201
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Tseng P, Cheng T. Causal prominence for neuroscience. Nat Rev Neurosci 2024; 25:591. [PMID: 38902513 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-024-00838-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip Tseng
- Department of Psychology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Tony Cheng
- Waseda Institute for Advanced Study, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
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202
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Ngetich R, Villalba-García C, Soborun Y, Vékony T, Czakó A, Demetrovics Z, Németh D. Learning and memory processes in behavioural addiction: A systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 163:105747. [PMID: 38870547 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Similar to addictive substances, addictive behaviours such as gambling and gaming are associated with maladaptive modulation of key brain areas and functional networks implicated in learning and memory. Therefore, this review sought to understand how different learning and memory processes relate to behavioural addictions and to unravel their underlying neural mechanisms. Adhering to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, we systematically searched four databases - PsycINFO, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science using the agreed-upon search string. Findings suggest altered executive function-dependent learning processes and enhanced habit learning in behavioural addiction. Whereas the relationship between working memory and behavioural addiction is influenced by addiction type, working memory aspect, and task nature. Additionally, long-term memory is incoherent in individuals with addictive behaviours. Consistently, neurophysiological evidence indicates alterations in brain areas and networks implicated in learning and memory processes in behavioural addictions. Overall, the present review argues that, like substance use disorders, alteration in learning and memory processes may underlie the development and maintenance of behavioural addictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Ngetich
- Centre of Excellence in Responsible Gaming, University of Gibraltar, Gibraltar, Gibraltar
| | | | - Yanisha Soborun
- Centre of Excellence in Responsible Gaming, University of Gibraltar, Gibraltar, Gibraltar
| | - Teodóra Vékony
- Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon CRNL U1028 UMR5292, INSERM, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Bron, France; Department of Education and Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Atlántico Medio, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Andrea Czakó
- Centre of Excellence in Responsible Gaming, University of Gibraltar, Gibraltar, Gibraltar; Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Demetrovics
- Centre of Excellence in Responsible Gaming, University of Gibraltar, Gibraltar, Gibraltar; Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary; College of Education, Psychology and Social Work, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Dezső Németh
- Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon CRNL U1028 UMR5292, INSERM, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Bron, France; Department of Education and Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Atlántico Medio, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; BML-NAP Research Group, Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University & Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, HUN-REN Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
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203
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Wang J, Christensen D, Coombes SA, Wang Z. Cognitive and brain morphological deviations in middle-to-old aged autistic adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 163:105782. [PMID: 38944227 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
Cognitive challenges and brain structure variations are common in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) but are rarely explored in middle-to-old aged autistic adults. Cognitive deficits that overlap between young autistic individuals and elderlies with dementia raise an important question: does compromised cognitive ability and brain structure during early development drive autistic adults to be more vulnerable to pathological aging conditions, or does it protect them from further decline? To answer this question, we have synthesized current theoretical models of aging in ASD and conducted a systematic literature review (Jan 1, 1980 - Feb 29, 2024) and meta-analysis to summarize empirical studies on cognitive and brain deviations in middle-to-old aged autistic adults. We explored findings that support different aging theories in ASD and addressed study limitations and future directions. This review sheds light on the poorly understood consequences of aging question raised by the autism community to pave the way for future studies to identify sensitive and reliable measures that best predict the onset, progression, and prognosis of pathological aging in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingying Wang
- Neurocognitive and Behavioral Development Laboratory, Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, PO Box 118206, Gainesville, FL 32611-8205, USA
| | - Danielle Christensen
- Neurocognitive and Behavioral Development Laboratory, Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, PO Box 118206, Gainesville, FL 32611-8205, USA; Laboratory for Rehabilitation Neuroscience, Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, PO Box 118206, Gainesville, FL 32611-8205, USA
| | - Stephen A Coombes
- Laboratory for Rehabilitation Neuroscience, Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, PO Box 118206, Gainesville, FL 32611-8205, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Zheng Wang
- Neurocognitive and Behavioral Development Laboratory, Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, PO Box 118206, Gainesville, FL 32611-8205, USA.
