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Tieland M, Trouwborst I, Clark BC. Skeletal muscle performance and ageing. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2018; 9:3-19. [PMID: 29151281 PMCID: PMC5803609 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 438] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The world population is ageing rapidly. As society ages, the incidence of physical limitations is dramatically increasing, which reduces the quality of life and increases healthcare expenditures. In western society, ~30% of the population over 55 years is confronted with moderate or severe physical limitations. These physical limitations increase the risk of falls, institutionalization, co-morbidity, and premature death. An important cause of physical limitations is the age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass, also referred to as sarcopenia. Emerging evidence, however, clearly shows that the decline in skeletal muscle mass is not the sole contributor to the decline in physical performance. For instance, the loss of muscle strength is also a strong contributor to reduced physical performance in the elderly. In addition, there is ample data to suggest that motor coordination, excitation-contraction coupling, skeletal integrity, and other factors related to the nervous, muscular, and skeletal systems are critically important for physical performance in the elderly. To better understand the loss of skeletal muscle performance with ageing, we aim to provide a broad overview on the underlying mechanisms associated with elderly skeletal muscle performance. We start with a system level discussion and continue with a discussion on the influence of lifestyle, biological, and psychosocial factors on elderly skeletal muscle performance. Developing a broad understanding of the many factors affecting elderly skeletal muscle performance has major implications for scientists, clinicians, and health professionals who are developing therapeutic interventions aiming to enhance muscle function and/or prevent mobility and physical limitations and, as such, support healthy ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Tieland
- Faculty of Sports and NutritionAmsterdam University of Applied SciencesDr. Meurerlaan 81067 SMAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Inez Trouwborst
- Faculty of Sports and NutritionAmsterdam University of Applied SciencesDr. Meurerlaan 81067 SMAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Brian C. Clark
- Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute (OMNI)Ohio University250 Irvine HallAthensOH 45701USA
- Department of Biomedical SciencesOhio UniversityAthensOH 45701USA
- Department of Geriatric MedicineOhio UniversityAthensOH 45701USA
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202
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Owens DJ. Nutritional Support to Counteract Muscle Atrophy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1088:483-495. [PMID: 30390266 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-1435-3_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Malnutrition is an important factor contributing to muscle atrophy. Both underfeeding and obesity have negative consequences for the preservation of muscle mass and function. In addition, adequate nutrition on an exercise background is an efficacious strategy to counteract the severity of muscle loss associated with numerous clinical muscle wasting conditions. As such, significant research efforts have been dedicated to identifying optimal calorie control and the requirements of particular macro- and micronutrients in attenuating muscle atrophy. This chapter will explore current nutrition strategies with robust evidence to counteract muscle atrophy with a particular focus on protein, as well presenting evidence for other promising emergent strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel John Owens
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.
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203
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Mitchell CJ, D'Souza RF, Mitchell SM, Figueiredo VC, Miller BF, Hamilton KL, Peelor FF, Coronet M, Pileggi CA, Durainayagam B, Fanning AC, Poppitt SD, Cameron-Smith D. Impact of dairy protein during limb immobilization and recovery on muscle size and protein synthesis; a randomized controlled trial. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2017; 124:717-728. [PMID: 29122965 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00803.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle disuse results in the loss of muscular strength and size, due to an imbalance between protein synthesis (MPS) and breakdown (MPB). Protein ingestion stimulates MPS, although it is not established if protein is able to attenuate muscle loss with immobilization (IM) or influence the recovery consisting of ambulatory movement followed by resistance training (RT). Thirty men (49.9 ± 0.6 yr) underwent 14 days of unilateral leg IM, 14 days of ambulatory recovery (AR), and a further six RT sessions over 14 days. Participants were randomized to consume an additional 20 g of dairy protein or placebo with a meal during the intervention. Isometric knee extension strength was reduced following IM (-24.7 ± 2.7%), partially recovered with AR (-8.6 ± 2.6%), and fully recovered after RT (-0.6 ± 3.4%), with no effect of supplementation. Thigh muscle cross-sectional area decreased with IM (-4.1 ± 0.5%), partially recovered with AR (-2.1 ± 0.5%), and increased above baseline with RT (+2.2 ± 0.5%), with no treatment effect. Myofibrillar MPS, measured using deuterated water, was unaltered by IM, with no effect of protein. During AR, MPS was increased only with protein supplementation. Protein supplementation did not attenuate the loss of muscle size and function with disuse or potentiate recovery but enhanced myofibrillar MPS during AR. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Twenty grams of daily protein supplementation does not attenuate the loss of muscle size and function induced by 2 wk of muscle disuse or potentiate recovery in middle-age men. Average mitochondrial but not myofibrillar muscle protein synthesis was attenuated during immobilization with no effect of supplementation. Protein supplementation increased myofibrillar protein synthesis during a 2-wk period of ambulatory recovery following disuse but without group differences in phenotype recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Randall F D'Souza
- Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand
| | - Sarah M Mitchell
- Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand
| | | | - Benjamin F Miller
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Karyn L Hamilton
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Fredrick F Peelor
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Marcelli Coronet
- Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand
| | - Chantal A Pileggi
- Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand
| | | | - Aaron C Fanning
- Fonterra Research and Development Centre , Palmerston North , New Zealand
| | - Sally D Poppitt
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand
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204
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Booth FW, Roberts CK, Thyfault JP, Ruegsegger GN, Toedebusch RG. Role of Inactivity in Chronic Diseases: Evolutionary Insight and Pathophysiological Mechanisms. Physiol Rev 2017; 97:1351-1402. [PMID: 28814614 PMCID: PMC6347102 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00019.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 341] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This review proposes that physical inactivity could be considered a behavior selected by evolution for resting, and also selected to be reinforcing in life-threatening situations in which exercise would be dangerous. Underlying the notion are human twin studies and animal selective breeding studies, both of which provide indirect evidence for the existence of genes for physical inactivity. Approximately 86% of the 325 million in the United States (U.S.) population achieve less than the U.S. Government and World Health Organization guidelines for daily physical activity for health. Although underappreciated, physical inactivity is an actual contributing cause to at least 35 unhealthy conditions, including the majority of the 10 leading causes of death in the U.S. First, we introduce nine physical inactivity-related themes. Next, characteristics and models of physical inactivity are presented. Following next are individual examples of phenotypes, organ systems, and diseases that are impacted by physical inactivity, including behavior, central nervous system, cardiorespiratory fitness, metabolism, adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, bone, immunity, digestion, and cancer. Importantly, physical inactivity, itself, often plays an independent role as a direct cause of speeding the losses of cardiovascular and strength fitness, shortening of healthspan, and lowering of the age for the onset of the first chronic disease, which in turn decreases quality of life, increases health care costs, and accelerates mortality risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank W Booth
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Geriatrics, Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas; and Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Christian K Roberts
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Geriatrics, Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas; and Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - John P Thyfault
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Geriatrics, Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas; and Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Gregory N Ruegsegger
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Geriatrics, Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas; and Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Ryan G Toedebusch
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Geriatrics, Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas; and Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
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205
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Drummond MJ, Reidy PT, Baird LM, Dalley BK, Howard MT. Leucine Differentially Regulates Gene-Specific Translation in Mouse Skeletal Muscle. J Nutr 2017; 147:1616-1623. [PMID: 28615380 PMCID: PMC5572492 DOI: 10.3945/jn.117.251181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Amino acids, especially leucine, are particularly effective in promoting protein synthesis. Leucine is known to increase the rate of protein synthesis in skeletal muscle through the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1-dependent, as well as -independent, signaling pathways. However, the overall translation program is poorly defined, and it is unknown how the activation of these pathways differentially controls the translation of specific mRNAs.Objective: Ribosome profiling and RNA sequencing were used to precisely define the translational program activated by an acute oral dose of leucine.Methods: Adult male C57BL/6 mice were deprived of food overnight before the delivery of an acute dose of l-leucine (9.4 mg) (n = 6) or vehicle (n = 5) and tissues collected 30 min later. Ribosome footprints and total RNA were isolated and subjected to deep sequencing. Changes in gene-specific mRNA abundance and ribosome occupancy were determined between the leucine-treated and control groups by aligning sequence reads to Reference Sequence database mRNAs and applying statistical features of the Bioconductor package edgeR.Results: Our data revealed mRNA features that confer translational control of skeletal muscle mRNAs in response to an acute dose of leucine. The subset of skeletal muscle mRNAs that are activated consists largely of terminal oligopyrimidine mRNAs (false discovery rate: <0.05), whereas those with reduced translation had 5' untranslated regions with increased length. Only the small nuclear RNAs, which are required for ribosome biogenesis, were significantly altered in RNA abundance. The inferred functional translational program activated by dietary leucine includes increased protein synthesis capacity and energy metabolism, upregulation of sarcomere-binding proteins, modulation of circadian rhythm, and suppression of select immune components.Conclusions: These results clarify the translation program acutely stimulated by leucine in mouse skeletal muscle and establish new methodologies for use in future studies of skeletal muscle disease or aging and further examination of downstream effects of leucine on gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Brian K Dalley
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
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206
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Smeuninx B, Mckendry J, Wilson D, Martin U, Breen L. Age-Related Anabolic Resistance of Myofibrillar Protein Synthesis Is Exacerbated in Obese Inactive Individuals. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017; 102:3535-3545. [PMID: 28911148 PMCID: PMC5587073 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2017-00869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT A diminished muscle anabolic response to protein nutrition may underpin age-associated muscle loss. OBJECTIVE To determine how chronological and biological aging influence myofibrillar protein synthesis (MyoPS). DESIGN Cross-sectional comparison. SETTING Clinical research facility. PARTICIPANTS Ten older lean [OL: 71.7 ± 6 years; body mass index (BMI) ≤25 kg ⋅ m-2], 7 older obese (OO: 69.1 ± 2 years; BMI ≥30 kg ⋅ m-2), and 18 young lean (YL) individuals (25.5 ± 4 years; BMI ≤25 kg ⋅ m-2). INTERVENTION Skeletal muscle biopsies obtained during a primed-continuous infusion of l-[ring-13C6]-phenylalanine. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Anthropometrics, insulin resistance, inflammatory markers, habitual diet, physical activity, MyoPS rates, and fiber-type characteristics. RESULTS Fat mass, insulin resistance, inflammation, and type II fiber intramyocellular lipid were greater, and daily step count lower, in OO compared with YL and OL. Postprandial MyoPS rates rose above postabsorptive values by ∼81% in YL (P < 0.001), ∼38% in OL (P = 0.002, not different from YL), and ∼9% in OO (P = 0.11). Delta change in postprandial MyoPS from postabsorptive values was greater in YL compared with OL (P = 0.032) and OO (P < 0.001). Absolute postprandial MyoPS rates and delta postprandial MyoPS change were associated with step count (r2 = 0.33; P = 0.015) and leg fat mass (r2 = 0.4; P = 0.006), respectively, in older individuals. Paradoxically, lean mass was similar between groups, and muscle fiber area was greater in OO vs OL (P = 0.002). CONCLUSION Age-related muscle anabolic resistance is exacerbated in obese inactive individuals, with no apparent detriment to muscle mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Smeuninx
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
- MRC Arthritis Research UK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - James Mckendry
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
- MRC Arthritis Research UK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Daisy Wilson
- MRC Arthritis Research UK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
- Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Una Martin
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Leigh Breen
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
- MRC Arthritis Research UK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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207
