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Rašić D, Želježić D, Kopjar N, Kifer D, Klarić MŠ, Peraica M. DNA damage in rat kidneys and liver upon subchronic exposure to single and combined ochratoxin A and citrinin. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2019. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2018.2399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The study aimed to check whether ochratoxin A (OTA) and citrinin (CIT) increase DNA damage in the kidney and liver of male Wistar rats (alkaline comet assay), clarify the oxidative nature of DNA damage (hOGG1-modified comet assay), and verify whether resveratrol (RSV) could ameliorate OTA+CIT-induced genotoxicity. Rats were treated orally with OTA (0.125 and 0.250 mg/kg bodyweight (bw)) and CIT (2 mg/kg bw), OTA+CIT combinations and OTA+CIT+RSV (0.250+2+20 mg/kg bw) for 21 days. Both alkaline and hOGG1-modified comet assay showed that DNA damage was more severe in rat kidneys than in liver following mycotoxin treatment. Alkaline comet assay revealed a higher intensity of DNA damage, particularly as measured by tail intensity in the kidneys. Both tail length and tail intensity were OTA dose-dependent, but in combined OTA+CIT treatment these values were similar to CIT alone and lower than in animals treated with single OTA, possibly due to induction of apoptosis. hOGG1-modified comet showed that OTA+CIT evoked greater oxidative DNA damage than single mycotoxins. RSV did not reduce DNA damage measured by alkaline comet assay, but hOGG1-modified comet showed that RSV ameliorated OTA+CIT genotoxicity in the kidneys. Apart from oxidative stress, other mechanisms of DNA damage are involved in OTA and CIT genotoxicity. In rat kidneys RSV can reduce but not overcome oxidative DNA damage induced by combined OTA and CIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Rašić
- Toxicology Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - D. Želježić
- Mutagenesis Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - N. Kopjar
- Mutagenesis Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - D. Kifer
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, A. Kovačića 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - M. Šegvić Klarić
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Schrottova 39, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - M. Peraica
- Toxicology Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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202
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Spanic V, Zdunic Z, Drezner G, Sarkanj B. The Pressure of Fusarium Disease and Its Relation with Mycotoxins in The Wheat Grain and Malt. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11040198. [PMID: 30987012 PMCID: PMC6521280 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11040198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium head blight (FHB) is one of the most destructive wheat fungal diseases, causing yield loss, quality reduction, and accumulation of mycotoxins. The aim of this research was to summarize the occurrence of major Fusarium mycotoxins: deoxynivalenol (DON), 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-AcDON), nivalenol (NIV), and zearalenone (ZEN) in two consecutive years to search the relationship between disease incidence and severity with mycotoxins found in control and inoculated grains and corresponding malt. In addition, deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside (D3G) in one-year research was measured. Tested wheat varieties showed infection scores of 3% (‘U1’ and ‘Sirban Prolifik’) to 79% (‘Golubica’) for Type I resistance evaluation. There were few moderately resistant varieties in view of their areas under the disease progress curve, which can be considered Type III resistance (‘Sirban Prolifik’ and ‘U1’). According to the data quantified by LC–MS/MS, DON decreased in infected malt in comparison to corresponding grain, while ZEN occurred only in infected malt samples. Both 3-AcDON and NIV increased in inoculated malt in comparison to corresponding grain, due to a combination of plant metabolism and de novo synthesis by molds during malting. Based on the results, we can draw a few conclusions: the resistance to Fusarium decreased quantified concentrations of DON; ZEN gets synthetized during malting; unregulated 3-AcDON and NIV increase during malting; more resistant varieties have converted DON to D3G more successfully. Modified mycotoxins should be also included to legislation, since they could be transformed back to the corresponding mycotoxins under food processing conditions or during digestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Spanic
- Agricultural Institute Osijek, Juzno predgradje 17, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia.
| | - Zvonimir Zdunic
- Agricultural Institute Osijek, Juzno predgradje 17, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia.
| | - Georg Drezner
- Agricultural Institute Osijek, Juzno predgradje 17, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia.
| | - Bojan Sarkanj
- Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Franje Kuhača 20, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia.
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203
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Ji J, Wang Q, Wu H, Xia S, Guo H, Blaženović I, Zhang Y, Sun X. Insights into cellular metabolic pathways of the combined toxicity responses of Caco-2 cells exposed to deoxynivalenol, zearalenone and Aflatoxin B1. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 126:106-112. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.12.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 12/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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204
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Shi H, Schwab W, Yu P. Natural Occurrence and Co-Contamination of Twelve Mycotoxins in Industry-Submitted Cool-Season Cereal Grains Grown under a Low Heat Unit Climate Condition. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E160. [PMID: 30871204 PMCID: PMC6468805 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11030160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to evaluate the prevalence of mycotoxins in industry-submitted cool-season barley and wheat grown under low heat unit climate conditions. Seventy-two barley samples and 83 wheat samples were submitted by producers and industry from May 2016 to May 2017. The concentrations of twelve common mycotoxins, including nivalenol (NIV), deoxynivalenol (DON), 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-ADON), 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-ADON), ochratoxin A (OTA), zearalenone (ZEN), α-zearalenol (α-ZAL), β-zearalenol (β-ZAL), diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), T-2 toxin (T-2), HT-2 toxin (HT-2), and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), were determined using the liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry method. Mycotoxins were detected in 40 barley (56%) and 35 wheat (42%) samples submitted by producers and industry. DON showed the highest incidence in barley (44%) and wheat (33%). None of the barley samples contained detectable DAS and no wheat samples tested positive for α-ZAL, DAS, T-2, or AFB1. Co-occurrence of DON and other mycotoxins was frequently observed. Among the mycotoxin-positive samples, 70% of barley samples and 54% of wheat samples were co-contaminated with at least two mycotoxins. Four barley (6%) and five wheat (6%) samples contained levels of DON above 1000 μg/kg (regulatory level in diets for lactating dairy animals) and HT-2 content in five barley (7%) and four wheat (5%) samples exceeded 100 μg/kg (regulatory level in diets for cattle and poultry). Overall, contamination of these mycotoxins was more frequent and more severe in barley in comparison with wheat that was submitted by producers and industry. Comprehensive strategies, including the prevention of Fusarium toxins contamination, the routine monitoring of their prevalence, the detoxification of them in feed and food, as well as the inhibition of their absorption in the gastrointestinal tract, are highly required. A rapid detection method needs to be developed to screen mycotoxins in industry-submitted cool-season cereal grains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Shi
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, 6D10 Agriculture Building, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada.
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Conservation & Utilization of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resources, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China.
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Guangdong 528000, China.
| | - Warren Schwab
- Prairie Diagnostic Services, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada.
| | - Peiqiang Yu
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, 6D10 Agriculture Building, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada.
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205
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Pleadin J, Frece J, Markov K. Mycotoxins in food and feed. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2019; 89:297-345. [PMID: 31351529 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxins represent secondary fungal metabolites not essential to the normal growth and reproduction of a fungus, but capable of causing biochemical, physiological and pathological changes in many species. Harmful effects of mycotoxins observed in humans and animals include carcinogenicity, teratogenicity, immune toxicity, neurotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, reproductive and developmental toxicity, indigestion and so forth. These substances can be found in a variety of very important agricultural and food products, primarily dependent of product moisture content, and its water activity, relative air humidity, temperature, pH value, composition of the food matrix, the degree of its physical damage, and the presence of mold spores. Given that industrial processing has no significant effect on their reduction and in order to be able to vouch for the absence of mycotoxins, it is necessary to process foodstuffs under standardized and well-controlled conditions and to control each and every loop of the food production and storage chain. Preventative measures capable of reducing the contamination to the minimum must be in place and should be exercised by all means. In case that contamination does happen, methods for mycotoxin reduction or elimination should be implemented in dependence on a number of parameters such as properties of food or feed. Further research is needed in order to identify conditions that facilitate the growth of mycotoxin-producing fungi and develop effective preventative measures that can reduce contamination of food and feed as also to recognize possible synergistic effects of different mycotoxins in organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelka Pleadin
- Croatian Veterinary Institute, Laboratory for Analytical Chemistry, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Jadranka Frece
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ksenija Markov
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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206
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Zhang TY, Sun XF, Li L, Ma JM, Zhang RQ, Li N, Liu XL, Dyce PW, Shen W. Ochratoxin A Exposure Impairs Porcine Granulosa Cell Growth via the PI3K/AKT Signaling Pathway. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:2679-2690. [PMID: 30650308 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b06361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The mycotoxin ochratoxin A (OTA), a naturally occurring food contaminant, has a toxic effect on the growth and development of follicles in pigs. However, little is known regarding the specific toxic effects of OTA exposure on oocytes and granulosa cells (GCs). In this study, we cultured porcine ovarian GCs and exposed them to OTA in vitro in order to explore the mechanism causing the negative effects. Initially, it was found that OTA exposure inhibited cell viability in a time and dose dependent manner. We also showed that OTA exposure increased oxidative stress, decreased proliferation ratio, and increased apoptosis ratio in GCs. We revealed an important role for the PI3K/AKT signal pathway in GC proliferation and apoptosis by RNA-seq analysis. The results not only showed that OTA treatment significantly affected the expression of genes within the PI3K/AKT pathway but also demonstrated a concrete relationship between the PI3K/AKT pathway and GC cell proliferation and apoptosis. In conclusion, the results demonstrated that OTA exposure impaired porcine GC growth via the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Yu Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology , Qingdao Agricultural University , Qingdao 266109 , China
| | - Xiao-Feng Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Institute of Reproductive Sciences , Qingdao Agricultural University , Qingdao 266109 , China
| | - Lan Li
- College of Life Sciences, Institute of Reproductive Sciences , Qingdao Agricultural University , Qingdao 266109 , China
| | - Jin-Mei Ma
- Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Station of Penglai City , Yantai 265600 , China
| | - Rui-Qian Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology , Qingdao Agricultural University , Qingdao 266109 , China
| | - Na Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology , Qingdao Agricultural University , Qingdao 266109 , China