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204
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Yang X, Star JR, Zhu X, Wang R, Zhang Y, Tong J, He Z. Phonological awareness and RAN contribute to Chinese reading and arithmetic for different reasons. Cogn Process 2024; 25:443-455. [PMID: 38526668 DOI: 10.1007/s10339-024-01184-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
The present study investigated how phonological awareness and rapid automatized naming (hereafter, RAN), simultaneously contributed to Chinese reading and arithmetic fluency. Specifically, we proposed a new hypothesized mechanism that processing speed would mediate the relations of RAN with Chinese reading and arithmetic fluency. One hundred and forty-five Chinese children at the fifth grade were administered with a battery of measures, including three phonological processing measures, character reading, and whole number computation, as well as nonverbal IQ, and vocabulary knowledge. Path analyses revealed that phonological awareness and RAN were uniquely related to character reading and arithmetic fluency, while phonological memory was not significantly correlated to either character reading or arithmetic fluency, after controlling for age, nonverbal IQ, and vocabulary knowledge. Further analysis indicated that processing speed demonstrated a mediating effect on the importance of RAN in character reading, rather than in arithmetic fluency. Results underscore the potential importance of phonological awareness and RAN in character reading and arithmetic fluency, and the mediating role of processing speed in RAN to promote Chinese character reading fluency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiujie Yang
- Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
| | - Jon R Star
- Harvard Graduate School of Education, Harvard University, Cambridge, USA
| | - Xiangyi Zhu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Wang
- College of Management, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- School of Media and Communication, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiajin Tong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Zhonghui He
- Department of Physical Education, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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205
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Le Pargneux A, Chater N, Zeitoun H. Contractualist tendencies and reasoning in moral judgment and decision making. Cognition 2024; 249:105838. [PMID: 38824696 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2024.105838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
The social-contract tradition of Hobbes, Rousseau, Kant, and Rawls has been widely influential in moral philosophy but has until recently received relatively little attention in moral psychology. For contractualist moral theories, ethics is a matter of forming, adhering to, and enforcing (hypothetical) agreements, and morality is fundamentally about acting according to what would be agreed by rational agents. A recent psychological theory, virtual bargaining, models social interactions in contractualist terms, suggesting that we often act as we would agree to do if we were to negotiate explicitly. However, whether such contractualist tendencies (a propensity to make typically contractualist choices) and forms of reasoning (agreement-based cognitive processes) play a role in moral cognition is still unclear. Drawing upon virtual bargaining, we develop two novel experimental paradigms designed to elicit incentivized decisions and moral judgments. We then test the descriptive relevance of contractualism in moral judgment and decision making in five preregistered online experiments (n = 4103; English-speaking Prolific participants). In the first task, we find evidence that many participants show contractualist tendencies: their choices are "characteristically" contractualist. In the second task, we find evidence consistent with contractualist reasoning influencing some participants' judgments and incentivized decisions. Our findings suggest that a propensity to act as prescribed by tacit agreements may be particularly important in understanding the moral psychology of fleeting social interactions and coordination problems. By complementing the rich literature on deontology and consequentialism in moral psychology, empirical approaches inspired by contractualism may prove fruitful to better understand moral cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Le Pargneux
- Behavioural Science Group, Warwick Business School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom.