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Pesola AJ, Laukkanen A, Heikkinen R, Sipilä S, Sääkslahti A, Finni T. Accelerometer-assessed sedentary work, leisure time and cardio-metabolic biomarkers during one year: Effectiveness of a cluster randomized controlled trial in parents with a sedentary occupation and young children. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183299. [PMID: 28837598 PMCID: PMC5570316 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It is unknown whether reducing sedentary time at work and during leisure time is possible and effective during one year. Methods Office workers with young children were recruited for this one-year cluster-randomized controlled trial through kindergartens and primary schools from 7 clusters in the city of Jyväskylä, Finland. After a lecture, face-to-face tailored counseling was used to set contractually binding goals regarding reducing and breaking up sitting periods and increasing light intensity physical activity during work and leisure time. Primary outcomes of total, work and leisure sedentary time (<100 counts/min, cpm), light activity time (<2020 cpm), moderate-to-vigorous activity time (MVPA) and breaks/sedentary hour were assessed with a waist-worn Alive -accelerometer for 7 days, 5 times during the year. Anthropometrics (DXA), fasting biomarkers and self-reported diet were assessed as secondary outcomes. Data were collected between 2011–2013 and analyzed between 2013–2016 with a linear mixed-effects model fit by REML using likelihood ratio test and intention-to-treat–principle. Results Participants from intervention (N = 71) and control (N = 62) regions were assessed at baseline and 117 completed the study. Sedentary leisure time decreased [-21.2 (95% CI -37.3 to -5.1) min/8 hours, likelihood ratio P<0.001] and light activity time [13.4 (-2.2 to 29.0) min/8 hours, P = 0.008] and breaks per sedentary hour [1.0 (-0.2 to 2.2), P = 0.010] increased in the intervention group as compared to controls at 3 months. The decrease in sedentary leisure time was maintained throughout the year [-7.9 (-24.0 to 8.3) min/8 hours, P = 0.029]. Small decreases in the control group’s work and leisure MVPA were observed mostly at 3 months. Small favorable intervention effects were observed for fasting plasma glucose at 3 months and for leg lean mass and apoB/apoA-1 ratio at 12 months, with no changes in other outcomes. Conclusions Behavioral counseling induced a small decline in sedentary leisure time throughout one year in parents with a sedentary occupation and young children. Small concurrent changes in different biomarkers suggest that reducing sedentary leisure time during one year may be beneficial. Trial registration ISRCTN28668090, registered 30 November 2011
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Affiliation(s)
- Arto J. Pesola
- Neuromuscular Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
- * E-mail:
| | - Arto Laukkanen
- Neuromuscular Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Risto Heikkinen
- Neuromuscular Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Sarianna Sipilä
- Gerontology Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Arja Sääkslahti
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Taija Finni
- Neuromuscular Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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208
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Leisure time sedentary behavior, physical activity and frequency of protein consumption on lower extremity strength and lean mass. Eur J Clin Nutr 2017; 71:1399-1404. [DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2017.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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209
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Xia Z, Cholewa J, Zhao Y, Shang HY, Yang YQ, Araújo Pessôa K, Su QS, Lima-Soares F, Zanchi NE. Targeting Inflammation and Downstream Protein Metabolism in Sarcopenia: A Brief Up-Dated Description of Concurrent Exercise and Leucine-Based Multimodal Intervention. Front Physiol 2017; 8:434. [PMID: 28690550 PMCID: PMC5479895 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia is defined as the progressive loss of muscle mass with age, and poses a serious threat to the physiological and psychological health of the elderly population with consequential economic and social burdens. Chronic low-grade inflammation plays a central role in the development of sarcopenia such that it alters cellular protein metabolism to favor proteolysis over synthesis, and thereby accelerates muscular atrophy. The purpose of this review is to highlight how exercise and nutrition intervention strategies can attenuate or treat sarcopenia. Resistance exercise increases not only muscle mass but also muscle strength, while aerobic exercise is able to ameliorate the age-related metabolic disorders. Concurrent exercise training integrates the advantages of both aerobic and resistance exercise, and may exert a significant synergistic effect in the aging organism. Higher protein intakes rich in the amino acid leucine appear to restore skeletal muscle protein metabolism balance by rescuing protein synthesis in older adults. There is good reason to believe that a multimodal treatment, a combination of exercise and increased leucine consumption in the diet, can combat some of the muscle loss associated with aging. Future research is needed to consolidate these findings to humans, and to further clarify to what extent and by which mechanisms protein metabolism might be directly involved in sarcopenia pathogenesis and the multimodal treatment responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Xia
- Exercise Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, College of Physical Education, Jinggangshan UniversityJi'an, China.,Department of Sports Medicine, Chengdu Sport UniversityChengdu, China
| | - Jason Cholewa
- Department of Kinesiology, Coastal Carolina UniversityConway, SC, United States
| | - Yan Zhao
- Exercise Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, College of Physical Education, Jinggangshan UniversityJi'an, China
| | - Hua-Yu Shang
- Department of Sports Medicine, Chengdu Sport UniversityChengdu, China
| | - Yue-Qin Yang
- Exercise Intervention and Health Promotion Hubei Province Synergy Innovation Center, Wuhan Sports UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Kassiana Araújo Pessôa
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of MaranhãoSão Luís, Brazil.,Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology of Skeletal Muscle (LABCEMME)São Luís, Brazil
| | - Quan-Sheng Su
- Department of Sports Medicine, Chengdu Sport UniversityChengdu, China
| | - Fernanda Lima-Soares
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of MaranhãoSão Luís, Brazil.,Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology of Skeletal Muscle (LABCEMME)São Luís, Brazil
| | - Nelo Eidy Zanchi
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of MaranhãoSão Luís, Brazil.,Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology of Skeletal Muscle (LABCEMME)São Luís, Brazil
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210
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Reidy PT, McKenzie AI, Brunker P, Nelson DS, Barrows KM, Supiano M, LaStayo PC, Drummond MJ. Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation Combined with Protein Ingestion Preserves Thigh Muscle Mass But Not Muscle Function in Healthy Older Adults During 5 Days of Bed Rest. Rejuvenation Res 2017; 20:449-461. [PMID: 28482746 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2017.1942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Short-term bed rest in older adults is characterized by significant loss in leg lean mass and strength posing significant health consequences. The purpose of this study was to determine in healthy older adults if the daily combination of neuromuscular electrical stimulation and protein supplementation (NMES+PRO) would protect muscle mass and function after 5 days of bed rest. Twenty healthy older adults (∼70 years) were subjected to 5 days of continuous bed rest and were randomized into one of two groups: NMES+PRO (n = 10) or control (CON) (n = 10). The NMES+PRO group received bilateral NMES to quadriceps (40 minutes/session, 3 × /day; morning, afternoon, and evening) followed by an interventional protein supplement (17 g). The CON group received an isocaloric equivalent beverage. Before and after bed rest, vastus lateralis biopsies occurred before and after acute essential amino acid (EAA) ingestion for purposes of acutely stimulating mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTORC1) signaling, a major regulator of muscle protein synthesis, in response to bed rest and NMES+PRO. Baseline (pre and post bed rest) muscle samples were also used to assess myofiber characteristics and gene expression of muscle atrophy markers. Thigh lean mass and muscle function were measured before and after bed rest. Five days of bed rest reduced thigh lean mass, muscle function, myofiber cross-sectional area, satellite cell content, blunted EAA-induced mTORC1 signaling, and increased myostatin and MAFbx mRNA expression. Interestingly, NMES+PRO during bed rest maintained thigh lean mass, but not muscle function. Thigh muscle preservation during bed rest with NMES+PRO may partly be explained by attenuation of myostatin and MAFbx mRNA expression rather than restoration of nutrient-induced mTORC1 signaling. We conclude that the combination of NMES and protein supplementation thrice a day may be an effective therapeutic tool to use to preserve thigh muscle mass during periods of short-term hospitalization in older adults. However this combined intervention was not effective to prevent the loss in muscle function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T Reidy
- 1 Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Alec I McKenzie
- 1 Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Preston Brunker
- 1 Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Daniel S Nelson
- 2 Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Katherine M Barrows
- 1 Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Mark Supiano
- 3 Division of Geriatrics, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah.,4 VA Salt Lake City Geriatric Research , Education, and Clinical Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Paul C LaStayo
- 1 Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Micah J Drummond
- 1 Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah.,2 Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah
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211
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NORHEIM KRISTOFFERL, CULLUM CHRISTOPHERK, ANDERSEN JESPERL, KJAER MICHAEL, KARLSEN ANDERS. Inflammation Relates to Resistance Training–induced Hypertrophy in Elderly Patients. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017; 49:1079-1085. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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212
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Karlsen A, Loeb MR, Andersen KB, Joergensen KJ, Scheel FU, Turtumoeygard IF, Perez ALR, Kjaer M, Beyer N. Improved Functional Performance in Geriatric Patients During Hospital Stay. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2017; 96:e78-e84. [PMID: 28045706 DOI: 10.1097/phm.0000000000000671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this work was to evaluate the time course of changes in strength and functional performance in elderly hospitalized medical patients. DESIGN This was a prospective observational study in elderly medical patients of age 65 years or older at a geriatric department.Measurements were obtained on days 2 to 4, day 5 to 8, and days 9 to 13. Functional performance was measured with De Morton Mobility Index (DEMMI) test and a 30-second chair stand test (30-s CST). Muscular strength was measured with handgrip strength. Activity level was determined with accelerometry (ActivPAL). RESULTS Results in DEMMI and 30-s CST gradually improved (P < 0.05), whereas handgrip strength remained unchanged (P > 0.05). Larger functional improvements were observed in patients with "high" compared to "low" and "moderate" activity level (P < 0.05). Changes in DEMMI score correlated with changes in 30-s CST (P < 0.05); however, changes in DEMMI score and 30-s CST were more likely to occur in patients with a low versus high functional level, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Functional performance of the lower extremities in geriatric patients improves moderately over the time of a hospital stay of less than 14 days, with larger improvements in patients with high activity level. The DEMMI test and the 30-s CST seem to be complementary to each other when evaluating functional changes in a geriatric hospital population. TO CLAIM CME CREDITS Complete the self-assessment activity and evaluation online at http://www.physiatry.org/JournalCME CME OBJECTIVES: Upon completion of this article, the reader should be able to (1) describe changes in mobility and muscle strength of geriatric patients during a hospital stay of less than 14 days, (2) understand the significance of physical activity during hospital admission in geriatric patients, and (3) discuss the potential limitations of measures for assessing mobility and lower extremity strength status and change during a hospital admission. LEVEL Advanced ACCREDITATION: The Association of Academic Physiatrists is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education to provide continuing medical education for physicians.The Association of Academic Physiatrists designates this activity for a maximum of 1.5 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit(s)™. Physicians should only claim credit commensurate with the extent of their participation in the activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Karlsen
- From the Department of Geriatrics, Bispebjerg Hospital, Denmark (AK, MRL, KBA, KJJ, FUS, IFT, ALRP); Department of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (NB); Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (AK, MRL, KBA, KJJ, FUS, IFT, MK, NB); Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (AK, MK, NB); and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (AK)
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213
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Hinton BJ, Fan B, Ng BK, Shepherd JA. Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry body composition reference values of limbs and trunk from NHANES 1999-2004 with additional visualization methods. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174180. [PMID: 28346492 PMCID: PMC5367711 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Body Mass Index has traditionally been used as a measure of health, but Fat Mass Index (FMI) and Lean Mass Index (LMI) have been shown to be more predictive of mortality and health risk. Total body FMI and LMI reference curves have particularly been useful in quantifying sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity. Research has shown regional composition has significant associations to health outcomes. We derived FMI and LMI reference curves of the regions of the body (leg, arm, and trunk) for 15,908 individuals in the 1999-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data for each sex and ethnicity using the Lambda-Mu-Sigma (LMS) method and developed software to visualize this regional composition. These reference curves displayed differentiation between males and females during puberty and sharper limb LMI declines during late adulthood for males. For adults ages 30-50, females had 39%, 83%, and 47% larger arm, leg, and trunk FMI values than males, respectively. Males had 49%, 20%, and 15% higher regional LMI values than females for the arms, legs, and trunk respectively. The leg FMI and LMI of black females were 14% and 15% higher respectively than those of Hispanic and white females. White and Hispanic males had 37% higher trunk FMI values than black males. Hispanic females had 20% higher trunk FMI than white and black females. These data underscore the importance of accounting for sex and ethnicity in studies of regional composition. This study is the first to produce regional LMI and FMI reference tables and curves from the NHANES dataset. These reference curves provide a framework useful in studies and research involving sarcopenia, obesity, sarcopenic obesity, and other studies of compositional phenotypes. Further, the software tool we provide for visualizing regional composition will prove useful in monitoring progress in physical therapy, diets, or other attempts to attain healthier compositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J. Hinton
- Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, University of California—San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Berkeley and University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Bo Fan
- Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, University of California—San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Bennett K. Ng
- Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, University of California—San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Berkeley and University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - John A. Shepherd
- Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, University of California—San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Berkeley and University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
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214
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Herbert P, Hayes LD, Sculthorpe N, Grace FM. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) increases insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) in sedentary aging men but not masters' athletes: an observational study. Aging Male 2017; 20:54-59. [PMID: 28042739 DOI: 10.1080/13685538.2016.1260108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this investigation was to examine the impact high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on serum insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) in active compared with sedentary aging men. METHODS 22 lifetime sedentary (SED; 62 ± 2 years) and 17 masters' athletes (LEX; 60 ± 5 years) were recruited to the study. As HIIT requires preconditioning exercise in sedentary cohorts, the study required three assessment phases; enrollment (phase A), following preconditioning exercise (phase B), and post-HIIT (phase C). Serum IGF-I was determined by electrochemiluminescent immunoassay. RESULTS IGF-I was higher in LEX compared to SED at baseline (p = 0.007, Cohen's d = 0.91), and phase B (p = 0.083, Cohen's d = 0.59), with only a small difference at C (p = 0.291, Cohen's d = 0.35). SED experienced a small increase in IGF-I following preconditioning from 13.1 ± 4.7 to 14.2 ± 6.0 μg·dl-1 (p = 0.376, Cohen's d = 0.22), followed by a larger increase post-HIIT (16.9 ± 4.4 μg·dl-1), which was significantly elevated compared with baseline (p = 0.002, Cohen's d = 0.85), and post-preconditioning (p = 0.005, Cohen's d = 0.51). LEX experienced a trivial changes in IGF-I from A to B (18.2 ± 6.4 to 17.2 ± 3.7 μg·dl-1 [p = 0.538, Cohen's d = 0.19]), and a small change post-HIIT (18.4 ± 4.1 μg·dl-1 [p = 0.283, Cohen's d = 0.31]). Small increases were observed in fat-free mass in both groups following HIIT (p < 0.05, Cohen's d = 0.32-0.45). CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, HIIT with preconditioning exercise abrogates the age associated difference in IGF-I between SED and LEX, and induces small improvements in fat-free mass in both SED and LEX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Herbert
- a School of Sport, Health and Outdoor Education, Trinity Saint David, University of Wales , Carmarthen , UK
| | - Lawrence D Hayes
- b Active Ageing Research Group, Department of Medical and Sport Sciences, University of Cumbria , Lancaster , UK
| | - Nicholas Sculthorpe
- c Institute of Clinical Exercise and Health Science, University of the West of Scotland , Hamilton , UK , and
| | - Fergal M Grace
- d Faculty of Health , Federation University , Ballarat , VIC , Australia
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215
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Cholewa JM, Dardevet D, Lima-Soares F, de Araújo Pessôa K, Oliveira PH, Dos Santos Pinho JR, Nicastro H, Xia Z, Cabido CET, Zanchi NE. Dietary proteins and amino acids in the control of the muscle mass during immobilization and aging: role of the MPS response. Amino Acids 2017; 49:811-820. [PMID: 28175999 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-017-2390-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Dietary proteins/essential amino acids (EAAs) are nutrients with anabolic properties that may increase muscle mass or attenuate muscle loss during immobilization and aging via the stimulation of muscle protein synthesis (MPS). An EAA's anabolic threshold, capable to maximize the stimulation of MPS has been hypothesized, but during certain conditions associated with muscle loss, this anabolic threshold seems to increase which reduces the efficacy of dietary EAAs to stimulate MPS. Preliminary studies have demonstrated that acute ingestion of dietary proteins/EAA (with a sufficient amount of leucine) was capable to restore the postprandial MPS during bed rest, immobilization or aging; however, whether these improvements translate into chronic increases (or attenuates loss) of muscle mass is equivocal. For example, although free leucine supplementation acutely increases MPS and muscle mass in some chronic studies, other studies have reported no increases in muscle mass following chronic leucine supplementation. In contrast, chronically increasing leucine intake via the consumption of an overall increase in dietary protein appears to be the most effective dietary intervention toward increasing or attenuating lean mass during aging; however, more research investigating the optimal dose and timing of protein ingestion is necessary. Several studies have demonstrated that decreases in postprandial MPS as a result of increased circulating oxidative and inflammatory are more responsible than muscle protein breakdown for the decreases in muscle mass during disuse and health aging. Therefore, nutritional interventions that reduce oxidation or inflammation in conjunction with higher protein intakes that overcome the anabolic resistance may enhance the MPS response to feeding and either increase muscle mass or attenuate loss. In preliminary studies, antioxidant vitamins and amino acids with antioxidant or anti-inflammatory properties show potential to restore the anabolic response associated with protein ingestion. More research, however, is required to investigate if these nutrients translate to increases in MPS and, ultimately, increased lean mass in aging humans. The purpose of the present review is to discuss the role of protein/EAA intake to enhance postprandial MPS during conditions associated with muscle loss, and bring new perspectives and challenges associated nutritional interventions aimed to optimize the anabolic effects of dietary protein/EAAs ingestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Cholewa
- Department of Kinesiology, Coastal Carolina University, Conway, SC, 29528, USA
| | | | - Fernanda Lima-Soares
- Federal University of Maranhão (UFMA), Department of Physical Education, São Luis, Maranhão, Brazil.,Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology of Skeletal Muscle (LABCEMME), São Luis, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Kassiana de Araújo Pessôa
- Federal University of Maranhão (UFMA), Department of Physical Education, São Luis, Maranhão, Brazil.,Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology of Skeletal Muscle (LABCEMME), São Luis, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Paulo Henrique Oliveira
- Federal University of Maranhão (UFMA), Department of Physical Education, São Luis, Maranhão, Brazil.,Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology of Skeletal Muscle (LABCEMME), São Luis, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - João Ricardo Dos Santos Pinho
- Federal University of Maranhão (UFMA), Department of Physical Education, São Luis, Maranhão, Brazil.,Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology of Skeletal Muscle (LABCEMME), São Luis, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Humberto Nicastro
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology of Skeletal Muscle (LABCEMME), São Luis, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Zhi Xia
- Exercise Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, College of Physical Education, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, China.,Department of Sports Medicine, Chengdu Sport Institute, Chengdu, China
| | - Christian Emmanuel Torres Cabido
- Federal University of Maranhão (UFMA), Department of Physical Education, São Luis, Maranhão, Brazil.,Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology of Skeletal Muscle (LABCEMME), São Luis, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Nelo Eidy Zanchi
- Federal University of Maranhão (UFMA), Department of Physical Education, São Luis, Maranhão, Brazil. .,Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology of Skeletal Muscle (LABCEMME), São Luis, Maranhão, Brazil.
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216
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Gorissen SH, Horstman AM, Franssen R, Kouw IW, Wall BT, Burd NA, de Groot LC, van Loon LJ. Habituation to low or high protein intake does not modulate basal or postprandial muscle protein synthesis rates: a randomized trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2017; 105:332-342. [PMID: 27903518 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.115.129924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Muscle mass maintenance is largely regulated by basal muscle protein synthesis rates and the ability to increase muscle protein synthesis after protein ingestion. To our knowledge, no previous studies have evaluated the impact of habituation to either low protein intake (LOW PRO) or high protein intake (HIGH PRO) on the postprandial muscle protein synthetic response. OBJECTIVE We assessed the impact of LOW PRO compared with HIGH PRO on basal and postprandial muscle protein synthesis rates after the ingestion of 25 g whey protein. DESIGN Twenty-four healthy, older men [age: 62 ± 1 y; body mass index (in kg/m2): 25.9 ± 0.4 (mean ± SEM)] participated in a parallel-group randomized trial in which they adapted to either a LOW PRO diet (0.7 g · kg-1 · d-1; n = 12) or a HIGH PRO diet (1.5 g · kg-1 · d-1; n = 12) for 14 d. On day 15, participants received primed continuous l-[ring-2H5]-phenylalanine and l-[1-13C]-leucine infusions and ingested 25 g intrinsically l-[1-13C]-phenylalanine- and l-[1-13C]-leucine-labeled whey protein. Muscle biopsies and blood samples were collected to assess muscle protein synthesis rates as well as dietary protein digestion and absorption kinetics. RESULTS Plasma leucine concentrations and exogenous phenylalanine appearance rates increased after protein ingestion (P < 0.01) with no differences between treatments (P > 0.05). Plasma exogenous phenylalanine availability over the 5-h postprandial period was greater after LOW PRO than after HIGH PRO (61% ± 1% compared with 56% ± 2%, respectively; P < 0.05). Muscle protein synthesis rates increased from 0.031% ± 0.004% compared with 0.039% ± 0.007%/h in the fasted state to 0.062% ± 0.005% compared with 0.057% ± 0.005%/h in the postprandial state after LOW PRO compared with HIGH PRO, respectively (P < 0.01), with no differences between treatments (P = 0.25). CONCLUSION Habituation to LOW PRO (0.7 g · kg-1 · d-1) compared with HIGH PRO (1.5 g · kg-1 · d-1) augments the postprandial availability of dietary protein-derived amino acids in the circulation and does not lower basal muscle protein synthesis rates or increase postprandial muscle protein synthesis rates after ingestion of 25 g protein in older men. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01986842.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Hm Gorissen
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, Netherlands.,Top Institute Food & Nutrition, Wageningen, Netherlands; and
| | - Astrid Mh Horstman
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, Netherlands.,Top Institute Food & Nutrition, Wageningen, Netherlands; and
| | - Rinske Franssen
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Imre Wk Kouw
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Benjamin T Wall
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Nicholas A Burd
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, Netherlands.,Top Institute Food & Nutrition, Wageningen, Netherlands; and
| | - Lisette Cpgm de Groot
- Top Institute Food & Nutrition, Wageningen, Netherlands; and.,Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Luc Jc van Loon
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, Netherlands; .,Top Institute Food & Nutrition, Wageningen, Netherlands; and
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217
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Brook MS, Wilkinson DJ, Mitchell WK, Lund JN, Phillips BE, Szewczyk NJ, Greenhaff PL, Smith K, Atherton PJ. Synchronous deficits in cumulative muscle protein synthesis and ribosomal biogenesis underlie age-related anabolic resistance to exercise in humans. J Physiol 2016; 594:7399-7417. [PMID: 27654940 PMCID: PMC5157077 DOI: 10.1113/jp272857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Resistance exercise training (RET) is one of the most effective strategies for preventing declines in skeletal muscle mass and strength with age. Hypertrophic responses to RET with age are diminished compared to younger individuals. In response to 6 weeks RET, we found blunted hypertrophic responses with age are underpinned by chronic deficits in long-term muscle protein synthesis. We show this is likely to be the result of multifactorial deficits in anabolic hormones and blunted translational efficiency and capacity. These results provide great insight into age-related exercise adaptations and provide a platform on which to devise appropriate nutritional and exercise interventions on a longer term basis. ABSTRACT Ageing is associated with impaired hypertrophic responses to resistance exercise training (RET). Here we investigated the aetiology of 'anabolic resistance' in older humans. Twenty healthy male individuals, 10 younger (Y; 23 ± 1 years) and 10 older (O; 69 ± 3 years), performed 6 weeks unilateral RET (6 × 8 repetitions, 75% of one repetition maximum (1-RM), 3 times per week). After baseline bilateral vastus lateralis (VL) muscle biopsies, subjects consumed 150 ml D2 O (70 atom%; thereafter 50 ml week-1 ), further bilateral VL muscle biopsies were taken at 3 and 6 weeks to quantify muscle protein synthesis (MPS) via gas chromatography-pyrolysis-isotope ratio mass spectrometry. After RET, 1-RM increased in Y (+35 ± 4%) and O (+25 ± 3%; P < 0.01), while MVC increased in Y (+21 ± 5%; P < 0.01) but not O (+6 ± 3%; not significant (NS)). In comparison to Y, O displayed blunted RET-induced increases in muscle thickness (at 3 and 6 weeks, respectively, Y: +8 ± 1% and +11 ± 2%, P < 0.01; O: +2.6 ± 1% and +3.5 ± 2%, NS). While 'basal' longer term MPS was identical between Y and O (∼1.35 ± 0.1% day-1 ), MPS increased in response to RET only in Y (3 weeks, Y: 1.61 ± 0.1% day-1 ; O: 1.49 ± 0.1% day-1 ). Consistent with this, O exhibited inferior ribosomal biogenesis (RNA:DNA ratio and c-MYC induction: Y: +4 ± 2 fold change; O: +1.9 ± 1 fold change), translational efficiency (S6K1 phosphorylation, Y: +10 ± 4 fold change; O: +4 ± 2 fold change) and anabolic hormone milieu (testosterone, Y: 367 ± 19; O: 274 ± 19 ng dl-1 (all P < 0.05). Anabolic resistance is thus multifactorial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S. Brook
- MRC‐ARUK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing ResearchClinical, Metabolic and Molecular PhysiologyUniversity of NottinghamDerbyUK
| | - Daniel J. Wilkinson
- MRC‐ARUK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing ResearchClinical, Metabolic and Molecular PhysiologyUniversity of NottinghamDerbyUK
| | - William K. Mitchell
- MRC‐ARUK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing ResearchClinical, Metabolic and Molecular PhysiologyUniversity of NottinghamDerbyUK
- Departments of SurgeryRoyal Derby HospitalDerbyUK
| | - Jonathan N. Lund
- MRC‐ARUK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing ResearchClinical, Metabolic and Molecular PhysiologyUniversity of NottinghamDerbyUK
- Departments of SurgeryRoyal Derby HospitalDerbyUK
| | - Bethan E. Phillips
