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Mobarak H, Heidarpour M, Lolicato F, Nouri M, Rahbarghazi R, Mahdipour M. Physiological impact of extracellular vesicles on female reproductive system; highlights to possible restorative effects on female age-related fertility. Biofactors 2019; 45:293-303. [PMID: 30788863 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
An alternative mechanism of cell-to-cell communication via extracellular vesicles (EVs) has recently raised increasing attention. EVs are spherical structures comprising exosomes and microvesicles, capable of transferring regulatory molecules and genetic information from one cell to another. EVs act as modulators which can alter a wide spectrum of functions at the cellular level in the recipient cells, taking part in a variety of biological processes in both physiological and pathological conditions. Alteration in EVs content, notably exosomes, was reported during cellular senescence and in patients with age-related diseases. Most studies reported regulating the impacts of exosomes on fertility and pregnancy outcomes via their capability in carrying developmental signaling molecules like proteins, RNA cargos, influencing gene expressions, affecting growth, and development of embryos during aging. Alterations in the exosomal content and functions can influence the reproductive performance in human and animals as conveyors of senescence signals from outside of the cells. This review aimed to summarize evidence on the role of EVs on modulating fertility, early embryonic development, maternal-embryo crosstalk for the recognition, and maintenance of pregnancy during maternal aging. Advanced clinical studies are required to strengthen the findings that the benefit of exosomes can be extended to subjects undergoing reproductive aging. © 2019 BioFactors, 45(3):293-303, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halimeh Mobarak
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Heidarpour
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Francesca Lolicato
- Follicle Biology Laboratory, UZ Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mohammad Nouri
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Reza Rahbarghazi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahdi Mahdipour
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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202
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Circulating microparticle proteins obtained in the late first trimester predict spontaneous preterm birth at less than 35 weeks' gestation: a panel validation with specific characterization by parity. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2019; 220:488.e1-488.e11. [PMID: 30690014 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2019.01.220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have previously shown that protein biomarkers associated with circulating microparticles proteins (CMPs) obtained at the end of the first trimester may detect physiologic changes in maternal-fetal interaction such that the risk of spontaneous preterm delivery ≤35 weeks can be stratified. OBJECTIVES We present here a study extension and validation of the CMP protein multiplex concept using a larger sample set from a multicenter population that allows for model derivation in a training set and characterization in a separate testing set. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) plasma was obtained from 3 established biobanks (Seattle, Boston, and Pittsburgh). Samples were from patients at a median of 10-12 weeks' gestation, and the CMPs were isolated via size-exclusion chromatography followed by protein identification via targeted protein analysis using liquid chromatography-multiple reaction monitoring-mass (LC-MRM) spectrometry. A total of 87 women delivered at ≤35 weeks, and 174 women who delivered at term were matched by maternal age (±2 years) and gestational age at sample draw (±2 weeks). From our prior work, the CMP protein multiplex comprising F13A, FBLN1, IC1, ITIH2, and LCAT was selected for validation. RESULTS For delivery at ≤35 weeks, the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for a panel of CMP proteins (F13A, FBLN1, IC1, ITIH2, and LCAT) revealed an associated area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.74 (95% CI, 0.63-0.81). A separate panel of markers (IC1, LCAT, TRFE, and ITIH4), which stratified risk among mothers with a parity of 0, showed an AUC of 0.77 (95% CI, 0.61-0.90). CONCLUSION We have identified a set of CMP proteins that provide, at 10-12 weeks gestation, a clinically useful AUC in an independent test population. Furthermore, we determined that parity is pertinent to the diagnostic testing performance of the biomarkers for risk stratification.
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203
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Ranjbaran A, Latifi Z, Nejabati HR, Abroon S, Mihanfar A, Sadigh AR, Fattahi A, Nouri M, Raffel N. Exosome‐based intercellular communication in female reproductive microenvironments. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:19212-19222. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ranjbaran
- Women's Reproductive Health Research Center Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
| | - Zeinab Latifi
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medical Sciences Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Nejabati
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medical Sciences Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
| | - Sina Abroon
- Stem Cell Research Center Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
| | - Aynaz Mihanfar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Urmia University of Medical Sciences Urmia Iran
| | - Aydin Raei Sadigh
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medical Sciences Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
| | - Amir Fattahi
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
- Student Research Committee Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
| | - Mohammad Nouri
- Stem Cell Research Center Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
| | - Nathalie Raffel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Erlangen University Hospital, Friedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg Erlangen Germany
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204
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Abstract
Complications of pregnancy remain key drivers of morbidity and mortality, affecting the health of both the mother and her offspring in the short and long term. There is lack of detailed understanding of the pathways involved in the pathology and pathogenesis of compromised pregnancy, as well as a shortfall of effective prognostic, diagnostic and treatment options. In many complications of pregnancy, such as in preeclampsia, there is an increase in uteroplacental vascular resistance. However, the cause and effect relationship between placental dysfunction and adverse outcomes in the mother and her offspring remains uncertain. In this review, we aim to highlight the value of gestational hypoxia-induced complications of pregnancy in elucidating underlying molecular pathways and in assessing candidate therapeutic options for these complex disorders. Chronic maternal hypoxia not only mimics the placental pathology associated with obstetric syndromes like gestational hypertension at morphological, molecular and functional levels, but also recapitulates key symptoms that occur as maternal and fetal clinical manifestations of these pregnancy disorders. We propose that gestational hypoxia provides a useful model to study the inter-relationship between placental dysfunction and adverse outcomes in the mother and her offspring in a wide array of examples of complicated pregnancy, such as in preeclampsia.
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205
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Kamity R, Sharma S, Hanna N. MicroRNA-Mediated Control of Inflammation and Tolerance in Pregnancy. Front Immunol 2019; 10:718. [PMID: 31024550 PMCID: PMC6460512 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Gestational age-dependent immune intolerance at the maternal-fetal interface might be a contributing factor to placental pathology and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Although the intrauterine setting is highly choreographed and considered to be a protective environment for the fetus, unscheduled inflammation might overwhelm the intrauterine milieu to cause a cascade of events leading to adverse pregnancy outcomes. The old paradigm of a sterile intrauterine microenvironment has been challenged, and altered microflora has been detected in gestational tissues and amniotic fluid in the absence of induction of significant inflammation. Is there a role for endotoxin tolerance at the maternal-fetal interface? Endotoxin tolerance is a phenomenon in which tissues or cells exposed to the bacterial product, particularly lipopolysaccharide, become less responsive to subsequent exposures accompanied by decreased expression of pro-inflammatory mediators. This could also be related to trained or experienced immunity that leads to the successful outcome of subsequent pregnancies. Adaptation to endotoxin tolerance or trained immunity might be critical in preventing rejection of the fetus by the maternal immune system and protecting the fetus from excessive maternal inflammatory responses to infectious agents; however, to date, the exact mechanisms contributing to the establishment and maintenance of tolerance at the maternal-fetal interface remain incompletely understood. There is now extensive evidence suggesting that microRNAs (miRNAs) play important roles in the maintenance of a healthy pregnancy. miRNAs not only circulate freely in extracellular fluids but are also packaged within extracellular vesicles (EVs) produced by various cells and tissues. The placenta is a known, abundant, and transient source of EVs; therefore, our proposed model suggests that repeated exposure to infectious agents induces a tolerant phenotype at the maternal-fetal interface mediated by specific miRNAs mostly contained within placental EVs. We hypothesize that impaired endotoxin tolerance or failed trained immunity at the maternal-fetal interface will result in a pathological inflammatory response contributing to early or late pregnancy maladies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjith Kamity
- Women and Children Research Laboratory, Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, NYU Winthrop Hospital, Mineola, NY, United States
| | - Surendra Sharma
- Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Nazeeh Hanna
- Women and Children Research Laboratory, Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, NYU Winthrop Hospital, Mineola, NY, United States
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206
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Ithier MC, Parobchak N, Yadava S, Cheng J, Wang B, Rosen T. Fetal lung C4BPA induces p100 processing in human placenta. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5519. [PMID: 30940885 PMCID: PMC6445281 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42078-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The non-canonical NF-κB signaling may be a central integrator of a placental clock that governs the length of human pregnancy. We sought to identify fetal signals that could activate this NF-κB pathway in the placenta, and in turn, contribute to the onset of labor. Proteomics analysis of exosomes purified from fetal cord arterial blood revealed a total of 328 proteins, among which 48 were more significantly abundant (p < 0.01) in samples from women who delivered following elective Cesarean-section at term (39 to 40 weeks of estimated gestational age, EGA) compared to those who had elective Cesarean deliveries near term (35 to 36 weeks of EGA). Computational, crystal structural, and gene functional analyses showed that one of these 48 proteins, C4BPA, binds to CD40 of placental villous trophoblast to activate p100 processing to p52, and in turn, pro-labor genes. These results suggest that fetal C4BPA-induced activation of non-canonical NF-κB in human placenta may play a critical role in processes of term or preterm labor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayra Cruz Ithier
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Nataliya Parobchak
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Stacy Yadava
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Jerry Cheng
- The Cardiovascular Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Bingbing Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA.
| | - Todd Rosen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA.
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207
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Wu M, Chen C, Wang Z, Bachman H, Ouyang Y, Huang PH, Sadovsky Y, Huang TJ. Separating extracellular vesicles and lipoproteins via acoustofluidics. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:1174-1182. [PMID: 30806400 PMCID: PMC6453118 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc01134f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) and lipoproteins are abundant and co-exist in blood. Both have been proven to be valuable as diagnostic biomarkers and for therapeutics. However, EVs and lipoproteins are both on the submicron scale and overlap in size distributions. Conventional methods to separate EVs and lipoproteins are inefficient and time-consuming. Here we present an acoustofluidic-based separation technique that is based on the acoustic property differences of EVs and lipoproteins. By using the acoustofluidic technology, EVs and subgroups of lipoproteins are separated in a label-free, contact-free, and continuous manner. With its ability for simple, rapid, efficient, continuous-flow isolation, our acoustofluidic technology could be a valuable tool for health monitoring, disease diagnosis, and personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxi Wu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Material Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27707, USA.
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208
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Zhao G, Guo S, Jiang K, Zhang T, Wu H, Qiu C, Deng G. MiRNA profiling of plasma-derived exosomes from dairy cows during gestation. Theriogenology 2019; 130:89-98. [PMID: 30878693 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes, one kind of extracellular vesicles, are released under abnormal and normal physiological conditions. An understanding of plasma-derived exosomal microRNA (miRNA) profiles during pregnancy will significantly contribute to knowledge of maternal-fetal communication in ruminants. In this study, we isolated plasma-derived exosomes from dairy cows during early (∼60 days, gestational day (G_D) 60), mid (∼150 days, G_D 150) and late (∼240 days, G_D 240) pregnancy. Exosomal miRNA profiles were revealed using RNA sequencing technology, and the abundance of exosomal miRNAs between each stage were compared. In the G_D150 vs. G_D60, G_D240 vs. G_D60 and G_D240 vs. G_D150stages, there were 23, 32 and 29 miRNAs, respectively, significantly differentially enriched. Significant annotations for protein binding and transport- or immunoregulatory-related categories or pathways were found for the predicted target genes of these miRNAs. In addition, we further identified specific exosomal miRNAs for each pregnancy stage, including the following: bta-miR-499, bta-miR-16a, bta-miR-20a, bta-miR-223, and bta-miR-128 in the G_D60 stage; bta-miR-493, bta-miR-127, and bta-miR-143 in the G_D150 stage; and bta-miR-122, bta-miR-182, bta-miR-183, bta-miR-200b, and bta-miR-200c in the G_D240 stage. Our findings provide new insight into maternal-fetal communication during pregnancy. Future studies will use these data to identify and characterize specific exosomal miRNA regulatory mechanisms in the maternal-fetal immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gan Zhao
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Guo
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Kangfeng Jiang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Haichong Wu
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Changwei Qiu
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Ganzhen Deng
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China.
