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Development and In Vivo Evaluation of a Novel Histatin-5 Bioadhesive Hydrogel Formulation against Oral Candidiasis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 60:881-9. [PMID: 26596951 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02624-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral candidiasis (OC), caused by the fungal pathogen Candida albicans, is the most common opportunistic infection in HIV(+) individuals and other immunocompromised populations. The dramatic increase in resistance to common antifungals has emphasized the importance of identifying unconventional therapeutic options. Antimicrobial peptides have emerged as promising candidates for therapeutic intervention due to their broad antimicrobial properties and lack of toxicity. Histatin-5 (Hst-5) specifically has exhibited potent anticandidal activity indicating its potential as an antifungal agent. To that end, the goal of this study was to design a biocompatible hydrogel delivery system for Hst-5 application. The bioadhesive hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) hydrogel formulation was developed for topical oral application against OC. The new formulation was evaluated in vitro for gel viscosity, Hst-5 release rate from the gel, and killing potency and, more importantly, was tested in vivo in our mouse model of OC. The findings demonstrated a controlled sustained release of Hst-5 from the polymer and rapid killing ability. Based on viable C. albicans counts recovered from tongues of treated and untreated mice, three daily applications of the formulation beginning 1 day postinfection with C. albicans were effective in protection against development of OC. Interestingly, in some cases, Hst-5 was able to clear existing lesions as well as associated tissue inflammation. These findings were confirmed by histopathology analysis of tongue tissue. Coupled with the lack of toxicity as well as anti-inflammatory and wound-healing properties of Hst-5, the findings from this study support the progression and commercial feasibility of using this compound as a novel therapeutic agent.
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202
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The C-terminal Domain Supports a Novel Function for CETPI as a New Plasma Lipopolysaccharide-Binding Protein. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16091. [PMID: 26537318 PMCID: PMC4633601 DOI: 10.1038/srep16091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Described by our group a few years ago, the cholesteryl-ester transfer protein isoform (CETPI), exclusively expressed in the small intestine and present in human plasma, lacked a functional identification for a role of physiological relevance. Now, this study introduces CETPI as a new protein with the potential capability to recognise, bind and neutralise lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Peptides derived from the C-terminal domain of CETPI showed that CETPI not only might interact with several LPS serotypes but also might displace LPS bound to the surface of cells. Peptide VSAK, derived from the last 18 residues of CETPI, protected against the cytotoxic effect of LPS on macrophages. At high concentrations, when different cell types were tested in culture, it did not exhibit cytotoxicity by itself and it did prevent the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines as well as the generation of oxidative stress conditions. In a rabbit model of septic shock, the infusion of peptide VSAK exerted a protective effect against the effects of LPS and reduced the presence of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) in plasma. Therefore, CETPI is proposed as a new protein with the capability to advance the possibilities for better understanding and treatment of the dangerous effects of LPS in vivo.
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203
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Qureshi A, Tandon H, Kumar M. AVP-IC50 Pred: Multiple machine learning techniques-based prediction of peptide antiviral activity in terms of half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50). Biopolymers 2015; 104:753-63. [PMID: 26213387 PMCID: PMC7161829 DOI: 10.1002/bip.22703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Peptide-based antiviral therapeutics has gradually paved their way into mainstream drug discovery research. Experimental determination of peptides' antiviral activity as expressed by their IC50 values involves a lot of effort. Therefore, we have developed "AVP-IC50 Pred," a regression-based algorithm to predict the antiviral activity in terms of IC50 values (μM). A total of 759 non-redundant peptides from AVPdb and HIPdb were divided into a training/test set having 683 peptides (T(683)) and a validation set with 76 independent peptides (V(76)) for evaluation. We utilized important peptide sequence features like amino-acid compositions, binary profile of N8-C8 residues, physicochemical properties and their hybrids. Four different machine learning techniques (MLTs) namely Support vector machine, Random Forest, Instance-based classifier, and K-Star were employed. During 10-fold cross validation, we achieved maximum Pearson correlation coefficients (PCCs) of 0.66, 0.64, 0.56, 0.55, respectively, for the above MLTs using the best combination of feature sets. All the predictive models also performed well on the independent validation dataset and achieved maximum PCCs of 0.74, 0.68, 0.59, 0.57, respectively, on the best combination of feature sets. The AVP-IC50 Pred web server is anticipated to assist the researchers working on antiviral therapeutics by enabling them to computationally screen many compounds and focus experimental validation on the most promising set of peptides, thus reducing cost and time efforts. The server is available at http://crdd.osdd.net/servers/ic50avp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abid Qureshi
- Bioinformatics Centre, Institute of Microbial TechnologyCouncil of Scientific and Industrial ResearchSector 39‐AChandigarh160036India
| | - Himani Tandon
- Bioinformatics Centre, Institute of Microbial TechnologyCouncil of Scientific and Industrial ResearchSector 39‐AChandigarh160036India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Bioinformatics Centre, Institute of Microbial TechnologyCouncil of Scientific and Industrial ResearchSector 39‐AChandigarh160036India
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204
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A novel antimicrobial peptide, scolopendin, from Scolopendra subspinipes mutilans and its microbicidal mechanism. Biochimie 2015; 118:176-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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205
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Antimicrobial peptide production and plant-based expression systems for medical and agricultural biotechnology. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 33:1005-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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206
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Qu Y, Locock K, Verma-Gaur J, Hay ID, Meagher L, Traven A. Searching for new strategies against polymicrobial biofilm infections: guanylated polymethacrylates kill mixed fungal/bacterial biofilms. J Antimicrob Chemother 2015; 71:413-21. [PMID: 26490013 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkv334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Biofilm-related human infections have high mortality rates due to drug resistance. Cohabitation of diverse microbes in polymicrobial biofilms is common and these infections present additional challenges for treatment compared with monomicrobial biofilms. Here, we address this therapeutic gap by assessing the potential of a new class of antimicrobial agents, guanylated polymethacrylates, in the treatment of polymicrobial biofilms built by two prominent human pathogens, the fungus Candida albicans and the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus. METHODS We used imaging and quantitative methods to test the antibiofilm efficacy of guanylated polymethacrylates, a new class of drugs that structurally mimic antimicrobial peptides. We further compared guanylated polymethacrylates with first-line antistaphylococcal and anti-Candida agents used as combinatorial therapy against polymicrobial biofilms. RESULTS Guanylated polymethacrylates were highly effective as a sole agent, killing both C. albicans and S. aureus when applied to established polymicrobial biofilms. Furthermore, they outperformed multiple combinations of current antimicrobial drugs, with one of the tested compounds killing 99.98% of S. aureus and 82.2% of C. albicans at a concentration of 128 mg/L. The extracellular biofilm matrix provided protection, increasing the MIC of the polymethacrylates by 2-4-fold when added to planktonic assays. Using the C. albicans bgl2ΔΔ mutant, we implicate matrix polysaccharide β-1,3 glucan in the mechanism of protection. Data for two structurally distinct polymers suggest that this mechanism could be minimized through chemical optimization of the polymer structure. Finally, we demonstrate that a potential application for these polymers is in antimicrobial lock therapy. CONCLUSIONS Guanylated polymethacrylates are a promising lead for the development of an effective monotherapy against C. albicans/S. aureus polymicrobial biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Qu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia Department of Infectious Diseases, The Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | | | - Jiyoti Verma-Gaur
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Iain D Hay
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Laurence Meagher
- CSIRO Manufacturing Flagship, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia Department of Materials Science and Monash Institute of Medical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Ana Traven
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
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207
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In Vitro Activity of the Novel Antimicrobial Peptide Dendrimer G3KL against Multidrug-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:7915-8. [PMID: 26459893 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01853-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The in vitro activity of the novel antimicrobial peptide dendrimer G3KL was evaluated against 32 Acinetobacter baumannii (including 10 OXA-23, 7 OXA-24, and 11 OXA-58 carbapenemase producers) and 35 Pseudomonas aeruginosa (including 18 VIM and 3 IMP carbapenemase producers) strains and compared to the activities of standard antibiotics. Overall, both species collections showed MIC50/90 values of 8/8 μg/ml and minimum bactericidal concentrations at which 50% or 90% of strains tested are killed (MBC50/90) of 8/8 μg/ml. G3KL is a promising molecule with antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant A. baumannii and P. aeruginosa isolates.