- MRC‐ARUK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing ResearchClinical, Metabolic and Molecular PhysiologyUniversity of NottinghamDerbyUK
| | - Nathaniel J. Szewczyk
- MRC‐ARUK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing ResearchClinical, Metabolic and Molecular PhysiologyUniversity of NottinghamDerbyUK
| | - Paul L. Greenhaff
- MRC‐ARUK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing ResearchClinical, Metabolic and Molecular PhysiologyUniversity of NottinghamDerbyUK
| | - Kenneth Smith
- MRC‐ARUK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing ResearchClinical, Metabolic and Molecular PhysiologyUniversity of NottinghamDerbyUK
| | - Philip J. Atherton
- MRC‐ARUK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing ResearchClinical, Metabolic and Molecular PhysiologyUniversity of NottinghamDerbyUK
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218
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Mitchell CJ, D'Souza RF, Zeng N, McGregor RA, Fanning AC, Poppitt SD, Cameron-Smith D. Understanding the sensitivity of muscle protein synthesis to dairy protein in middle-aged men. Int Dairy J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2016.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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219
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Lancha AH, Zanella R, Tanabe SGO, Andriamihaja M, Blachier F. Dietary protein supplementation in the elderly for limiting muscle mass loss. Amino Acids 2016; 49:33-47. [PMID: 27807658 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-016-2355-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Supplementation with whey and other dietary protein, mainly associated with exercise training, has been proposed to be beneficial for the elderly to gain and maintain lean body mass and improve health parameters. The main objective of this review is to examine the evidence provided by the scientific literature indicating benefit from such supplementation and to define the likely best strategy of protein uptake for optimal objectified results in the elderly. Overall, it appears that an intake of approximately 0.4 g protein/kg BW per meal thus representing 1.2-1.6 g protein/kg BW/day may be recommended taking into account potential anabolic resistance. The losses of the skeletal muscle mass contribute to lower the capacity to perform activities in daily living, emphasizing that an optimal protein consumption may represent an important parameter to preserve independence and contribute to health status. However, it is worth noting that the maximal intake of protein with no adverse effect is not known, and that high levels of protein intake is associated with increased transfer of protein to the colon with potential deleterious effects. Thus, it is important to examine in each individual case the benefit that can be expected from supplementation with whey protein, taking into account the usual protein dietary intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Herbert Lancha
- Laboratório de Nutrição e Metabolismo, Escola de Educação Física e Esporte da Universidade de São Paulo, EEFE-USP, R. Prof. Mello Moraes, 65, São Paulo, SP, CEP 05508-030, Brazil.
| | - Rudyard Zanella
- Laboratório de Nutrição e Metabolismo, Escola de Educação Física e Esporte da Universidade de São Paulo, EEFE-USP, R. Prof. Mello Moraes, 65, São Paulo, SP, CEP 05508-030, Brazil
| | - Stefan Gleissner Ohara Tanabe
- Laboratório de Nutrição e Metabolismo, Escola de Educação Física e Esporte da Universidade de São Paulo, EEFE-USP, R. Prof. Mello Moraes, 65, São Paulo, SP, CEP 05508-030, Brazil
| | - Mireille Andriamihaja
- UMR Physiologie de la Nutrition et du Comportement Alimentaire, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Francois Blachier
- UMR Physiologie de la Nutrition et du Comportement Alimentaire, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 75005, Paris, France.
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220
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Moro T, Ebert SM, Adams CM, Rasmussen BB. Amino Acid Sensing in Skeletal Muscle. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2016; 27:796-806. [PMID: 27444066 PMCID: PMC5075248 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2016.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Aging impairs skeletal muscle protein synthesis, leading to muscle weakness and atrophy. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we review evidence that mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1)-mediated and activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4)-mediated amino acid (AA) sensing pathways, triggered by impaired AA delivery to aged skeletal muscle, may play important roles in skeletal muscle aging. Interventions that alleviate age-related impairments in muscle protein synthesis, strength, and/or muscle mass appear to do so by reversing age-related changes in skeletal muscle AA delivery, mTORC1 activity, and/or ATF4 activity. An improved understanding of the mechanisms and roles of AA sensing pathways in skeletal muscle may lead to evidence-based strategies to attenuate sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Moro
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Scott M Ebert
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Christopher M Adams
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Blake B Rasmussen
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
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221
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Shad BJ, Thompson JL, Breen L. Does the muscle protein synthetic response to exercise and amino acid-based nutrition diminish with advancing age? A systematic review. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2016; 311:E803-E817. [PMID: 27555299 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00213.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The precise role of age-related muscle anabolic resistance in the progression of sarcopenia and functional decline in older individuals is unclear. The present aim was to assess whether the muscle protein synthesis (MPS) response to acute exercise (endurance or resistance) and/or amino acid-based nutrition is attenuated in older compared with young individuals. A systematic review was conducted on studies that directly examined the influence of age on the MPS response to exercise and/or amino acid-based nutrition. Each study arm was synthesized and reported as providing sufficient or insufficient "evidence of age-related muscle anabolic resistance". Subsequently, three models were established to compare age-related differences in the MPS response to 1) exercise alone, 2) amino acid-based nutrition alone, or 3) the combination of exercise and amino acid-based nutrition. Following exercise alone, 8 of the 17 study arms provided sufficient evidence of age-related muscle anabolic resistance, while in response to amino acid-based nutrition alone, 8 of the 21 study arms provided sufficient evidence of age-related muscle anabolic resistance. When exercise and amino acid-based nutrition were combined, only 2 of the 10 study arms provided sufficient evidence of age-related muscle anabolic resistance. Our results highlight that optimization of exercise and amino acid-based nutrition is sufficient to induce a comparable MPS response between young and older individuals. However, the exercise volume completed and/or the amino acid/protein dose and leucine content must exceed a certain threshold to stimulate equivalent MPS rates in young and older adults, below which age-related muscle anabolic resistance may become apparent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon J Shad
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, United Kingdom; and
| | - Janice L Thompson
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, United Kingdom; and
- MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, United Kingdom
| | - Leigh Breen
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, United Kingdom; and
- MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, United Kingdom
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Joanisse S, Nederveen JP, Snijders T, McKay BR, Parise G. Skeletal Muscle Regeneration, Repair and Remodelling in Aging: The Importance of Muscle Stem Cells and Vascularization. Gerontology 2016; 63:91-100. [PMID: 27760421 DOI: 10.1159/000450922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia is the age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength. Ultimately, sarcopenia results in the loss of independence, which imposes a large financial burden on healthcare systems worldwide. A critical facet of sarcopenia is the diminished ability for aged muscle to regenerate, repair and remodel. Over the years, research has focused on elucidating underlying mechanisms of sarcopenia and the impaired ability of muscle to respond to stimuli with aging. Muscle-specific stem cells, termed satellite cells (SC), play an important role in maintaining muscle health throughout the lifespan. It is well established that SC are essential in skeletal muscle regeneration, and it has been hypothesized that a reduction and/or dysregulation of the SC pool, may contribute to accelerated loss of skeletal muscle mass that is observed with advancing age. The preservation of skeletal muscle tissue and its ability to respond to stimuli may be impacted by reduced SC content and impaired function observed with aging. Aging is also associated with a reduction in capillarization of skeletal muscle. We have recently demonstrated that the distance between type II fibre-associated SC and capillaries is greater in older compared to younger adults. The greater distance between SC and capillaries in older adults may contribute to the dysregulation in SC activation ultimately impairing muscle's ability to remodel and, in extreme circumstances, regenerate. This viewpoint will highlight the importance of optimal SC activation in addition to skeletal muscle capillarization to maximize the regenerative potential of skeletal muscle in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Joanisse
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada
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Dideriksen K, Boesen A, Kristiansen J, Magnusson S, Schjerling P, Holm L, Kjaer M. Skeletal muscle adaptation to immobilization and subsequent retraining in elderly men: No effect of anti-inflammatory medication. Exp Gerontol 2016; 82:8-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2016.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Abstract
Nutrition is one method to counter the negative impact of an exercise-induced injury. Deficiencies of energy, protein and other nutrients should be avoided. Claims for the effectiveness of many other nutrients following injuries are rampant, but the evidence is equivocal. The results of an exercise-induced injury may vary widely depending on the nature of the injury and severity. Injuries typically result in cessation, or at least a reduction, in participation in sport and decreased physical activity. Limb immobility may be necessary with some injuries, contributing to reduced activity and training. Following an injury, an inflammatory response is initiated and while excess inflammation may be harmful, given the importance of the inflammatory process for wound healing, attempting to drastically reduce inflammation may not be ideal for optimal recovery. Injuries severe enough for immobilization of a limb result in loss of muscle mass and reduced muscle strength and function. Loss of muscle results from reductions in basal muscle protein synthesis and the resistance of muscle to anabolic stimulation. Energy balance is critical. Higher protein intakes (2-2.5 g/kg/day) seem to be warranted during immobilization. At the very least, care should be taken not to reduce the absolute amount of protein intake when energy intake is reduced. There is promising, albeit preliminary, evidence for the use of omega-3 fatty acids and creatine to counter muscle loss and enhance hypertrophy, respectively. The overriding nutritional recommendation for injured exercisers should be to consume a well-balanced diet based on whole, minimally processed foods or ingredients made from whole foods. The diet composition should be carefully assessed and changes considered as the injury heals and activity patterns change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D Tipton
- Health and Exercise Sciences Research Group, University of Stirling, Cottrell Building, Stirling, FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK.
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225
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Perkin OJ, Travers RL, Gonzalez JT, Turner JE, Gillison F, Wilson C, McGuigan PM, Thompson D, Stokes KA. Exercise strategies to protect against the impact of short-term reduced physical activity on muscle function and markers of health in older men: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials 2016; 17:381. [PMID: 27484001 PMCID: PMC4969660 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-016-1440-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Muscles get smaller and weaker as we age and become more vulnerable to atrophy when physical activity is reduced or removed. This research is designed to investigate the potentially protective effects of two separate exercise strategies against loss in skeletal muscle function and size, and other key indices of health, following 14 days of reduced physical activity in older men. Methods Three groups of 10 older men (aged 65–80 years) will undertake 2 weeks of reduced activity by decreasing daily steps from more than 3500 to less than 1500 (using pedometers to record step count). Two of the three groups will then undertake additional exercise interventions, either: 4 weeks of progressive resistance training prior to the step-reduction intervention (PT-group), or home-based ‘exercise snacking’ three times per day during the step-reduction intervention (ES-group). The third group undertaking only the step-reduction intervention (control) will provide a comparison against which to assess the effectiveness of the protective exercise strategies. Pre and post step-reduction assessments of muscle function, standing balance, anthropometry and muscle architecture will be taken. Pre and post step-reduction in postprandial metabolic control, resting systemic inflammation, adipose inflammation, oxidative stress, immune function, sleep quality, dietary habits, and quality of life will be measured. The stress response to exercise, and signalling protein and gene expression for muscle protein synthesis and breakdown following an acute bout of exercise will also be assessed pre and post step-reduction. Rates of muscle protein synthesis and adipose triglyceride turnover during the step-reduction intervention will be measured using stable isotope methodology. All participants will then undertake 2 weeks of supervised resistance training with the aim of regaining any deficit from baseline in muscle function and size. Discussion This study aims to identify exercise strategies that could be implemented to protect against loss of muscle power during 2 weeks of reduced activity in older men, and to improve understanding of the way in which a short-term reduction in physical activity impacts upon muscle function and health. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02495727 (Initial registration: 25 June 2015)
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver J Perkin
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Rebecca L Travers
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Javier T Gonzalez
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - James E Turner
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Fiona Gillison
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Cassie Wilson
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Polly M McGuigan
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Dylan Thompson
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Keith A Stokes
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK. .,Arthritis Research UK Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis, Nottingham, UK.
