therapeutic because, as a stable soluble trimer, it selectively induces apoptosis in many transformed cells but not in normal cells. Transcriptional activation of Apo2L/TRAIL by interferons (IFNs) through specific regulatory elements in its promoter, and possibly by a number of other cytokines, reveals its possible involvement in the activation of natural killer cells, cytotoxic T lymphocytes, and dendritic cells. In this review, we focus on the apoptosis signaling pathways stimulated by Apo2L/TRAIL, summarize what is known to date about the physiological role of this ligand and the potential for its application to cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandru Almasan
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|