| | - Nick Chater
- Behavioural Science Group, Warwick Business School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Hossam Zeitoun
- Behavioural Science Group, Warwick Business School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
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206
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Larra MF, Gajewski PD, Getzmann S, Wascher E, Metzler Y. Stress from early life to adulthood: Is there a protective role of cognitive control? Brain Cogn 2024; 178:106165. [PMID: 38759431 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2024.106165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Early life events can have long-lasting effects that may impact the quality of life into adulthood. The link between childhood adversities and adult mental and physical health is well documented, however, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Executive functions are assumed to be a key factor in successfully dealing with cognitive-emotional challenges thereby contributing to stress resilience and mental health across the lifespan. Here, we examined whether cognitive control moderates the link between early life adversity and depression. Data was available from a sample of 424 participants aged 20-70 years (Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT05155397). They performed in the Stroop task and behavior as well as frontal theta power were recorded. Negative childhood experiences were assessed with the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), chronic stress was measured with the Trier Inventory for Chronic Stress (TICS) and depression symptoms with Beck's Depression Inventory (BDI). The CTQ predicted symptoms of chronic stress and depression. Regression models pointed to the TICS as a crucial mediator in the relationship between CTQ and BDI. However, parameters of cognitive control demonstrated a rather weak effect as moderators. These results indicate that chronic stress is an important mediator linking childhood trauma to depression but suggest only a limited role for cognitive control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro F Larra
- IfADo - Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Department of Ergonomics, Dortmund, Germany.
| | - Patrick D Gajewski
- IfADo - Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Department of Ergonomics, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Stephan Getzmann
- IfADo - Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Department of Ergonomics, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Edmund Wascher
- IfADo - Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Department of Ergonomics, Dortmund, Germany; German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), partner site Bochum/Marburg, Germany
| | - Yannick Metzler
- IfADo - Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Department of Ergonomics, Dortmund, Germany
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207
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Chen S, Park EC, Harris LM, Sigel AN, Broshek CE, Joiner TE, Ribeiro JD. Beyond words: Semantic satiation and the mental accessibility of the concept of suicide. Behav Res Ther 2024; 179:104573. [PMID: 38781625 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2024.104573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Disrupting the accessibility of the mental representation of suicide may be a possible pathway to a strategy for suicide prevention. Our study aims to theoretically evaluate this perspective by examining the impact of temporarily disrupting the concept of suicide on perceptions of suicide. Using a within-subject design, we tested the effects of semantic satiation targeting the word "suicide" on the perceptual judgment of suicide-relevant pictures in 104 young adults. On each trial, participants repeated aloud one of the three words (i.e., "accident," "murder," or "suicide") either three times (priming) or 30 times (satiation) and indicated whether a subsequent picture matched with the word. Results indicated that satiation of the word "suicide" slowed the accurate categorization of pictures related to all three words, and satiation of "murder" and "accident" delayed participants' judgment of suicide-relevant pictures. Our findings support that semantic satiation can render the suicide concept temporarily less accessible, thereby providing preliminary support for the strategy of concept disruption in suicide prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenghao Chen
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, USA.
| | - Esther C Park
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, USA
| | | | - Anika N Sigel
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, USA
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208
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Bleckmann E, Nestler S, Wagner J. Routes to momentary self-esteem in adolescence: Links with interpersonal perceptions of liking and personality metaperceptions within social interactions. J Pers 2024; 92:1229-1246. [PMID: 37735748 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study provides insights into the perceptual processes contributing to positive social experiences and momentary self-esteem in adolescents' initial social interactions. BACKGROUND A person's self-esteem is shaped by their social experiences. However, little is known about which interpersonal perceptions are linked to momentary self-esteem within social interactions. Identifying two key interpersonal perceptions, we examined differential associations between an individual's meta-liking and other-perceptions of liking by interaction partners with momentary self-esteem. Further, we investigated how preceding personality metaperceptions (i.e., meta-accuracy and meta-positivity) extended these sociometer processes. METHOD The current study used round-robin data from N = 296 adolescents participating in a virtual group interaction. Social accuracy modeling was used to estimate meta-accuracy and meta-positivity of personality metaperceptions, and path models were used to test associations with interpersonal perceptions of liking and momentary self-esteem. RESULTS Two main findings emerged: First, meta-liking was consistently related to higher momentary self-esteem, whereas other-perceptions of liking were not. Second, meta-positivity of personality metaperceptions was linked to higher meta-liking and indirectly contributed to higher momentary self-esteem through meta-liking. CONCLUSION These findings highlight the importance of considering different interpersonal perceptions to understand social interaction experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Bleckmann