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226
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Bülow J, Agergaard J, Kjaer M, Holm L, Reitelseder S. No additional effect of different types of physical activity on 10-hour muscle protein synthesis in elderly men on a controlled energy- and protein-sufficient diet. Exp Gerontol 2016; 79:16-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Shad BJ, Wallis G, van Loon LJC, Thompson JL. Exercise prescription for the older population: The interactions between physical activity, sedentary time, and adequate nutrition in maintaining musculoskeletal health. Maturitas 2016; 93:78-82. [PMID: 27338978 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2016.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Regular physical activity (PA) promotes musculoskeletal health in older adults. However, the majority of older individuals do not meet current PA guidelines and are also highly sedentary. Emerging evidence indicates that large amounts of sedentary time accelerate the loss of skeletal muscle mass (i.e., sarcopenia) and physical function with advancing age. However, current PA recommendations for sedentary time are non-specific (i.e., keep sedentary time to a minimum). Research indicates that physical inactivity and large amounts of sedentary time accelerate sarcopenic muscle loss by inducing skeletal muscle 'anabolic resistance'. These findings suggest a critical interaction between engaging in 'sufficient' levels of PA, minimising sedentary time, and consuming 'adequate' nutrition to promote optimal musculoskeletal health in older adults. However, current PA recommendations do not take into account the important role that nutrition plays in ensuring older adults can maximise the benefits from the PA in which they engage. The aim of this narrative review is: (1) to briefly summarise the evidence used to inform current public health recommendations for PA and sedentary time in older adults; and (2) to discuss the presence of 'anabolic resistance' in older adults, highlighting the importance of regular PA and minimising sedentary behaviour. It is imperative that the synergy between PA, minimising sedentary behaviour and adequate nutrition is integrated into future PA guidelines to promote optimal musculoskeletal health and metabolic responses in the growing ageing population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon J Shad
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth Wallis
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- Department of Human Biology and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Janice L Thompson
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom.
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228
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Landi F, Calvani R, Tosato M, Martone AM, Ortolani E, Savera G, D'Angelo E, Sisto A, Marzetti E. Protein Intake and Muscle Health in Old Age: From Biological Plausibility to Clinical Evidence. Nutrients 2016; 8:E295. [PMID: 27187465 PMCID: PMC4882708 DOI: 10.3390/nu8050295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The provision of sufficient amounts of dietary proteins is central to muscle health as it ensures the supply of essential amino acids and stimulates protein synthesis. Older persons, in particular, are at high risk of insufficient protein ingestion. Furthermore, the current recommended dietary allowance for protein (0.8 g/kg/day) might be inadequate for maintaining muscle health in older adults, probably as a consequence of "anabolic resistance" in aged muscle. Older individuals therefore need to ingest a greater quantity of protein to maintain muscle function. The quality of protein ingested is also essential to promoting muscle health. Given the role of leucine as the master dietary regulator of muscle protein turnover, the ingestion of protein sources enriched with this essential amino acid, or its metabolite β-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate, is thought to offer the greatest benefit in terms of preservation of muscle mass and function in old age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Landi
- Department of Geriatrics, Neurosciences and Orthopedics, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, L.go F. Vito 8, Rome 00168, Italy.
| | - Riccardo Calvani
- Department of Geriatrics, Neurosciences and Orthopedics, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, L.go F. Vito 8, Rome 00168, Italy.
| | - Matteo Tosato
- Department of Geriatrics, Neurosciences and Orthopedics, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, L.go F. Vito 8, Rome 00168, Italy.
| | - Anna Maria Martone
- Department of Geriatrics, Neurosciences and Orthopedics, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, L.go F. Vito 8, Rome 00168, Italy.
| | - Elena Ortolani
- Department of Geriatrics, Neurosciences and Orthopedics, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, L.go F. Vito 8, Rome 00168, Italy.
| | - Giulia Savera
- Department of Geriatrics, Neurosciences and Orthopedics, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, L.go F. Vito 8, Rome 00168, Italy.
| | - Emanuela D'Angelo
- Department of Geriatrics, Neurosciences and Orthopedics, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, L.go F. Vito 8, Rome 00168, Italy.
| | - Alex Sisto
- Department of Geriatrics, Neurosciences and Orthopedics, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, L.go F. Vito 8, Rome 00168, Italy.
| | - Emanuele Marzetti
- Department of Geriatrics, Neurosciences and Orthopedics, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, L.go F. Vito 8, Rome 00168, Italy.
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229
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Xia Z, Cholewa J, Zhao Y, Yang YQ, Shang HY, Guimarães-Ferreira L, Naimo MA, Su QS, Zanchi NE. Hypertrophy-Promoting Effects of Leucine Supplementation and Moderate Intensity Aerobic Exercise in Pre-Senescent Mice. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8050246. [PMID: 27144582 PMCID: PMC4882659 DOI: 10.3390/nu8050246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2015] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies have indicated a positive influence of leucine supplementation and aerobic training on the aging skeletal muscle signaling pathways that control muscle protein balance and muscle remodeling. However, the effect of a combined intervention requires further clarification. Thirteen month old CD-1® mice were subjected to moderate aerobic exercise (45 min swimming per day with 3% body weight workload) and fed a chow diet with 5% leucine or 3.4% alanine for 8 weeks. Serum and plasma were prepared for glucose, urea nitrogen, insulin and amino acid profile analysis. The white gastrocnemius muscles were used for determination of muscle size and signaling proteins involved in protein synthesis and degradation. The results show that both 8 weeks of leucine supplementation and aerobic training elevated the activity of mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) and its downstream target p70S6K and 4E-BP1, inhibited the ubiquitin-proteasome system, and increased fiber cross-sectional area (CSA) in white gastrocnemius muscle. Moreover, leucine supplementation in combination with exercise demonstrated more significant effects, such as greater CSA, protein content and altered phosphorylation (suggestive of increased activity) of protein synthesis signaling proteins, in addition to lower expression of proteins involved in protein degradation compared to leucine or exercise alone. The current study shows moderate aerobic training combined with 5% leucine supplementation has the potential to increase muscle size in fast-twitch skeletal muscle during aging, potentially through increased protein synthesis and decreased protein breakdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Xia
- Exercise Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, College of Physical Education, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an 343009, China.
- Exercise Intervention and Health Promotion Hubei Province Synergy Innovation Center, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan 430079, China.
| | - Jason Cholewa
- Department of Kinesiology, Coastal Carolina University, Conway, SC 29528-6054, USA.
| | - Yan Zhao
- Exercise Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, College of Physical Education, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an 343009, China.
| | - Yue-Qin Yang
- Exercise Intervention and Health Promotion Hubei Province Synergy Innovation Center, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan 430079, China.
| | - Hua-Yu Shang
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise Physiology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Lucas Guimarães-Ferreira
- Muscle Physiology and Human Performance Research Group, Center of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitória/ES 29075-810, Brazil.
| | - Marshall Alan Naimo
- Division of Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506-9227, USA.
| | - Quan-Sheng Su
- Department of Sports Medicine, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Nelo Eidy Zanchi
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Maranhão (UFMA), São Luís-MA 65020-070, Brazil.
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology of Skeletal Muscle (LABCEMME), São Luís-MA 65020-070, Brazil.
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230
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Zhou J, Liu B, Liang C, Li Y, Song YH. Cytokine Signaling in Skeletal Muscle Wasting. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2016; 27:335-347. [PMID: 27025788 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle wasting occurs in a variety of diseases including diabetes, cancer, Crohn's disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), disuse, and denervation. Tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) is involved in mediating the wasting effect. To date, a causal relationship between TNF-α signaling and muscle wasting has been established in animal models. However, results from clinical trials are conflicting. This is partly due to the fact that other factors such as TNF-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) are also involved in skeletal muscle wasting. Because muscle wasting is often associated with physical inactivity and reduced food intake, therapeutic interventions will be most effective when multiple approaches are used in conjunction with nutritional support and exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215006, P.R. China
| | - Bin Liu
- Cardiovascular Disease Center, The First Hospital of Ji Lin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, P.R. China
| | - Chun Liang
- Department of Cardiology, ChangZheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, P.R. China
| | - Yangxin Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery and Institute of Cardiovascular Science, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China.
| | - Yao-Hua Song
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, P.R. China.
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231
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Ticinesi A, Meschi T, Lauretani F, Felis G, Franchi F, Pedrolli C, Barichella M, Benati G, Di Nuzzo S, Ceda GP, Maggio M. Nutrition and Inflammation in Older Individuals: Focus on Vitamin D, n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Whey Proteins. Nutrients 2016; 8:186. [PMID: 27043616 PMCID: PMC4848655 DOI: 10.3390/nu8040186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic activation of the inflammatory response, defined as inflammaging, is the key physio-pathological substrate for anabolic resistance, sarcopenia and frailty in older individuals. Nutrients can theoretically modulate this phenomenon. The underlying molecular mechanisms reducing the synthesis of pro-inflammatory mediators have been elucidated, particularly for vitamin D, n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and whey proteins. In this paper, we review the current evidence emerging from observational and intervention studies, performed in older individuals, either community-dwelling or hospitalized with acute disease, and evaluating the effects of intake of vitamin D, n-3 PUFA and whey proteins on inflammatory markers, such as C-Reactive Protein (CRP), interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α). After the analysis, we conclude that there is sufficient evidence for an anti-inflammatory effect in aging only for n-3 PUFA intake, while the few existing intervention studies do not support a similar activity for vitamin D and whey supplements. There is need in the future of large, high-quality studies testing the effects of combined dietary interventions including the above mentioned nutrients on inflammation and health-related outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ticinesi
- Internal Medicine and Critical Subacute Care Unit, Geriatric-Rehabilitation Department, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Via Antonio Gramsci 14, Parma 43126, Italy.
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Parma, Via Antonio Gramsci 14, Parma 43126, Italy.
| | - Tiziana Meschi
- Internal Medicine and Critical Subacute Care Unit, Geriatric-Rehabilitation Department, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Via Antonio Gramsci 14, Parma 43126, Italy.
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Parma, Via Antonio Gramsci 14, Parma 43126, Italy.
| | - Fulvio Lauretani
- Internal Medicine and Critical Subacute Care Unit, Geriatric-Rehabilitation Department, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Via Antonio Gramsci 14, Parma 43126, Italy.
| | - Giovanna Felis
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, Verona 37134, Italy.
| | - Fabrizio Franchi
- Geriatric Unit, "Guglielmo da Saliceto" Hospital, AUSL Piacenza, Via Taverna 49, Piacenza 29121, Italy.
| | - Carlo Pedrolli
- Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition Unit, Santa Chiara Hospital, Azienda Provinciale per i Servizi Sanitari Provincia Autonoma di Trento, Largo Medaglie d'Oro 9, Trento 38122, Italy.
| | - Michela Barichella
- Parkinson Institute, Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale "Gaetano Pini"-C.T.O., Via Bignami 1, Milan 20126, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Benati
- Geriatric Unit, Ospedale G.B. Morgagni-L. Pierantoni, Via Carlo Forlanini 34, Forlì 47121, Italy.
| | - Sergio Di Nuzzo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Parma, Via Antonio Gramsci 14, Parma 43126, Italy.
| | - Gian Paolo Ceda
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Parma, Via Antonio Gramsci 14, Parma 43126, Italy.