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208
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Influence of the yjiL-mdtM Gene Cluster on the Antibacterial Activity of Proline-Rich Antimicrobial Peptides Overcoming Escherichia coli Resistance Induced by the Missing SbmA Transporter System. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:5992-8. [PMID: 26169420 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01307-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In view of increasing health threats from multiresistant pathogens, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and, specifically, proline-rich AMPs (PrAMPs) have been investigated in animal models. PrAMPs enter bacteria via the ABC transporter SbmA and inhibit intracellular targets. We used phage transduction (Tn10 insertion) to screen by random mutagenesis for alternative uptake mechanisms for analogs of apidaecin 1b, a honeybee-derived PrAMP. All 24 apidaecin-resistant mutants had the Tn10 insertion in the sbmA gene. These sbmA::Tn10 insertion mutants and the Escherichia coli BW25113 ΔsbmA (JW0368) strain were still susceptible to the bactenecin PrAMP Bac7(1-35) and oncocin PrAMPs Onc18 and Onc112, as well as to Chex1-Arg20, despite significantly reduced internalizations. In a second round of random mutagenesis, the remaining susceptibility was linked to the yjiL-mdtM gene cluster. E. coli BW25113 and its ΔyjiL null mutant (JW5785) were equally susceptible to all PrAMPs tested, whereas the BW25113 ΔmdtM mutant was less susceptible to oncocins. The JW0368 yjiL::Tn10 transposon mutant (BS2) was resistant to all short PrAMPs and susceptible only to full-length Bac7 and A3-APO. Interestingly, PrAMPs appear to enter bacteria via MdtM, a multidrug resistance transporter (drug/H(+) antiporter) of the major facilitator superfamily (MFS) that can efflux antibiotics, biocides, and bile salts. In conclusion, PrAMPs enter bacteria via ABC and MFS transporters that efflux antibiotics and cytotoxic compounds from the cytoplasm to the periplasm.
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209
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Coya JM, Akinbi HT, Sáenz A, Yang L, Weaver TE, Casals C. Natural Anti-Infective Pulmonary Proteins: In Vivo Cooperative Action of Surfactant Protein SP-A and the Lung Antimicrobial Peptide SP-BN. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:1628-36. [PMID: 26163587 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The anionic antimicrobial peptide SP-B(N), derived from the N-terminal saposin-like domain of the surfactant protein (SP)-B proprotein, and SP-A are lung anti-infective proteins. SP-A-deficient mice are more susceptible than wild-type mice to lung infections, and bacterial killing is enhanced in transgenic mice overexpressing SP-B(N). Despite their potential anti-infective action, in vitro studies indicate that several microorganisms are resistant to SP-A and SP-B(N). In this study, we test the hypothesis that these proteins act synergistically or cooperatively to strengthen each other's microbicidal activity. The results indicate that the proteins acted synergistically in vitro against SP-A- and SP-B(N)-resistant capsulated Klebsiella pneumoniae (serotype K2) at neutral pH. SP-A and SP-B(N) were able to interact in solution (Kd = 0.4 μM), which enabled their binding to bacteria with which SP-A or SP-B(N) alone could not interact. In vivo, we found that treatment of K. pneumoniae-infected mice with SP-A and SP-B(N) conferred more protection against K. pneumoniae infection than each protein individually. SP-A/SP-B(N)-treated infected mice showed significant reduction of bacterial burden, enhanced neutrophil recruitment, and ameliorated lung histopathology with respect to untreated infected mice. In addition, the concentrations of inflammatory mediators in lung homogenates increased early in infection in contrast with the weak inflammatory response of untreated K. pneumoniae-infected mice. Finally, we found that therapeutic treatment with SP-A and SP-B(N) 6 or 24 h after bacterial challenge conferred significant protection against K. pneumoniae infection. These studies show novel anti-infective pathways that could drive development of new strategies against pulmonary infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Manuel Coya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; and
| | - Henry T Akinbi
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Alejandra Sáenz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; and
| | - Li Yang
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Timothy E Weaver
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Cristina Casals
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; and
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210
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Kwok PCL, Grabarek A, Chow MYT, Lan Y, Li JCW, Casettari L, Mason AJ, Lam JKW. Inhalable spray-dried formulation of D-LAK antimicrobial peptides targeting tuberculosis. Int J Pharm 2015; 491:367-74. [PMID: 26151107 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a global disease that is becoming more difficult to treat due to the emergence of multidrug resistant (MDR) Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Inhalable antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are potentially useful alternative anti-TB agents because they can overcome resistance against classical antibiotics, reduce systemic adverse effects, and achieve local targeting. The aims of the current study were to produce inhalable dry powders containing d-enantiomeric AMPs (D-LAK120-HP13 and D-LAK120-A) and evaluate their solid state properties, aerosol performance, and structural conformation. These two peptides were spray dried with mannitol as a bulking agent at three mass ratios (peptide:mannitol 1:99, 1:49, and 1:24) from aqueous solutions. The resultant particles were spherical, with those containing D-LAK120-HP13 being more corrugated than those with D-LAK120-A. The median volumetric diameter of the particles was approximately 3μm. The residual water content of all powders were <3% w/w and crystalline, due to the low hygroscopicity and crystallinity of mannitol, respectively. The mannitol changed from a mixture of alpha- and beta-forms to delta form with an increasing proportion of AMP in the formulation. The emitted fraction and fine particle fraction of the powders when dispersed from an Osmohaler(®) at 90L/min were about 80% and 50-60% of the loaded dose, respectively, indicating good aerosol performance. Circular dichroism data showed that D-LAK120-HP13 dissolved in Tris buffer at pH 7.15 was of a disordered conformation. In contrast, D-LAK120-A showed greater α-helical conformation. Since the conformations of the AMPs were comparable to the controls (unprocessed peptides), the spray drying process did not substantially affect their secondary structures. In conclusion, spray dried powders containing d-enantiomeric AMPs with preserved secondary molecular structures and good aerosol performance could be successfully produced. They may potentially be used for treating MDR-TB when delivered by inhalation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Chi Lip Kwok
- Department of Pharmacology & Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, 21 Sassoon Road, Hong Kong
| | - Adam Grabarek
- School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N A1X, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Y T Chow
- Department of Pharmacology & Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, 21 Sassoon Road, Hong Kong
| | - Yun Lan
- Department of Pharmacology & Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, 21 Sassoon Road, Hong Kong
| | - Johnny C W Li
- Department of Pharmacology & Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, 21 Sassoon Road, Hong Kong
| | - Luca Casettari
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino, Piazza Rinascimento, 6, Urbino 61029, Italy
| | - A James Mason
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Jenny K W Lam
- Department of Pharmacology & Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, 21 Sassoon Road, Hong Kong.