- Department of Psychology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Steffen Nestler
- Department of Psychology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Jenny Wagner
- Department of Psychology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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209
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Wu QL, Chen F. A Dual-Process Model of Promoting Employee Mental Health in Crises: Impacts of Leadership Health Support and Organizational Leaders' Crisis Communication in COVID-19. HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2024; 39:1705-1713. [PMID: 37394912 DOI: 10.1080/10410236.2023.2231283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
This study examined how organizations may promote their employees' mental health in difficult times. Drawing from organizational crisis communication and organizational health promotion research, it proposed and tested a dual-process model that links leadership health support, an essential dimension of organizational health culture, with organizational leaders' crisis communication (i.e. use of ethical-base responses) and workers' self-care awareness and perceived stress in a crisis. Through a survey of 502 full-time U.S. employees conducted during COVID-19, we found that organizational leaders' use of ethical-base responses predicted employees' enhanced self-care awareness and decreased stress levels. Further, leadership health support provided a double-buffer effect to sustain employee mental health by directly bolstering employees' self-care awareness and organizational leaders' use of ethical-base responses. The findings of this study bridge the gaps in organizational health promotion and crisis communication literature and offer practical suggestions for organizations seeking to foster employees' mental health challenges during crises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiwei Luna Wu
- School of Communication, Levin College of Public Affairs and Education, Cleveland State University
| | - Feifei Chen
- Department of Communication, College of Charleston
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210
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Quick BL, Kriss LA, Morrow E, Hartman D, Koester B. A Test of Autonomy Restoration Postscripts to Mitigate Psychological Reactance to an Opt-Out Organ Donor Registry in the United States. HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2024; 39:1714-1726. [PMID: 37482679 DOI: 10.1080/10410236.2023.2232607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
The organ shortage continues to present problems around the world including the United States. In response, some countries have switched from an opt-in organ donor registry to an opt-out registry. The United States currently utilizes an opt-in registry where an individual is not considered an organ donor until they register their intentions. In the current study, U.S. adults were randomly assigned to a 2 (message valence: promotional, refutational) x 2 (autonomy restoration postscript: present, not present) x 2 (social proof: high likes, low likes) posttest only control group design evaluating social media message regarding an opt-out organ donor registry for implementation in the U.S. Results revealed an interaction between message valence and autonomy on freedom threat perceptions toward the message. Consistent with psychological reactance theory, freedom threat perceptions were positively associated with reactance, which in turn was positively associated with an intention to sign a petition and call a representative to voice disapproval of the opt-out organ donor registry. The discussion is focused on pragmatic recommendations for organ donor practitioners and advocates as well as the theoretical contributions to reactance theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian L Quick
- Department of Communication and the Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
| | - Lauren A Kriss
- School of Journalism and Mass Communication, University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | - Ethan Morrow
- Department of Communication, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
| | - Dan Hartman
- Department of Communication, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
| | - Brenda Koester
- Department of Communication, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
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211
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Algermissen J, den Ouden HEM. Pupil dilation reflects effortful action invigoration in overcoming aversive Pavlovian biases. COGNITIVE, AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2024; 24:720-739. [PMID: 38773022 PMCID: PMC11233311 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-024-01191-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
"Pavlovian" or "motivational" biases describe the phenomenon that the valence of prospective outcomes modulates action invigoration: Reward prospect invigorates action, whereas punishment prospect suppresses it. The adaptive role of these biases in decision-making is still unclear. One idea is that they constitute a fast-and-frugal decision strategy in situations characterized by high arousal, e.g., in presence of a predator, which demand a quick response. In this pre-registered study (N = 35), we tested whether such a situation-induced via subliminally presented angry versus neutral faces-leads to increased reliance on Pavlovian biases. We measured trial-by-trial arousal by tracking pupil diameter while participants performed an orthogonalized Motivational Go/NoGo Task. Pavlovian biases were present in responses, reaction times, and even gaze, with lower gaze dispersion under aversive cues reflecting "freezing of gaze." The subliminally presented faces did not affect responses, reaction times, or pupil diameter, suggesting that the arousal manipulation was ineffective. However, pupil dilations reflected facets of bias suppression, specifically the physical (but not cognitive) effort needed to overcome aversive inhibition: Particularly strong and sustained dilations occurred when participants managed to perform Go responses to aversive cues. Conversely, no such dilations occurred when they managed to inhibit responses to Win cues. These results suggest that pupil diameter does not reflect response conflict per se nor the inhibition of prepotent responses, but specifically effortful action invigoration as needed to overcome aversive inhibition. We discuss our results in the context of the "value of work" theory of striatal dopamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Algermissen