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209
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Lo Iacono M, Russo E, Anzalone R, Baiamonte E, Alberti G, Gerbino A, Maggio A, La Rocca G, Acuto S. Wharton's Jelly Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Support the Expansion of Cord Blood-derived CD34 + Cells Mimicking a Hematopoietic Niche in a Direct Cell-cell Contact Culture System. Cell Transplant 2019; 27:117-129. [PMID: 29562783 PMCID: PMC6434478 DOI: 10.1177/0963689717737089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Wharton’s jelly mesenchymal stromal cells (WJ-MSCs) have been recently exploited as a feeder layer in coculture systems to expand umbilical cord blood–hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (UCB-HSPCs). Here, we investigated the role of WJ-MSCs in supporting ex vivo UCB-HSPC expansion either when cultured in direct contact (DC) with WJ-MSCs or separated by a transwell system or in the presence of WJ-MSC–conditioned medium. We found, in short-term culture, a greater degree of expansion of UCB-CD34+ cells in a DC system (15.7 ± 4.1-fold increase) with respect to the other conditions. Moreover, in DC, we evidenced two different CD34+ cell populations (one floating and one adherent to WJ-MSCs) with different phenotypic and functional characteristics. Both multipotent CD34+/CD38− and lineage-committed CD34+/CD38+ hematopoietic progenitors were expanded in a DC system. The former were significantly more represented in the adherent cell fraction than in the floating one (18.7 ± 11.2% vs. 9.7 ± 7.9% over the total CD34+ cells). Short-term colony forming unit (CFU) assays showed that HSPCs adherent to the stromal layer were able to generate a higher frequency of immature colonies (CFU-granulocyte/macrophage and burst-forming unit erythroid/large colonies) with respect to the floating cells. In the attempt to identify molecules that may play a role in supporting the observed ex vivo HSPC growth, we performed secretome analyses. We found a number of proteins involved in the HSPC homing, self-renewal, and differentiation in all tested conditions. It is important to note that a set of sixteen proteins, which are only in part reported to be expressed in any hematopoietic niche, were exclusively found in the DC system secretome. In conclusion, WJ-MSCs allowed a significant ex vivo expansion of multipotent as well as committed HSPCs. This may be relevant for future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melania Lo Iacono
- 1 Campus of Hematology F. and P. Cutino, Villa Sofia-Cervello Hospital, Palermo, Italy
| | - Eleonora Russo
- 2 Section of Histology and Embryology, Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Rita Anzalone
- 3 Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), Palermo, Italy.,4 Department of Surgical, Oncological and Stomatological Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Elena Baiamonte
- 1 Campus of Hematology F. and P. Cutino, Villa Sofia-Cervello Hospital, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giusi Alberti
- 3 Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), Palermo, Italy
| | - Aldo Gerbino
- 2 Section of Histology and Embryology, Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Aurelio Maggio
- 1 Campus of Hematology F. and P. Cutino, Villa Sofia-Cervello Hospital, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giampiero La Rocca
- 2 Section of Histology and Embryology, Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.,3 Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), Palermo, Italy
| | - Santina Acuto
- 1 Campus of Hematology F. and P. Cutino, Villa Sofia-Cervello Hospital, Palermo, Italy
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210
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Menon R, Dixon CL, Sheller-Miller S, Fortunato SJ, Saade GR, Palma C, Lai A, Guanzon D, Salomon C. Quantitative Proteomics by SWATH-MS of Maternal Plasma Exosomes Determine Pathways Associated With Term and Preterm Birth. Endocrinology 2019; 160:639-650. [PMID: 30668697 PMCID: PMC6388657 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are membrane-bound nanovesicles that transport molecular signals between cells. This study determined changes in maternal plasma exosome proteomics contents in term and preterm births. Maternal plasma (MP) samples were collected from group 1: term not in labor (TNIL, n = 13); group 2: term in labor (TL, n = 11); group 3: preterm premature rupture of membranes (pPROM, n = 8); and group 4: preterm birth (PTB, n = 13). Exosomes isolated from plasma by differential density centrifugation followed by size exclusion chromatography were characterized by morphology (electron microscopy), quantity and size (nanoparticle tracking analysis), and markers (western blot). A quantitative, information-independent acquisition [sequential windowed acquisition of all theoretical mass spectra (SWATH-MS)] approach was used to determine the protein profile in exosomes. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis determined pathways associated with the protein profile identified in exosomes. MP exosomes were spherical, had a mean diameter of 120 nm, and were positive for exosomal proteins CD63 and TSG101 irrespective of pregnancy status. No distinct changes in exosome quantities were seen in maternal circulation across the groups. SWATH-MS identified 72 statistically significant proteins across the groups studied. Bioinformatics analysis showed the proteins within the exosomes in TNIL, TL, pPROM, and PTB target pathways mainly associated with inflammatory and metabolic signals. Exosomal data suggest that homeostatic imbalances, specifically inflammatory and endocrine signaling, might disrupt pregnancy maintenance resulting in labor-related changes both at term and preterm. Reflection of physiologic changes in exosomes is suggestive of its usefulness as biomarkers and cellular function indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramkumar Menon
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine & Perinatal Research, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas
- Correspondence: Ramkumar Menon, MS, PhD, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 11.138 Medical Research Building, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555. E-mail: ; or Carlos Salomon, PhD, Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Queensland, Building 71/918, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Herston, Queensland 4029, Brisbane, Australia. E-mail:
| | - Christopher Luke Dixon
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine & Perinatal Research, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas
| | - Samantha Sheller-Miller
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine & Perinatal Research, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas
| | - Stephen J Fortunato
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ochsner Baptist Hospital, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - George R Saade
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine & Perinatal Research, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas
| | - Carlos Palma
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Faculty of Medicine + Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Andrew Lai
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Faculty of Medicine + Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Dominic Guanzon
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Faculty of Medicine + Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Carlos Salomon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ochsner Baptist Hospital, New Orleans, Louisiana
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Faculty of Medicine + Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University
of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Correspondence: Ramkumar Menon, MS, PhD, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 11.138 Medical Research Building, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555. E-mail: ; or Carlos Salomon, PhD, Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Queensland, Building 71/918, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Herston, Queensland 4029, Brisbane, Australia. E-mail:
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211
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Exosomes Cause Preterm Birth in Mice: Evidence for Paracrine Signaling in Pregnancy. Sci Rep 2019; 9:608. [PMID: 30679631 PMCID: PMC6345869 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37002-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocrine factors and signals of fetal organ maturation are reported determinants of birth timing. To test the hypothesis that paracrine signaling by exosomes are key regulators of parturition, maternal plasma exosomes from CD-1 mice were isolated and characterized throughout gestation and the biological pathways associated with differentially-expressed cargo proteins were determined. Results indicate that the shape and size of exosomes remained constant throughout gestation; however, a progressive increase in the quantity of exosomes carrying inflammatory mediators was observed from gestation day (E)5 to E19. In addition, the effects of late-gestation (E18) plasma exosomes derived from feto-maternal uterine tissues on parturition was determined. Intraperitoneal injection of E18 exosomes into E15 mice localized in maternal reproductive tract tissues and in intrauterine fetal compartments. Compared to controls that delivered at term, preterm birth occurred in exosome-treated mice on E18 and was preceded by increased inflammatory mediators on E17 in the cervix, uterus, and fetal membranes but not in the placenta. This effect was not observed in mice injected with early-gestation (E9) exosomes. This study provides evidence that exosomes function as paracrine mediators of labor and delivery.
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212
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Wong FT, Lin C, Cox BJ. Cellular systems biology identifies dynamic trophoblast populations in early human placentas. Placenta 2019; 76:10-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2018.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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213
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Abstract
Multiple mechanisms of tolerance operate in the immune cross-talk at the fetomaternal interface, contributing to successful pregnancy outcome. The cross-talk includes interaction between various cell subsets and between cytokines and molecules of the endocrine system. A depiction of how all these components interact with each other and contribute to tolerance of the fetus is not clearly understood. Dysregulation in one or more of these mechanisms leads to fetal loss. Few effective biomarkers are available that can safely predict fetal loss. This review discusses some potential biomarkers that can predict failure of tolerance at the fetomaternal interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudipta Tripathi
- Transplantation Research Center, Harvard Medical School, LMRC #316, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Indira Guleria
- HLA Tissue Typing Laboratory, Renal Transplant Program, Division of Renal Medicine, Transplantation Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, PBB 161G, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Human placental exosomes in gestational diabetes mellitus carry a specific set of miRNAs associated with skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity. Clin Sci (Lond) 2018; 132:2451-2467. [PMID: 30254065 DOI: 10.1042/cs20180487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that miRNAs, which are enriched in nanovesicles called exosomes, are important regulators of gene expression. When compared with normal pregnancies, pregnancies with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are associated with skeletal muscle insulin resistance as well as increased levels of circulating placental exosomes. Here we investigated whether placental exosomes in GDM carry a specific set of miRNAs associated with skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity. Exosomes were isolated from chorionic villous (CV) explants from both women with Normal Glucose Tolerant (NGT) and GDM pregnancies. Using miRNA sequencing, we identified a specific set of miRNAs selectively enriched with exosomes and compared with their cells of origin indicating a specific packaging of miRNAs into exosomes. Gene target and ontology analysis of miRNA differentially expressed in exosomes secreted in GDM compared with NGT are associated with pathways regulating cell migration and carbohydrate metabolism. We determined the expression of a selected set of miRNAs in placenta, plasma, and skeletal muscle biopsies from NGT and GDM. Interestingly, the expression of these miRNAs varied in a consistent pattern in the placenta, in circulating exosomes, and in skeletal muscle in GDM. Placental exosomes from GDM pregnancies decreased insulin-stimulated migration and glucose uptake in primary skeletal muscle cells obtained from patients with normal insulin sensitivity. Interestingly, placental exosomes from NGT increase migration and glucose uptake in response to insulin in skeletal muscle from diabetic subjects. These findings suggest that placental exosomes might have a role in the changes on insulin sensitivity in normal and GDM pregnancies.