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211
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Wang T, Wu MB, Chen ZJ, Lin JP, Yang LR. Separation, determination and antifungal activity test of the products from a new Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. Nat Prod Res 2015; 30:1215-8. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2015.1048246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P.R. China
| | - Mian-Bin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P.R. China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Antifungal Drugs, Taizhou, P.R. China
| | - Zheng-Jie Chen
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Antifungal Drugs, Taizhou, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Pin Lin
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P.R. China
| | - Li-Rong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P.R. China
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212
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Carvalho F, Atilano ML, Pombinho R, Covas G, Gallo RL, Filipe SR, Sousa S, Cabanes D. L-Rhamnosylation of Listeria monocytogenes Wall Teichoic Acids Promotes Resistance to Antimicrobial Peptides by Delaying Interaction with the Membrane. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004919. [PMID: 26001194 PMCID: PMC4441387 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is an opportunistic Gram-positive bacterial pathogen responsible for listeriosis, a human foodborne disease. Its cell wall is densely decorated with wall teichoic acids (WTAs), a class of anionic glycopolymers that play key roles in bacterial physiology, including protection against the activity of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). In other Gram-positive pathogens, WTA modification by amine-containing groups such as D-alanine was largely correlated with resistance to AMPs. However, in L. monocytogenes, where WTA modification is achieved solely via glycosylation, WTA-associated mechanisms of AMP resistance were unknown. Here, we show that the L-rhamnosylation of L. monocytogenes WTAs relies not only on the rmlACBD locus, which encodes the biosynthetic pathway for L-rhamnose, but also on rmlT encoding a putative rhamnosyltransferase. We demonstrate that this WTA tailoring mechanism promotes resistance to AMPs, unveiling a novel link between WTA glycosylation and bacterial resistance to host defense peptides. Using in vitro binding assays, fluorescence-based techniques and electron microscopy, we show that the presence of L-rhamnosylated WTAs at the surface of L. monocytogenes delays the crossing of the cell wall by AMPs and postpones their contact with the listerial membrane. We propose that WTA L-rhamnosylation promotes L. monocytogenes survival by decreasing the cell wall permeability to AMPs, thus hindering their access and detrimental interaction with the plasma membrane. Strikingly, we reveal a key contribution of WTA L-rhamnosylation for L. monocytogenes virulence in a mouse model of infection. Listeria monocytogenes is a foodborne bacterial pathogen that preferentially infects immunocompromised hosts, eliciting a severe and often lethal disease. In humans, clinical manifestations range from asymptomatic intestinal carriage and gastroenteritis to harsher systemic states of the disease such as sepsis, meningitis or encephalitis, and fetal infections. The surface of L. monocytogenes is decorated with wall teichoic acids (WTAs), a class of carbohydrate-based polymers that contributes to cell surface-related events with implications in physiological processes, such as bacterial division or resistance to antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). The addition of other molecules to the backbone of WTAs modulates their chemical properties and consequently their functionality. In this context, we studied the role of WTA tailoring mechanisms in L. monocytogenes, whose WTAs are strictly decorated with monosaccharides. For the first time, we link WTA glycosylation with AMP resistance by showing that the decoration of L. monocytogenes WTAs with l-rhamnose confers resistance to host defense peptides. We suggest that this resistance is based on changes in the permeability of the cell wall that delay its crossing by AMPs and therefore promote the protection of the bacterial membrane integrity. Importantly, we also demonstrate the significance of this WTA modification in L. monocytogenes virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Carvalho
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Group of Molecular Microbiology, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Magda L Atilano
- Laboratory of Bacterial Cell Surfaces and Pathogenesis, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Rita Pombinho
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Group of Molecular Microbiology, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Gonçalo Covas
- Laboratory of Bacterial Cell Surfaces and Pathogenesis, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Richard L Gallo
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Sérgio R Filipe
- Laboratory of Bacterial Cell Surfaces and Pathogenesis, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Sandra Sousa
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Group of Molecular Microbiology, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Porto, Portugal
| | - Didier Cabanes
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Group of Molecular Microbiology, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Porto, Portugal
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213
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Application of immobilized synthetic anti-lipopolysaccharide peptides for the isolation and detection of bacteria. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2015; 34:1639-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s10096-015-2399-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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214
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Li HS, Watowich SS. Innate immune regulation by STAT-mediated transcriptional mechanisms. Immunol Rev 2015; 261:84-101. [PMID: 25123278 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The term innate immunity typically refers to a quick but non-specific host defense response against invading pathogens. The innate immune system comprises particular immune cell populations, epithelial barriers, and numerous secretory mediators including cytokines, chemokines, and defense peptides. Innate immune cells are also now recognized to play important contributing roles in cancer and pathological inflammatory conditions. Innate immunity relies on rapid signal transduction elicited upon pathogen recognition via pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and cell:cell communication conducted by soluble mediators, including cytokines. A majority of cytokines involved in innate immune signaling use a molecular cascade encompassing receptor-associated Jak protein tyrosine kinases and STAT (signal transducer and activator of transcription) transcriptional regulators. Here, we focus on roles for STAT proteins in three major innate immune subsets: neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells (DCs). While knowledge in this area is only now emerging, understanding the molecular regulation of these cell types is necessary for developing new approaches to treat human disorders such as inflammatory conditions, autoimmunity, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan S Li
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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215
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Xiao H, Shao F, Wu M, Ren W, Xiong X, Tan B, Yin Y. The application of antimicrobial peptides as growth and health promoters for swine. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2015; 6:19. [PMID: 26019864 PMCID: PMC4445505 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-015-0018-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
With the widespread ban on the use of antibiotics in swine feed, alternative measures need to be sought to maintain swine health and performance. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are part of the nonspecific defense system and are natural antibiotics produced by plants, insects, mammalians, and micro-organisms as well as by chemical synthesis. Due to their broad microbicidal activity against various fungi, bacteria and enveloped viruses, AMPs are a potential alternative to conventional antibiotics for use in swine production. This review focuses on the structure and mechanism of action of AMPs, as well as their effects on performance, immune function and intestinal health in pigs. The aim is to provide support for the application of AMPs as feed additives replacing antibiotics in swine nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Xiao
- Observation and Experiment Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central China, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125 China ; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 10008 China
| | - Fangyuan Shao
- Observation and Experiment Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central China, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125 China
| | - Miaomiao Wu
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics, and Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - Wenkai Ren
- Observation and Experiment Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central China, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125 China ; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 10008 China
| | - Xia Xiong
- Observation and Experiment Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central China, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125 China
| | - Bie Tan
- Observation and Experiment Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central China, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125 China
| | - Yulong Yin
- Observation and Experiment Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central China, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125 China ; Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023 China
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216
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Zhu X, Zhang L, Wang J, Ma Z, Xu W, Li J, Shan A. Characterization of antimicrobial activity and mechanisms of low amphipathic peptides with different α-helical propensity. Acta Biomater 2015; 18:155-67. [PMID: 25735802 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) serve as a defense mechanism within multicellular organisms and are attracting increasing attention because of their potential application in the treatment of multidrug-resistant infections. Amphipathicity has long been believed to be the most important consideration for the structural modification and design of both naturally occurring and synthetic AMPs. Previous studies indicated that disruptive amphipathicity formed by replacing the paired charged amino acid residues on the polar face of an amphipathic helix with tryptophan residues linked with hydrogen bonds on the basis of α-helical protein folding principles endowed the AMPs with increased cell selectivity. In an attempt to augment and hone this strategy further, we designed a series of imperfect amphipathic peptides by placing different types of amino acid residues at the hydrogen bond linked positions of α-helix structures to characterize their antimicrobial properties and mechanism of action. The d-Trp-substituted sequence (PRW4-d) showed greater antimicrobial potency than Cys-(C4), Asp-(D4), Ile-(I4), and Pro-(P4) substituted sequences, comparable to the l-Trp-substituted parent sequence (PRW4). Furthermore, the total replacement of Lys residues with Arg residues along the peptide sequence (PRW4-R) exhibited enhanced antimicrobial activity and cell selectivity. In addition, no cytotoxicity was observed among these synthetic peptides. PRW4-d and PRW4-R maintained their activities in the presence of physiological salts and human serum. The fluorescence spectroscopy, flow cytometry, and electron microscopy observations indicated that the optimized sequences exhibited excellent antimicrobial potency by inducing cytoplasmic membrane potential loss, membrane permeabilization and disruption. Collectively, the results could be useful for designing short AMPs with great antimicrobial activity and cell selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Licong Zhang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Jue Wang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhi Ma
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Jianping Li
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Anshan Shan
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.