- Donders Institute for Brain, Radboud University, Cognition, and Behaviour, Thomas van Aquinostraat 4, 6526 GD, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Hanneke E M den Ouden
- Donders Institute for Brain, Radboud University, Cognition, and Behaviour, Thomas van Aquinostraat 4, 6526 GD, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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212
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Duarte M, Pedrosa SS, Khusial PR, Madureira AR. Exploring the interplay between stress mediators and skin microbiota in shaping age-related hallmarks: A review. Mech Ageing Dev 2024; 220:111956. [PMID: 38906383 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2024.111956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
Psychological stress is a major contributing factor to several health problems (e.g., depression, cardiovascular disease). Around 35 % of the world's population suffers from it, including younger generations. Physiologically, stress manifests through neuroendocrine pathways (Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis and Sympathetic-Adrenal-Medullary (SAM) system) which culminate in the production of stress mediators like cortisol, epinephrine and norepinephrine. Stress and its mediators have been associated to body aging, through molecular mechanisms such as telomere attrition, mitochondrial dysfunction, cellular senescence, chronic inflammation, and dysbiosis, among others. Regarding its impact in the skin, stress impacts its structural integrity and physiological function. Despite this review focusing on several hallmarks of aging, emphasis was placed on skin microbiota dysbiosis. In this line, several studies, comprising different age groups, demographic contexts and body sites, have reported skin microbiota alterations associated with aging, and some effects of stress mediators on skin microbiota have also been reviewed in this paper. From a different perspective, since it is not a "traditional" stress mediator, oxytocin, a cortisol antagonist, has been related to glucorticoids inhibition and to display positive effects on cellular aging. This hormone dysregulation has been associated to psychological issues such as depression, whereas its upregulation has been linked to positive social interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Duarte
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, Porto 4169-005, Portugal
| | - Sílvia Santos Pedrosa
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, Porto 4169-005, Portugal
| | - P Raaj Khusial
- Amyris Biotech INC, 5885 Hollis St Ste 100, Emeryville, CA 94608-2405, USA
| | - Ana Raquel Madureira
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, Porto 4169-005, Portugal.
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213
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Chang CL, Gan YC, Pan CY, Tseng YT, Wang TC, Tsai CL. Neurocognitive performance of badminton players at different competitive levels in visuospatial attention tasks. Exp Brain Res 2024; 242:1933-1946. [PMID: 38900160 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-024-06872-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Visuospatial attention (VSA) is a cognitive function that enables athletes, particularly those engaged in open-skill sports, to allocate attentional resources efficiently to the appropriate target and in the appropriate direction. Studies have indicated that expert players exhibit superior cognitive performance to that of novices. However, no study has investigated differences in VSA performance among elite, expert, and intermediate badminton players or the potential neurophysiological mechanisms underlying such differences. Accordingly, the present study explored neuropsychological and neurophysiological parameters during VSA tasks among badminton players of varying competitive levels. The study included 54 participants and divided them into three groups according to their competition records: elite (n = 18), expert (n = 18), and intermediate (n = 18). Their neuropsychological performance and brain event-related potentials (ERPs) during the Posner cueing paradigm were collected. Although the three groups did not differ in their accuracy rates, ERP N2 amplitudes, or N2 or P3 latencies, the elite and expert groups exhibited notably faster reaction times and more pronounced P3 amplitudes than did the intermediate group during the cognitive task. However, we did not observe these between-group differences when we controlled for the covariate training years. Additionally, the elite and expert groups exhibited comparable neurocognitive performance. These findings indicate that badminton players' competitive levels influence their VSA. However, the beneficial effects on neuropsychological and neurophysiological performance could stabilize after a certain level of badminton competence is reached. Year of training could also be a major factor influencing badminton players' neurocognitive performance in VSA tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Liang Chang
- Institute of Physical Education, Health and Leisure Studies, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chia Gan
- Institute of Physical Education, Health and Leisure Studies, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Yu Pan
- Department of Physical Education, National Kaohsiung Normal University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Tseng
- Department of Kinesiology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Tsai-Chiao Wang
- Institute of Physical Education, Health and Leisure Studies, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- General Research Service Center, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Liang Tsai
- Institute of Physical Education, Health and Leisure Studies, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
- Department of Psychology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
- Lab of Cognitive Neurophysiology, Institute of Physical Education, Health & Leisure Studies, No. 1, University Road, Tainan, 701, Taiwan.