- Clinical Geriatrics Unit, Geriatric-Rehabilitation Department, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Via Antonio Gramsci 14, Parma 43126, Italy.
| | - Marcello Maggio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Parma, Via Antonio Gramsci 14, Parma 43126, Italy.
- Clinical Geriatrics Unit, Geriatric-Rehabilitation Department, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Via Antonio Gramsci 14, Parma 43126, Italy.
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232
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Growing older with health and vitality: a nexus of physical activity, exercise and nutrition. Biogerontology 2016; 17:529-46. [PMID: 26878863 PMCID: PMC4889705 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-016-9637-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The preservation of skeletal muscle mass and strength with advancing age are, we propose, critical aspects of ageing with health and vitality. Physical inactivity and poor nutrition are known to accelerate the gradual age-related decline in muscle mass and strength—sarcopenia—however, both are subject to modification. The main purpose of this review is to present the latest, evidence-based recommendations for physical activity and exercise, as well as diet for older adults that would help in preserving muscle mass and strength. We take the position that future physical activity/exercise guidelines need to make specific reference to resistance exercise and highlight the benefits of higher-intensity aerobic exercise training, alongside advocating older adults perform aerobic-based physical activity and household tasks (e.g., carrying groceries). In terms of dietary recommendations, greater emphasis should be placed on optimal rather than minimum protein intakes for older adults. Indeed, guidelines that endorse a daily protein intake of 1.2–1.5 g/kg BM/day, which are levels 50–90 % greater than the current protein Recommendation Dietary Allowance (0.8 g/kg BM/day), are likely to help preserve muscle mass and strength and are safe for healthy older adults. Being cognisant of factors (e.g., reduced appetite) that may preclude older adults from increasing their total daily protein intake, we echo the viewpoint of other active researchers in advocating that protein recommendations for older adults be based on a per meal approach in order to maximize muscle protein synthesis (MPS). On this basis, assuming three meals are consumed daily, a protein dose of 0.4–0.5 g/kg BM should be contained in each meal. We are beginning to understand ways in which to increase the utilization of ingested protein for the stimulation of MPS, namely by increasing the proportion of leucine contained in a given dose of protein, co-ingesting other nutrients (e.g., carbohydrate and fat or supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids) or being physically active prior to protein intake. Clearly, developing simple lifestyle interventions targeted at preserving muscle mass and strength with advancing age is crucial for facilitating longer, healthier lives into older age.
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233
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Damas F, Phillips S, Vechin FC, Ugrinowitsch C. A review of resistance training-induced changes in skeletal muscle protein synthesis and their contribution to hypertrophy. Sports Med 2016; 45:801-7. [PMID: 25739559 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-015-0320-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Muscle protein synthesis (MPS) is stimulated by resistance exercise (RE) and is further stimulated by protein ingestion. The summation of periods of RE-induced increases in MPS can induce hypertrophy chronically. As such, studying the response of MPS with resistance training (RT) is informative, as adaptations in this process can modulate muscle mass gain. Previous studies have shown that the amplitude and duration of increases in MPS after an acute bout of RE are modulated by an individual's training status. Nevertheless, it has been shown that the initial responses of MPS to RE and nutrition are not correlated with subsequent hypertrophy. Thus, early acute responses of MPS in the hours after RE, in an untrained state, do not capture how MPS can affect RE-induced muscle hypertrophy. The purpose of this review is provide an in-depth understanding of the dynamic process of muscle hypertrophy throughout RT by examining all of the available data on MPS after RE and in different phases of an RT programme. Analysis of the time course and the overall response of MPS is critical to determine the potential protein accretion after an RE bout. Exercise-induced increases in MPS are shorter lived and peak earlier in the trained state than in the untrained state, resulting in a smaller overall muscle protein synthetic response in the trained state. Thus, RT induces a dampening of the MPS response, potentially limiting protein accretion, but when this occurs remains unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Damas
- School of Physical Education and Sports, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Mello Moraes, 65, São Paulo, Brazil,
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234
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Pišot R, Marusic U, Biolo G, Mazzucco S, Lazzer S, Grassi B, Reggiani C, Toniolo L, di Prampero PE, Passaro A, Narici M, Mohammed S, Rittweger J, Gasparini M, Gabrijelčič Blenkuš M, Šimunič B. Greater loss in muscle mass and function but smaller metabolic alterations in older compared with younger men following 2 wk of bed rest and recovery. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2016; 120:922-9. [PMID: 26823343 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00858.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This investigation aimed to compare the response of young and older adult men to bed rest (BR) and subsequent rehabilitation (R). Sixteen older (OM, age 55-65 yr) and seven young (YM, age 18-30 yr) men were exposed to a 14-day period of BR followed by 14 days of R. Quadriceps muscle volume (QVOL), force (QF), and explosive power (QP) of leg extensors; single-fiber isometric force (Fo); peak aerobic power (V̇o2peak); gait stride length; and three metabolic parameters, Matsuda index of insulin sensitivity, postprandial lipid curve, and homocysteine plasma level, were measured before and after BR and after R. Following BR, QVOL was smaller in OM (-8.3%) than in YM (-5.7%,P= 0.031); QF (-13.2%,P= 0.001), QP (-12.3%,P= 0.001), and gait stride length (-9.9%,P= 0.002) were smaller only in OM. Fo was significantly smaller in both YM (-32.0%) and OM (-16.4%) without significant differences between groups. V̇o2peakdecreased more in OM (-15.3%) than in YM (-7.6%,P< 0.001). Instead, the Matsuda index fell to a greater extent in YM than in OM (-46.0% vs. -19.8%, respectively,P= 0.003), whereas increases in postprandial lipid curve (+47.2%,P= 0.013) and homocysteine concentration (+26.3%,P= 0.027) were observed only in YM. Importantly, after R, the recovery of several parameters, among them QVOL, QP, and V̇o2peak, was not complete in OM, whereas Fo did not recover in either age group. The results show that the effect of inactivity on muscle mass and function is greater in OM, whereas metabolic alterations are greater in YM. Furthermore, these findings show that the recovery of preinactivity conditions is slower in OM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rado Pišot
- Institute for Kinesiology Research, Science and Research Centre, University of Primorska, Koper, Slovenia
| | - Uros Marusic
- Institute for Kinesiology Research, Science and Research Centre, University of Primorska, Koper, Slovenia
| | - Gianni Biolo
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, Division of Internal Medicine, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Sara Mazzucco
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, Division of Internal Medicine, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Stefano Lazzer
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Bruno Grassi
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy;
| | - Carlo Reggiani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Luana Toniolo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Angelina Passaro
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Internal and Cardiorespiratory Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Marco Narici
- MRC/ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Nottingham, Derby Royal Hospital, Derby, United Kingdom
| | - Shahid Mohammed
- MRC/ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Nottingham, Derby Royal Hospital, Derby, United Kingdom
| | - Joern Rittweger
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany
| | - Mladen Gasparini
- Department of Vascular Surgery, General Hospital Izola, Izola, Slovenia; and
| | | | - Boštjan Šimunič
- Institute for Kinesiology Research, Science and Research Centre, University of Primorska, Koper, Slovenia
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235
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Phillips BE, Atherton PJ, Varadhan K, Limb MC, Williams JP, Smith K. Acute cocoa flavanol supplementation improves muscle macro- and microvascular but not anabolic responses to amino acids in older men. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2016; 41:548-56. [PMID: 27120341 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2015-0543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The anabolic effects of nutrition on skeletal muscle may depend on adequate skeletal muscle perfusion, which is impaired in older people. Cocoa flavanols have been shown to improve flow-mediated dilation, an established measure of endothelial function. However, their effect on muscle microvascular blood flow is currently unknown. Therefore, the objective of this study was to explore links between the consumption of cocoa flavanols, muscle microvascular blood flow, and muscle protein synthesis (MPS) in response to nutrition in older men. To achieve this objective, leg blood flow (LBF), muscle microvascular blood volume (MBV), and MPS were measured under postabsorptive and postprandial (intravenous Glamin (Fresenius Kabi, Germany), dextrose to sustain glucose ∼7.5 mmol·L(-1)) conditions in 20 older men. Ten of these men were studied with no cocoa flavanol intervention and a further 10 were studied with the addition of 350 mg of cocoa flavanols at the same time that nutrition began. Leg (femoral artery) blood flow was measured by Doppler ultrasound, muscle MBV by contrast-enhanced ultrasound using Definity (Lantheus Medical Imaging, Mass., USA) perflutren contrast agent and MPS using [1, 2-(13)C2]leucine tracer techniques. Our results show that although older individuals do not show an increase in LBF or MBV in response to feeding, these absent responses are apparent when cocoa flavanols are given acutely with nutrition. However, this restoration in vascular responsiveness is not associated with improved MPS responses to nutrition. We conclude that acute cocoa flavanol supplementation improves muscle macro- and microvascular responses to nutrition, independently of modifying muscle protein anabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethan E Phillips
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby DE22 3DT, UK.,School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Philip J Atherton
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby DE22 3DT, UK.,School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Krishna Varadhan
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby DE22 3DT, UK.,School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Marie C Limb
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby DE22 3DT, UK.,School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby DE22 3DT, UK
| | - John P Williams
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby DE22 3DT, UK.,School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Kenneth Smith
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby DE22 3DT, UK.,School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby DE22 3DT, UK
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236
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McLeod M, Breen L, Hamilton DL, Philp A. Live strong and prosper: the importance of skeletal muscle strength for healthy ageing. Biogerontology 2016; 17:497-510. [PMID: 26791164 PMCID: PMC4889643 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-015-9631-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Due to improved health care, diet and infrastructure in developed countries, since 1840 life expectancy has increased by approximately 2 years per decade. Accordingly, by 2050, a quarter of Europe’s population will be over 65 years, representing a 10 % rise in half a century. With this rapid rise comes an increased prevalence of diseases of ageing and associated healthcare expenditure. To address the health consequences of global ageing, research in model systems (worms, flies and mice) has indicated that reducing the rate of organ growth, via reductions in protein synthetic rates, has multi-organ health benefits that collectively lead to improvements in lifespan. In contrast, human pre-clinical, clinical and large cohort prospective studies demonstrate that ageing leads to anabolic (i.e. growth) impairments in skeletal muscle, which in turn leads to reductions in muscle mass and strength, factors directly associated with mortality rates in the elderly. As such, increasing muscle protein synthesis via exercise or protein-based nutrition maintains a strong, healthy muscle mass, which in turn leads to improved health, independence and functionality. The aim of this review is to critique current literature relating to the maintenance of muscle mass across lifespan and discuss whether maintaining or reducing protein synthesis is the most logical approach to support musculoskeletal function and by extension healthy human ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael McLeod
- MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.,School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Leigh Breen
- MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.,School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | | | - Andrew Philp
- MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK. .,School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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237
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Brook MS, Wilkinson DJ, Phillips BE, Perez-Schindler J, Philp A, Smith K, Atherton PJ. Skeletal muscle homeostasis and plasticity in youth and ageing: impact of nutrition and exercise. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2016; 216:15-41. [PMID: 26010896 PMCID: PMC4843955 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscles comprise a substantial portion of whole body mass and are integral for locomotion and metabolic health. Increasing age is associated with declines in both muscle mass and function (e.g. strength‐related performance, power) with declines in muscle function quantitatively outweighing those in muscle volume. The mechanisms behind these declines are multi‐faceted involving both intrinsic age‐related metabolic dysregulation and environmental influences such as nutritional and physical activity. Ageing is associated with a degree of ‘anabolic resistance’ to these key environmental inputs, which likely accelerates the intrinsic processes driving ageing. On this basis, strategies to sensitize and/or promote anabolic responses to nutrition and physical activity are likely to be imperative in alleviating the progression and trajectory of sarcopenia. Both resistance‐ and aerobic‐type exercises are likely to confer functional and health benefits in older age, and a clutch of research suggests that enhancement of anabolic responsiveness to exercise and/or nutrition may be achieved by optimizing modifications of muscle‐loading paradigms (workload, volume, blood flow restriction) or nutritional support (e.g. essential amino acid/leucine) patterns. Nonetheless, more work is needed in which a more holistic view in ageing studies is taken into account. This should include improved characterization of older study recruits, that is physical activity/nutritional behaviours, to limit confounding variables influencing whether findings are attributable to age, or other environmental influences. Nonetheless, on balance, ageing is associated with declines in muscle mass and function and a partially related decline in aerobic capacity. There is also good evidence that metabolic flexibility is impaired in older age.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. S. Brook
- MRC-ARUK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Clinical Metabolic and Molecular Physiology; University of Nottingham; Royal Derby Hospital Centre; Derby UK
| | - D. J. Wilkinson
- MRC-ARUK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Clinical Metabolic and Molecular Physiology; University of Nottingham; Royal Derby Hospital Centre; Derby UK
| | - B. E. Phillips
- MRC-ARUK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Clinical Metabolic and Molecular Physiology; University of Nottingham; Royal Derby Hospital Centre; Derby UK
| | - J. Perez-Schindler
- MRC-ARUK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences; University of Birmingham; Birmingham UK
| | - A. Philp
- MRC-ARUK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences; University of Birmingham; Birmingham UK
| | - K. Smith
- MRC-ARUK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Clinical Metabolic and Molecular Physiology; University of Nottingham; Royal Derby Hospital Centre; Derby UK
| | - P. J. Atherton
- MRC-ARUK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Clinical Metabolic and Molecular Physiology; University of Nottingham; Royal Derby Hospital Centre; Derby UK
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238
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Abstract
Sarcopenia, defined as loss of skeletal muscle mass and function, is associated with adverse outcomes such as physical disability, impaired quality of life and increased mortality. Several mechanisms are involved in the development of sarcopenia. Potentially modifiable factors include nutrition and physical activity. Protein metabolism is central to the nutritional issues, along with other potentially modifying nutritional factors as energy balance and vitamin D status. An increasing but still incomplete knowledge base has generated recent recommendations on an increased protein intake in the elderly. Several factors beyond the total amount of protein consumed emerge as potentially important in this context. A recent summit examined three hypotheses: (1) A meal threshold; habitually consuming 25-30 g protein at breakfast, lunch and dinner provides sufficient protein to effectively stimulate muscle protein anabolism; (2) Protein quality; including high-quality protein at each meal improves postprandial muscle protein synthesis; and (3) performing physical activity in close temporal proximity to a high-quality protein meal enhances muscle anabolism. Optimising the potential for muscle protein anabolism by consuming an adequate amount of high-quality protein at each meal, in combination with physical activity, appears as a promising strategy to prevent or delay the onset of sarcopenia. However, results of interventions are inconsistent, and well-designed, standardised studies evaluating exercise or nutrition interventions are needed before guidelines can be developed for the prevention and treatment of age-related sarcopenia.