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217
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Shebek K, Schantz AB, Sines I, Lauser K, Velegol S, Kumar M. The Flocculating Cationic Polypetide from Moringa oleifera Seeds Damages Bacterial Cell Membranes by Causing Membrane Fusion. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:4496-4502. [PMID: 25845029 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A cationic protein isolated from the seeds of the Moringa oleifera tree has been extensively studied for use in water treatment in developing countries and has been proposed for use in antimicrobial and therapeutic applications. However, the molecular basis for the antimicrobial action of this peptide, Moringa oleifera cationic protein (MOCP), has not been previously elucidated. We demonstrate here that a dominant mechanism of MOCP antimicrobial activity is membrane fusion. We used a combination of cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) and fluorescence assays to observe and study the kinetics of fusion of membranes in liposomes representing model microbial cells. We also conducted cryo-EM experiments on E. coli cells where MOCP was seen to fuse the inner and outer membranes. Coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations of membrane vesicles with MOCP molecules were used to elucidate steps in peptide adsorption, stalk formation, and fusion between membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Shebek
- †Department of Chemical Engineering and ‡Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Allen B Schantz
- †Department of Chemical Engineering and ‡Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Ian Sines
- †Department of Chemical Engineering and ‡Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Kathleen Lauser
- †Department of Chemical Engineering and ‡Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Stephanie Velegol
- †Department of Chemical Engineering and ‡Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Manish Kumar
- †Department of Chemical Engineering and ‡Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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218
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Oyinloye BE, Adenowo AF, Kappo AP. Reactive oxygen species, apoptosis, antimicrobial peptides and human inflammatory diseases. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2015; 8:151-75. [PMID: 25850012 PMCID: PMC4491653 DOI: 10.3390/ph8020151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive free radical generation, especially reactive oxygen species (ROS) leading to oxidative stress in the biological system, has been implicated in the pathogenesis and pathological conditions associated with diverse human inflammatory diseases (HIDs). Although inflammation which is considered advantageous is a defensive mechanism in response to xenobiotics and foreign pathogen; as a result of cellular damage arising from oxidative stress, if uncontrolled, it may degenerate to chronic inflammation when the ROS levels exceed the antioxidant capacity. Therefore, in the normal resolution of inflammatory reactions, apoptosis is acknowledged to play a crucial role, while on the other hand, dysregulation in the induction of apoptosis by enhanced ROS production could also result in excessive apoptosis identified in the pathogenesis of HIDs. Apparently, a careful balance must be maintained in this complex environment. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have been proposed in this review as an excellent candidate capable of playing prominent roles in maintaining this balance. Consequently, in novel drug design for the treatment and management of HIDs, AMPs are promising candidates owing to their size and multidimensional properties as well as their wide spectrum of activities and indications of reduced rate of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babatunji Emmanuel Oyinloye
- Biotechnology and Structural Biology (BSB) Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa.
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Sciences, Afe Babalola University, PMB 5454, Ado-Ekiti 360001, Nigeria.
| | - Abiola Fatimah Adenowo
- Biotechnology and Structural Biology (BSB) Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa.
| | - Abidemi Paul Kappo
- Biotechnology and Structural Biology (BSB) Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa.
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219
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Abstract
Neutrophils, the most abundant human immune cells, are rapidly recruited to sites of infection, where they fulfill their life-saving antimicrobial functions. While traditionally regarded as short-lived phagocytes, recent findings on long-term survival, neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation, heterogeneity and plasticity, suppressive functions, and tissue injury have expanded our understanding of their diverse role in infection and inflammation. This review summarises our current understanding of neutrophils in host-pathogen interactions and disease involvement, illustrating the versatility and plasticity of the neutrophil, moving between host defence, immune modulation, and tissue damage.
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220
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Esmaili E, Shahlaei M. Analysis of the flexibility and stability of the structure of magainin in a bilayer, and in aqueous and nonaqueous solutions using molecular dynamics simulations. J Mol Model 2015; 21:73. [PMID: 25750019 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-015-2622-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The precise mode of the antimicrobial activity of Magainin (Mag)-an antimicrobial peptide (AMP)-is still unclear. In this study, the conformation of Mag was characterized in water, and in a methanol and lipid bilayer [palmitoyl-oleoylphosphatidylcholine (POPC)] using a molecular dynamics (MD) simulation technique. To describe the role conformation plays in Mag function, the global conformational differences within three systems were studied. Through analysis of the resulting configuration ensembles, the differences in the three systems, such as overall flexibility and average secondary structure, were studied. It is suggested that these differences may be important enough to influence interactions with lipid biomembranes, thereby influencing key properties such as penetration into cell membrane and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Esmaili
- Department of Biochemistry, Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran
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221
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Vieira Bard GC, Nascimento VV, Ribeiro SFF, Rodrigues R, Perales J, Teixeira-Ferreira A, Carvalho AO, Fernandes KVS, Gomes VM. Characterization of Peptides from Capsicum annuum Hybrid Seeds with Inhibitory Activity Against α-Amylase, Serine Proteinases and Fungi. Protein J 2015; 34:122-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10930-015-9604-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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222
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The synthetic antimicrobial peptide pexiganan and its nanoparticles (PNPs) exhibit the anti-helicobacter pylori activity in vitro and in vivo. Molecules 2015; 20:3972-85. [PMID: 25738539 PMCID: PMC6272436 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20033972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to probe the potential anti-H. pylori activity of the synthetic antimicrobial peptide pexiganan, which is an analog of the peptide magainin, and its nanoparticles (PNPs) that were prepared in our laboratory. To compare their antibacterial effects in vitro and in vivo, studies of H. pylori growth inhibition, kinetics and resistance assays were undertaken. The gastric mucoadhesive efficiency and H. pylori clearance efficiency of pexiganan and PNPs were evaluated in rats and mice infected with H. pylori. The eradication of H. pylori was determined using urease tests and a microbial culture method. We observed that PNPs adhered to gastric mucosa more effectively owing to a prolonged stay in the stomach, which resulted in a more effective H. pylori clearance. In addition, PNPs had greater anti-H. pylori effect than pexiganan in infected mice. The amount of pexiganan required to eradicate H. pylori was significantly less using PNPs than the corresponding pexiganan suspension. The results confirmed that PNPs improved peptide stability in the stomach and more effectively eradicated H. pylori from mice stomachs than pexiganan.
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223
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Tan S, Gan C, Li R, Ye Y, Zhang S, Wu X, Yang YY, Fan W, Wu M. A novel chemosynthetic peptide with β-sheet motif efficiently kills Klebsiella pneumoniae in a mouse model. Int J Nanomedicine 2015; 10:1045-59. [PMID: 25709431 PMCID: PMC4330034 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s73303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Klebsiella pneumoniae (Kp) is one of the most common pathogens in nosocomial infections and is increasingly becoming multiple drug resistant. However, the molecular pathogenesis of Kp in causing tissue injury and dysregulated host defense remains elusive, further dampening the development of novel therapeutic measures. We have previously screened a series of synthetic antimicrobial beta-sheet forming peptides and identified a peptide (IRIKIRIK; ie, IK8L) with a broad range of bactericidal activity and low cytotoxicity in vitro. Here, employing an animal model, we investigated the antibacterial effects of IK8L in acute infection and demonstrated that peritoneal injection of IK8L to mice down-regulated inflammatory cytokines, alleviated lung injury, and importantly, decreased mortality compared to sham-injected controls. In addition, a math model was used to evaluate in vivo imaging data and predict infection progression in infected live animals. Mechanistically, IK8L can kill Kp by inhibiting biofilm formation and modulating production of inflammatory cytokines through the STAT3/JAK signaling both in vitro and in vivo. Collectively, these findings reveal that IK8L may have potential for preventing or treating Kp infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirui Tan
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA ; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Changpei Gan
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA ; State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Rongpeng Li
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA
| | - Yan Ye
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA
| | - Shuang Zhang
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA ; State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Wu
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA
| | - Yi Yan Yang
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The Nanos, Singapore
| | - Weimin Fan
- Program of Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Wu
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA
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224
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da Costa JP, Cova M, Ferreira R, Vitorino R. Antimicrobial peptides: an alternative for innovative medicines? Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:2023-40. [PMID: 25586583 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6375-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Revised: 12/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides are small molecules with activity against bacteria, yeasts, fungi, viruses, bacteria, and even tumor cells that make these molecules attractive as therapeutic agents. Due to the alarming increase of antimicrobial resistance, interest in alternative antimicrobial agents has led to the exploitation of antimicrobial peptides, both synthetic and from natural sources. Thus, many peptide-based drugs are currently commercially available for the treatment of numerous ailments, such as hepatitis C, myeloma, skin infections, and diabetes. Initial barriers are being increasingly overcome with the development of cost-effective, more stable peptides. Herein, we review the available strategies for their synthesis, bioinformatics tools for the rational design of antimicrobial peptides with enhanced therapeutic indices, hurdles and shortcomings limiting the large-scale production of AMPs, as well as the challenges that the pharmaceutical industry faces on their use as therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Pinto da Costa
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, QOPNA, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
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225
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Abstract
The mammalian gastrointestinal tract is home to a dense community of resident bacteria and is also exposed to microorganisms from the external environment. The epithelial surface of the intestine plays a critical role in host protection by producing a diverse repertoire of antimicrobial proteins that directly kill or hinder the growth of microorganisms. Here we discuss the general principles that govern the mechanisms of action of epithelial antimicrobial proteins, regulation of antimicrobial protein expression and activity, and in vivo functions of intestinal antimicrobial proteins. We also consider how altered antimicrobial protein expression and function can contribute to disease and how these endogenous antibiotics might be harnessed for the benefit of human health.