| | - Xue-Lian Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology , Qingdao Agricultural University , Qingdao 266109 , China
| | - Paul W Dyce
- Department of Animal Sciences , Auburn University , Auburn , Alabama 36849 , United States
| | - Wei Shen
- College of Life Sciences, Institute of Reproductive Sciences , Qingdao Agricultural University , Qingdao 266109 , China
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207
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Aupanun S, Phuektes P, Poapolathep S, Alassane-Kpembi I, Oswald IP, Poapolathep A. Individual and combined cytotoxicity of major trichothecenes type B, deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, and fusarenon-X on Jurkat human T cells. Toxicon 2019; 160:29-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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208
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209
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Prapapanpong J, Udomkusonsri P, Mahavorasirikul W, Choochuay S, Tansakul N. In vitro studies on gastrointestinal monogastric and avian models to evaluate the binding efficacy of mycotoxin adsorbents by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 6:125-132. [PMID: 31453181 PMCID: PMC6702928 DOI: 10.5455/javar.2019.f322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is evaluating the efficacies of 11 mycotoxin adsorbent products, marketed in South East Asia. Three prominently occurring mycotoxins; aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), deoxynivalenol (DON), and zearalenone (ZEN) were simultaneously spiked into the samples. MATERIALS AND METHODS Samples were simultaneously tested in vitro in phosphate buffer and simulated at different pH conditions in the gastrointestinal tracts of the porcine and avian model, analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). RESULTS All mycotoxin adsorbent products had high efficacy at over 90% for AFB1 adsorption in both GI porcine and avian models. AFB1 could be adsorbed more in acidic condition than the basic condition. ZEN adsorption was determined to be more stable at pH 3 than pH 6.5 or 8.4, in which pH condition might influence on ZEN desorption rate. DON was poorly adsorbed by all tested agents. CONCLUSIONS The finding showed that the adsorption rate varied depending on the type of adsorbent. Our results might provide useful information regarding the efficacy of mycotoxin adsorbents commercially marketed in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jutamas Prapapanpong
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pareeya Udomkusonsri
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wiratchanee Mahavorasirikul
- Drug Discovery and Development Center, Office of Advanced Science and Technology,Thammasat University, Pathumthani 12121, Thailand
| | - Sasiprapa Choochuay
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Natthasit Tansakul
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
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210
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Fossil Shell Flour in Livestock Production: A Review. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9030070. [PMID: 30813550 PMCID: PMC6466221 DOI: 10.3390/ani9030070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Fossil shell flour (FSF), also known as Diatomaceous earth, or diatomite, consists of amorphous silicates with important physical and chemical characteristics, including porosity and permeability, low density and thermal conductivity, tiny particle size, high surface area, solubility, hydrophobia, and absorption capabilities, which are molecular filter actors, substituting their integral cations without physical changes. The substance is nontoxic, cheap, and readily available in large quantity in many countries. Recently, FSF has been modified as additives for several uses. Recent studies have supported its use as animal growth promoter, vaccine adjuvant in livestock, water purifier, mycotoxin binder, inert dust applications in stored-pest management, pesticide, animal feed additive, as a natural source of silicon in livestock and as natural anthelmintic. Numerous advantages of FSF include its low-cost and availability, its nontoxic characteristics, and the fact that food grade diatomaceous earth is safe for human consumption. In this paper, we review the main uses of FSF in the livestock industry, with reference to similar works earlier published that elucidate their important roles.
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211
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Wang G, Xi Y, Lian C, Sun Z, Zheng S. Simultaneous detoxification of polar aflatoxin B 1 and weak polar zearalenone from simulated gastrointestinal tract by zwitterionic montmorillonites. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 364:227-237. [PMID: 30368060 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.09.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The current research focuses on the development of novel mycotoxins adsorbents using zwitterionic surfactants modified montmorillonites (ZMts) for simultaneous removal of highly health-hazardous polar aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and low polar zearalenone (ZER). Two types of ZMts including dodecyl dimethyl betaine (BS-12) and lauramidopropyl betaine (LAB-35) modified montmorillonites (BS-12/Mts and LAB-35/Mts) were fabricated, and the structural, interfacial and textural features of which were explored by different techniques. It is indicated that ZMts have different structural configurations based on the surfactant type and loadings, convert from hydrophilic to hydrophobic property, with a mesoporous network inherited from Mt. The resultant adsorbents show significant improvements on the detoxification efficiency of both AFB1 and ZER. pH has little effect on the adsorption of ZMts, suggesting no desorption happens. The adsorption mechanisms of raw Mt, BS-12/Mts and LAB-35/Mts to AFB1 and ZER were proposed based on the characterizations and adsorption isotherms. This study demonstrates that ZMts possess simultaneous detoxification functions to mycotoxins with different polarities, and provides new insights into development of versatile mycotoxins adsorbents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaofeng Wang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China; School of Earth, Environmental and Biological Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Yunfei Xi
- School of Earth, Environmental and Biological Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Chi Lian
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Zhiming Sun
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Shuilin Zheng
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China.
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212
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Tolosa J, Rodríguez-Carrasco Y, Ferrer E, Mañes J. Identification and Quantification of Enniatins and Beauvericin in Animal Feeds and Their Ingredients by LC-QTRAP/MS/MS. Metabolites 2019; 9:metabo9020033. [PMID: 30781843 PMCID: PMC6409939 DOI: 10.3390/metabo9020033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging fusariotoxins, mainly enniatins (ENNs) and beauvericin (BEA), are secondary toxic metabolites produced by Fusarium spp. and are widely distributed contaminants of cereals and by-products. Mycotoxin contamination in these products supposes an important risk to feed supply security in the feed industry due to the common use of cereals in feed formulations. Hence, continuous monitoring of both raw materials and feed mixtures is highly recommended as stated by sanitary authorities. Therefore, an analytical procedure based on liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry and an acetonitrile-based extraction followed by a d-SPE (QuEChERS) step for the simultaneous determination of emerging Fusarium mycotoxins was in-house validated and successfully applied to raw materials (n = 39) and feed manufactured with them (n = 48). The analytical method was validated following the European guidelines and satisfactory results were obtained. Both raw materials and complete feedstuffs showed mycotoxin contamination at incidences of 18% and 92%, respectively. ENN B was the most commonly found mycotoxin in the analyzed samples at concentrations up to several tens of µg/kg. On the other hand, the co-occurrence of mycotoxins was observed in 47% of samples, ENN B and BEA being the most common combination. These results highlight the necessity to take a vigilant attitude to monitor the occurrence of contaminants in raw materials and feedstuffs throughout the manufacturing chain and storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefa Tolosa
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Valencia, Av/ Vicent A. Estellés, s/n, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain.
- ProtoQSAR, CEEI, Avda. Benjamin Franklin 12, Desp. 8, Paterna, 46980 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Yelko Rodríguez-Carrasco
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Valencia, Av/ Vicent A. Estellés, s/n, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Emilia Ferrer
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Valencia, Av/ Vicent A. Estellés, s/n, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Jordi Mañes
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Valencia, Av/ Vicent A. Estellés, s/n, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain.
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213
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Viegas S, Assunção R, Martins C, Nunes C, Osteresch B, Twarużek M, Kosicki R, Grajewski J, Ribeiro E, Viegas C. Occupational Exposure to Mycotoxins in Swine Production: Environmental and Biological Monitoring Approaches. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E78. [PMID: 30717100 PMCID: PMC6410041 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11020078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Swine production workers are exposed simultaneously to multiple contaminants. Occupational exposure to aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁) in Portuguese swine production farms has already been reported. However, besides AFB₁, data regarding fungal contamination showed that exposure to other mycotoxins could be expected in this setting. The present study aimed to characterize the occupational exposure to multiple mycotoxins of swine production workers. To provide a broad view on the burden of contamination by mycotoxins and the workers' exposure, biological (urine) samples from workers (n = 25) and 38 environmental samples (air samples, n = 23; litter samples, n = 5; feed samples, n = 10) were collected. The mycotoxins biomarkers detected in the urine samples of the workers group were the deoxynivalenol-glucuronic acid conjugate (60%), aflatoxin M₁ (16%), enniatin B (4%), citrinin (8%), dihydrocitrinone (12%) and ochratoxin A (80%). Results of the control group followed the same pattern, but in general with a lower number of quantifiable results (
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Viegas
- H&TRC-Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL-Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, 1990-096 Lisbon, Portugal.
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde Pública, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1600-560 Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Ricardo Assunção
- Food and Nutrition Department, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, I.P. (INSA), Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal.
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Carla Martins
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde Pública, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1600-560 Lisbon, Portugal.
- Food and Nutrition Department, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, I.P. (INSA), Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal.
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
- Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1600-560 Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Carla Nunes
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde Pública, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1600-560 Lisbon, Portugal.
- Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1600-560 Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Bernd Osteresch
- Group of Prof. Humpf, Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 45, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Magdalena Twarużek
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Experimental Biology, Department of Physiology and Toxicology, Kazimierz Wielki University, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland.
| | - Robert Kosicki
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Experimental Biology, Department of Physiology and Toxicology, Kazimierz Wielki University, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland.
| | - Jan Grajewski
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Experimental Biology, Department of Physiology and Toxicology, Kazimierz Wielki University, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland.
| | - Edna Ribeiro
- H&TRC-Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL-Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, 1990-096 Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Carla Viegas
- H&TRC-Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL-Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, 1990-096 Lisbon, Portugal.