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215
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Preeclampsia: A close look at renal dysfunction. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 109:408-416. [PMID: 30399576 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.10.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Preeclampsia (PE) is a unique pathophysiologic situation that physiologic interests of mother, fetus, and placenta diverge. PE is related to the increased circulating antiangiogenic factors originated from hypoxic placenta. It is simply defined by the new onset of hypertension (≥140/90 mmHg) and proteinuria (≥0.3 g/day) after 20 weeks of gestation. PE is associated with kidney dysfunction due to deficiency in podocyte specific vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Hypoxic placenta in PE patients produces increased levels of fms-like tyrosine kinase 1(sFlt-1), a soluble receptor of VEGF. sFlt-1 abrogates binding of VEGF to its receptor on endothelial cells and podocytes, and ultimately damages the filtration barrier. Glomerular endotheliosis and thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) are the main features of kidney involvement in PE and can induce clotting and vessel occlusion. This complex pathophysiology is ameliorated after delivery; however, permanent kidney damages may remain and is intensified thereafter. This review aims to highlight the biochemical, genetic, and immunological-involved factors in the initiation of PE and explores the relationship between the kidney and PE. This work mainly discusses the pathologic mechanisms of kidney involvement in PE through the lens of the imbalanced VEGF-VEGF receptor signaling pathway.
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216
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Morgan TK. Cell- and size-specific analysis of placental extracellular vesicles in maternal plasma and pre-eclampsia. Transl Res 2018; 201:40-48. [PMID: 30176238 PMCID: PMC8592038 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite decades of investigation, we cannot predict, prevent, or adequately treat the most common and deadly complications of pregnancy, including pre-eclampsia (pregnancy-induced hypertension). The current working hypothesis for the repeated failures of several multicenter studies that measured a wide variety of biomarkers is common pregnancy complications like pre-eclampsia are most likely heterogeneous syndromes with various etiologies; therefore, no combination of blood-based biomarkers will provide predictive power. Although the clinical syndrome of pre-eclampsia may have various causes, the current dogma is most cases share similar placental pathology, including accelerated chorionic villous maturation and an increased frequency of malperfusion-related infarctions. This pathology is thought to begin in the late first trimester of pregnancy. The challenge has been to develop an approach to monitor placental health in vivo. New contrast-enhanced imaging studies of blood flow to the placenta are providing insights, but rapid liquid-based assays using maternal blood would be more cost-effective. Recently, there has been a growing interest in placental extracellular vesicles (EVs) to determine if these complex lipid-based spheres involved in intercellular communication offer clues to the early pathophysiology of placental damage. Most EVs are nanoscale-sized exosomes (∼60-120 nm) that retain cell-specific plasma membrane surface markers. Their concentration, composition, and relative size distribution may provide clinical predictive power, but more investigation is needed. A major obstacle to advancement in this field has been the lack of EV imaging and isolation assays that can provide both cell- and size-specificity. Nanoscale multiplex high-resolution flow cytometry being developed in a number of laboratories may provide a solution. It is a potential means to quantitate both cell- and size-specific EVs from various cell sources, including the placenta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry K Morgan
- Departments of Pathology and Obstetrics & Gynecology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon.
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217
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Liu H, Kang M, Wang J, Blenkiron C, Lee A, Wise M, Chamley L, Chen Q. Estimation of the burden of human placental micro- and nano-vesicles extruded into the maternal blood from 8 to 12 weeks of gestation. Placenta 2018; 72-73:41-47. [PMID: 30501880 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2018.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The human placenta extrudes a variety of extracellular vesicles (EVs) into the maternal blood daily. These vesicles may be crucial to the adaptation of the maternal cardiovascular and immune systems to pregnancy. Quantifying the EVs that are released in early gestation is important to our understanding of how placental EVs may contribute to the regulation of maternal physiology. METHODS EVs were isolated from first trimester placental explants and separated into micro- and nano-vesicles by differential centrifugation. The numbers of each type of EVs extruded from each milligram of placentae between gestational weeks 8 and 12 was determined by Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis. The total protein or DNA content of the vesicles was determined by BCA assay or Qubit® 2.0. RESULTS Neither the number of micro- nor nano-EVs/mg explant (n = 49), nor the total protein (n = 19) and DNA content (n = 29) of these EVs changed significantly between 8 and 12 weeks of gestation. When the increasing placental weight with gestation was accounted for, the daily number of placental EVs extruded into the maternal blood increased by more than 100 fold between 8 and 12 weeks (micro-EVs 6.23 X 1014 and nano-EVs 1.84 X 1014 at 12 weeks, p = 0.0003). DISCUSSION Constant production of micro- and nano-EVs per-milligram placenta, regardless of gestational age, and the increased daily burden of EVs across gestational age indicate these EVs have the potential to regulate maternal physiology from early pregnancy. Since total EV protein content, like EV numbers was, constant, this is a potentially reliable surrogate for quantifying EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Liu
- The Hospital of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Fudan University, China; Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Matt Kang
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Julie Wang
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Cherie Blenkiron
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, The University of Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Arier Lee
- Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Population Health, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Michelle Wise
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Larry Chamley
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Qi Chen
- The Hospital of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Fudan University, China; Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, The University of Auckland, New Zealand.
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218
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Pan W, Zhu Y, Meng X, Zhang C, Yang Y, Bei Y. Immunomodulation by Exosomes in Myocardial Infarction. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2018; 12:28-36. [PMID: 30374796 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-018-9836-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are important carriers of biological information that facilitate intercellular communication and participate in the pathophysiology of different cardiovascular diseases. Myocardial infarction is among the leading causes of death worldwide. Upon myocardial infarction, massive cardiomyocyte death triggers a strong inflammatory response which is a vital process of cardiac injury, repair, and remodeling. Increasing evidence has unveiled that exosomes are involved in the inflammatory response and immune regulation after myocardial infarction. In this review, we will summarize the biological function of exosomes in the pathophysiology of myocardial infarction, especially focusing on their roles in the modulation of inflammation and immune response after myocardial infarction which further influences myocardial repair and remodeling. We will also discuss the immunomodulation by exosomes derived from stem and progenitor cells in the treatment of myocardial infarction. A deep understanding of immunomodulation by exosomes may represent a promising therapeutic option for the treatment of myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Pan
- Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, 333 Nan Chen Road, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Yujiao Zhu
- Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, 333 Nan Chen Road, Shanghai, 200444, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Xiangmin Meng
- Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, 333 Nan Chen Road, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Chenlin Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200082, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Ave, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Yihua Bei
- Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, 333 Nan Chen Road, Shanghai, 200444, China.
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219
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Kim S, Lee KS, Choi S, Kim J, Lee DK, Park M, Park W, Kim TH, Hwang JY, Won MH, Lee H, Ryoo S, Ha KS, Kwon YG, Kim YM. NF-κB-responsive miRNA-31-5p elicits endothelial dysfunction associated with preeclampsia via down-regulation of endothelial nitric-oxide synthase. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:18989-19000. [PMID: 30279269 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.005197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), were elevated in patients with cardiovascular diseases and are also considered as crucial factors in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia; however, the underlying pathogenic mechanism has not been clearly elucidated. This study provides novel evidence that TNFα leads to endothelial dysfunction associated with hypertension and vascular remodeling in preeclampsia through down-regulation of endothelial nitric-oxide synthase (eNOS) by NF-κB-dependent biogenesis of microRNA (miR)-31-5p, which targets eNOS mRNA. In this study, we found that miR-31-5p was up-regulated in sera from patients with preeclampsia and in human endothelial cells treated with TNFα. TNFα-mediated induction of miR-31-5p was blocked by an NF-κB inhibitor and NF-κB p65 knockdown but not by mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitors, indicating that NF-κB is essential for biogenesis of miR-31-5p. The treatment of human endothelial cells with TNFα or miR-31-5p mimics decreased endothelial nitric-oxide synthase (eNOS) mRNA stability without affecting eNOS promoter activity, resulting in inhibition of eNOS expression and NO/cGMP production through blocking of the functional activity of the eNOS mRNA 3'-UTR. Moreover, TNFα and miR-31-5p mimic evoked endothelial dysfunction associated with defects in angiogenesis, trophoblastic invasion, and vasorelaxation in an ex vivo cultured model of human placental arterial vessels, which are typical features of preeclampsia. These results suggest that NF-κB-responsive miR-31-5p elicits endothelial dysfunction, hypertension, and vascular remodeling via post-transcriptional down-regulation of eNOS and is a molecular risk factor in the pathogenesis and development of preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suji Kim
- From the Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry
| | - Kyu-Sun Lee
- From the Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry
| | - Seunghwan Choi
- From the Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry
| | - Joohwan Kim
- From the Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry
| | - Dong-Keon Lee
- From the Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry
| | - Minsik Park
- From the Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry
| | - Wonjin Park
- From the Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry
| | - Tae-Hoon Kim
- From the Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry
| | | | - Moo-Ho Won
- Neurobiology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 24341
| | - Hansoo Lee
- the Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 24341, and
| | - Sungwoo Ryoo
- the Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 24341, and
| | - Kwon-Soo Ha
- From the Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry
| | - Young-Guen Kwon
- the Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, South Korea
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220
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Zhang K, Zhao X, Chen X, Wei Y, Du W, Wang Y, Liu L, Zhao W, Han Z, Kong D, Zhao Q, Guo Z, Han Z, Liu N, Ma F, Li Z. Enhanced Therapeutic Effects of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes with an Injectable Hydrogel for Hindlimb Ischemia Treatment. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:30081-30091. [PMID: 30118197 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b08449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived exosomes have been recognized as new candidates for cell-free treatment of various diseases. However, maintaining the retention and stability of exosomes over time in vivo after transplantation is a major challenge in the clinical application of MSC-derived exosomes. Here, we investigated if human placenta-derived MSC-derived exosomes incorporated with chitosan hydrogel could boost the retention and stability of exosomes and further enhance their therapeutic effects. Our results demonstrated that chitosan hydrogel notably increased the stability of proteins and microRNAs in exosomes, as well as augmented the retention of exosomes in vivo as confirmed by Gaussia luciferase imaging. In addition, we assessed endothelium-protective and proangiogenesis abilities of hydrogel-incorporated exosomes in vitro. Meanwhile, we evaluated the therapeutic function of hydrogel-incorporated exosomes in a murine model of hindlimb ischemia. Our data demonstrated that chitosan hydrogel could enhance the retention and stability of exosomes and further augment the therapeutic effects for hindlimb ischemia as revealed by firefly luciferase imaging of angiogenesis. The strategy used in this study may facilitate the development of easy and effective approaches for assessing and enhancing the therapeutic effects of stem cell-derived exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Linan Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center & Edwards Lifesciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, and Department of Biological Chemistry , University of California , Irvine 92697 , United States
| | - Weian Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center & Edwards Lifesciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, and Department of Biological Chemistry , University of California , Irvine 92697 , United States
| | - Zhibo Han
- Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Perinatal Stem Cells , Beijing Institute of Health and Stem Cells, Health & Biotech Co. , Beijing 100176 , China
- State Key Lab of Experimental Hematology , Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Tianjin 300020 , China
| | | | | | - Zhikun Guo
- Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration , Xinxiang Medical University , Xinxiang 453003 , China
| | - Zhongchao Han
- Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Perinatal Stem Cells , Beijing Institute of Health and Stem Cells, Health & Biotech Co. , Beijing 100176 , China
| | | | - Fengxia Ma
- State Key Lab of Experimental Hematology , Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Tianjin 300020 , China
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221