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214
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Luo Q, Tian Z, Hu Y, Wang C. Effects of Aerobic Exercise on Executive and Memory Functions in Patients With Alzheimer's Disease: A Systematic Review. J Aging Phys Act 2024; 32:541-553. [PMID: 38521051 DOI: 10.1123/japa.2023-0292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease threatens the health of older adults, particularly by disrupting executive and memory functions, and many studies have shown that aerobic exercise prevents and improves the symptoms associated with the disease. OBJECTIVE The objective was to systematically review the effects of aerobic exercise on executive and memory functions in patients with Alzheimer's disease and to determine the effect factors and mechanisms of the design of aerobic exercise intervention programs. METHOD Relevant literature was searched in three databases (PubMed, Web of Science, and EBSCO) from January 1, 2014 to March 1, 2023, using a subject-word search method. Data on 10 items, including author and country, were extracted from the literature after screening. The quality of the literature was evaluated using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database scale, and a systematic review was performed. RESULTS Twelve papers from seven countries were ultimately included, embodying 11 randomized controlled trials and one study with a repeated-measures design. The overall quality of the studies was good as 657 study participants, aged 45 years and older who had varying degrees of Alzheimer's disease and significant symptoms, were included. Aerobic exercise was found to have a significant positive impact on executive and memory functions in people with Alzheimer's disease. CONCLUSION The effects of aerobic exercise on aspects of executive function were mainly characterized by improvements in inhibitory control, working memory, and cognitive flexibility, whereas the effects on aspects of memory function were mainly characterized by improvements in logical memory, situational memory, and short-term memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoyou Luo
- College of Physical Education, Hunan University, Changsha, HUN, China
| | - Zuguo Tian
- College of Physical Education, Hunan University, Changsha, HUN, China
| | - Yuting Hu
- College of Physical Education, Hunan University, Changsha, HUN, China
| | - Chaochao Wang
- College of Physical Education, Hunan University, Changsha, HUN, China
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215
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R Horn R, J Lewinski W, Sandri Heidner G, Lawton J, Allen C, Albin MW, P Murray N. Assessing between-officer variability in responses to a live-acted deadly force encounter as a window to the effectiveness of training and experience. ERGONOMICS 2024; 67:1035-1050. [PMID: 38037325 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2023.2278416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to infer the effectiveness of officers' training and experience by assessing consistency of behavioural responses between them. If officers facing the same scenario respond in similar ways, this implies their use of shared cognition, through acquired in-common tactical knowledge. Officers (n = 42) responded to a live-acted scenario in which an assailant ultimately discharged his weapon. Triangulated camera positions assessed their movement patterns, final positions, and weapon responses relative to when the assailant fired his weapon. We also assessed the officers' visual search and gathered information regarding their experience and rest. Our second aim was to examine sources of variability in the officers' responses. We found extensive variability in all aspects of the response. Experience did not impact spatial or temporal behavioural responses. However, longer hours awake and lower reported rest negatively impacted officers' responses. We conclude that officers had insufficient training and experience to demonstrate in-common knowledge.Practitioner summary: Police officers showed high spatial and temporal variability in response to the same scenario. This implies inadequate tactical training, and is supported by our finding that training and experience did not impact performance. Instead, the officers' variability was constrained by their visual search, and the hours awake before being tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert R Horn
- Kinesiology, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ, USA
| | | | | | - Joshua Lawton
- Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Craig Allen
- Division of Research, Force Science Institute, Des Plaines, IL, USA
| | - Michael W Albin
- Division of Research, Force Science Institute, Des Plaines, IL, USA
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216