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226
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KIYONO H, AZEGAMI T. The mucosal immune system: From dentistry to vaccine development. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2015; 91:423-39. [PMID: 26460320 PMCID: PMC4729857 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.91.423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The oral cavity is the beginning of the aero-digestive tract, which is covered by mucosal epithelium continuously under the threat of invasion of pathogens, it is thus protected by the mucosal immune system. In the early phase of our scientific efforts for the demonstration of mucosal immune system, dental science was one of major driving forces due to their foreseeability to use oral immunity for the control of oral diseases. The mucosal immune system is divided functionally into, but interconnected inductive and effector sites. Intestinal Peyer's patches (PPs) are an inductive site containing antigen-sampling M cells and immunocompetent cells required to initiate antigen-specific immune responses. At effector sites, PP-originated antigen-specific IgA B cells become plasma cells to produce polymeric IgA and form secretory IgA by binding to poly-Ig receptor expressed on epithelial cells for protective immunity. The development of new-generation mucosal vaccines, including the rice-based oral vaccine MucoRice, on the basis of the coordinated mucosal immune system is a promising strategy for the control of mucosal infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi KIYONO
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Correspondence should be addressed: H. Kiyono, Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan (e-mail: )
| | - Tatsuhiko AZEGAMI
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
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227
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Abou-Zied OK, Barbour A, Al-Sharji NA, Philip K. Elucidating the mechanism of peptide interaction with membranes using the intrinsic fluorescence of tryptophan: perpendicular penetration of cecropin B-like peptides into Pseudomonas aeruginosa. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra15246h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of peptide interaction with bacterial membranes can be studied effectively by using the intrinsic fluorescence of tryptophan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osama K. Abou-Zied
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Sultan Qaboos University
- Muscat
- Sultanate of Oman
| | - Abdelahhad Barbour
- Division of Microbiology
- Institute of Biological Sciences
- Faculty of Science
- University of Malaya
- 50603 Kuala Lumpur
| | - Nada A. Al-Sharji
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Sultan Qaboos University
- Muscat
- Sultanate of Oman
| | - Koshy Philip
- Division of Microbiology
- Institute of Biological Sciences
- Faculty of Science
- University of Malaya
- 50603 Kuala Lumpur
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228
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Zhu X, Ma Z, Wang J, Chou S, Shan A. Importance of Tryptophan in Transforming an Amphipathic Peptide into a Pseudomonas aeruginosa-Targeted Antimicrobial Peptide. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114605. [PMID: 25494332 PMCID: PMC4262413 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we found that simple substitution of amino acids in the middle position of the hydrophobic face of an amphipathic peptide RI16 with tryptophan (T9W) considerably transformed into an antimicrobial peptide specifically targeting Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) results demonstrated that T9W had a strong and specifically antimicrobial activity against P. aeruginosa, including antibiotic-resistant strains, but was not active against Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphyfococcus epidermidis. Fluorescent spectroscopic assays indicated that T9W interacted with the membrane of P. aeruginosa, depolarizing the outer and the inner membrane of bacterial cells. Salt susceptibility assay showed that T9W still maintained its strong anti-pseudomonas activity in the presence of salts at physiological concentrations, and in hemolytic and MTT assays T9W also showed no toxicity against human blood cells and macrophages. In vivo assay demonstrated that T9W also displayed no toxicity to Chinese Kun Ming (KM) mice. Furthermore, the strong antibiofilm activity was also observed with the peptide T9W, which decreased the percentage of biomass formation in a dose-dependent manner. Overall, these findings indicated that design of single-pathogen antimicrobial agents can be achieved by simple amino acid mutation in naturally occurring peptide sequences and this study suggested a model of optimization/design of anti-pseudomonas drugs in which the tryptophan residue was a conserved element.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhi Ma
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Jiajun Wang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Shuli Chou
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Anshan Shan
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- * E-mail:
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229
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The Design and Functional Characterization of the Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Activities of BMAP27-Melittin, a Rationally Designed Hybrid Peptide. Int J Pept Res Ther 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-014-9444-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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230
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Lee W, Lee DG. Fungicidal mechanisms of the antimicrobial peptide Bac8c. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2014; 1848:673-9. [PMID: 25434926 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2014.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Bac8c (RIWVIWRR-NH2) is an analogue peptide derived through complete substitution analysis of the linear bovine host defense peptide variant Bac2A. In the present study, the antifungal mechanism of Bac8c against pathogenic fungi was investigated, with a particular focus on the effects of Bac8c on the cytoplasmic membrane. We used bis-(1,3-dibutylbarbituric acid) trimethine oxonol [DiBAC4(3)] staining and 3,3'-dipropylthiacarbocyanine iodide [DiSC3(5)] assays to show that Bac8c induced disturbances in the membrane potential of Candida albicans. An increase in membrane permeability and suppression of cell wall regeneration were also observed in Bac8c-treated C. albicans. We studied the effects of Bac8c treatment on model membranes to elucidate its antifungal mechanism. Using calcein and FITC-labeled dextran leakage assays from Bac8c-treated large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs) and giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs), we found that Bac8c has a pore-forming action on fungal membranes, with an estimated pore radius of between 2.3 and 3.3 nm. A membrane-targeted mechanism of action was also supported by the observation of potassium release from the cytosol of Bac8c-treated C. albicans. These results indicate that Bac8c is considered as a potential candidate to develop a novel antimicrobial agent because of its low-cost production characteristics and high antimicrobial activity via its ability to induce membrane perturbations in fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonyoung Lee
- School of Life Sciences, BK 21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daehak-ro 80, Buk-gu, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Gun Lee
- School of Life Sciences, BK 21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daehak-ro 80, Buk-gu, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea.
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231
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Guo C, Huang Y, Cong P, Liu X, Chen Y, He Z. Cecropin P1 inhibits porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus by blocking attachment. BMC Microbiol 2014; 14:273. [PMID: 25403758 PMCID: PMC4243277 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-014-0273-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a continuous threat to the pig industry, causing high economic losses worldwide. Current vaccines have specific limitations in terms of their safety and efficacy, so the development of novel antiviral drugs is urgently required. The aim of this study was to evaluate the inhibitory effects and underlying molecular mechanisms of the antimicrobial peptide cecropin P1 (CP1) against PRRSV infection in vitro. Results CP1 not only displayed extracellular virucidal activity against PRRSV, but also exerted a potent inhibitory effect when added either before, simultaneously with, or after viral inoculation. The inhibitory effect of CP1 occurred during viral attachment, but not at viral entry into Marc-145 cells. CP1 also inhibited viral particle release and attenuated virus-induced apoptosis during the late phase of infection. CP1 exerted similar inhibitory effects against PRRSV infection in porcine alveolar macrophages, the cells targeted by the virus in vivo during its infection of pigs. The expression of interleukin 6 was elevated by CP1 in porcine alveolar macrophages, which might contribute to its inhibition of PRRSV infection. Conclusions Collectively, our findings provide a new direction for the development of potential therapeutic drugs against PRRSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhe Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, North Third road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, PR China.
| | - Yumao Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, PR China.
| | - Peiqing Cong
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, North Third road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, PR China.