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Mohan R, Baumann D, Alejandro EU. Fetal undernutrition, placental insufficiency, and pancreatic β-cell development programming in utero. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2018; 315:R867-R878. [PMID: 30110175 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00072.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity and type 2 (T2D) diabetes is a major health concern in the United States and around the world. T2D is a complex disease characterized by pancreatic β-cell failure in association with obesity and insulin resistance in peripheral tissues. Although several genes associated with T2D have been identified, it is speculated that genetic variants account for only <10% of the risk for this disease. A strong body of data from both human epidemiological and animal studies shows that fetal nutrient factors in utero confer significant susceptibility to T2D. Numerous studies done in animals have shown that suboptimal maternal environment or placental insufficiency causes intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) in the fetus, a critical factor known to predispose offspring to obesity and T2D, in part by causing permanent consequences in total functional β-cell mass. This review will focus on the potential contribution of the placenta in fetal programming of obesity and TD and its likely impact on pancreatic β-cell development and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramkumar Mohan
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Daniel Baumann
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Emilyn Uy Alejandro
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota
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222
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Kodidela S, Ranjit S, Sinha N, McArthur C, Kumar A, Kumar S. Cytokine profiling of exosomes derived from the plasma of HIV-infected alcohol drinkers and cigarette smokers. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201144. [PMID: 30052665 PMCID: PMC6063410 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines and chemokines circulate in plasma and may be transferred to distant sites, via exosomes. HIV infection is associated with dysregulation of cytokines and chemokines, which subsequently contribute to the pathogenesis of HIV. Alcohol and tobacco exposure, which are prevalent in HIV-infected individuals, may induce changes in the expression of cytokines and chemokines. Therefore, our aim in this study was to quantify plasma exosomal cytokines and chemokines that we expect to exacerbate toxicity or disease progression in HIV-positive drug abusers. We measured the levels of cytokines and chemokines in the plasma and plasma exosomes of 39 patients comprising six groups: HIV-negative and HIV-positive non drug abusers, HIV-negative and HIV-positive alcohol users, and HIV-negative and HIV positive tobacco smokers. We measured six cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-8, IL-6, IL-1ra, IL-10) and two chemokines (MCP-1 and RANTES). All were present in exosomes of healthy subjects, but their levels varied between different study groups. HIV-positive alcohol drinkers had higher levels of plasma IL-8 compared to those of HIV-positive non-drinkers. The IL-1ra level was significantly higher in exosomes of non-HIV-infected alcohol drinkers compared to those of HIV-positive alcohol drinkers. Interestingly, the IL-10 level was higher in exosomes compared with their respective plasma levels in all study groups except HIV-positive non-alcohol drinkers. IL-10 was completely packaged in exosomes of HIV-positive smokers. HIV-positive smokers had significantly higher levels of plasma IL-8 compared with HIV-positive non-smokers and significantly higher exosomal IL-6 levels compared with HIV-negative subjects. HIV-positive smokers had significantly increased plasma levels of IL-1ra compared to HIV-positive non-smokers. The MCP-1 levels in the plasma of HIV-positive smokers was significantly higher than in either HIV-positive non-drug abusers or HIV-negative smokers. Overall, the findings suggest that plasma cytokines and chemokines are packaged in exosomes at varying degrees in different study groups. Exosomal cytokines and chemokines are likely to have a significant biological role at distant sites including cells in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunitha Kodidela
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Sabina Ranjit
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Namita Sinha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Carole McArthur
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Science, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Anil Kumar
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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223
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Moser G, Windsperger K, Pollheimer J, de Sousa Lopes SC, Huppertz B. Human trophoblast invasion: new and unexpected routes and functions. Histochem Cell Biol 2018; 150:361-370. [PMID: 30046889 PMCID: PMC6153604 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-018-1699-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Until recently, trophoblast invasion during human placentation was characterized by and restricted to invasion into uterine connective tissues and the uterine spiral arteries. The latter was explained to connect the arteries to the intervillous space of the placenta and to guarantee the blood supply of the mother to the placenta. Today, this picture has dramatically changed. Invasion of endoglandular trophoblast into uterine glands, already starting at the time of implantation, enables histiotrophic nutrition of the embryo prior to perfusion of the placenta with maternal blood. This is followed by invasion of endovenous trophoblasts into uterine veins to guarantee the drainage of fluids from the placenta back into the maternal circulation throughout pregnancy. In addition, invasion of endolymphatic trophoblasts into the lymph vessels of the uterus has been described. Only then, invasion of endoarterial trophoblasts into spiral arteries takes place, enabling hemotrophic nutrition of the fetus starting with the second trimester of pregnancy. This new knowledge paves the way to identify changes that may occur in pathological pregnancies, from tubal pregnancies to recurrent spontaneous abortions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerit Moser
- Department of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 6/II, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Karin Windsperger
- Division of Obstetrics and Feto-maternal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Reproductive Biology Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jürgen Pollheimer
- Reproductive Biology Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Susana Chuva de Sousa Lopes
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department for Reproductive Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Berthold Huppertz
- Department of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 6/II, 8010, Graz, Austria.
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224
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Familari M, Cronqvist T, Masoumi Z, Hansson SR. Placenta-derived extracellular vesicles: their cargo and possible functions. Reprod Fertil Dev 2018; 29:433-447. [PMID: 26411402 DOI: 10.1071/rd15143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The literature on extracellular vesicles consists of rapidly expanding and often contradictory information. In this paper we attempt to review what is currently known regarding extracellular vesicles released specifically from human placental syncytiotrophoblast cells with a focus on the common but complex pregnancy-associated syndrome pre-eclampsia, where the level of syncytiotrophoblast extracellular vesicle release is significantly increased. We review common methods for syncytiotrophoblast extracellular vesicle derivation and isolation and we discuss the cargo of syncytiotrophoblast extracellular vesicles including proteins, RNA and lipids and their possible functions. A meta-analysis of available trophoblast-derived extracellular vesicle proteomic datasets revealed only three proteins in common: albumin, fibronectin-1 and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, suggesting some variability in vesicle cargo, most likely reflecting stage and cell type of origin. We discuss the possible sources of variability that may have led to the low number of common markers, which has led us to speculate that markers and density in common use may not be strict criteria for identifying and isolating placenta-derived exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Familari
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic. 3010, Australia
| | - Tina Cronqvist
- Lund University, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Klinikgatan 28, 221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - Zahra Masoumi
- Lund University, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Klinikgatan 28, 221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - Stefan R Hansson
- Lund University, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Klinikgatan 28, 221 85 Lund, Sweden
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225
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Fitzgerald W, Gomez-Lopez N, Erez O, Romero R, Margolis L. Extracellular vesicles generated by placental tissues ex vivo: A transport system for immune mediators and growth factors. Am J Reprod Immunol 2018; 80:e12860. [PMID: 29726582 PMCID: PMC6021205 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM To study the mechanisms of placenta function and the role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in pregnancy, it is necessary to develop an ex vivo system that retains placental cytoarchitecture and the primary metabolic aspects, in particular the release of EVs and soluble factors. Here, we developed such a system and investigated the pattern of secretion of cytokines, growth factors, and extracellular vesicles by placental villous and amnion tissues ex vivo. METHODS OF STUDY Placental villous and amnion explants were cultured for 2 weeks at the air/liquid interface and their morphology and the released cytokines and EVs were analyzed. Cytokines were analyzed with multiplexed bead assays, and individual EVs were analyzed with recently developed techniques that involved EV capture with magnetic nanoparticles coupled to anti-EV antibodies and flow cytometry. RESULTS Ex vivo tissues (i) remained viable and preserved their cytoarchitecture; (ii) maintained secretion of cytokines and growth factors; (iii) released EVs of syncytiotrophoblast and amnion epithelial cell origins that contain cytokines and growth factors. CONCLUSION A system of ex vivo placental villous and amnion tissues can be used as an adequate model to study placenta metabolic activity in normal and complicated pregnancies, in particular to characterize EVs by their surface markers and by encapsulated proteins. Establishment and benchmarking the placenta ex vivo system may provide new insight in the functional status of this organ in various placental disorders, particularly regarding the release of EVs and cytokines. Such EVs may have a prognostic value for pregnancy complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Fitzgerald
- Section of Intercellular Interactions, Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI
| | - Nardhy Gomez-Lopez
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Biochemistry, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Offer Erez
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Roberto Romero
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Leonid Margolis
- Section of Intercellular Interactions, Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI
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Tong M, Stanley JL, Chen Q, James JL, Stone PR, Chamley LW. Placental Nano-vesicles Target to Specific Organs and Modulate Vascular Tone In Vivo. Hum Reprod 2018; 32:2188-2198. [PMID: 29040541 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dex310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION How do nano-vesicles extruded from normal first trimester human placentae affect maternal vascular function? SUMMARY ANSWER Placental nano-vesicles affect the ability of systemic mesenteric arteries to undergo endothelium- and nitric oxide- (NO-) dependent vasodilation in vivo in pregnant mice. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Dramatic cardiovascular adaptations occur during human pregnancy, including a substantial decrease in total peripheral resistance in the first trimester. The human placenta constantly extrudes extracellular vesicles that can enter the maternal circulation and these vesicles may play an important role in feto-maternal communication. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION Human placental nano-vesicles were administered into CD1 mice via a tail vein and their localization and vascular effects at 30 min and 24 h post-injection were investigated. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Nano-vesicles from normal first trimester human placentae were collected and administered into pregnant (D12.5) or non-pregnant female mice. After either 30 min or 24 h of exposure, all major organs were dissected for imaging (n = 7 at each time point) while uterine and mesenteric arteries were dissected for wire myography (n = 6 at each time point). Additional in vitro studies using HMEC-1 endothelial cells were also conducted to investigate the kinetics of interaction between placental nano-vesicles and endothelial cells. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Nano-vesicles from first trimester human placentae localized to the lungs, liver and kidneys 24 h after injection into pregnant mice (n = 7). Exposure of pregnant mice to placental nano-vesicles for 30 min in vivo increased the vasodilatory response of mesenteric arteries to acetylcholine, while exposure for 24 h had the opposite effect (P < 0.05, n = 6). These responses were prevented by L-NAME, an NO synthase inhibitor. Placental nano-vesicles did not affect the function of uterine arteries or mesenteric arteries from non-pregnant mice. Placental nano-vesicles rapidly interacted with endothelial cells via a combination of phagocytosis, endocytosis and cell surface binding in vitro. LARGE SCALE DATA N/A. LIMITATIONS REASONS FOR CAUTION As it is not ethical to administer labelled placental nano-vesicles to pregnant women, pregnant CD1 mice were used as a model of pregnancy. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS This is the first study to report the localization of placental nano-vesicles and their vascular effects in vivo. This work provides new insight into how the dramatic maternal cardiovascular adaptations to pregnancy may occur and indicates that placental extracellular vesicles may be important mediators of feto-maternal communication in a healthy pregnancy. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This research was supported by the Faculty of Medical and Health Science (FMHS) School of Medicine PBRF research fund to L.W.C. M.T. is a recipient of a University of Auckland Health Research Doctoral Scholarship and the Freemasons Postgraduate Scholarship. No authors have any competing interests to disclose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mancy Tong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Joanna L Stanley
- Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Q Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Joanna L James
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Peter R Stone
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Larry W Chamley
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
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227