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde Pública, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1600-560 Lisbon, Portugal.
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Wang Q, Zhang Y, Zheng N, Guo L, Song X, Zhao S, Wang J. Biological System Responses of Dairy Cows to Aflatoxin B1 Exposure Revealed with Metabolomic Changes in Multiple Biofluids. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11020077. [PMID: 30717092 PMCID: PMC6410036 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11020077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Research on mycotoxins now requires a systematic study of post-exposure organisms. In this study, the effects of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) on biofluids biomarkers were examined with metabolomics and biochemical tests. The results showed that milk concentration of aflatoxin M1 changed with the addition or removal of AFB1. AFB1 significantly affected serum concentrations of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malon dialdehyde (MDA), SOD/MDA, and the total antioxidant capacity. Significant differences of volatile fatty acids and NH3-N were detected in the rumen fluid. Eighteen rumen fluid metabolites, 11 plasma metabolites, and 9 milk metabolites were significantly affected by the AFB1. These metabolites are mainly involved in the pathway of amino acids metabolism. Our results suggest that not only is the study of macro-indicators (milk composition and production) important, but that more attention should be paid to micro-indicators (biomarkers) when assessing the risks posed by mycotoxins to dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
- Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Yangdong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
- Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Nan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
- Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Liya Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
- Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Xiaoming Song
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
- Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Shengguo Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
- Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
- Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
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215
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Bocate KP, Reis GF, de Souza PC, Oliveira Junior AG, Durán N, Nakazato G, Furlaneto MC, de Almeida RS, Panagio LA. Antifungal activity of silver nanoparticles and simvastatin against toxigenic species of Aspergillus. Int J Food Microbiol 2019; 291:79-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/10/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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216
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First report of Fusarium foetens as a mycotoxin producer. Mycotoxin Res 2019; 35:177-186. [PMID: 30706436 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-019-00341-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium foetens, a pathogen of Begonia plants, has been recently described as a new fungal species. This Fusarium species causes a destructive vascular wilt disease which leads to the death of the plant. Moreover, Fusarium species are known to produce a huge variety of secondary metabolites such as mycotoxins and phytotoxins. Here, we studied the toxicogenic profile of one F. foetens strain, isolated from maize, employing two methods based on the use of ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry-ion trap-time of flight detection. The mycotoxins beauvericin and fusaric acid were detected in a pure culture of F. foetens. In addition, four fusaric acid analogs (10,11-dihidroxyfusaric acid, hydroxyfusaric acid, dehydrofusaric acid, and a hydroxylated unsaturated fusaric acid analog) were tentatively identified on the basis of their accurate mass and fragmentation patterns. Therefore, these preliminary data indicate that F. foetens isolated from maize is able to produce Fusarium mycotoxins including beauvericin and fusaric acid.
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217
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Witaszak N, Stępień Ł, Bocianowski J, Waśkiewicz A. Fusarium Species and Mycotoxins Contaminating Veterinary Diets for Dogs and Cats. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7010026. [PMID: 30669691 PMCID: PMC6352256 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Veterinary diets are intended for diseased animals and may contain cereal grains, mainly maize and/or wheat. These, in turn, are often infected with pathogens of the Fusarium genus, which are able to produce numerous harmful mycotoxins. Forty-two samples of veterinary diets for dogs and cats were analyzed for the presence of Fusarium species and mycotoxins. Species were identified using molecular methods and the ergosterol and mycotoxins (fumonisin B1, deoxynivalenol, nivalenol and zearalenone) were quantified using HPLC methods. Two Fusarium species were identified: Fusarium proliferatum and Fusarium verticillioides. The highest concentrations of fumonisin B1, deoxynivalenol, nivalenol and zearalenone were 74.83, 2318.05, 190.90, and 45.84 ng/g, respectively. Only 9.5% of the samples were free from Fusarium mycotoxins. The acceptable limits of mycotoxin content in animal feed, specified by the EU regulations, were not exceeded in any of the samples tested. The mean mycotoxin content in veterinary diets for cats was lower than for dogs. Thus, it is recommended that veterinary diets are examined, since the mycotoxin contamination pose additional risk to animal health. The knowledge on Fusarium occurrence in veterinary diets is scarce and as far as we are aware this is the first report concerning the occurrence of Fusarium spp. and their important secondary metabolites—mycotoxins—in different types of veterinary diets for companion animals in Poland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Witaszak
- Department of Pathogen Genetics and Plant Resistance, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, Poznań 60-479, Poland.
| | - Łukasz Stępień
- Department of Pathogen Genetics and Plant Resistance, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, Poznań 60-479, Poland.
| | - Jan Bocianowski
- Department of Mathematical and Statistical Methods, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 28, Poznań 60-637, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Waśkiewicz
- Department of Chemistry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, Poznań 60-625, Poland.
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218
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Omori AM, Ono EYS, Hirozawa MT, de Souza Suguiura IM, Hirooka EY, Pelegrinelli Fungaro MH, Ono MA. Development of Indirect Competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay to Detect Fusarium verticillioides in Poultry Feed Samples. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E48. [PMID: 30658385 PMCID: PMC6356808 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11010048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Fumonisins are a group of toxic secondary metabolites that are produced by Fusarium verticillioides which are associated with poultry health hazard and great economic losses. The objective of the present study was to develop an immunological method to detect F. verticillioides in poultry feed samples. An indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ic-ELISA) based on a polyclonal antibody against 67 kDa protein of the F. verticillioides 97K exoantigen was developed to detect this fungus. Antibody anti-67 kDa protein showed cross-reactivity against F. graminearum (2⁻7%) and F. sporotrichioides (10%), but no or low cross-reactivity against Aspergillus sp. and Penicillium sp. exoantigens. The detection limit for the 67 kDa protein of F. verticillioides was 29 ng/mL. Eighty-one poultry feed samples were analyzed for Fusarium sp. count, 67 kDa protein of F. verticillioides and fumonisin concentrations. Eighty of the 81 feed samples (98.6%) showed Fusarium sp. contamination (mean 6.2 x 10⁴ CFU/g). Mean 67 kDa protein and fumonisin concentration in the poultry feed samples was 21.0 µg/g and 1.02 µg/g, respectively. The concentration of 67 kDa protein, as determined by ic-ELISA correlated positively (p < 0.05) with fumonisin levels (r = 0.76). These results suggest that this ic-ELISA has potential to detect F. verticillioides and predict fumonisin contamination in poultry feed samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Myuki Omori
- Department of Pathological Sciences, State University of Londrina, P.O. box 10.011, Londrina 86057-970, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Elisabete Yurie Sataque Ono
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, State University of Londrina, P.O. box 10.011, Londrina 86057-970, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Melissa Tiemi Hirozawa
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, State University of Londrina, P.O. box 10.011, Londrina 86057-970, Paraná, Brazil.
| | | | - Elisa Yoko Hirooka
- Department of Food Science and Technology, State University of Londrina, P.O. box 10.011, Londrina 86057-970, Paraná, Brazil.
| | | | - Mario Augusto Ono
- Department of Pathological Sciences, State University of Londrina, P.O. box 10.011, Londrina 86057-970, Paraná, Brazil.
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219
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Grosu IA, Pistol GC, Taranu I, Marin DE. The Impact of Dietary Grape Seed Meal on Healthy and Aflatoxin B1 Afflicted Microbiota of Pigs after Weaning. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11010025. [PMID: 30626035 PMCID: PMC6356349 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The study investigated the effect of grape seed (GS) meal, aflatoxin (AFB1), or their combination on the large intestine microbiota of weanling piglets. Twenty-four piglets were allocated into four groups based on diet composition: (1) Control group; (2) AFB1 (320 g/kg feed) group; (3) GS group (8% inclusion in the diet); (4) AFB1 + GS group. After 30 days of experiment, the colon content was used for microbiota analyses; after isolation of total bacterial genomic DNA, V3/V4 regions of the 16S rRNA amplicons were sequenced using the Illumina MiSeq platform. The raw sequences were analyzed using the v.1.9.1 QIIME pipeline software. 157 numbers of OTUs were identified among all four dietary groups with 26 of them being prevalent above 0.05% in the total relative abundance. GS and AFB1 increase the relative abundance of phylum Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria, while decreasing the Firmicutes abundance in a synergic manner as compared with the individual treatments. An additive or synergistic action of the two treatments was identified for Lactobacillus, Prevotella and Campylobacter, while rather an antagonistic effect was observed on Lachnospira. The action mechanisms of aflatoxin B1 and grape seed meal that drive the large intestine microbiota to these changes are not known and need further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iulian A Grosu
- Laboratory of Animal Biology, National Institute for Research and Development for Biology and Animal Nutrition, Calea Bucuresti no. 1, Balotesti, Ilfov 077015, Romania.
| | - Gina C Pistol
- Laboratory of Animal Biology, National Institute for Research and Development for Biology and Animal Nutrition, Calea Bucuresti no. 1, Balotesti, Ilfov 077015, Romania.
| | - Ionelia Taranu
- Laboratory of Animal Biology, National Institute for Research and Development for Biology and Animal Nutrition, Calea Bucuresti no. 1, Balotesti, Ilfov 077015, Romania.
| | - Daniela E Marin
- Laboratory of Animal Biology, National Institute for Research and Development for Biology and Animal Nutrition, Calea Bucuresti no. 1, Balotesti, Ilfov 077015, Romania.