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, North Third road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, PR China.
| | - Yaosheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, North Third road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, PR China.
| | - Zuyong He
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, North Third road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, PR China.
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232
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Abstract
Motivation: The increased prevalence of multi-drug resistant (MDR) pathogens heightens the need to design new antimicrobial agents. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) exhibit broad-spectrum potent activity against MDR pathogens and kills rapidly, thus giving rise to AMPs being recognized as a potential substitute for conventional antibiotics. Designing new AMPs using current in-silico approaches is, however, challenging due to the absence of suitable models, large number of design parameters, testing cycles, production time and cost. To date, AMPs have merely been categorized into families according to their primary sequences, structures and functions. The ability to computationally determine the properties that discriminate AMP families from each other could help in exploring the key characteristics of these families and facilitate the in-silico design of synthetic AMPs. Results: Here we studied 14 AMP families and sub-families. We selected a specific description of AMP amino acid sequence and identified compositional and physicochemical properties of amino acids that accurately distinguish each AMP family from all other AMPs with an average sensitivity, specificity and precision of 92.88%, 99.86% and 95.96%, respectively. Many of our identified discriminative properties have been shown to be compositional or functional characteristics of the corresponding AMP family in literature. We suggest that these properties could serve as guides for in-silico methods in design of novel synthetic AMPs. The methodology we developed is generic and has a potential to be applied for characterization of any protein family. Contact:vladimir.bajic@kaust.edu.sa Supplementary information:Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah M Khamis
- Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering (CEMSE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Magbubah Essack
- Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering (CEMSE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xin Gao
- Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering (CEMSE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Vladimir B Bajic
- Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering (CEMSE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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233
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Lee W, Lee DG. An antifungal mechanism of curcumin lies in membrane-targeted action withinCandida albicans. IUBMB Life 2014; 66:780-5. [DOI: 10.1002/iub.1326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wonyoung Lee
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University; Buk-Gu Daegu Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Gun Lee
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University; Buk-Gu Daegu Republic of Korea
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234
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The mucosal immune system for vaccine development. Vaccine 2014; 32:6711-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.08.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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235
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Wang Y, Chen J, Zheng X, Yang X, Ma P, Cai Y, Zhang B, Chen Y. Design of novel analogues of short antimicrobial peptide anoplin with improved antimicrobial activity. J Pept Sci 2014; 20:945-51. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.2705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- College of Agronomy; Gansu Agricultural University; Lanzhou 730000 China
| | - Jianbo Chen
- School of Life Sciences; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou 730000 China
| | - Xin Zheng
- School of Life Sciences; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou 730000 China
| | - Xiaoli Yang
- School of Life Sciences; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou 730000 China
| | - Panpan Ma
- School of Life Sciences; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou 730000 China
| | - Ying Cai
- Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University; Yantai 264100 China
| | - Bangzhi Zhang
- School of Life Sciences; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou 730000 China
| | - Yuan Chen
- College of Agronomy; Gansu Agricultural University; Lanzhou 730000 China
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236
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Chen C, Hu J, Zeng P, Chen Y, Xu H, Lu JR. High cell selectivity and low-level antibacterial resistance of designed amphiphilic peptide G(IIKK)(3)I-NH(2). ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:16529-16536. [PMID: 25210781 DOI: 10.1021/am504973d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
On the basis of cell cultures involving bacterial strains (Escherichia coli 5α and Bacillus subtilis 168) and a mammalian cell line (NIH 3T3), the potent antibacterial activity and distinct selectivity from designed amphiphilic peptides G(IIKK)nI-NH2 (n = 2-4) have been demonstrated. This work extends these studies to multidrug resistant pathogens (ESBL-producing E. coli) and primary human cells (HDFa), followed by the in vivo mouse model investigation of ESBL-producing bacterial infection. G(IIKK)3I-NH2 exhibits high antibacterial activity against the pathogenic strain both in vitro and in vivo while displaying low toxicity toward the primary cells and the mice. Peptide molecules can kill bacteria by selectively interacting with bacterial membranes, causing structural disruptions. Furthermore, multidrug resistant ESBL-producing bacteria do not develop resistance after multiple treatments with G(IIKK)3I-NH2. The high cellular selectivity, low toxicity toward mammalian hosts and noninducing bacterial resistance indicate great potential for developing the peptides as anti-infection agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuixia Chen
- Centre for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, China University of Petroleum (East China) , 66 Changjiang West Road, Qingdao 266580, China
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237
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Roversi D, Luca V, Aureli S, Park Y, Mangoni ML, Stella L. How many antimicrobial peptide molecules kill a bacterium? The case of PMAP-23. ACS Chem Biol 2014; 9:2003-7. [PMID: 25058470 DOI: 10.1021/cb500426r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) kill bacteria mainly through the perturbation of their membranes and are promising compounds to fight drug resistance. Models of the mechanism of AMPs-induced membrane perturbation were developed based on experiments in liposomes, but their relevance for bacterial killing is debated. We determined the association of an analogue of the AMP PMAP-23 to Escherichia coli cells, under the same experimental conditions used to measure bactericidal activity. Killing took place only when bound peptides completely saturated bacterial membranes (10(6)-10(7) bound peptides per cell), indicating that the "carpet" model for the perturbation of artificial bilayers is representative of what happens in real bacteria. This finding supports the view that, at least for this peptide, a microbicidal mechanism is possible in vivo only at micromolar total peptide concentrations. We also showed that, notwithstanding their simplicity, liposomes represent a reliable model to characterize AMPs partition in bacterial membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Roversi
- Department
of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Luca
- Department
of Biochemical Sciences “A. Rossi Fanelli”, Istituto
Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza Rome University, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Simone Aureli
- Department
of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Yoonkyung Park
- Department
of Biotechnology, Chosun University, 501-759 Gwangju, Korea
| | - Maria Luisa Mangoni
- Department
of Biochemical Sciences “A. Rossi Fanelli”, Istituto
Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza Rome University, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Stella
- Department
of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
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238
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Méndez-Samperio P. Peptidomimetics as a new generation of antimicrobial agents: current progress. Infect Drug Resist 2014; 7:229-37. [PMID: 25210467 PMCID: PMC4155802 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s49229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is an increasing public health concern around the world. Rapid increase in the emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria has been the target of extensive research efforts to develop a novel class of antibiotics. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are small cationic amphiphilic peptides, which play an important role in the defense against bacterial infections through disruption of their membranes. They have been regarded as a potential source of future antibiotics, owing to a remarkable set of advantageous properties such as broad-spectrum activity, and they do not readily induce drug-resistance. However, AMPs have some intrinsic drawbacks, such as susceptibility to enzymatic degradation, toxicity, and high production cost. Currently, a new class of AMPs termed “peptidomimetics” have been developed, which can mimic the bactericidal mechanism of AMPs, while being stable to enzymatic degradation and displaying potent activity against multidrug-resistant bacteria. This review will focus on current findings of antimicrobial peptidomimetics. The potential future directions in the development of more potent analogs of peptidomimetics as a new generation of antimicrobial agents are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Méndez-Samperio
- Department of Immunology, National School of Biological Sciences, National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico City, Mexico
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239
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Symbiotic plant peptides eliminate Candida albicans both in vitro and in an epithelial infection model and inhibit the proliferation of immortalized human cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:320796. [PMID: 25243129 PMCID: PMC4163382 DOI: 10.1155/2014/320796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The increasing number of multidrug-resistant microbes now emerging necessitates the identification of novel antimicrobial agents. Plants produce a great variety of antimicrobial peptides including hundreds of small, nodule-specific cysteine-rich NCR peptides that, in the legume Medicago truncatula, govern the differentiation of endosymbiotic nitrogen fixing bacteria and, in vitro, can display potent antibacterial activities. In this study, the potential candidacidal activity of 19 NCR peptides was investigated. Cationic NCR peptides having an isoelectric point above 9 were efficient in killing Candida albicans, one of the most common fungal pathogens of humans. None of the tested NCR peptides were toxic for immortalized human epithelial cells at concentrations that effectively killed the fungus; however, at higher concentrations, some of them inhibited the division of the cells. Furthermore, the cationic peptides successfully inhibited C. albicans induced human epithelial cell death in an in vitro coculture model. These results highlight the therapeutic potential of cationic NCR peptides in the treatment of candidiasis.