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Simon C, Greening DW, Bolumar D, Balaguer N, Salamonsen LA, Vilella F. Extracellular Vesicles in Human Reproduction in Health and Disease. Endocr Rev 2018; 39:292-332. [PMID: 29390102 DOI: 10.1210/er.2017-00229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Extensive evidence suggests that the release of membrane-enclosed compartments, more commonly known as extracellular vesicles (EVs), is a potent newly identified mechanism of cell-to-cell communication both in normal physiology and in pathological conditions. This review presents evidence about the formation and release of different EVs, their definitive markers and cargo content in reproductive physiological processes, and their capacity to convey information between cells through the transfer of functional protein and genetic information to alter phenotype and function of recipient cells associated with reproductive biology. In the male reproductive tract, epididymosomes and prostasomes participate in regulating sperm motility activation, capacitation, and acrosome reaction. In the female reproductive tract, follicular fluid, oviduct/tube, and uterine cavity EVs are considered as vehicles to carry information during oocyte maturation, fertilization, and embryo-maternal crosstalk. EVs via their cargo might be also involved in the triggering, maintenance, and progression of reproductive- and obstetric-related pathologies such as endometriosis, polycystic ovarian syndrome, preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, and erectile dysfunction. In this review, we provide current knowledge on the present and future use of EVs not only as biomarkers, but also as therapeutic targeting agents, mainly as vectors for drug or compound delivery into target cells and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Simon
- Igenomix Foundation, Valencia, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Clínico (INCLIVA), Valencia, Spain.,Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Valencia University, Valencia, Spain.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - David W Greening
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David Bolumar
- Igenomix Foundation, Valencia, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Clínico (INCLIVA), Valencia, Spain
| | - Nuria Balaguer
- Igenomix Foundation, Valencia, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Clínico (INCLIVA), Valencia, Spain
| | - Lois A Salamonsen
- Centre for Reproductive Health, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Felipe Vilella
- Igenomix Foundation, Valencia, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Clínico (INCLIVA), Valencia, Spain.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
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228
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Delhaes F, Giza SA, Koreman T, Eastabrook G, McKenzie CA, Bedell S, Regnault TRH, de Vrijer B. Altered maternal and placental lipid metabolism and fetal fat development in obesity: Current knowledge and advances in non-invasive assessment. Placenta 2018; 69:118-124. [PMID: 29907450 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2018.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Abnormal maternal lipid profiles, a hallmark of increased maternal adiposity, are associated with pregnancy complications such as preeclampsia and gestational diabetes, and offspring long-term metabolic health is impacted as the consequence of altered fetal growth, physiology and often iatrogenic prematurity. The metabolic changes associated with maternal obesity and/or the consumption of a high-fat diet effecting maternal lipid profiles and metabolism have also been documented to specifically affect placental function and may underlie changes in fetal development and life course disease risk. The placenta plays a critical role in mediating nutritional signals between the fetus and the mother. As obesity rates in women of reproductive age continue to increase, it is becoming evident that inclusion of new technologies that allow for a better understanding of early changes in placental lipid transport and metabolism, non-invasively in maternal circulation, maternal tissues, placenta, fetal circulation and fetal tissues are needed to aid timely clinical diagnosis and treatment for obesity-associated diseases. This review describes pregnancy lipid homeostasis, with specific reference to changes arising from altered maternal body composition on placental and fetal lipid transport and metabolism. Current technologies for lipid assessments, such as metabolomics and lipidomics may be impacted by labour or mode of delivery and are only reflective of a single time point. This review further addresses how established and novel technologies for assessing lipids and their metabolism non-invasively and during the course of pregnancy may guide future research into the effect of maternal metabolic health on pregnancy outcome, placenta and fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavien Delhaes
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Stephanie A Giza
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Tianna Koreman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Genevieve Eastabrook
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; Children's Health Research Institute and Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Charles A McKenzie
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; Children's Health Research Institute and Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Samantha Bedell
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Timothy R H Regnault
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; Children's Health Research Institute and Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Barbra de Vrijer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; Children's Health Research Institute and Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada.
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Dixon CL, Sheller-Miller S, Saade GR, Fortunato SJ, Lai A, Palma C, Guanzon D, Salomon C, Menon R. Amniotic Fluid Exosome Proteomic Profile Exhibits Unique Pathways of Term and Preterm Labor. Endocrinology 2018; 159:2229-2240. [PMID: 29635386 PMCID: PMC6963707 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Our objective was to determine the amniotic fluid-derived exosomal proteomic profile in patients who had spontaneous preterm birth (PTB) or preterm premature rupture of membranes (pPROM) compared with those who delivered at term. A cross-sectional study of a retrospective cohort was used to quantify and determine the protein content of exosomes present in amniotic fluid, in PTB or pPROM, and normal term labor (TL) or term not in labor (TNIL) pregnancies. Exosomes were isolated by differential centrifugation and quantified using nanocrystals (Qdot) coupled to CD63 and placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP) by fluorescence nanoparticle tracking analysis. The exosomal proteomic profile was identified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and a small ion library was constructed to quantify the proteomic data by Sequential Window Acquisition of All Theoretical analysis. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis determined canonical pathways and biofunctions associated with dysregulated proteins. Amniotic fluid exosomes have similar shape and quantity regardless of the conditions; however, the PLAP/CD63 ratios for TL, PTB, and pPROM were significantly higher (∼3.8-, ∼4.4-, and ∼3.5-fold, respectively) compared with TNIL. The PLAP/CD63 ratio was also significantly higher (∼1.3-fold) in PTB compared with pPROM. Biological functions primarily indicated nonspecific inflammatory response regardless of condition, but unique profiles were also identified in cases (PTB and pPROM) compared with term. Amniotic fluid exosomes provide information specific to normal and abnormal parturition. Inflammatory marker enrichment and its uniqueness in term and preterm pregnancies support the value of exosomes in determining underlying physiology associated with term and preterm parturition.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Luke Dixon
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine & Perinatal Research, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas
| | - Samantha Sheller-Miller
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine & Perinatal Research, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas
| | - George R Saade
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine & Perinatal Research, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas
| | - Stephen J Fortunato
- Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Andrew Lai
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Carlos Palma
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Dominic Guanzon
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Carlos Salomon
- Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Concepción, 4070386 Concepción, Chile
- Correspondence: Ramkumar Menon, PhD, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Perinatal Research Division, MRB 11.138, 301 University Boulevard, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555. E-mail: ; or Carlos Salomon, PhD, Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clincal Diagnostics, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Queensland, Building 71/918, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia. E-mail:
| | - Ramkumar Menon
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine & Perinatal Research, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas
- Correspondence: Ramkumar Menon, PhD, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Perinatal Research Division, MRB 11.138, 301 University Boulevard, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555. E-mail: ; or Carlos Salomon, PhD, Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clincal Diagnostics, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Queensland, Building 71/918, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia. E-mail:
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Nair S, Salomon C. Extracellular vesicles and their immunomodulatory functions in pregnancy. Semin Immunopathol 2018; 40:425-437. [PMID: 29616307 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-018-0680-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-bound vesicles released into the extracellular space by almost all types of cells. EVs can cross the physiological barriers, and a variety of biological fluids are enriched in them. EVs are a heterogeneous population of vesicles, including exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies. The different subpopulations of vesicles can be differentiated by size and origin, in which exosomes (~100 nm and from endocytic origin) are the most studied so far. EVs have essential roles in cell-to-cell communication and are critical modulators of immune response under normal and pathological conditions. Pregnancy is a unique situation of immune-modulation in which the maternal immune system protects the fetus from allogenic rejection and maintains the immunosurveillance. The placenta is a vital organ that performs a multitude of functions to support the pregnancy. The EVs derived from the human placenta have crucial roles in regulating the maternal immune response for successful pregnancy outcome. Placenta-derived vesicles perform a myriad of functions like suppression of immune reaction to the developing fetus and establishment and maintenance of a systemic inflammatory response to combat infectious intruders. A fine-tuning of these mechanisms is quintessential for successful completion of pregnancy and healthy outcome for mother and fetus. Dysregulation in the mechanisms mentioned above can lead to several pregnancy disorders. In this review, we summarize the current literature regarding the critical roles played by the EVs in immunomodulation during pregnancy with particular attention to the placenta-derived exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumyalekshmi Nair
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, The University of Queensland, Building 71/918, Brisbane, Queensland, 4029, Australia
| | - Carlos Salomon
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, The University of Queensland, Building 71/918, Brisbane, Queensland, 4029, Australia. .,Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile.
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231
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Miranda J, Paules C, Nair S, Lai A, Palma C, Scholz-Romero K, Rice GE, Gratacos E, Crispi F, Salomon C. Placental exosomes profile in maternal and fetal circulation in intrauterine growth restriction - Liquid biopsies to monitoring fetal growth. Placenta 2018; 64:34-43. [PMID: 29626979 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Placenta-derived exosomes may represent an additional pathway by which the placenta communicates with the maternal system to induce maternal vascular adaptations to pregnancy and it may be affected during Fetal growth restriction (FGR). The objective of this study was to quantify the concentration of total and placenta-derived exosomes in maternal and fetal circulation in small fetuses classified as FGR or small for gestational age (SGA). METHODS Prospective cohort study in singleton term gestations including 10 normally grown fetuses and 20 small fetuses, sub-classified into SGA and FGR accordingly to birth weight (BW) percentile and fetoplacental Doppler. Exosomes were isolated from maternal and fetal plasma and characterized by morphology, enrichment of exosomal proteins, and size distribution by electron microscopy, western blot, and nanoparticle tracking analysis, respectively. Total and specific placenta-derived exosomes were determined using quantum dots coupled with CD63+ve and placental-type alkaline phosphatase (PLAP)+ve antibodies, respectively. RESULTS Maternal concentrations of CD63+ve and PLAP+ve exosomes were similar between the groups (all p > 0.05). However, there was a significant positive correlation between the ratio of placental-derived to total exosomes (PLAP+ve ratio) and BW percentile, [rho = 0.77 (95% CI: 0.57 to 0.89); p = 0.0001]. The contribution of placental exosomes to the total exosome concentration in maternal and fetal circulation showed a significant decrease among cases, with lower PLAP+ve ratios in FGR compared to controls and SGA cases. DISCUSSION Quantification of placental exosomes in maternal plasma reflects fetal growth and it may be a useful indicator of placental function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jezid Miranda
- Fetal i+D Fetal Medicine Research Center, BCNatal - Barcelona Center for Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine (Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Deu), ICGON, IDIBAPS, Universitat de Barcelona, Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBER-ER), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Paules
- Fetal i+D Fetal Medicine Research Center, BCNatal - Barcelona Center for Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine (Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Deu), ICGON, IDIBAPS, Universitat de Barcelona, Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBER-ER), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Soumyalekshmi Nair
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Faculty of Medicine + Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Australia
| | - Andrew Lai
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Faculty of Medicine + Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Australia
| | - Carlos Palma
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Faculty of Medicine + Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Australia
| | - Katherin Scholz-Romero
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Faculty of Medicine + Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Australia
| | - Gregory E Rice
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Faculty of Medicine + Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Australia; Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Eduard Gratacos
- Fetal i+D Fetal Medicine Research Center, BCNatal - Barcelona Center for Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine (Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Deu), ICGON, IDIBAPS, Universitat de Barcelona, Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBER-ER), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fatima Crispi
- Fetal i+D Fetal Medicine Research Center, BCNatal - Barcelona Center for Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine (Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Deu), ICGON, IDIBAPS, Universitat de Barcelona, Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBER-ER), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Salomon
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Faculty of Medicine + Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Australia; Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile.