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220
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Domijan AM, Marjanović Čermak AM, Vulić A, Tartaro Bujak I, Pavičić I, Pleadin J, Markov K, Mihaljević B. Cytotoxicity of gamma irradiated aflatoxin B 1 and ochratoxin A. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2019; 54:155-162. [PMID: 30614388 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2018.1536578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Toxicity of gamma irradiated mycotoxins aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and ochratoxin A (OTA) was investigated in vitro. AFB1 and OTA stock solutions (50 mM, in methanol) were gamma irradiated (5 and 10 kGy) and non-irradiated and irradiated mycotoxins solutions were tested for cytotoxicity on Pk15, HepG2 and SH-SY5Y cell lines (MTT assay, 1-500 μM concentration range; 24 h exposure). Degradation of mycotoxin molecules was examined by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). AFB1 and OTA radiolytic products were less toxic than the parent mycotoxins to all of the tested cell lines. Gamma irradiation even at 5 kGy had effect on AFB1 and OTA molecules however, this effect was dependent on chemical structure of mycotoxin. Since gamma irradiation at low dose reduced initial level of both mycotoxins, and gamma irradiated mycotoxins had lower toxicity in comparison to non-irradiated mycotoxins, it can be concluded that gamma irradiation could be used as decontamination method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana-Marija Domijan
- a Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry , University of Zagreb , Zagreb , Croatia
| | | | - Ana Vulić
- c Croatian Veterinary Institute , Zagreb , Croatia
| | | | - Ivan Pavičić
- b Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health , Zagreb , Croatia
| | | | - Ksenija Markov
- e Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology , University of Zagreb , Zagreb , Croatia
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221
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Omotayo OP, Omotayo AO, Mwanza M, Babalola OO. Prevalence of Mycotoxins and Their Consequences on Human Health. Toxicol Res 2019; 35:1-7. [PMID: 30766652 PMCID: PMC6354945 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2019.35.1.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxin contamination is a global phenomenon and causes a wide array of negative effects and other complications. This study focused on commonly found mycotoxins in Africa and the possible means of prevention or reduction of their contaminating effects. Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites of mold and fungi; they are generally toxic to living organisms. Hundreds of mycotoxins have been identified thus far, with some, such as aflatoxins, ochratoxins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, fumonisins, and patulin, considered agro-economically important. Several factors contribute to the presence of mycotoxins in food, such as climatic conditions, pest infestation, and poor harvest and storage practices. Exposure to mycotoxins, which occurs mostly by ingestion, leads to various diseases, such as mycotoxicoses and mycoses that may eventually result in death. In light of this, this review of relevant literature focuses on mycotoxin contamination, as well as various methods for the prevention and control of their prevalence, to avert its debilitating consequences on human health. Clear evidence of mycotoxin contamination is present in Africa, and it was therefore recommended that adequate prevention and control of these toxic substances in our food system should be encouraged and that appropriate measures must be taken to ensure food safety as well as the enhanced or long-lifespan of the African populace. Governments, research institutions, and non-governmental organizations should tailor the limited resources available to tackle mycotoxin prevalence, as these will offer the best prospects for successful development of a sustainable food system in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwadara Pelumi Omotayo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Science, North-West University, Mmabatho,
South Africa
| | - Abiodun Olusola Omotayo
- Food Security and Safety Niche, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Science, North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, Mmabatho,
South Africa
| | - Mulunda Mwanza
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Science, North-West University, Mmabatho,
South Africa
| | - Olubukola Oluranti Babalola
- Food Security and Safety Niche, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Mmabatho,
South Africa
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222
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Mallmann A, Oliveira M, Dilkin P, Vidal J, Meinerz G, Almeida C, Mallmann C. Assessment of mycotoxin contamination in maize and wheat stored in silos using two sampling processes. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2018. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2018.2314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxin contamination of stored cereals often occurs in a highly heterogeneous manner, necessitating the use of representative sampling to minimise analytical errors. The objective of this study was to compare mycotoxin analysis in stored maize and wheat using two sampling processes. Samples were obtained from four maize silos and two wheat silos. A pneumatic probe was introduced in the centre and at the four central points of each quadrant, from the top to the bottom of the silo (12 m). For sampling process A, this was divided into three samples (upper third, middle third and lower third of the silo height). No sample subdivision took place for sampling process B. LC-MS/MS was used for analysis of aflatoxins (AF), fumonisins (FB), zearalenone (ZEA) and deoxynivalenol (DON) in maize and DON and ZEA in wheat. Sampling procedures were compared with respect to the variability of the collected data. AF, FB, ZEA and DON were detected in 77.5, 100.0, 56.7 and 0.0% of the maize samples, respectively, and the mean concentration differed significantly between silos. In wheat, 100.0 and 97.5% of the samples were contaminated with DON and ZEA, respectively, and there was no significantly difference in mean concentration between silos. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) in the coefficients of variation (CVs) of AF (54.9 and 58.6%), FB (19.4 and 27.3%) and ZEA (68.9 and 85.5%) between sampling processes A and B in maize silos. The DON CV in sampling process A (10.1%) was lower (P<0.05) than the CV in sampling process B (22.2%) in wheat silos. Overall, the two sampling processes provided analytical results with the same variability in maize and different variability for DON in wheat, where process A yielded results with lower variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.O. Mallmann
- Laboratory of Mycotoxicological Analysis (LAMIC), Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), P.O. Box 5011, 97105-970 Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - M.S. Oliveira
- Laboratory of Mycotoxicological Analysis (LAMIC), Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), P.O. Box 5011, 97105-970 Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - P. Dilkin
- Laboratory of Mycotoxicological Analysis (LAMIC), Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), P.O. Box 5011, 97105-970 Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - J.K. Vidal
- Laboratory of Mycotoxicological Analysis (LAMIC), Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), P.O. Box 5011, 97105-970 Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - G.R. Meinerz
- Department of Agronomy, Federal University of Southern Border (UFFS), 97900-000 Cerro Largo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - C.A.A. Almeida
- Laboratory of Mycotoxicological Analysis (LAMIC), Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), P.O. Box 5011, 97105-970 Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - C.A. Mallmann
- Laboratory of Mycotoxicological Analysis (LAMIC), Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), P.O. Box 5011, 97105-970 Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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223
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Rong X, Sun-Waterhouse D, Wang D, Jiang Y, Li F, Chen Y, Zhao S, Li D. The Significance of Regulatory MicroRNAs: Their Roles in Toxicodynamics of Mycotoxins and in the Protection Offered by Dietary Therapeutics Against Mycotoxin-Induced Toxicity. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2018; 18:48-66. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Rong
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing Technology and Quality Control of Shandong Higher Education Institutes; the College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural Univ.; Taian Shandong 271018 P. R. China
| | - Dongxiao Sun-Waterhouse
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing Technology and Quality Control of Shandong Higher Education Institutes; the College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural Univ.; Taian Shandong 271018 P. R. China
- School of Chemical Sciences; The Univ. of Auckland; Private Bag Auckland 92019 New Zealand
| | - Dan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing Technology and Quality Control of Shandong Higher Education Institutes; the College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural Univ.; Taian Shandong 271018 P. R. China
- Shandong Inst. of Pomology; Taian Shandong 271000 P. R. China
| | - Yang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing Technology and Quality Control of Shandong Higher Education Institutes; the College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural Univ.; Taian Shandong 271018 P. R. China
| | - Feng Li
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing Technology and Quality Control of Shandong Higher Education Institutes; the College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural Univ.; Taian Shandong 271018 P. R. China
| | - Yilun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing Technology and Quality Control of Shandong Higher Education Institutes; the College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural Univ.; Taian Shandong 271018 P. R. China
| | - Shancang Zhao
- Central Laboratory of Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Key Laboratory of Test Technology on Food Quality and Safety of Shandong Province; Jinan Shandong 250100 P. R. China
| | - Dapeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing Technology and Quality Control of Shandong Higher Education Institutes; the College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural Univ.; Taian Shandong 271018 P. R. China
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224
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Toxicological effects of fumonisin B1 in combination with other Fusarium toxins. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 121:483-494. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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225
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Caceres I, Snini SP, Puel O, Mathieu F. Streptomyces roseolus, A Promising Biocontrol Agent Against Aspergillus flavus, the Main Aflatoxin B₁ Producer. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10110442. [PMID: 30380704 PMCID: PMC6267218 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10110442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Crop contamination by aflatoxin B1 is a current problem in tropical and subtropical regions. In the future, this contamination risk may be expanded to European countries due to climate change. The development of alternative strategies to prevent mycotoxin contamination that further contribute to the substitution of phytopharmaceutical products are thus needed. For this, a promising method resides in the use of biocontrol agents. Several actinobacteria strains have demonstrated to effectively reduce the aflatoxin B1 concentration. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanism of action by which these biological agents reduce the mycotoxin concentration has not been determined. The aim of the present study was to test the potential use of Streptomyces roseolus as a biocontrol agent against aflatoxin B1 contamination. Co-cultures with Aspergillus flavus were conducted, and the molecular fungal response was investigated through analyzing the q-PCR expression of 65 genes encoding relevant fungal functions. Moreover, kojic and cyclopiazonic acid concentrations, as well as morphological fungal changes were also analyzed. The results demonstrated that reduced concentrations of aflatoxin B1 and kojic acid were respectively correlated with the down-regulation of the aflatoxin B1 gene cluster and kojR gene expression. Moreover, a fungal hypersporulated phenotype and a general over-expression of genes involved in fungal development were observed in the co-culture condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaura Caceres
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, 31326 Toulouse, France.
| | - Selma P Snini
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, 31326 Toulouse, France.
| | - Olivier Puel
- Toxalim (Research Center in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, 31300 Toulouse, France.
| | - Florence Mathieu
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, 31326 Toulouse, France.