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240
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Li W, Tailhades J, O'Brien-Simpson NM, Separovic F, Otvos L, Hossain MA, Wade JD. Proline-rich antimicrobial peptides: potential therapeutics against antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Amino Acids 2014; 46:2287-94. [PMID: 25141976 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-014-1820-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The increasing resistance of pathogens to antibiotics causes a huge clinical burden that places great demands on academic researchers and the pharmaceutical industry for resolution. Antimicrobial peptides, part of native host defense, have emerged as novel potential antibiotic alternatives. Among the different classes of antimicrobial peptides, proline-rich antimicrobial peptides, predominantly sourced from insects, have been extensively investigated to study their specific modes of action. In this review, we focus on recent developments in these peptides. They show a variety of modes of actions, including mechanism shift at high concentration, non-lytic mechanisms, as well as possessing different intracellular targets and lipopolysaccharide binding activity. Furthermore, proline-rich antimicrobial peptides display the ability to not only modulate the immune system via cytokine activity or angiogenesis but also possess properties of penetrating cell membranes and crossing the blood brain barrier suggesting a role as potential novel carriers. Ongoing studies of these peptides will likely lead to the development of more potent antimicrobial peptides that may serve as important additions to the armoury of agents against bacterial infection and drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyi Li
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
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241
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Cationic amphipathic D-enantiomeric antimicrobial peptides with in vitro and ex vivo activity against drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2014; 94:678-89. [PMID: 25154927 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is the leading cause of bacterial death worldwide. Due to the emergence of multi-drug resistant TB (MDR-TB) and extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB), and the persistence of latent infections, a safe and effective TB therapy is highly sought after. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have therapeutic potential against infectious diseases and have the ability to target microbial pathogens within eukaryotic cells. In the present study, we investigated the activity of a family of six AMPs containing all-D amino acids (D-LAK peptides) against MDR and XDR clinical strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) both in vitro and, using THP-1 cells as a macrophage model, cultured ex vivo. All the D-LAK peptides successfully inhibited the growth of Mtb in vitro and were similarly effective against MDR and XDR strains. D-LAK peptides effectively broke down the heavy clumping of mycobacteria in broth culture, consistent with a 'detergent-like effect' that could reduce the hydrophobic interactions between the highly lipidic cell walls of the mycobacteria, preventing bacteria cell aggregation. Furthermore, though not able to eradicate the intracellular mycobacteria, D-LAK peptides substantially inhibited the intracellular growth of drug-resistant Mtb clinical isolates at concentrations that were well tolerated by THP-1 cells. Finally, combining D-LAK peptide with isoniazid could enhance the anti-TB efficacy. D-LAK peptide, particularly D-LAK120-A, was effective as an adjunct agent at non-toxic concentration to potentiate the efficacy of isoniazid against drug-resistant Mtb in vitro, possibly by facilitating the access of isoniazid into the mycobacteria by increasing the surface permeability of the pathogen.
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242
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Münch J, Ständker L, Forssmann WG, Kirchhoff F. Discovery of modulators of HIV-1 infection from the human peptidome. Nat Rev Microbiol 2014; 12:715-22. [PMID: 25110191 PMCID: PMC7097597 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro3312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Kirchhoff and colleagues discuss the discovery of novel antimicrobial peptides by systematic screening of complex peptide and protein libraries that have been derived from human bodily fluids and tissues, with a focus on the isolation of endogenous agents that affect HIV-1 infection. Almost all human proteins are subject to proteolytic degradation, which produces a broad range of peptides that have highly specific and sometimes unexpected functions. Peptide libraries that have been generated from human bodily fluids or tissues are a rich but mostly unexplored source of bioactive compounds that could be used to develop antimicrobial and immunomodulatory therapeutic agents. In this Innovation article, we describe the discovery, optimization and application of endogenous bioactive peptides from human-derived peptide libraries, with a particular focus on the isolation of endogenous inhibitors and promoters of HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Münch
- 1] Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany. [2] Ulm Peptide Pharmaceuticals, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Ludger Ständker
- 1] Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany. [2] Ulm Peptide Pharmaceuticals, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Wolf-Georg Forssmann
- 1] Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany. [2] Pharis Biotec GmbH, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- 1] Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany. [2] Ulm Peptide Pharmaceuticals, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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243
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Wang J, Li Y, Wang X, Chen W, Sun H, Wang J. Lipopolysaccharide induces amyloid formation of antimicrobial peptide HAL-2. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2014; 1838:2910-8. [PMID: 25109934 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2014.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the important component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, contributes to the integrity of the outer membrane and protects the cell against bactericidal agents, including antimicrobial peptides. However, the mechanisms of interaction between antimicrobial peptides and LPS are not clearly understood. Halictines-2 (HAL-2), one of the novel antimicrobial peptides, was isolated from the venom of the eusocial bee Halictus sexcinctus. HAL-2 has exhibited potent antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and even against cancer cells. Here, we studied the interactions between HAL-2 and LPS to elucidate the antibacterial mechanism of HAL-2 in vitro. Our results show that HAL-2 adopts a significant degree of β-strand structure in the presence of LPS. LPS is capable of inducing HAL-2 amyloid formation, which may play a vital role in its antimicrobial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarong Wang
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Science, Hefei, Anhui 230031, PR China
| | - Yan Li
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Science, Hefei, Anhui 230031, PR China
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Science, Hefei, Anhui 230031, PR China
| | - Wei Chen
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Science, Hefei, Anhui 230031, PR China
| | - Hongbin Sun
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Science, Hefei, Anhui 230031, PR China.
| | - Junfeng Wang
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Science, Hefei, Anhui 230031, PR China.