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Song JE, Park SJ, Lee KY, Lee WJ. Amniotic fluid HIF1α and exosomal HIF1α in cervical insufficiency patients with physical examination-indicated cerclage. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2018; 32:2287-2294. [PMID: 29357727 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2018.1432037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hypoxia inducible factor 1α (HIF1α) has been reported to activate inflammatory cascade. Recently, exosomes have been known to have pivotal roles in intercellular communication. The aim of this study was to compare the concentration of amniotic fluid (AF) HIF1α, exosomal HIF1α, and inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 1α (IL1α), interleukin 1β (IL1β), interleukin 6 (IL6), and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) between physical examination-indicated cerclage (PEIC) and control group. We also investigated the associations between biomarkers and amniocentesis-to-delivery interval and the correlations of inflammatory cytokines, HIF1α, and exosomal HIF1α. METHODS Case-control study was performed. Cases are defined as 16 patients who underwent PEIC and controls are 19 women who underwent amniocentesis for confirming chromosomal abnormalities. The concentration of IL1α, IL1β, IL6, TNFα, HIF1α, and exosomal HIF1α were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Exosomes were confirmed by tumor susceptibility Gene 101 (TSG 101) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). RESULTS The mean HIF1α in PEIC group was higher than control group (PEIC, 15.03 ± 9.60-pg/mL versus control, 2.96 ± 1.99 pg/mL; p < .01). There were significant differences in inflammatory cytokines between two groups. A significant difference in exosomal HIF1α was shown between two groups (PEIC, 27.97 ± 28.61-µg/mL versus control, 12.42 ± 8.20 µg/mL; p < .01). HIF1α, IL1α, IL6, TNFα, and exosomal HIF1α showed significantly negative association with cerclage-to-delivery interval. However, IL1β was not associated with cerclage-to-delivery interval. HIF1α was positively correlated with exosomal HIF1α (rho = 0.93, p < .01). Both HIF1α and exosomal HIF1α were significantly associated with TNFα (rho = 0.94, p < .01; rho = 0.97, p < .01). Both HIF-1α and exosomal HIF1α had positive correlation with IL1α (rho = 0.96, p < .01; rho = 0.91, p < .01). However, IL1β showed no correlations with HIF1α and exosomal HIF1α. A positive correlation between HIF-1α and IL6 was observed (rho = 0.58, p = .01.) Exosomal HIF1α also had correlation with IL6 (rho = 0.52, p = .03). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that amniotic fluid (AF) HIF1α and AF exosomal HIF1α were higher in physical examination-indicated cerclage (PEIC) group than control group. AF HIF1α and AF exosomal HIF1α were associated with shorter amniocentesis-to-delivery interval. More importantly, they had positive correlations with AF inflammatory cytokines such as IL1α, IL6, and TNFα. Our results may indicate that AF HIF1α and AF exosomes interact with AF inflammatory cytokines and contribute inflammatory cascade in complicated pregnancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Eun Song
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Hallym University School of Medicine , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Ju Park
- b Ilsong Institute of Life Science , Hallym University , Anyang , Republic of Korea
| | - Keun Young Lee
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Hallym University School of Medicine , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Wang Jae Lee
- c Department of Anatomy , Seoul National University College of Medicine , Seoul , Republic of Korea
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Boriachek K, Islam MN, Möller A, Salomon C, Nguyen NT, Hossain MSA, Yamauchi Y, Shiddiky MJA. Biological Functions and Current Advances in Isolation and Detection Strategies for Exosome Nanovesicles. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:1702153. [PMID: 29282861 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201702153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are nanoscale (≈30-150 nm) extracellular vesicles of endocytic origin that are shed by most types of cells and circulate in bodily fluids. Exosomes carry a specific composition of proteins, lipids, RNA, and DNA and can work as cargo to transfer this information to recipient cells. Recent studies on exosomes have shown that they play an important role in various biological processes, such as intercellular signaling, coagulation, inflammation, and cellular homeostasis. These functional roles are attributed to their ability to transfer RNA, proteins, enzymes, and lipids, thereby affecting the physiological and pathological conditions in various diseases, including cancer and neurodegenerative, infectious, and autoimmune diseases (e.g., cancer initiation, progression, and metastasis). Due to these unique characteristics, exosomes are considered promising biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of various diseases via noninvasive or minimally invasive procedures. Over the last decade, a plethora of methodologies have been developed for analyzing disease-specific exosomes using optical and nonoptical tools. Here, the major biological functions, significance, and potential role of exosomes as biomarkers and therapeutics are discussed. Furthermore, an overview of the most commonly used techniques for exosome analysis, highlighting the major technical challenges and limitations of existing techniques, is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kseniia Boriachek
- School of Natural Sciences, Griffith University, Nathan Campus, QLD 4111, Australia
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan Campus, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Md Nazmul Islam
- School of Natural Sciences, Griffith University, Nathan Campus, QLD 4111, Australia
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan Campus, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Andreas Möller
- Tumour Microenvironment Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Carlos Salomon
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Nam-Trung Nguyen
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan Campus, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Md Shahriar A Hossain
- Australian Institute for Innovative Materials (AIIM), University of Wollongong, Squires Way, Innovation Campus, North Wollongong, NSW, 2519, Australia
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Yusuke Yamauchi
- Australian Institute for Innovative Materials (AIIM), University of Wollongong, Squires Way, Innovation Campus, North Wollongong, NSW, 2519, Australia
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Muhammad J A Shiddiky
- School of Natural Sciences, Griffith University, Nathan Campus, QLD 4111, Australia
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan Campus, QLD 4111, Australia
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234
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Hosseini-Beheshti E, Choi W, Weiswald LB, Kharmate G, Ghaffari M, Roshan-Moniri M, Hassona MD, Chan L, Chin MY, Tai IT, Rennie PS, Fazli L, Tomlinson Guns ES. Exosomes confer pro-survival signals to alter the phenotype of prostate cells in their surrounding environment. Oncotarget 2018; 7:14639-58. [PMID: 26840259 PMCID: PMC4924741 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in men. Current research on tumour-related extracellular vesicles (EVs) suggests that exosomes play a significant role in paracrine signaling pathways, thus potentially influencing cancer progression via multiple mechanisms. In fact, during the last decade numerous studies have revealed the role of EVs in the progression of various pathological conditions including cancer. Moreover, differences in the proteomic, lipidomic, and cholesterol content of exosomes derived from PCa cell lines versus benign prostate cell lines confirm that exosomes could be excellent biomarker candidates. As such, as part of an extensive proteomic analysis using LCMS we previously described a potential role of exosomes as biomarkers for PCa. Current evidence suggests that uptake of EV's into the local tumour microenvironment encouraging us to further examine the role of these vesicles in distinct mechanisms involved in the progression of PCa and castration resistant PCa. For the purpose of this study, we hypothesized that exosomes play a pivotal role in cell-cell communication in the local tumour microenvironment, conferring activation of numerous survival mechanisms during PCa progression and development of therapeutic resistance. Our in vitro results demonstrate that PCa derived exosomes significantly reduce apoptosis, increase cancer cell proliferation and induce cell migration in LNCaP and RWPE-1 cells. In conjunction with our in vitro findings, we have also demonstrated that exosomes increased tumor volume and serum PSA levels in vivo when xenograft bearing mice were administered DU145 cell derived exosomes intravenously. This research suggests that, regardless of androgen receptor phenotype, exosomes derived from PCa cells significantly enhance multiple mechanisms that contribute to PCa progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Hosseini-Beheshti
- Department of Experimental Medicine University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6H 3Z6, Canada.,The Vancouver Prostate Centre University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Wendy Choi
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Louis-Bastien Weiswald
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Geetanjali Kharmate
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Mazyar Ghaffari
- Department of Experimental Medicine University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6H 3Z6, Canada.,The Vancouver Prostate Centre University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Mani Roshan-Moniri
- Department of Experimental Medicine University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6H 3Z6, Canada.,The Vancouver Prostate Centre University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Mohamed D Hassona
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Leslie Chan
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Mei Yieng Chin
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Isabella T Tai
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Paul S Rennie
- Department of Urologic Sciences University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6H 3Z6, Canada.,The Vancouver Prostate Centre University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Ladan Fazli
- Department of Urologic Sciences University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6H 3Z6, Canada.,The Vancouver Prostate Centre University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Emma S Tomlinson Guns
- Department of Urologic Sciences University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6H 3Z6, Canada.,The Vancouver Prostate Centre University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6H 3Z6, Canada
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235
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Lai A, Elfeky O, Rice GE, Salomon C. Optimized Specific Isolation of Placenta-Derived Exosomes from Maternal Circulation. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1710:131-138. [PMID: 29196999 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7498-6_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are small (~100 nm) vesicles that carry a wide range of molecules including proteins, RNAs, and DNA. Exosomes are secreted from a wide range of cells including placental cells. Interestingly, exosomes secreted from placental cells have been identified in maternal circulation as early as in 6 weeks of gestation, and their concentration increases with the gestational age. While there is growing interest in elucidating the role of exosomes during normal and complicated pregnancies (such as preeclampsia), progress in the field has been delayed because of the inability to isolate placental exosomes from maternal circulation. Therefore, here we describe a workflow to isolate placental exosomes from maternal circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Lai
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, The University of Queensland, Bldg. 71/918, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, 4029, Australia
| | - Omar Elfeky
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, The University of Queensland, Bldg. 71/918, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, 4029, Australia
| | - Gregory E Rice
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, The University of Queensland, Bldg. 71/918, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, 4029, Australia
- Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Carlos Salomon
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, The University of Queensland, Bldg. 71/918, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, 4029, Australia.
- Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, LA, USA.
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile.
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236
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Abstract
Exosomes are nano-vesicles which can transport a range of molecules including but not limited to proteins and miRNA. This ability of exosomes renders them useful in cellular communication often resulting in biological changes. They have several functions in facilitating normal biological processes such as immune responses and an involvement in pregnancy. However, they have also been linked to pathological conditions including cancer and pregnancy complications such as preeclampsia. An understanding for the role of exosomes in preeclampsia is based on the ability to purify and characterize exosomes. There have been several techniques proposed for the enrichment of exosomes such as ultracentrifugation, density gradient separation, and ultrafiltration although there is no widely accepted optimized technique. Here we describe a workflow for isolating exosomes from cell-conditioned media and biological fluids using a combination of centrifugation, buoyant density, and ultrafiltration approaches.