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Combining E-Nose and Lateral Flow Immunoassays (LFIAs) for Rapid Occurrence/Co-Occurrence Aflatoxin and Fumonisin Detection in Maize. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10100416. [PMID: 30332757 PMCID: PMC6215256 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10100416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential use of an e-nose in combination with lateral flow immunoassays for rapid aflatoxin and fumonisin occurrence/co-occurrence detection in maize samples. For this purpose, 161 samples of corn have been used. Below the regulatory limits, single-contaminated, and co-contaminated samples were classified according to the detection ranges established for commercial lateral flow immunoassays (LFIAs) for mycotoxin determination. Correspondence between methods was evaluated by discriminant function analysis (DFA) procedures using IBM SPSS Statistics 22. Stepwise variable selection was done to select the e-nose sensors for classifying samples by DFA. The overall leave-out-one cross-validated percentage of samples correctly classified by the eight-variate DFA model for aflatoxin was 81%. The overall leave-out-one cross-validated percentage of samples correctly classified by the seven-variate DFA model for fumonisin was 85%. The overall leave-out-one cross-validated percentage of samples correctly classified by the nine-variate DFA model for the three classes of contamination (below the regulatory limits, single-contaminated, co-contaminated) was 65%. Therefore, even though an exhaustive evaluation will require a larger dataset to perform a validation procedure, an electronic nose (e-nose) seems to be a promising rapid/screening method to detect contamination by aflatoxin, fumonisin, or both in maize kernel stocks.
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Ogunade IM, Martinez-Tuppia C, Queiroz OCM, Jiang Y, Drouin P, Wu F, Vyas D, Adesogan AT. Silage review: Mycotoxins in silage: Occurrence, effects, prevention, and mitigation. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:4034-4059. [PMID: 29685276 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Ensiled forage, particularly corn silage, is an important component of dairy cow diets worldwide. Forages can be contaminated with several mycotoxins in the field pre-harvest, during storage, or after ensiling during feed-out. Exposure to dietary mycotoxins adversely affects the performance and health of livestock and can compromise human health. Several studies and surveys indicate that ruminants are often exposed to mycotoxins such as aflatoxins, trichothecenes, ochratoxin A, fumonisins, zearalenone, and many other fungal secondary metabolites, via the silage they ingest. Problems associated with mycotoxins in silage can be minimized by preventing fungal growth before and after ensiling. Proper silage management is essential to reduce mycotoxin contamination of dairy cow feeds, and certain mold-inhibiting chemical additives or microbial inoculants can also reduce the contamination levels. Several sequestering agents also can be added to diets to reduce mycotoxin levels, but their efficacy varies with the type and level of mycotoxin contamination. This article gives an overview of the types, prevalence, and levels of mycotoxin contamination in ensiled forages in different countries, and describes their adverse effects on health of ruminants, and effective prevention and mitigation strategies for dairy cow diets. Future research priorities discussed include research efforts to develop silage additives or rumen microbial innocula that degrade mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Ogunade
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32608
| | - C Martinez-Tuppia
- Lallemand Animal Nutrition, Lallemand SAS, 19 rue des Briquetiers, B.P. 59, F-31702 Blagnac, France
| | - O C M Queiroz
- Chr Hansen, Animal Health and Nutrition, Chr. Hansen, Buenos Aires 1107, Argentina
| | - Y Jiang
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32608
| | - P Drouin
- Lallemand Animal Nutrition, Lallemand SAS, 19 rue des Briquetiers, B.P. 59, F-31702 Blagnac, France
| | - F Wu
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
| | - D Vyas
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32608
| | - A T Adesogan
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32608.
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228
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Abdel-Wahhab MA, El-Nekeety AA, Hassan NS, Gibriel AAY, Abdel-Wahhab KG. Encapsulation of cinnamon essential oil in whey protein enhances the protective effect against single or combined sub-chronic toxicity of fumonisin B 1 and/or aflatoxin B 1 in rats. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:29144-29161. [PMID: 30112645 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2921-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Fumonisin B1 (FB1) and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) are fungal metabolites that frequently co-occur in foodstuffs and are responsible for mycotoxicosis and several primary cancers. Cinnamon essential oil (CEO) has a spacious range of benefit effects but also has some limitations owing to its strong taste or its interaction with some drugs. This study aimed to use the cinnamon oil emulsion droplets (COED) for the protection against oxidative stress, cytotoxicity, and reproductive toxicity in male Sprague-Dawley rats sub-chronically exposed to FB1 and/or AFB1. The composition of CEO was identified using GC-MS then was encapsulated using whey protein as wall material. Male rats were divided into eight groups and treated orally for 8 weeks as follows: control group, AFB1-trreated group (80 μg/kg b.w), FB1-treated group (100 mg/kg b.w), FB1 plus AFB1-treated group, and the groups treated with COED plus FB1 and/or AFB1. Blood and samples of the kidney, liver, and testis were collected for different analysis and histopathological examination. The GC-MS analysis revealed that cinnamaldehyde, α-copaene, trans-cinnamaldehyde, caryophyllene, and delta-cadinene were the main compounds in COE. The average size of COED was 235 ± 1.4 nm and the zeta potential was - 6.24 ± 0.56. Treatment with FB1 and/or AFB1 induced significant disturbances in the serum biochemical analysis, oxidative stress parameters, DNA fragmentation, gene expression, and testosterone and severe pathological changes in the tested organs. Moreover, treatment with both mycotoxins induced synergistic toxic effects. COED did not induce toxic effects and could normalize the majority of the tested parameters and improve the histological picture in rats treated with FB1 and/or AFB1. It could be concluded that COED induce potential protective effects against the single or combined exposure to FB1 and AFB1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mosaad A Abdel-Wahhab
- Food Toxicology & Contaminants Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Aziza A El-Nekeety
- Food Toxicology & Contaminants Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nabila S Hassan
- Pathology Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Abdullah A Y Gibriel
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt (BUE), Cairo, Egypt
- Center of Drug Research & Development (CDRD), Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt (BUE), Cairo, Egypt
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229
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The efficiency of lactic acid bacteria against pathogenic fungi and mycotoxins. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 2018; 69:32-45. [PMID: 29604200 DOI: 10.2478/aiht-2018-69-3051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are produced by some fungal species of the genera Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Fusarium and are common contaminants of a wide range of food commodities. Numerous strategies are used to minimise fungal growth and mycotoxin contamination throughout the food chain. This review addresses the use of lactic acid bacteria, which can inhibit fungal growth and participate in mycotoxin degradation and/or removal from contaminated food. Being beneficial for human and animal health, lactic acid bacteria have established themselves as an excellent solution to the problem of mycotoxin contamination, yet in practice their application in removing mycotoxins remains a challenge to be addressed by future research.
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230
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Aichinger G, Beisl J, Marko D. The Hop Polyphenols Xanthohumol and 8-Prenyl-Naringenin Antagonize the Estrogenic Effects of Fusarium Mycotoxins in Human Endometrial Cancer Cells. Front Nutr 2018; 5:85. [PMID: 30283786 PMCID: PMC6156369 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2018.00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The Fusarium toxin zearalenone (ZEN) and its reductive metabolite α-zearalenol (α-ZEL) are well-documented endocrine disruptors that are frequently found to contaminate cereal products, including beer. But also hop is known to represent a source for endocrine active compounds, containing amongst others xanthohumol (XAN), which might be converted to the potent phytoestrogen 8-prenylnaringenin (8-PN). In the present study, we investigated the interaction of these xenoestrogens in mixtures which might occur in beer. Estrogenicity was measured as induction of alkaline phosphatase (AlP) expression in estrogen-sensitive Ishikawa cells. In binary combinations, XAN was found to act as a potent antagonist of mycotoxin-induced estrogenicity, significantly suppressing the AlP-inducing impact of both ZEN and α-ZEL at nanomolar concentrations. Also 8-PN antagonized the estrogenic stimulus of the two fungal metabolites, although less pronounced. These effects also manifested in combinations of three or four test compounds, and at the level of cell proliferation, that was assessed via an E-screen-like approach in Ishikawa cells. Of note, co-exposure to the investigated myco- and phyto-estrogens did not result in additive or overadditive/synergistic estrogenic effects in the applied test system. Being aware that the actual study is still limited to the in vitro situation, our results even suggest that prenylated chalkones from hops might protect against Fusarium toxin–induced endocrine disruptive activities at concentrations that can be reached by moderate beer consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Aichinger
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia Beisl
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Doris Marko
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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231