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Tang X, Turesky TK, Escalante ES, Loh MY, Xia M, Yu X, Gaab N. Longitudinal associations between language network characteristics in the infant brain and school-age reading abilities are mediated by early-developing phonological skills. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2024; 68:101405. [PMID: 38875769 PMCID: PMC11225703 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2024.101405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Reading acquisition is a prolonged learning process relying on language development starting in utero. Behavioral longitudinal studies reveal prospective associations between infant language abilities and preschool/kindergarten phonological development that relates to subsequent reading performance. While recent pediatric neuroimaging work has begun to characterize the neural network underlying language development in infants, how this neural network scaffolds long-term language and reading acquisition remains unknown. We addressed this question in a 7-year longitudinal study from infancy to school-age. Seventy-six infants completed resting-state fMRI scanning, and underwent standardized language assessments in kindergarten. Of this larger cohort, forty-one were further assessed on their emergent word reading abilities after receiving formal reading instructions. Hierarchical clustering analyses identified a modular infant language network in which functional connectivity (FC) of the inferior frontal module prospectively correlated with kindergarten-age phonological skills and emergent word reading abilities. These correlations were obtained when controlling for infant age at scan, nonverbal IQ and parental education. Furthermore, kindergarten-age phonological skills mediated the relationship between infant FC and school-age reading abilities, implying a critical mid-way milestone for long-term reading development from infancy. Overall, our findings illuminate the neurobiological mechanisms by which infant language capacities could scaffold long-term reading acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Ted K Turesky
- Harvard Graduate School of Education, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Elizabeth S Escalante
- Harvard Graduate School of Education, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Megan Yf Loh
- Harvard Graduate School of Education, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Mingrui Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xi Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Nadine Gaab
- Harvard Graduate School of Education, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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Molins F, Ben-Hassen Jemni N, Garrote-Petisco D, Serrano MÁ. Highly logical and non-emotional decisions in both risky and social contexts: understanding decision making in autism spectrum disorder through computational modeling. Cogn Process 2024; 25:503-512. [PMID: 38526667 DOI: 10.1007/s10339-024-01182-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
In risky contexts, autism spectrum disorder (ASD) individuals exhibit more logical consistency and non-emotional decisions than do typical adults (TAs). This way of deciding could be also prevailing in social contexts, leading to maladaptive decisions. This evidence is scarce and inconsistent, and further research is needed. Recent developments in computational modeling allow analysis of decisional subcomponents that could provide valuable information to understand the decision-making and help address inconsistencies. Twenty-seven individuals with ASD and 25 TAs were submitted to a framing-task and the ultimatum game (UG). The Rescorla-Wagner computational model was used to analyze UG decisions. Results showed that in the UG, the ASD group exhibited a higher utilitarianism, characterized by lower aversion to unfairness and higher acceptance of offers. Moreover, this way of deciding was predicted by the higher economic rationality found in the framing task, where people with ASD did not manifest emotional biases such as framing effect. These results could suggest an atypical decision making, highly logical and non-emotional, as a robust feature of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Molins
- Department of Psychobiology, Universitat de València, Av. Blasco Ibáñez, 13, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Nour Ben-Hassen Jemni
- Department of Psychobiology, Universitat de València, Av. Blasco Ibáñez, 13, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Dolores Garrote-Petisco
- Department of Psychobiology, Universitat de València, Av. Blasco Ibáñez, 13, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Serrano
- Department of Psychobiology, Universitat de València, Av. Blasco Ibáñez, 13, 46010, Valencia, Spain.