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237
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Guarino E, Delli Poggi C, Grieco GE, Cenci V, Ceccarelli E, Crisci I, Sebastiani G, Dotta F. Circulating MicroRNAs as Biomarkers of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Updates and Perspectives. Int J Endocrinol 2018; 2018:6380463. [PMID: 29849620 PMCID: PMC5924999 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6380463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is defined as any degree of carbohydrate intolerance, with onset or first recognition during second or third trimester of gestation. It is estimated that approximately 7% of all pregnancies are complicated by GDM and that its prevalence is rising all over the world. Thus, the screening for abnormal glucose levels is generally recommended as a routine component of care for pregnant women. However, additional biomarkers are needed in order to predict the onset or accurately monitor the status of gestational diabetes. Recently, microRNAs, a class of small noncoding RNAs demonstrated to modulate gene expression, have been proven to be secreted by cells of origin and can be found in many biological fluids such as serum or plasma. Such feature renders microRNAs as optimal biomarkers and sensors of in situ tissue alterations. Furthermore, secretion of microRNAs via exosomes has been reported to contribute to tissue cross talk, thus potentially represents, if disrupted, a mechanistic cause of tissue/cell dysfunction in a specific disease. In this review, we summarized the recent findings on circulating microRNAs and gestational diabetes mellitus with particular focus on the potential use of microRNAs as putative biomarkers of disease as well as a potential cause of GDM complications and β cell dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Guarino
- UO Diabetologia, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
| | - Chiara Delli Poggi
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- Fondazione Umberto di Mario, Toscana Life Sciences, Siena, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Emanuela Grieco
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- Fondazione Umberto di Mario, Toscana Life Sciences, Siena, Italy
| | - Valeria Cenci
- UO Diabetologia, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
| | - Elena Ceccarelli
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Isabella Crisci
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Guido Sebastiani
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- Fondazione Umberto di Mario, Toscana Life Sciences, Siena, Italy
| | - Francesco Dotta
- UO Diabetologia, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- Fondazione Umberto di Mario, Toscana Life Sciences, Siena, Italy
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238
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Latifi Z, Fattahi A, Ranjbaran A, Nejabati HR, Imakawa K. Potential roles of metalloproteinases of endometrium-derived exosomes in embryo-maternal crosstalk during implantation. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:4530-4545. [PMID: 29115666 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
During embryo implantation, crosstalk between the endometrial epithelium and the blastocyst, especially the trophoblasts, is a prerequisite for successful implantation. During this crosstalk, various molecular and functional changes occur to promote synchrony between the embryo and the endometrium as well as the uterine cavity microenvironment. In the past few years, growing evidence has shown that endometrium-derived exosomes play pivotal roles in the embryonic-maternal crosstalk during implantation, although the exact mechanism of this crosstalk has yet to be determined. The presence of metalloproteinases has been reported in endometrium-derived exosomes, implying the importance of these enzymes in exosome-based crosstalk. Thus, in this review, we describe the potential roles of the metalloproteinases of endometrium-derived exosomes in promoting embryo attachment and implantation. This study could provide a better understanding of the potential roles of exosomal metalloproteinases in embryo implantation and pave the way for developing novel exosome-based regulatory agents to support early pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Latifi
- Animal Resource Science Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Ibaraki, Japan.,Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amir Fattahi
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Ranjbaran
- Women's Reproductive Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Nejabati
- Women's Reproductive Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Kazuhiko Imakawa
- Animal Resource Science Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Ibaraki, Japan
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239
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Chiarello DI, Salsoso R, Toledo F, Mate A, Vázquez CM, Sobrevia L. Foetoplacental communication via extracellular vesicles in normal pregnancy and preeclampsia. Mol Aspects Med 2017; 60:69-80. [PMID: 29222068 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Intercellular communication is a critical process in biological mechanisms. During pregnancy foetoplacental tissues release a heterogeneous group of extracellular vesicles (EVs) that include exosomes, microvesicles, apoptotic bodies, and syncytial nuclear aggregates. These vesicles contain a complex cargo (proteins, DNA, mRNA transcripts, microRNAs, noncoding RNA, lipids, and other molecules) that actively participate in the maternal-foetal communication by modulating different processes during gestation for a successful foetal development. Each stage of human gestation is marked by events such as immunomodulation, proliferation, invasion, migration, and differentiation, among others, requiring EVs-mediated signalling to be nearby or distant target cells. Furthermore, EVs also associate with pregnancy pathologies such as preeclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction. This review addresses the role of EVs in human foetomaternal communication in normal pregnancy and preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delia I Chiarello
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory (CMPL), Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile.
| | - Rocío Salsoso
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory (CMPL), Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile; Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville E-41012, Spain
| | - Fernando Toledo
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory (CMPL), Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile; Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Del Bío-Bío, Chillán 3780000, Chile
| | - Alfonso Mate
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville E-41012, Spain
| | - Carmen M Vázquez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville E-41012, Spain
| | - Luis Sobrevia
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory (CMPL), Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile; Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville E-41012, Spain; University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research (UQCCR), Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Herston, QLD 4029 Queensland, Australia.
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240
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Tong M, Johansson C, Xiao F, Stone PR, James JL, Chen Q, Cree LM, Chamley LW. Antiphospholipid antibodies increase the levels of mitochondrial DNA in placental extracellular vesicles: Alarmin-g for preeclampsia. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16556. [PMID: 29185455 PMCID: PMC5707355 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16448-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of preeclampsia remains unclear but placental factors are known to play a crucial role causing maternal endothelial cell dysfunction. One potential factor is placental micro- and nano- vesicles. Antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) increase the risk of preeclampsia ten-fold, in part by damaging the mitochondria in the syncytiotrophoblast. Since mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is a danger- associated molecular pattern (DAMP/alarmin) that may activate endothelial cells, the aims of the current study were to investigate whether aPL affect the number of placental vesicles extruded, their mtDNA content and their ability to activate endothelial cells. Exposure of first trimester human placental explants to aPL affected neither the number nor size of extruded micro- and nano- vesicles (n = 5), however their levels of mtDNA were increased (n = 6). These vesicles significantly activated endothelial cells (n = 5), which was prevented by blocking toll-like receptor 9 (TLR-9), a receptor for extracellular DNA. Thus, aPL may increase the risk of preeclampsia in part by increasing the amount of mtDNA associated with placental vesicles. That mitochondrial DNA is recognised as a DAMP by TLR-9 to cause endothelial cell activation, raises the possibility that placental vesicles or TLR-9 might be a target for pharmaceutical intervention to reduce the consequences of aPL in pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mancy Tong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, The University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand.
| | - Caroline Johansson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, The University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand.,Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, SE-581 83, Sweden
| | - Fengyi Xiao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, The University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand.,The Hospital of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peter R Stone
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, The University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand
| | - Joanna L James
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, The University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand
| | - Qi Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, The University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand
| | - Lynsey M Cree
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, The University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand
| | - Lawrence W Chamley
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, The University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand
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241
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Jin J, Menon R. Placental exosomes: A proxy to understand pregnancy complications. Am J Reprod Immunol 2017; 79:e12788. [PMID: 29193463 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes (30- to 150-nm particles), originating from multivesicular bodies by the invagination of the endosomal membrane, are communication channels between cells. Exosomes are released by various cell types and cargo proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids reflecting the physiologic status of their cells of origin and cause functional changes in recipient cells, which are likely dependent on their quantity and/or cargo contents. Recently, placental exosomes, produced by various placental cell types, have been isolated from maternal blood using the placental protein-specific marker, placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP). PLAP-positive exosomes are seen in maternal blood as early as the first trimester of pregnancy and increase as gestation progresses, with maximum numbers seen at term. Although the functional relevance of placental exosomes is still under investigation, several studies have linked placental exosomes changes (quantity and cargo) reflecting placental dysfunctions associated with adverse pregnancy events. As placental exosomes can be isolated from maternal blood, they are liquid biopsies reflecting placental functions. Hence, they are useful as biomarkers of placental functions and dysfunctions obtainable through non-invasive approaches. This review summarizes the biogenesis, release, and functions of exosomes and specifically expounds the role of placental-specific exosomes and their significance associated with pregnancy complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Jin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Perinatal Research, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA.,Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, NanFang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ramkumar Menon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Perinatal Research, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA
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242
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Jeyaram A, Jay SM. Preservation and Storage Stability of Extracellular Vesicles for Therapeutic Applications. AAPS JOURNAL 2017; 20:1. [PMID: 29181730 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-017-0160-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Recently, extracellular vesicles (EVs)-including exosomes, microvesicles, and others-have attracted interest as cell-derived biotherapeutics and drug delivery vehicles for a variety of applications. This interest stems from favorable properties of EVs, including their status as mediators of cell-cell communication via transfer of biological cargo and their reported ability to cross biological barriers that impede many delivery systems. However, there are many challenges to translation and widespread application of EV-based therapeutics. One such challenge that has yet to be extensively studied involves EV preservation and storage, which must be addressed to enable use of therapeutic EVs beyond resource-intensive settings. Studies to date suggest that the most promising mode of storage is - 80°C; however, understanding of storage-mediated effects is still limited. Additionally, the effects of storage appear to vary with sample source. The lack of knowledge about and standardization of EV storage may ultimately hinder widespread clinical translation. This mini-review reports current knowledge in the field of EV preservation and storage stability and highlights future directions in the area that could be critical to eventual development of EV therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjana Jeyaram
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 3234 Jeong Kim Engineering Building, College Park, Maryland, 20742, USA
| | - Steven M Jay
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 3234 Jeong Kim Engineering Building, College Park, Maryland, 20742, USA. .,Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA. .,Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA.
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243
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Pillay P, Moodley K, Moodley J, Mackraj I. Placenta-derived exosomes: potential biomarkers of preeclampsia. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 12:8009-8023. [PMID: 29184401 PMCID: PMC5673050 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s142732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Preeclampsia remains a leading cause of maternal and fetal mortality, due to ineffective treatment and diagnostic strategies, compounded by the lack of clarity on the etiology of the disorder. Although several clinical and biological markers of preeclampsia have been evaluated, they have proven to be ineffective in providing a definitive diagnosis during the various stages of the disorder. Exosomes have emerged as ideal biomarkers of pathological states, such as cancer, and have more recently gained interest in pregnancy-related complications, due to their role in cellular communication in normal and complicated pregnancies. This occurs as a result of the specific placenta-derived exosomal molecular cargo, which may be involved in normal pregnancy-associated immunological events, such as the maintenance of maternal-fetal tolerance. This review provides perspectives on placenta-derived exosomes as possible biomarkers for the diagnosis/prognosis of preeclampsia. Using keywords, online databases were searched to identify relevant publications to review the potential use of placenta-derived exosomes as biomarkers of preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preenan Pillay
- Discipline of Human Physiology, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Pearson Institute of Higher Education, Midrand, South Africa
| | - Kogi Moodley
- Discipline of Human Physiology, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Jagidesa Moodley
- Women’s Health and HIV Research Group, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Irene Mackraj
- Women’s Health and HIV Research Group, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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244
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Bei Y, Das S, Rodosthenous RS, Holvoet P, Vanhaverbeke M, Monteiro MC, Monteiro VVS, Radosinska J, Bartekova M, Jansen F, Li Q, Rajasingh J, Xiao J. Extracellular Vesicles in Cardiovascular Theranostics. Am J Cancer Res 2017; 7:4168-4182. [PMID: 29158817 PMCID: PMC5695004 DOI: 10.7150/thno.21274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small bilayer lipid membrane vesicles that can be released by most cell types and detected in most body fluids. EVs exert key functions for intercellular communication via transferring their bioactive cargos to recipient cells or activating signaling pathways in target cells. Increasing evidence has shown the important regulatory effects of EVs in cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). EVs secreted by cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and stem cells play essential roles in pathophysiological processes such as cardiac hypertrophy, cardiomyocyte survival and apoptosis, cardiac fibrosis, and angiogenesis in relation to CVDs. In this review, we will first outline the current knowledge about the physical characteristics, biological contents, and isolation methods of EVs. We will then focus on the functional roles of cardiovascular EVs and their pathophysiological effects in CVDs, as well as summarize the potential of EVs as therapeutic agents and biomarkers for CVDs. Finally, we will discuss the specific application of EVs as a novel drug delivery system and the utility of EVs in the field of regenerative medicine.