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Motloung L, De Saeger S, De Boevre M, Detavernier C, Audenaert K, Adebo O, Njobeh P. Study on mycotoxin contamination in South African food spices. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2018. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2017.2191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A validated QuEChERS-based method was used to investigate the occurrence of mycotoxins in 70 South African food spices [coarse chilli (n=14), ground chilli (n=4), paprika (n=7), ginger (n=5), chicken spices (n=8), onion spices (n=8), beef spices (n=5), Mexican chilli (n=9), vegetable spice (n=1), fruit chutney spices (n=4), and cheese spices (n=5)]. Mycotoxins were quantified using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Results revealed that 40% of the samples were contaminated with aflatoxin B1, aflatoxin G1, ochratoxin A, sterigmatocystin, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, fumonisin B1, fumonisin B2 and/or roquefortine C. The contamination levels for aflatoxin B1 ranged from 3-19 μg/kg; aflatoxin G1, 10-11 μg/kg; ochratoxin A, 4-20 μg/kg; fumonisin B1 104-591 μg/kg; fumonisin B2, 64-5,897 μg/kg; sterigmatocystin, 11-18 μg/kg; 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, 42-46 μg/kg; and roquefortine C, 17-57 μg/kg. Mycotoxins co-occurred in 11% of the spice samples. Amongst the samples analysed in this study, paprika had the highest positives (100%) for the determined mycotoxins. Previous reports on mycotoxin contamination in spices, focused on the incidence of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, but not on the multi-mycotoxin profile in South African spices. This study thus provides a comprehensive assessment of mycotoxin contamination of spices in South Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Motloung
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein Campus, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - S. De Saeger
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - M. De Boevre
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - C. Detavernier
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - K. Audenaert
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - O.A. Adebo
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein Campus, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - P.B. Njobeh
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein Campus, Johannesburg, South Africa
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232
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Gruber-Dorninger C, Jenkins T, Schatzmayr G. Multi-mycotoxin screening of feed and feed raw materials from Africa. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2018. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2017.2292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
As animal feed is prone to infestation with mycotoxin-producing fungi, mycotoxin contamination of feed should be monitored. Here, we report a multi-mycotoxin survey of feed samples from Africa. We determined the concentrations of aflatoxins, fumonisins, deoxynivalenol, T-2 toxin, zearalenone and ochratoxin A in 1,045 samples of finished feed and feed raw materials (maize, maize silage, other cereals, etc.) from South Africa and 318 samples from Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco, Senegal, Côte d’Ivoire, Nigeria, Ghana, Namibia, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia and Madagascar. We compared the measured mycotoxin concentrations to regulatory limits or guidance values that are in effect in the European Union and analysed the co-occurrence of these mycotoxins. To determine the occurrence of other fungal secondary metabolites, a subset of the samples was analysed using a multi-analyte liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry-based method for the simultaneous detection of over 700 fungal metabolites. We found that 33.3% of maize samples and 54.4% of finished feed samples from Senegal, Côte d’Ivoire, Nigeria, Ghana, Namibia, Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania exceeded the European regulatory limit of 20 ng/g aflatoxins. The Fusarium mycotoxins zearalenone, fumonisins and deoxynivalenol were prevalent in all commodities from all countries, but concentrations were in most cases below European guidance values. Concentrations of deoxynivalenol and zearalenone were correlated. Several other Fusarium metabolites occurred frequently (e.g. moniliformin, beauvericin, aurofusarin) or in high concentrations (e.g. aurofusarin, fusaproliferin). Furthermore, high levels of diplodiatoxin were occasionally detected in samples from South Africa and the Alternaria metabolite tenuazonic acid was prevalent and reached high concentrations. In conclusion, aflatoxins frequently occurred in African feed samples in potentially unsafe concentrations. While Fusarium mycotoxins mostly occurred in concentrations below European guidance values, a correlation between deoxynivalenol and zearalenone concentrations suggests that toxicological interactions of these compounds deserve attention. Several less investigated fungal secondary metabolites occurred frequently or reached high concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - T. Jenkins
- BIOMIN Research Center, Technopark 1, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - G. Schatzmayr
- BIOMIN Research Center, Technopark 1, 3430 Tulln, Austria
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233
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Hennig-Pauka I, Koch FJ, Schaumberger S, Woechtl B, Novak J, Sulyok M, Nagl V. Current challenges in the diagnosis of zearalenone toxicosis as illustrated by a field case of hyperestrogenism in suckling piglets. Porcine Health Manag 2018; 4:18. [PMID: 30221009 PMCID: PMC6134784 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-018-0095-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The mycotoxin zearalenone (ZEN) causes functional and morphological alterations in reproductive organs of pigs. In the field, diagnosis of ZEN-induced disorders is often challenging, as relevant feed lots are no longer available, or feed analysis results are not conclusive. Here, we report a field case of hyperestrogenism in newborn piglets. Surprisingly, more than 50 fungal metabolites were detected in hay pellets fed to gestating sows, including ZEN and its modified form zearalenone-14-sulfate (ZEN-14-S). Despite the broad contamination range in this unconventional feed component, a definite diagnosis of mycotoxicosis could not be achieved. In this context, current limitations regarding the confirmation of suspected cases of ZEN-induced disorders are discussed, covering both feed analysis and the biomarker approach. Case presentation A piglet producer with 200 sows experienced a sudden increase in suckling piglet losses up to 30% by lower vitality and crushing. Predominant clinical signs were splay legs and signs of hyperestrogenism such as swollen and reddened vulvae in newborn piglets. The first differential diagnosis was ZEN mycotoxicosis although feed batches had not been changed for months with the exception of ground hay pellets, which had been included in the diet five months before. Analysis of hay pellets resulted in a sum value of ZEN and its modified forms of more than 1000 μg/kg, with ZEN-14-S alone accounting for 530 μg/kg. Considering the inclusion rate of 7% in the diet for gestating sows, the severe impact of the additional ZEN load due to the contaminated hay pellets seemed unrealistic but could not be completely excluded either. One month after hay pellets had been removed from the diet no further clinical signs were observed. Conclusions Enrichment materials and other fibre sources can contain significant amounts of mycotoxins and should be therefore included in feed analysis. Adequate methods for broad spectrum mycotoxin determination, including modified mycotoxins, are important. As highlighted by this field case, there is a need to establish reliable biomarkers for ZEN exposure in pigs. Currently, available biomarkers do not allow a solid prediction of the ZEN intake of pigs under field conditions, which limits their application to experimental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Hennig-Pauka
- Field Station for Epidemiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Buescheler Straße 9, 49456 Bakum, Germany
| | - Franz-Josef Koch
- Tierarztpraxis im Holbeinring, Holbeinring 16, 35369 Gießen, Germany
| | | | - Bettina Woechtl
- 4University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Novak
- 5Functional Botanical Substances, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Sulyok
- 6Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Veronika Nagl
- BIOMIN Research Center, Technopark 1, 3430 Tulln, Austria
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234
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Thielecke F, Nugent AP. Contaminants in Grain-A Major Risk for Whole Grain Safety? Nutrients 2018; 10:E1213. [PMID: 30200531 PMCID: PMC6163171 DOI: 10.3390/nu10091213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Grains are the main energy and carbohydrate sources for human nutrition globally. Governmental and non-governmental authorities recommend whole grains as a healthy food choice. The role of contaminants in (whole) grains and how to mitigate any potential risk following their consumption has not been reported. With this narrative review, we shed light on the potential human health risk from contaminants in whole grains and elaborate strategies to mitigate such risk. We found that grains represent a significant source of food-borne contaminants, the main ones being; mycotoxins including (A) aflatoxin B1; (B) ochratoxin A; (C) fumonisin B1; (D) deoxynivalenol; (E) zearalenone; toxic metals like arsenic, cadmium and lead; as well as process contaminants such as acrylamide. Whole grains usually contain more contaminants than refined products. However, whole grains also provide more nutrients that may reduce the impact of these contaminants. Strict regulatory thresholds aim to minimize the risk of contaminants to public health. The consumer can further impact on the mitigation of any risk by eating a healthy diet filled with nutrient-dense foods such as whole grains and probiotics. The risk posed by contaminants from whole grains do not outweigh the known nutritional benefits of whole grain consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Thielecke
- Swiss Distance University of Applied Sciences, Althardstrasse 60, Regendorf-Zürich CH-8105, Switzerland.
| | - Anne P Nugent
- School of Biological Sciences, Queens University Belfast, 02.0014 Northern Ireland Technology Centre, Cloreen Park, Belfast BT9 5HN, Northern Ireland.