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239
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Wall BT, Gorissen SH, Pennings B, Koopman R, Groen BBL, Verdijk LB, van Loon LJC. Aging Is Accompanied by a Blunted Muscle Protein Synthetic Response to Protein Ingestion. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140903. [PMID: 26536130 PMCID: PMC4633096 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass with aging (sarcopenia) forms a global health concern. It has been suggested that an impaired capacity to increase muscle protein synthesis rates in response to protein intake is a key contributor to sarcopenia. We assessed whether differences in post-absorptive and/or post-prandial muscle protein synthesis rates exist between large cohorts of healthy young and older men. PROCEDURES We performed a cross-sectional, retrospective study comparing in vivo post-absorptive muscle protein synthesis rates determined with stable isotope methodologies between 34 healthy young (22±1 y) and 72 older (75±1 y) men, and post-prandial muscle protein synthesis rates between 35 healthy young (22±1 y) and 40 older (74±1 y) men. FINDINGS Post-absorptive muscle protein synthesis rates did not differ significantly between the young and older group. Post-prandial muscle protein synthesis rates were 16% lower in the older subjects when compared with the young. Muscle protein synthesis rates were >3 fold more responsive to dietary protein ingestion in the young. Irrespective of age, there was a strong negative correlation between post-absorptive muscle protein synthesis rates and the increase in muscle protein synthesis rate following protein ingestion. CONCLUSIONS Aging is associated with the development of muscle anabolic inflexibility which represents a key physiological mechanism underpinning sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Toby Wall
- NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, 6200 MD, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan H. Gorissen
- NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, 6200 MD, The Netherlands
| | - Bart Pennings
- NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, 6200 MD, The Netherlands
| | - René Koopman
- NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, 6200 MD, The Netherlands
| | - Bart B. L. Groen
- NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, 6200 MD, The Netherlands
| | - Lex B. Verdijk
- NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, 6200 MD, The Netherlands
| | - Luc J. C. van Loon
- NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, 6200 MD, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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240
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Perkin O, McGuigan P, Thompson D, Stokes K. A reduced activity model: a relevant tool for the study of ageing muscle. Biogerontology 2015; 17:435-47. [PMID: 26506931 PMCID: PMC4889637 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-015-9613-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle mass is in a constant state of turnover, and atrophy is the result of a shift in the balance of muscle protein synthesis and breakdown resulting in net muscle protein loss. Total disuse of skeletal muscle quickly leads to muscle atrophy and loss of strength, and this has been repeatedly demonstrated in studies employing bed rest and lower limb immobilisation methodologies in young healthy participants. Fewer studies have focused on older participants (>65 years of age), but those that have provide evidence that advancing age brings increased vulnerability to rapid and marked loss of muscle size and strength during period of total muscle unloading. Increased systemic inflammation and reduced protein synthetic responses to protein feeding and muscle contraction might influence the severity of muscle protein loss during periods of total unloading compared with younger individuals. Less extreme reductions in muscle loading (e.g., 2 weeks of reducing daily ambulation to <1500 steps/day) have also been shown to result in decreases in muscle mass. This step-reduction model may be more relevant than total bed rest or limb immobilisation for examining real-world scenarios that present a physiological challenge to the maintenance of skeletal muscle mass in older individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Perkin
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Polly McGuigan
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Dylan Thompson
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Keith Stokes
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
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241
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Shad BJ, Smeuninx B, Atherton PJ, Breen L. The mechanistic and ergogenic effects of phosphatidic acid in skeletal muscle. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2015; 40:1233-41. [PMID: 26566242 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2015-0350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle mass plays a vital role in locomotion, whole-body metabolic health, and is a positive predictor of longevity. It is well established the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a central regulator of skeletal muscle protein turnover. The pursuit to find novel nutrient compounds or functional food sources that possess the ability to activate mTOR and promote skeletal muscle protein accretion has been on going. Over the last decade, a key role has been proposed for the phospholipid phosphatidic acid (PA) in mTOR activation. Mechanical load-induced (i.e., resistance exercise) intramuscular PA can directly bind to and activate mTOR. In addition, PA provided exogenously in cell culture heightens mTOR activity, albeit indirectly. Thus, endogenously generated PA and exogenous provision of PA appear to act through distinct mechanisms that converge on mTOR and, potentially, may amplify muscle protein synthesis. In support of this notion, limited evidence from humans suggests that resistance exercise training combined with oral supplemental PA enhances strength gains and muscle hypertrophy. However, the precise mechanisms underpinning the augmented muscle remodelling response with supplemental PA remain elusive. In this review, we will critically examine available evidence from cell cultures and animal and human experimental models to provide an overview of the mechanisms through which endogenous and exogenous PA may act to promote muscle anabolism, and discuss the potential for PA as a therapeutic tool to maintain or restore skeletal muscle mass in the context of ageing and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon James Shad
- a School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Benoit Smeuninx
- a School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Philip James Atherton
- b MRC-ARUK Centre for Excellence in Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Birmingham, UK.,c Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital, Nottingham, DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Leigh Breen
- b MRC-ARUK Centre for Excellence in Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Birmingham, UK.,d School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK
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242
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Murton AJ, Marimuthu K, Mallinson JE, Selby AL, Smith K, Rennie MJ, Greenhaff PL. Obesity Appears to Be Associated With Altered Muscle Protein Synthetic and Breakdown Responses to Increased Nutrient Delivery in Older Men, but Not Reduced Muscle Mass or Contractile Function. Diabetes 2015; 64:3160-71. [PMID: 26015550 DOI: 10.2337/db15-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is increasing, yet despite the necessity of maintaining muscle mass and function with age, the effect of obesity on muscle protein turnover in older adults remains unknown. Eleven obese (BMI 31.9 ± 1.1 kg · m(-2)) and 15 healthy-weight (BMI 23.4 ± 0.3 kg · m(-2)) older men (55-75 years old) participated in a study that determined muscle protein synthesis (MPS) and leg protein breakdown (LPB) under postabsorptive (hypoinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp) and postprandial (hyperinsulinemic hyperaminoacidemic-euglycemic clamp) conditions. Obesity was associated with systemic inflammation, greater leg fat mass, and patterns of mRNA expression consistent with muscle deconditioning, whereas leg lean mass, strength, and work done during maximal exercise were no different. Under postabsorptive conditions, MPS and LPB were equivalent between groups, whereas insulin and amino acid administration increased MPS in only healthy-weight subjects and was associated with lower leg glucose disposal (LGD) (63%) in obese men. Blunting of MPS in the obese men was offset by an apparent decline in LPB, which was absent in healthy-weight subjects. Lower postprandial LGD in obese subjects and blunting of MPS responses to amino acids suggest that obesity in older adults is associated with diminished muscle metabolic quality. This does not, however, appear to be associated with lower leg lean mass or strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Murton
- MRC Arthritis Research UK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, U.K
| | - Kanagaraj Marimuthu
- MRC Arthritis Research UK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, U.K
| | - Joanne E Mallinson
- MRC Arthritis Research UK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, U.K
| | - Anna L Selby
- MRC Arthritis Research UK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Medicine, Division of Medical Sciences and Graduate Entry Medicine, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, U.K
| | - Kenneth Smith
- MRC Arthritis Research UK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Medicine, Division of Medical Sciences and Graduate Entry Medicine, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, U.K
| | - Michael J Rennie
- MRC Arthritis Research UK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, U.K
| | - Paul L Greenhaff
- MRC Arthritis Research UK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, U.K.