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244
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Sikorska E, Dawgul M, Greber K, Iłowska E, Pogorzelska A, Kamysz W. Self-assembly and interactions of short antimicrobial cationic lipopeptides with membrane lipids: ITC, FTIR and molecular dynamics studies. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2014; 1838:2625-34. [PMID: 24978107 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2014.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the self-organization and the behavior of the surfactant-like peptides in the presence of biological membrane models were studied. The studies were focused on synthetic palmitic acid-containing lipopeptides, C16-KK-NH2 (I), C16-KGK-NH2 (II) and C16-KKKK-NH2 (III). The self-assembly was explored by molecular dynamics simulations using a coarse-grained force field. The critical micellar concentration was estimated by the surface tension measurements. The thermodynamics of the peptides binding to the anionic and zwitterionic lipids were established using isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). The influence of the peptides on the lipid acyl chain ordering was determined using FTIR spectroscopy. The compounds studied show surface-active properties with a distinct CMC over the millimolar range. An increase in the steric and electrostatic repulsion between polar head groups shifts the CMC toward higher values and reduces the aggregation number. An analysis of the peptide-membrane binding revealed a unique interplay between the initial electrostatic and the subsequent hydrophobic interactions enabling the lipopeptides to interact with the lipid bilayer. In the case of C16-KKKK-NH2 (III), compensation of the electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions upon binding to the anionic membrane has been suggested and consequently no overall binding effects were noticed in ITC thermograms and FTIR spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Sikorska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Dawgul
- Faculty of Pharmacy with Subfaculty of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Greber
- Faculty of Pharmacy with Subfaculty of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Emilia Iłowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Aneta Pogorzelska
- Faculty of Pharmacy with Subfaculty of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Wojciech Kamysz
- Faculty of Pharmacy with Subfaculty of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland
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245
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Bundó M, Montesinos L, Izquierdo E, Campo S, Mieulet D, Guiderdoni E, Rossignol M, Badosa E, Montesinos E, San Segundo B, Coca M. Production of cecropin A antimicrobial peptide in rice seed endosperm. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:102. [PMID: 24755305 PMCID: PMC4032361 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-14-102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cecropin A is a natural antimicrobial peptide that exhibits rapid, potent and long-lasting lytic activity against a broad spectrum of pathogens, thus having great biotechnological potential. Here, we report a system for producing bioactive cecropin A in rice seeds. RESULTS Transgenic rice plants expressing a codon-optimized synthetic cecropin A gene drived by an endosperm-specific promoter, either the glutelin B1 or glutelin B4 promoter, were generated. The signal peptide sequence from either the glutelin B1 or the glutelin B4 were N-terminally fused to the coding sequence of the cecropin A. We also studied whether the presence of the KDEL endoplasmic reticulum retention signal at the C-terminal has an effect on cecropin A subcellular localization and accumulation. The transgenic rice plants showed stable transgene integration and inheritance. We show that cecropin A accumulates in protein storage bodies in the rice endosperm, particularly in type II protein bodies, supporting that the glutelin N-terminal signal peptides play a crucial role in directing the cecropin A to this organelle, independently of being tagged with the KDEL endoplasmic reticulum retention signal. The production of cecropin A in transgenic rice seeds did not affect seed viability or seedling growth. Furthermore, transgenic cecropin A seeds exhibited resistance to infection by fungal and bacterial pathogens (Fusarium verticillioides and Dickeya dadantii, respectively) indicating that the in planta-produced cecropin A is biologically active. CONCLUSIONS Rice seeds can sustain bioactive cecropin A production and accumulation in protein bodies. The system might benefit the production of this antimicrobial agent for subsequent applications in crop protection and food preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireia Bundó
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB. Edifici CRAG, Campus de la UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Montesinos
- Institute of Food and Agricultural Technology-CIDSAV-XaRTA, University of Girona, Girona 17071, Spain
| | - Esther Izquierdo
- Mass Spectrometry Proteomics Platform-MSPP, Laboratoire de Protéomique Fonctionnelle, INRA, Cedex 1, Montpellier 34060, France
| | - Sonia Campo
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB. Edifici CRAG, Campus de la UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Delphine Mieulet
- CIRAD, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, UMR AGAP, Genetic Improvement and Adaptation of Mediterranean and Tropical Plants, Cedex 5, Montpellier 34398, France
| | - Emmanuel Guiderdoni
- CIRAD, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, UMR AGAP, Genetic Improvement and Adaptation of Mediterranean and Tropical Plants, Cedex 5, Montpellier 34398, France
| | - Michel Rossignol
- Mass Spectrometry Proteomics Platform-MSPP, Laboratoire de Protéomique Fonctionnelle, INRA, Cedex 1, Montpellier 34060, France
| | - Esther Badosa
- Institute of Food and Agricultural Technology-CIDSAV-XaRTA, University of Girona, Girona 17071, Spain
| | - Emilio Montesinos
- Institute of Food and Agricultural Technology-CIDSAV-XaRTA, University of Girona, Girona 17071, Spain
| | - Blanca San Segundo
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB. Edifici CRAG, Campus de la UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Coca
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB. Edifici CRAG, Campus de la UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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246
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Wang XJ, Wang XM, Teng D, Zhang Y, Mao RY, Wang JH. Recombinant production of the antimicrobial peptide NZ17074 in Pichia pastoris using SUMO3 as a fusion partner. Lett Appl Microbiol 2014; 59:71-8. [PMID: 24617894 DOI: 10.1111/lam.12246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2013] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The antimicrobial peptide NZ17074, which is derived from arenicin-3 isolated from Arenicola marina, displayed high activity against a broad range of pathogenic bacteria and fungi. However, NZ17074 has not been produced using fermentation technology. The aim of this work was to study the expression of difficult-to-express NZ17074 in Pichia pastoris by fusing with SUMO3. The DNA fragments of NZ17074 and SUMO3 were fused into SUMO3-NZ17074 using overlap PCR and cloned into the pPICZαA vector to construct the pPICZ-SUMO3-NZ17074 expression vector. The rSUMO3-NZ17074 fusion protein, purified by Ni(2) (+) -chelating affinity chromatography, was cleaved by 50% formic acid at 50°C for 28 h to release recombinant NZ17074 (rNZ17074). After purification with second affinity column, 4·1 mg rNZ17074 peptide with the purity over 90% was obtained from per litre fermentation culture. The rNZ17074 peptide exhibited the significant inhibition activity against Gram-negative bacteria: its minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) against Escherichia coli, Salmonella enteritidis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were 2-4, 2 and 8-16 μg ml(-1) , respectively, which indicated that SUMO3 is a good fusion partner for the expression of the toxic peptide. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Recombinant active NZ17074 was produced with Pichia pastoris by using high-density fermentation technology for the first time. Our findings demonstrated the usefulness of SUMO-fusion technology as an effective expression strategy for synthesizing peptides in yeast. This SUMO3 expression system with a lower cost would likely be widely used for the production of other cytotoxic proteins including antimicrobial peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- X J Wang
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China; Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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247
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Ma Q, Jiao W, Wang Z, Wu C, Shan A, Wang Y, Cai J. Tissue specificity and species superiority of cathelicidin gene expression in Chinese indigenous Min pigs. Livest Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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248
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Wan M, van der Does AM, Tang X, Lindbom L, Agerberth B, Haeggström JZ. Antimicrobial peptide LL-37 promotes bacterial phagocytosis by human macrophages. J Leukoc Biol 2014; 95:971-81. [PMID: 24550523 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0513304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
LL-37/hCAP-18 is the only human member of the cathelicidin family and plays an important role in killing various pathogens, as well as in immune modulation. In this study, we investigated the effect of LL-37 on bacterial phagocytosis by macrophages and demonstrate that LL-37 enhances phagocytosis of IgG-opsonized Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria in a dose- and time-dependent manner by dTHP-1 cells. In addition, LL-37 enhanced phagocytosis of nonopsonized Escherichia coli by human macrophages. Consistently, LL-37 elevated the expression of FcγRs on macrophages but not the complement receptors CD11b and -c. Further studies revealed that the expression of TLR4 and CD14 is also increased on LL-37-treated macrophages. Several lines of evidence indicated that the FPR2/ALX receptor mediated LL-37-induced phagocytosis. However, TLR4 signaling was also coupled to the phagocytic response, as a specific TLR4 antibody significantly suppressed phagocytosis of IgG-opsonized E. coli and nonopsonized E. coli by dTHP-1 cells. Finally, macrophages from Cnlp(-/-) mice exhibited diminished bacterial phagocytosis compared with macrophages from their WT littermates. In conclusion, we demonstrate a novel, immune-modulatory mechanism of LL-37, which may contribute to bacterial clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wan
- Departments of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Physiological Chemistry 2, and
| | | | - Xiao Tang
- Departments of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Physiological Chemistry 2, and
| | - Lennart Lindbom
- Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Birgitta Agerberth
- Departments of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Physiological Chemistry 2, and
| | - Jesper Z Haeggström
- Departments of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Physiological Chemistry 2, and
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249
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Resurrecting inactive antimicrobial peptides from the lipopolysaccharide trap. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 58:1987-96. [PMID: 24419338 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02321-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Host defense antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a promising source of antibiotics for the treatment of multiple-drug-resistant pathogens. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the major component of the outer leaflet of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, functions as a permeability barrier against a variety of molecules, including AMPs. Further, LPS or endotoxin is the causative agent of sepsis killing 100,000 people per year in the United States alone. LPS can restrict the activity of AMPs inducing aggregations at the outer membrane, as observed for frog AMPs, temporins, and also in model AMPs. Aggregated AMPs, "trapped" by the outer membrane, are unable to traverse the cell wall, causing their inactivation. In this work, we show that these inactive AMPs can overcome LPS-induced aggregations while conjugated with a short LPS binding β-boomerang peptide motif and become highly bactericidal. The generated hybrid peptides exhibit activity against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria in high-salt conditions and detoxify endotoxin. Structural and biophysical studies establish the mechanism of action of these peptides in LPS outer membrane. Most importantly, this study provides a new concept for the development of a potent broad-spectrum antibiotic with efficient outer membrane disruption as the mode of action.
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250
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Bassetti M, Ginocchio F, Mikulska M, Taramasso L, Giacobbe DR. Will new antimicrobials overcome resistance among Gram-negatives? Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2014; 9:909-22. [DOI: 10.1586/eri.11.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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