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235
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Xu Y, Gong YY, Routledge MN. Aflatoxin exposure assessed by aflatoxin albumin adduct biomarker in populations from six African countries: REVIEW ARTICLE. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2018; 11:411-419. [PMID: 33552312 PMCID: PMC7797627 DOI: 10.3920/wmj2017.2284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxins are a group of carcinogenic mycotoxins that have been implicated to have other adverse health impacts, including child growth impairment and immune function suppression. Aflatoxin B1 is the most toxic and most common of the aflatoxins. Contamination of various food crops is common in sub-Saharan Africa, particularly in staple crops such as maize and groundnuts, leading to chronic dietary exposure in many populations. For many years we have used the aflatoxin albumin adduct as a biomarker of aflatoxin exposure, assessed using a competitive inhibition enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Here, we review our recent studies of human exposure in six African countries; Gambia, Guinea, Kenya, Senegal, Tanzania and Uganda. This data shows the widespread exposure of vulnerable populations to aflatoxin. Geometric mean (95% confidence interval) levels of the biomarker ranged from 9.7 pg/mg (8.2, 11.5) in Ugandan children to 578.5 pg/mg (461.4, 717.6) in Kenyan adolescents during an acute aflatoxicosis outbreak year. We describe how various factors may have influenced the variation in aflatoxin exposure in our studies. Together, these studies highlight the urgent need for measures to reduce the burden of aflatoxin exposure in sub-Saharan Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Xu
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Y Y Gong
- School of Food Science & Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - M N Routledge
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
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236
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Loi M, Fanelli F, Cimmarusti MT, Mirabelli V, Haidukowski M, Logrieco AF, Caliandro R, Mule G. In vitro single and combined mycotoxins degradation by Ery4 laccase from Pleurotus eryngii and redox mediators. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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237
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Del Favero G, Woelflingseder L, Janker L, Neuditschko B, Seriani S, Gallina P, Sbaizero O, Gerner C, Marko D. Deoxynivalenol induces structural alterations in epidermoid carcinoma cells A431 and impairs the response to biomechanical stimulation. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11351. [PMID: 30054545 PMCID: PMC6063857 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29728-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphology together with the capability to respond to surrounding stimuli are key elements governing the spatial interaction of living cells with the environment. In this respect, biomechanical stimulation can trigger significant physiological cascades that can potentially modulate toxicity. Deoxynivalenol (DON, vomitoxin) is one of the most prevalent mycotoxins produced by Fusarium spp. and it was used to explore the delicate interaction between biomechanical stimulation and cytotoxicity in A431 cells. In fact, in addition of being a food contaminant, DON is a relevant toxin for several organ systems. The combination between biomechanical stimulation and the mycotoxin revealed how DON can impair crucial functions affecting cellular morphology, tubulin and lysosomes at concentrations even below those known to be cytotoxic in routine toxicity studies. Sub-toxic concentrations of DON (0.1-1 μM) impaired the capability of A431 cells to respond to a biomechanical stimulation that normally sustains trophic effects in these cells. Moreover, the effects of DON (0.1-10 μM) were partially modulated by the application of uniaxial stretching (0.5 Hz, 24 h, 15% deformation). Ultimately, proteomic analysis revealed the potential of DON to alter several proteins necessary for cell adhesion and cytoskeletal modulation suggesting a molecular link between biomechanics and the cytotoxic potential of the mycotoxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Del Favero
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währingerstr. 38-40, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Lydia Woelflingseder
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währingerstr. 38-40, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lukas Janker
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währingerstr. 38-40, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Benjamin Neuditschko
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währingerstr. 38-40, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefano Seriani
- Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste Via A, Valerio 10, 34127, Trieste, Italy
- Robotik und Mechatronik Zentrum, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. (DLR), Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany
| | - Paolo Gallina
- Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste Via A, Valerio 10, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Orfeo Sbaizero
- Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste Via A, Valerio 10, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Christopher Gerner
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währingerstr. 38-40, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Doris Marko
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währingerstr. 38-40, 1090, Vienna, Austria
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Multi-Mycotoxin Occurrence in Dairy Cattle Feeds from the Gauteng Province of South Africa: A Pilot Study Using UHPLC-QTOF-MS/MS. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10070294. [PMID: 30013005 PMCID: PMC6071188 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10070294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The indispensable nature of toxigenic fungi and mycotoxins in agricultural systems is of worldwide concern, hence the need for surveillance studies to preserve public health. Thirteen dairy farms were surveyed and 40 dairy feeds of varying nature collected and analyzed for mycotoxins. Estimated levels of aflatoxins (AFs), fumonisin B1 (FB1), ochratoxin A (OTA), citrinin (CIT), zearalenone (ZEN), α-zearalenol (α-ZEL), β-zearalenol (β-ZEL), deoxynivalenol (DON), 3- and 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (ADONs), HT-2 toxin (HT-2), and beauvericin (BEA) were established using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Highest frequencies (40/40) were found for AFG2 (range: <LOQ—116.1 ppb), α-ZEL (range: 0.98–13.24 ppb), and β-ZEL (range: 0.73–4.71 ppb), followed by AFB2 at 37/40 (range: <LOQ—23.88 ppb), BEA at 36/40 (range: <LOQ—55.99 ppb), HT-2 at 35/40 (range: <LOQ—312.95 ppb), and FB1 at 34/40 (range: <LOQ—1389.62 ppb). Apart from samples exceeding regulatory limits for total AFs in dairy feeds due to the high amounts of AFG2 and AFB2, levels of other mycotoxins were regarded as safe for dairy production in South Africa. This is the first-time the natural occurrence of the cold climate HT-2 in South African feeds was documented. Persistent co-occurrence of multiple mycotoxins across samples, however, may elicit synergistic and/or additive effects in hosts, hence raising concerns about their impacts and how such interactions may affect the dairy livestock sector.
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239
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Udovicki B, Audenaert K, De Saeger S, Rajkovic A. Overview on the Mycotoxins Incidence in Serbia in the Period 2004⁻2016. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E279. [PMID: 29976881 PMCID: PMC6070786 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10070279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
With an average annual production of 6.9 M tonnes and 2.5 M tonnes of maize and wheat respectively, Serbia is one of the main grain producers and exporters in Europe. Cereals are also the major staple food in Serbian diet. In view of the high cereal consumption, for human and animal nutrition, the presence of mycotoxins entails a high public health risk of chronic exposure to mycotoxins. This study provides an overview of the incidence of predominant mycotoxins, mainly in cereal and dairy products, in Serbia, in the 2004⁻2016, using data reported in the scientific literature. The study demonstrated that the total prevalence of aflatoxins was 62.9% (n = 12,517) with 26.2% of the samples exceeding the EU limits during this period. Results obtained for T-2/HT-2 (n = 523), deoxynivalenol (n = 2907), fumonisins (n = 998), zearalenone (n = 689) and ochratoxin A (n = 740) indicated the prevalence of 45.5%, 42.9%, 63.3%, 39.3% and 28.1%, respectively. For these mycotoxins, the EU limits were less frequently exceeded. Comprehensive collection and analysis of all accessible information reviewed in this paper showed moderate incidence and prevalence of mycotoxins in Serbia, with an exception of the 2012 drought year and the 2014 flood year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bozidar Udovicki
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Food Safety and Food Quality Management, University of Belgrade, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Zemun-Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Kris Audenaert
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Plants and Crops, Ghent University Campus Schoonmeersen, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Bioanalysis, Laboratory of Food Analysis, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Andreja Rajkovic
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Food Safety and Food Quality Management, University of Belgrade, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Zemun-Belgrade, Serbia.
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Food Technology, Food Safety and Health, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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240
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Samokhvalov AV, Safenkova IV, Eremin SA, Zherdev AV, Dzantiev BB. Measurement of (Aptamer–Small Target) KD Using the Competition between Fluorescently Labeled and Unlabeled Targets and the Detection of Fluorescence Anisotropy. Anal Chem 2018; 90:9189-9198. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b01699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexey V. Samokhvalov
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Irina V. Safenkova
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Sergei A. Eremin
- Faculty of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Anatoly V. Zherdev
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Boris B. Dzantiev
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119071, Russia
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241
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Shi D, Zhou J, Zhao L, Rong X, Fan Y, Hamid H, Li W, Ji C, Ma Q. Alleviation of mycotoxin biodegradation agent on zearalenone and deoxynivalenol toxicosis in immature gilts. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2018; 9:42. [PMID: 29796255 PMCID: PMC5956560 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-018-0255-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The current study was carried out to evaluate the effects of mycotoxin biodegradation agent (MBA, composed of Bacillus subtilis ANSB01G and Devosia sp. ANSB714) on relieving zearalenone (ZEA) and deoxynivalenol (DON) toxicosis in immature gilts. Methods A total of forty pre-pubertal female gilts (61.42 ± 1.18 kg) were randomly allocated to four diet treatments: CO (positive control); MO (negative control, ZEA 596.86 μg/kg feed and DON 796 μg/kg feed); COA (CO + 2 g MBA/kg feed); MOA (MO + 2 g MBA/kg feed). Each treatment contained 10 replicates with 1 gilt per replicate. Gilts were housed in an environmentally controlled room with the partially slatted floor. Results During the entire experimental period of 28 d, average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) of gilts in MO group was significantly reduced compared with those in CO group. The vulva size of gilts was significantly higher in MO group than CO group. In addition, significant increases in the plasma levels of IgA, IgG, IL-8, IL-10 and PRL were determined in MO group compared with that in CO group. ZEA and DON in the diet up-regulated apoptotic caspase-3 in ovaries and uteri, along with down-regulated the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 in ovaries. The supplementation of MBA into diets co-contaminated with ZEA and DON significantly increased ADG, decreased the vulva sizes, reduced the levels of IgG, IL-8 and PRL in plasma, and regulated apoptosis in ovaries and uteri of gilts. Conclusions The present results indicated that feeding diet contaminated with ZEA and DON simultaneously (596.86 μg/kg + 796 μg/kg) had detrimental effects on growth performance, plasma immune function and reproductive status of gilts. And MBA could reduce the negative impacts of these two toxins, believed as a promising feed additive for mitigating toxicosis of ZEA and DON at low levels in gilts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghui Shi
- 1State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 People's Republic of China.,2Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, 121001 People's Republic of China
| | - Jianchuan Zhou
- 1State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 People's Republic of China.,Fuqing Fengze Agricultural Science and Technology Development Co. Ltd., Fuzhou, 350011 People's Republic of China
| | - Lihong Zhao
- 1State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoping Rong
- 1State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Fan
- 1State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Direct-Fed Microbial Engineering, Beijing, 100193 People's Republic of China
| | - Humera Hamid
- 1State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 People's Republic of China
| | - Wenqiang Li
- 1State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 People's Republic of China.,2Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, 121001 People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Ji
- 1State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 People's Republic of China
| | - Qiugang Ma
- 1State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 People's Republic of China
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De Mil T, Devreese M, Maes A, De Saeger S, De Backer P, Croubels S. Influence of mycotoxin binders on the oral bioavailability of tylosin, doxycycline, diclazuril, and salinomycin in fed broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2018; 96:2137-2144. [PMID: 28160001 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of mycotoxins in broiler feed can have deleterious effects on the wellbeing of the animals and their performance. Mycotoxin binders are feed additives that aim to adsorb mycotoxins in the intestinal tract and thereby prevent the oral absorption of the mycotoxin. The simultaneous administration of coccidiostats and/or antimicrobials with mycotoxin binders might lead to a reduced oral bioavailability of these veterinary medicinal products. This paper describes the influence of 3 mycotoxin binders (i.e., clay 1 containing montmorillonite, mica, and feldspars; clay 2 containing montmorillonite and quartz; and yeast 1 being a modified glucomannan fraction of inactivated yeast cells) and activated carbon on the oral bioavailability and pharmacokinetic parameters of the antimicrobials doxycycline and tylosin, and the coccidiostats diclazuril and salinomycin. A feeding study with 40 15 day-old broilers was performed evaluating the effects of long-term feeding 2 g mycotoxin binder/kg of feed. The birds were randomly divided into 5 groups of 8 birds each, i.e., a control group receiving no binder and 4 test groups receiving either clay 1, clay 2, yeast 1, or activated carbon mixed in the feed. After 15 d of feeding, both the control and each test group were administered doxycycline, tylosin, diclazuril, and salinomycin, consecutively, respecting a wash-out period of 2 to 3 d between each administration. The 4 medicinal products were dosed using a single bolus administration directly in the crop. After each bolus administration, blood was collected for plasma analysis and calculation of the main pharmacokinetic parameters and relative oral bioavailability (F = area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC0-8 h) in the test groups/AUC0-8 h in the control group)*100). No effects were observed of any of the mycotoxin binders on the relative oral bioavailability of the coccidiostats (i.e., F between 82 and 101% and 79 and 93% for diclazuril and salinomycin, respectively). Also, no significant effects could be noticed of any of the mycotoxin binders on the relative oral bioavailability of the antimicrobials doxycycline and tylosin (i.e., F between 67 and 83% and between 43 and 104%, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- T De Mil
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - M Devreese
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - A Maes
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - S De Saeger
- Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - P De Backer
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - S Croubels
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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243
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Effects of combined treatment with ochratoxin A and citrinin on oxidative damage in kidneys and liver of rats. Toxicon 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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244
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Hou L, Gan F, Zhou X, Zhou Y, Qian G, Liu Z, Huang K. Immunotoxicity of ochratoxin A and aflatoxin B1 in combination is associated with the nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathway in 3D4/21 cells. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 199:718-727. [PMID: 29475160 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The co-contamination of cereals, grains, crops, and animal feeds by mycotoxins is a universal problem. Humans and animals are exposed to several mycotoxins simultaneously as evidenced by extensive studies on this topic. Yet, most studies have addressed the effects of mycotoxins individually. Aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A can induce immunotoxicity. However, it remains unclear whether a combination of these mycotoxins aggravates immunotoxicity and the potential mechanism underlying this effect. In this study, we used the cell line 3D4/21, swine alveolus macrophages and innate immune cell. The results showed that the percentage of cell inhibition, annexin V/PI-positive rates, and the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-6) significantly increased and the release of lactate dehydrogenase and phagocytotic index were significantly decreased at different concentrations of aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A combination when compared with control. The combination of aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A significantly decreased the production of GSH and increased reactive oxygen species level. However, N-acetylcysteine suppressed the oxidative stress and alleviated the immunotoxicity induced by the combination. The combination of aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A markedly enhanced the degradation of IκBa, the phosphorylation of nuclear factor kappa B (p65), and the translocation of activated nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) into the nuclei as demonstrated by western blotting and confocal laser scanning microscopy. These effects could be reversed by BAY 11-7082, a specific inhibitor of NF-κB. Taken together, a combination of aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A could aggravate immunotoxicity by activating the NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Hou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Fang Gan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xuan Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yajiao Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Gang Qian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zixuan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Kehe Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China.