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245
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Salomon C, Guanzon D, Scholz-Romero K, Longo S, Correa P, Illanes SE, Rice GE. Placental Exosomes as Early Biomarker of Preeclampsia: Potential Role of Exosomal MicroRNAs Across Gestation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017; 102:3182-3194. [PMID: 28531338 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2017-00672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT There is a need to develop strategies for early prediction of patients who will develop preeclampsia (PE) to establish preventive strategies to reduce the prevalence and severity of the disease and their associated complications. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to investigate whether exosomes and their microRNA cargo present in maternal circulation can be used as early biomarker for PE. DESIGN, SETTING, PATIENTS, AND INTERVENTIONS A retrospective stratified study design was used to quantify total exosomes and placenta-derived exosomes present in maternal plasma of normal (n = 32 per time point) and PE (n = 15 per time point) pregnancies. Exosomes present in maternal circulation were determined by nanoparticle tracking analysis. An Illumina TruSeq® Small RNA Library Prep Kit was used to construct a small RNA library from exosomal RNA obtained from plasma samples. RESULTS In presymptomatic women, who subsequently developed PE, the concentration of total exosomes and placenta-derived exosomes in maternal plasma was significantly greater than those observed in controls, throughout pregnancy. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curves for total exosome and placenta-derived exosome concentrations were 0.745 ± 0.094 and 0.829 ± 0.077, respectively. In total, over 300 microRNAs were identified in exosomes across gestation, where hsa-miR-486-1-5p and hsa-miR-486-2-5p were identified as the candidate microRNAs. CONCLUSIONS Although the role of exosomes during PE remains to be fully elucidated, we suggest that the concentration and content of exosomes may be of diagnostic utility for women at risk for developing PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Salomon
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia
- Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana 70121
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Concepción, Concepción 4070386, Chile
| | - Dominic Guanzon
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia
| | - Katherin Scholz-Romero
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia
| | - Sherri Longo
- Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana 70121
| | - Paula Correa
- Department of Obstetric and Gynecology and Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago 7620001, Chile
| | - Sebastian E Illanes
- Department of Obstetric and Gynecology and Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago 7620001, Chile
| | - Gregory E Rice
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia
- Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana 70121
- Department of Obstetric and Gynecology and Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago 7620001, Chile
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246
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Sheller-Miller S, Urrabaz-Garza R, Saade G, Menon R. Damage-Associated molecular pattern markers HMGB1 and cell-Free fetal telomere fragments in oxidative-Stressed amnion epithelial cell-Derived exosomes. J Reprod Immunol 2017; 123:3-11. [PMID: 28858636 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Term labor in humans is associated with increased oxidative stress (OS) -induced senescence and damages to amnion epithelial cells (AECs). Senescent fetal cells release alarmin high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) and cell-free fetal telomere fragments (cffTF) which can be carried by exosomes to other uterine tissues to produce parturition-associated inflammatory changes. This study characterized AEC-derived exosomes under normal and OS conditions and their packaging of HMGB1 and cffTF. Primary AECs were treated with either standard media or oxidative stress-induced media (exposure to cigarette smoke extract for 48h). Senescence was determined, and exosomes were isolated and characterized. To colocalize HMGB1 and cffTF in amnion exosomes, immunofluorescent staining and in situ hybridization were performed, followed by confocal microscopy. Next generation sequencing (NGS) determined exosomal cffTF and other cell-free amnion cell DNA specificity. Regardless of condition, primary AECs produce exosomes with a classic size, shape, and markers. OS and senescence caused the translocation of HMGB1 and cffTF from AECs' nuclei to cytoplasm compared to untreated cells, which was inhibited by antioxidant N-acetyl cysteine (NAC). Linescans confirmed colocalization of HMGB1 and cffTF in exosomes were higher in the cytoplasm after CSE treatment compared to untreated AECs. NGS determined that besides cffTF, AEC exosomes also carry genomic and mitochondrial DNA, regardless of growth conditions. Sterile inflammatory markers HMGB1 and cffTF from senescent fetal cells are packaged inside exosomes. We postulate that this exosomal cargo can act as a fetal signal at term and can cause labor-associated changes in neighboring tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Sheller-Miller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine Perinatal Research, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.
| | - Rheanna Urrabaz-Garza
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine Perinatal Research, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.
| | - George Saade
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine Perinatal Research, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.
| | - Ramkumar Menon
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine Perinatal Research, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.
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247
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Maroto R, Zhao Y, Jamaluddin M, Popov VL, Wang H, Kalubowilage M, Zhang Y, Luisi J, Sun H, Culbertson CT, Bossmann SH, Motamedi M, Brasier AR. Effects of storage temperature on airway exosome integrity for diagnostic and functional analyses. J Extracell Vesicles 2017; 6:1359478. [PMID: 28819550 PMCID: PMC5556670 DOI: 10.1080/20013078.2017.1359478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Extracellular vesicles contain biological molecules specified by cell-type of origin and modified by microenvironmental changes. To conduct reproducible studies on exosome content and function, storage conditions need to have minimal impact on airway exosome integrity. Aim: We compared surface properties and protein content of airway exosomes that had been freshly isolated vs. those that had been treated with cold storage or freezing. Methods: Mouse bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) exosomes purified by differential ultracentrifugation were analysed immediately or stored at +4°C or -80°C. Exosomal structure was assessed by dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and charge density (zeta potential, ζ). Exosomal protein content, including leaking/dissociating proteins, were identified by label-free LC-MS/MS. Results: Freshly isolated BALF exosomes exhibited a mean diameter of 95 nm and characteristic morphology. Storage had significant impact on BALF exosome size and content. Compared to fresh, exosomes stored at +4°C had a 10% increase in diameter, redistribution to polydisperse aggregates and reduced ζ. Storage at -80°C produced an even greater effect, resulting in a 25% increase in diameter, significantly reducing the ζ, resulting in multilamellar structure formation. In fresh exosomes, we identified 1140 high-confidence proteins enriched in 19 genome ontology biological processes. After storage at room temperature, 848 proteins were identified. In preparations stored at +4°C, 224 proteins appeared in the supernatant fraction compared to the wash fractions from freshly prepared exosomes; these proteins represent exosome leakage or dissociation of loosely bound "peri-exosomal" proteins. In preparations stored at -80°C, 194 proteins appeared in the supernatant fraction, suggesting that distinct protein groups leak from exosomes at different storage temperatures. Conclusions: Storage destabilizes the surface characteristics, morphological features and protein content of BALF exosomes. For preservation of the exosome protein content and representative functional analysis, airway exosomes should be analysed immediately after isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Maroto
- Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX, USA
- Institute for Translational Sciences, UTMB, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Yingxin Zhao
- Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX, USA
- Institute for Translational Sciences, UTMB, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, UTMB, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Mohammad Jamaluddin
- Institute for Translational Sciences, UTMB, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, UTMB, Galveston, TX, USA
| | | | - Hongwang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | | | - Yueqing Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, UTMB, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Jonathan Luisi
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, UTMB, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Hong Sun
- Department of Internal Medicine, UTMB, Galveston, TX, USA
| | | | | | | | - Allan R. Brasier
- Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX, USA
- Institute for Translational Sciences, UTMB, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, UTMB, Galveston, TX, USA
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248
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Nuzhat Z, Kinhal V, Sharma S, Rice GE, Joshi V, Salomon C. Tumour-derived exosomes as a signature of pancreatic cancer - liquid biopsies as indicators of tumour progression. Oncotarget 2017; 8:17279-17291. [PMID: 27999198 PMCID: PMC5370040 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is the fourth most common cause of death due to cancer in the world. It is known to have a poor prognosis, mostly because early stages of the disease are generally asymptomatic. Progress in pancreatic cancer research has been slow, leaving several fundamental questions pertaining to diagnosis and treatment unanswered. Recent studies highlight the putative utility of tissue-specific vesicles (i.e. extracellular vesicles) in the diagnosis of disease onset and treatment monitoring in pancreatic cancer. Extracellular vesicles are membrane-limited structures derived from the cell membrane. They contain specific molecules including proteins, mRNA, microRNAs and non-coding RNAs that are secreted in the extracellular space. Extracellular vesicles can be classified according to their size and/or origin into microvesicles (~150-1000 nm) and exosomes (~40-120 nm). Microvesicles are released by budding from the plasmatic membrane, whereas exosomes are released via the endocytic pathway by fusion of multivesicular bodies with the plasmatic membrane. This endosomal origin means that exosomes contain an abundance of cell-specific biomolecules which may act as a 'fingerprint' of the cell of origin. In this review, we discuss our current knowledge in the diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic cancer, particularly the potential role of EVs in these facets of disease management. In particular, we suggest that as exosomes contain cellular protein and RNA molecules in a cell type-specific manner, they may provide extensive information about the signature of the tumour and pancreatic cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zarin Nuzhat
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4029, Australia
| | - Vyjayanthi Kinhal
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4029, Australia
| | - Shayna Sharma
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4029, Australia
| | - Gregory E Rice
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4029, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ochsner Baptist Hospital, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | | | - Carlos Salomon
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4029, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ochsner Baptist Hospital, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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249
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Aggregated transthyretin is specifically packaged into placental nano-vesicles in preeclampsia. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6694. [PMID: 28751735 PMCID: PMC5532246 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07017-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In preeclampsia, the serum levels of transthyretin, a carrier protein for thyroxine, are elevated. Transthyretin isolated from preeclamptic serum is also aggregated and can induce preeclampsia-like symptoms in pregnant IL10-/- mice. Using western blotting, immunofluorescence, ELISA and qRT-PCR, we investigated the production of transthyretin by preeclamptic placentae and whether transthyretin is carried into the maternal circulation via placental extracellular vesicles. Both total and aggregated transthyretin were present in higher levels in preeclamptic placentae compared to normotensive placentae (p < 0.05, n = 7), however the levels of transythretin mRNA were not significantly different (n = 8). Preeclamptic placentae secreted similar levels of total transthyretin compared to normotensive placentae (2352 ± 2949 ng/mL vs. 3250 ± 1864 ng/mL, mean ± SD, p > 0.05, n = 8), however in preeclampsia, a significant proportion is vesicle-associated (~48% vs 0%). Increased levels of aggregated transthyretin were specifically associated to preeclamptic nano-vesicles (p < 0.02, n = 8). This study showed that the placenta actively produces transthyretin and in preeclampsia, a significant amount is extruded into the maternal circulation via placental exracellular vesicles. The increased aggregation of transthyretin in preeclampsia occurs at the post-transcriptional level and while preeclamptic nano-vesicles may be removing a toxic aggregated protein from the placenta, they may also be delivering aggregated transthyretin to specific maternal organs, contributing to the pathogenesis of preeclampsia.
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250
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Hosseinkhani B, van den Akker N, D'Haen J, Gagliardi M, Struys T, Lambrichts I, Waltenberger J, Nelissen I, Hooyberghs J, Molin DG, Michiels L. Direct detection of nano-scale extracellular vesicles derived from inflammation-triggered endothelial cells using surface plasmon resonance. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2017; 13:1663-1671. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2017.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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