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243
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Phillips SM, McGlory C. CrossTalk proposal: The dominant mechanism causing disuse muscle atrophy is decreased protein synthesis. J Physiol 2015; 592:5341-3. [PMID: 25512435 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2014.273615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Stuart M Phillips
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Chris McGlory
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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244
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Brook MS, Wilkinson DJ, Smith K, Atherton PJ. The metabolic and temporal basis of muscle hypertrophy in response to resistance exercise. Eur J Sport Sci 2015; 16:633-44. [PMID: 26289597 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2015.1073362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Constituting ∼40% of body mass, skeletal muscle has essential locomotory and metabolic functions. As such, an insight into the control of muscle mass is of great importance for maintaining health and quality-of-life into older age, under conditions of cachectic disease and with rehabilitation. In healthy weight-bearing individuals, muscle mass is maintained by the equilibrium between muscle protein synthesis (MPS) and muscle protein breakdown; when this balance tips in favour of MPS hypertrophy occurs. Despite considerable research into pharmacological/nutraceutical interventions, resistance exercise training (RE-T) remains the most potent stimulator of MPS and hypertrophy (in the majority of individuals). However, the mechanism(s) and time course of hypertrophic responses to RE-T remain poorly understood. We would suggest that available data are very much in favour of the notion that the majority of hypertrophy occurs in the early phases of RE-T (though still controversial to some) and that, for the most part, continued gains are hard to come by. Whilst the mechanisms of muscle hypertrophy represent the culmination of mechanical, auto/paracrine and endocrine events, the measurement of MPS remains a cornerstone for understanding the control of hypertrophy - mainly because it is the underlying driving force behind skeletal muscle hypertrophy. Development of sophisticated isotopic techniques (i.e. deuterium oxide) that lend to longer term insight into the control of hypertrophy by sustained RE-T will be paramount in providing insights into the metabolic and temporal regulation of hypertrophy. Such technologies will have broad application in muscle mass intervention for both athletes and for mitigating disease/age-related cachexia and sarcopenia, alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Brook
- a MRC-ARUK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology , University of Nottingham , UK
| | - Daniel J Wilkinson
- a MRC-ARUK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology , University of Nottingham , UK
| | - Kenneth Smith
- a MRC-ARUK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology , University of Nottingham , UK
| | - Philip J Atherton
- a MRC-ARUK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology , University of Nottingham , UK
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245
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Devries MC, Breen L, Von Allmen M, MacDonald MJ, Moore DR, Offord EA, Horcajada MN, Breuillé D, Phillips SM. Low-load resistance training during step-reduction attenuates declines in muscle mass and strength and enhances anabolic sensitivity in older men. Physiol Rep 2015; 3:3/8/e12493. [PMID: 26265753 PMCID: PMC4562579 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Step-reduction (SR) in older adults results in muscle atrophy and an attenuated rise in postprandial muscle protein synthesis (MPS): anabolic resistance. Knowing that resistance exercise (RT) can enhance MPS, we examined whether RT could enhance MPS following 2 weeks of SR. In addition, as we postulated that SR may impair feeding-induced vasodilation limiting nutrient delivery to muscle, we also examined whether citrulline (CIT), as an arginine and nitric oxide precursor, could attenuate muscle anabolic resistance accompanying SR. We used a unilateral leg model to compare older subjects’ who had undergone SR to a loaded condition of SR plus RT (SR + RT). Thirty older men (70 ± 1 years) underwent 14 days of SR (<1500 steps/day) with supplementation of either 5 g/day CIT or glycine placebo. Throughout SR, subjects performed unilateral low-load RT thrice weekly. We assessed muscle protein synthesis in the postabsorptive and postprandial state (20 g whey isolate plus 15 g glycine or as micellar-whey with 5 g CIT or 15 g glycine, n = 10/group). As MPS was similar after ingestion of either whey isolate, micellar-whey, or micellar-whey + CIT data related to different dietary groups were collapsed to compare SR and SR + RT legs. Subjects’ daily steps were reduced by 80 ± 2% during SR (P < 0.001) compared with baseline. Leg fat-free mass decreased with SR (−124 ± 61 g) and increased in the SR + RT (+126 ± 68 g; P = 0.003). Myofibrillar FSR was lower (P < 0.0001) in the SR as compared with the SR + RT leg in the postabsorptive (0.026 ± 0.001%/h vs. 0.045 ± 0.001%/h) and postprandial states (0.055 ± 0.002%/h vs. 0.115 ± 0.003%/h). We conclude that low-load RT, but not supplementation with CIT, can attenuate the deleterious effects of SR in aging muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leigh Breen
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Mark Von Allmen
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | | | - Daniel R Moore
- Faculty of Kinesiology & Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | | | - Denis Breuillé
- Nestlé Research Center, Nestec Ltd, Lausanne, Switzerland
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246
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Tanner RE, Brunker LB, Agergaard J, Barrows KM, Briggs RA, Kwon OS, Young LM, Hopkins PN, Volpi E, Marcus RL, LaStayo PC, Drummond MJ. Age-related differences in lean mass, protein synthesis and skeletal muscle markers of proteolysis after bed rest and exercise rehabilitation. J Physiol 2015; 593:4259-73. [PMID: 26173027 DOI: 10.1113/jp270699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Bed rest-induced muscle loss and impaired muscle recovery may contribute to age-related sarcopenia. It is unknown if there are age-related differences in muscle mass and muscle anabolic and catabolic responses to bed rest. A secondary objective was to determine if rehabilitation could reverse bed rest responses. Nine older and fourteen young adults participated in a 5-day bed rest challenge (BED REST). This was followed by 8 weeks of high intensity resistance exercise (REHAB). Leg lean mass (via dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; DXA) and strength were determined. Muscle biopsies were collected during a constant stable isotope infusion in the postabsorptive state and after essential amino acid (EAA) ingestion on three occasions: before (PRE), after bed rest and after rehabilitation. Samples were assessed for protein synthesis, mTORC1 signalling, REDD1/2 expression and molecular markers related to muscle proteolysis (MURF1, MAFBX, AMPKα, LC3II/I, Beclin1). We found that leg lean mass and strength decreased in older but not younger adults after bedrest (P < 0.05) and was restored after rehabilitation. EAA-induced mTORC1 signalling and protein synthesis increased before bed rest in both age groups (P < 0.05). Although both groups had blunted mTORC1 signalling, increased REDD2 and MURF1 mRNA after bedrest, only older adults had reduced EAA-induced protein synthesis rates and increased MAFBX mRNA, p-AMPKα and the LC3II/I ratio (P < 0.05). We conclude that older adults are more susceptible than young persons to muscle loss after short-term bed rest. This may be partially explained by a combined suppression of protein synthesis and a marginal increase in proteolytic markers. Finally, rehabilitation restored bed rest-induced deficits in lean mass and strength in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucille B Brunker
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Jakob Agergaard
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital and Centre for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Robert A Briggs
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Oh Sung Kwon
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Laura M Young
- Exercise and Sport Science, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Paul N Hopkins
- Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Elena Volpi
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Robin L Marcus
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Paul C LaStayo
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Exercise and Sport Science, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Micah J Drummond
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Division of Nutrition, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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247
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McGlory C, Phillips SM. Exercise and the Regulation of Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2015; 135:153-73. [PMID: 26477914 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2015.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is a critical organ serving as the primary site for postprandial glucose disposal and the generation of contractile force. The size of human skeletal muscle mass is dependent upon the temporal relationship between changes in muscle protein synthesis (MPS) and muscle protein breakdown. The aim of this chapter is to review our current understanding of how resistance exercise influences protein turnover with a specific emphasis on the molecular factors regulating MPS. We also will discuss recent data relating to the prescription of resistance exercise to maximize skeletal muscle hypertrophy. Finally, we evaluate the impact of age and periods of disuse on the loss of muscle mass and the controversy surround the etiology of muscle disuse atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris McGlory
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stuart M Phillips
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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248
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Kwon OS, Tanner RE, Barrows KM, Runtsch M, Symons JD, Jalili T, Bikman BT, McClain DA, O'Connell RM, Drummond MJ. MyD88 regulates physical inactivity-induced skeletal muscle inflammation, ceramide biosynthesis signaling, and glucose intolerance. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2015; 309:E11-21. [PMID: 25968578 PMCID: PMC4490331 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00124.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Physical inactivity in older adults is a risk factor for developing glucose intolerance and impaired skeletal muscle function. Elevated inflammation and ceramide biosynthesis have been implicated in metabolic disruption and are linked to Toll-like receptor (TLR)/myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88) signaling. We hypothesize that a physical inactivity stimulus, capable of inducing glucose intolerance, would increase skeletal muscle inflammation and ceramide biosynthesis signaling and that this response would be regulated by the TLR/MyD88 pathway. Therefore, we subjected wild-type (WT) and MyD88(-/-) mice to hindlimb unloading (HU) for 14 days or an ambulatory control period. We observed impaired glucose uptake, muscle insulin signaling (p-Akt), and increased markers of NF-κB signaling (p-IκBα), inflammation (p-JNK, IL-6), TLR4, and the rate-limiting enzyme of ceramide biosynthesis, SPT2, with HU WT (P < 0.05), but not in HU MyD88(-/-) mice. Concurrently, we found that 5 days of bed rest in older adults resulted in whole body glucose dysregulation, impaired skeletal muscle insulin signaling, and upregulation of muscle IL-6 and SPT2 (P < 0.05). Post-bed rest TLR4 abundance was tightly correlated with impaired postprandial insulin and glucose levels. In conclusion, MyD88 signaling is necessary for the increased inflammation, ceramide biosynthesis signaling, and compromised metabolic function that accompanies physical inactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - J David Symons
- Exercise and Sport Science and Divisions of Nutrition and Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah; and
| | | | - Benjamin T Bikman
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
| | - Donald A McClain
- Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah; and
| | | | - Micah J Drummond
- Departments of Physical Therapy, Divisions of Nutrition and Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah; and
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249
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Abstract
Given our rapidly aging world-wide population, the loss of skeletal muscle mass with healthy aging (sarcopenia) represents an important societal and public health concern. Maintaining or adopting an active lifestyle alleviates age-related muscle loss to a certain extent. Over time, even small losses of muscle tissue can hinder the ability to maintain an active lifestyle and, as such, contribute to the development of frailty and metabolic disease. Considerable research focus has addressed the application of dietary protein supplementation to support exercise-induced gains in muscle mass in younger individuals. In contrast, the role of dietary protein in supporting the maintenance (or gain) of skeletal muscle mass in active older persons has received less attention. Older individuals display a blunted muscle protein synthetic response to dietary protein ingestion. However, this reduced anabolic response can largely be overcome when physical activity is performed in close temporal proximity to protein consumption. Moreover, recent evidence has helped elucidate the optimal type and amount of dietary protein that should be ingested by the older adult throughout the day in order to maximize the skeletal muscle adaptive response to physical activity. Evidence demonstrates that when these principles are adhered to, muscle maintenance or hypertrophy over prolonged periods can be further augmented in active older persons. The present review outlines the current understanding of the role that dietary protein occupies in the lifestyle of active older adults as a means to increase skeletal muscle mass, strength and function, and thus support healthier aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin T Wall
- NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6200 MD, The Netherlands
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250
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Bukhari SSI, Phillips BE, Wilkinson DJ, Limb MC, Rankin D, Mitchell WK, Kobayashi H, Greenhaff PL, Smith K, Atherton PJ. Intake of low-dose leucine-rich essential amino acids stimulates muscle anabolism equivalently to bolus whey protein in older women at rest and after exercise. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2015; 308:E1056-65. [PMID: 25827594 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00481.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulated anabolic responses to nutrition/exercise may contribute to sarcopenia; however, these characteristics are poorly defined in female populations. We determined the effects of two feeding regimes in older women (66 ± 2.5 yr; n = 8/group): bolus whey protein (WP-20 g) or novel low-dose leucine-enriched essential amino acids (EAA) [LEAA; 3 g (40% leucine)]. Using [(13)C6]phenylalanine infusions, we quantified muscle (MPS) and albumin (APS) protein synthesis at baseline and in response to both feeding (FED) and feeding plus exercise (FED-EX; 6 × 8 knee extensions at 75% 1-repetition maximum). We also quantified plasma insulin/AA concentrations, whole leg (LBF)/muscle microvascular blood flow (MBF), and muscle anabolic signaling by phosphoimmunoblotting. Plasma insulinemia and EAA/aemia were markedly greater after WP than LEAA (P < 0.001). Neither LEAA nor WP modified LBF in response to FED or FED-EX, whereas MBF increased to a similar extent in both groups only after FED-EX (P < 0.05). In response to FED, both WP and LEAA equally stimulated MPS 0-2 h (P < 0.05), abating thereafter (0-4 h, P > 0.05). In contrast, after FED-EX, MPS increased at 0-2 h and remained elevated at 0-4 h (P < 0.05) with both WP and LEAA. No anabolic signals quantifiably increased after FED, but p70 S6K1 Thr(389) increased after FED-EX (2 h, P < 0.05). APS increased similarly after WP and LEAA. Older women remain subtly responsive to nutrition ± exercise. Intriguingly though, bolus WP offers no trophic advantage over LEAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed S I Bukhari
- Medical Research Council/Arthritis Research United Kingdom Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Nottingham, Derby, United Kingdom; and
| | - Bethan E Phillips
- Medical Research Council/Arthritis Research United Kingdom Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Nottingham, Derby, United Kingdom; and
| | - Daniel J Wilkinson
- Medical Research Council/Arthritis Research United Kingdom Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Nottingham, Derby, United Kingdom; and
| | - Marie C Limb
- Medical Research Council/Arthritis Research United Kingdom Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Nottingham, Derby, United Kingdom; and
| | - Debbie Rankin
- Medical Research Council/Arthritis Research United Kingdom Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Nottingham, Derby, United Kingdom; and
| | - William K Mitchell
- Medical Research Council/Arthritis Research United Kingdom Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Nottingham, Derby, United Kingdom; and
| | | | - Paul L Greenhaff
- Medical Research Council/Arthritis Research United Kingdom Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Nottingham, Derby, United Kingdom; and
| | - Kenneth Smith
- Medical Research Council/Arthritis Research United Kingdom Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Nottingham, Derby, United Kingdom; and
| | - Philip J Atherton
- Medical Research Council/Arthritis Research United Kingdom Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Nottingham, Derby, United Kingdom; and
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