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The Effects of Deoxynivalenol and Zearalenone on the Pig Large Intestine. A Light and Electron Microscopy Study. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10040148. [PMID: 29617295 PMCID: PMC5923314 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10040148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The contamination of feed with mycotoxins results in reduced growth, feed refusal, immunosuppression, and health problems. Deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN) are among the most important mycotoxins. The aim of the study was to examine the effects of low doses of these mycotoxins on the histological structure and ultrastructure of the large intestine in the pig. The study was performed on 36 immature gilts of mixed breed (White Polish Big × Polish White Earhanging), which were divided into four groups administrated per os with ZEN at 40 µg/kg BW, DON at 12 µg/kg BW, a mixture of ZEN (40 µg/kg BW) and DON (12 µg/kg BW) or a placebo. The pigs were killed by intravenous overdose of pentobarbital after one, three, and six weeks of treatment. The cecum, ascending and descending colon samples were prepared for light and electron microscopy. Administration of toxins did not influence the architecture of the mucosa and submucosa in the large intestine. ZEN and ZEN + DON significantly decreased the number of goblet cells in the cecum and descending colon. The mycotoxins changed the number of lymphocytes and plasma cells in the large intestine, which usually increased in number. However, this effect differed between the intestine segments and toxins. Mycotoxins induced some changes in the ultrastructure of the mucosal epithelium. They did not affect the expression of proliferative cell nuclear antigen and the intestinal barrier permeability. The obtained results indicate that mycotoxins especially ZEN may influence the defense mechanisms of the large intestine.
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Urbanek KA, Habrowska-Górczyńska DE, Kowalska K, Stańczyk A, Domińska K, Piastowska-Ciesielska AW. Deoxynivalenol as potential modulator of human steroidogenesis. J Appl Toxicol 2018; 38:1450-1459. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Anna Urbanek
- Laboratory of Cell Cultures and Genomic Analysis, Department of Comparative Endocrinology; Medical University of Lodz; Poland
| | | | - Karolina Kowalska
- Laboratory of Cell Cultures and Genomic Analysis, Department of Comparative Endocrinology; Medical University of Lodz; Poland
| | - Anna Stańczyk
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology; Medical University of Lodz; Poland
| | - Kamila Domińska
- Department of Comparative Endocrinology; Medical University of Lodz; Poland
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Simultaneous degradation of aflatoxin B 1 and zearalenone by a microbial consortium. Toxicon 2018; 146:69-76. [PMID: 29621525 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites mainly produced by filamentous fungal species that commonly contaminate staple foods and feeds. They cause significant economic losses and greatly harm food security. Simultaneous contamination of multiple mycotoxins and the accompanying additive and synergistic effects may cause even more serious harm. To develop a microbial consortium with the ability to degrade multiple mycotoxins, a previously identified consortium with aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) degradation ability, TADC7, was domesticated by co-culturing with 500 μg l-1 AFB1 and 500 μg l-1 zearalenone (ZEA), yielding the derived microbial consortium TMDC. After 168 h of co-culture with TMDC, 2000 μg l-1AFB1 and 2000 μg l-1 ZEA were degraded by 98.9% and 88.5%, respectively. The proteins or enzymes in the TADC7 cell-free supernatant played a major role in mycotoxins degradation. The degradation ratios of 5000 μg l-1 AFB1 and 5000 μg l-1 ZEA by 48 h TMDC cell-free supernatant were 93.8% and 90.3% at 72 h, respectively. Based on 16S rRNA sequencing, Geobacillus and Tepidimicrobium might play important roles in mycotoxin degradation by TMDC, and the TMDC community composition was stable, irrespective of mycotoxin. This study established the biodegradation of different categories of mycotoxins, and will facilitate the practical application of microbial consortia in mycotoxin degradation.
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248
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Soler L, Oswald I. The importance of accounting for sex in the search of proteomic signatures of mycotoxin exposure. J Proteomics 2018; 178:114-122. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2017.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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249
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Wahibah NN, Tsutsui T, Tamaoki D, Sato K, Nishiuchi T. Expression of barley Glutathione S-Transferase13 gene reduces accumulation of reactive oxygen species by trichothecenes and paraquat in Arabidopsis plants. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY (TOKYO, JAPAN) 2018; 35:71-79. [PMID: 31275039 PMCID: PMC6543728 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.18.0205a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) play an important role in the detoxification of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and toxic compounds. We found that the barley phi class GST (HvGST13) gene is upregulated by trichothecene phytotoxin produced by the fungal pathogen Fusarium graminearum in barley. Trichothecene phytotoxins such as DON and T-2 toxin induce accumulation of ROS and cell death in plants. It is known that the death of host cells contributes to the virulence of F. graminearum during the later stages of infection. To characterize the role of the HvGST13 gene, we generated Arabidopsis plants in which HvGST13 was overexpressed. Growth inhibition by DON and T-2 toxin was significantly alleviated in the HvGST13ox Arabidopsis plants compared with the wild type. Accumulation of ROS and cell death apparently decreased in HvGST13ox Arabidopsis plants treated with trichothecene. Paraquat herbicide is well known to induce the generation of ROS in plants. Paraquat-induced growth retardation was also suppressed in the HvGST13ox Arabidopsis plants compared with wild type. The inoculation of F. graminearum causes disease symptoms that are markedly decreased in HvGST13ox Arabidopsis plants compared to those in the wild type. Therefore, the HvGST13 gene suppressed the phytotoxic activity of trichothecenes in plants, possibly by the scavenging of ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninik Nihayatul Wahibah
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Riau, Kampus Bina Widya Km 12.5 Simpang Baru Panam, Pekanbaru 28293, Indonesia
- Division of Natural System, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-cho, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Tsutsui
- Advanced Science Research Center, Institute for Gene Research, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-0934, Japan
| | - Daisuke Tamaoki
- Advanced Science Research Center, Institute for Gene Research, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-0934, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Sato
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, 2-20-1 Chuo, Kurashiki, Okayama 710-0046, Japan
| | - Takumi Nishiuchi
- Division of Natural System, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-cho, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
- Advanced Science Research Center, Institute for Gene Research, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-0934, Japan
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250
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Baines R, Manning L, Soon J. Mycotoxin incidents associated with cereals: lessons learnt and risk reduction strategies. QUALITY ASSURANCE AND SAFETY OF CROPS & FOODS 2018. [DOI: 10.3920/qas2016.1026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R.N. Baines
- School of Agriculture, Royal Agricultural University, Stroud Road, Cirencester, GL7 6JS, United Kingdom
| | - L. Manning
- Department of Food Science and Agri-Food Supply Chain Management, Harper Adams University, Newport, TF10 8NB, United Kingdom
| | - J.M. Soon
- School of Sport and Wellbeing, International Institute of Nutritional Sciences and Applied Food Safety Studies, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, United Kingdom
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