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218
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Reis A, Westhoff M, Quintarelli H, Hofmann SG. Mindfulness as a therapeutic option for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Expert Rev Neurother 2024; 24:735-741. [PMID: 38889066 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2024.2365945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a prevalent mental health issue characterized by intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors (compulsions) that can cause significant life impairment. Despite cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) being the most effective treatment, some individuals experience insufficient symptom reduction or relapse. AREAS COVERED This special report explores the potential of mindfulness-based interventions as complementary treatments for OCD, examining the specific techniques used and their practical application. In the initial section, the authors examine ten randomized control trial studies included in the meta-analysis conducted by Chien et al. (2022), demonstrating the effectiveness of mindfulness interventions. The authors focus on elucidating the specific mindfulness techniques used in these studies. Then, the authors discuss the integration of these mindfulness strategies into CBT, focusing on enhancing emotional regulation, cognitive flexibility, and acceptance of intrusive thoughts. EXPERT OPINION While mindful based interventions (MBIs) show promise as adjunctive treatments for OCD, variability in OCD symptoms and treatment responses necessitate individualized therapeutic approaches. Further research is required to refine mindfulness-based techniques and optimize their effectiveness. Incorporating MBIs into standard CBT protocols may improve outcomes for patients with persistent OCD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Reis
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Marlon Westhoff
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Hicham Quintarelli
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Stefan G Hofmann
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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Schäfer J, Reuter T, Leuchter M, Karbach J. Executive functions and problem-solving-The contribution of inhibition, working memory, and cognitive flexibility to science problem-solving performance in elementary school students. J Exp Child Psychol 2024; 244:105962. [PMID: 38810499 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2024.105962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Previous research has shown that executive functions can contribute to successful problem-solving in preschool and elementary school children. However, most studies did not simultaneously assess the role of different specific aspects of executive functions. Therefore, the aim of our study was to investigate the individual contribution of inhibition, working memory, and cognitive flexibility to science problem-solving performance in elementary school children. A total of 478 children from first and second grades (Mage = 7.44 years) participated in our study. They performed a Go/No-go task (inhibition), a Corsi blocks backward task (working memory), a flexible item selection task (cognitive flexibility), and three science problem-solving tasks, including two gear turning tasks and one stabilization task. Structural equation modeling showed that working memory and cognitive flexibility individually contributed to problem-solving performance, whereas inhibition did not. We conclude that maintaining task requirements and dynamic object relations (working memory) and switching between different problem-solving phases (cognitive flexibility) are essential components of successful science problem-solving in elementary school children. Inhibitory processes may be more relevant in tasks involving a higher degree of interference at the task or response level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Schäfer
- Department of Psychology, University of Kaiserslautern-Landau, 76829 Landau, Germany; Institute for Child and Youth Education, University of Kaiserslautern-Landau, 76829 Landau, Germany.
| | - Timo Reuter
- Institute for Child and Youth Education, University of Kaiserslautern-Landau, 76829 Landau, Germany
| | - Miriam Leuchter
- Institute for Child and Youth Education, University of Kaiserslautern-Landau, 76829 Landau, Germany
| | - Julia Karbach
- Department of Psychology, University of Kaiserslautern-Landau, 76829 Landau, Germany; Center for Research on Individual Development and Adaptive Education of Children at Risk (IDeA), 60323 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Pigorini A, Avanzini P, Barborica A, Bénar CG, David O, Farisco M, Keller CJ, Manfridi A, Mikulan E, Paulk AC, Roehri N, Subramanian A, Vulliémoz S, Zelmann R. Simultaneous invasive and non-invasive recordings in humans: A novel Rosetta stone for deciphering brain activity. J Neurosci Methods 2024; 408:110160. [PMID: 38734149 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2024.110160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Simultaneous noninvasive and invasive electrophysiological recordings provide a unique opportunity to achieve a comprehensive understanding of human brain activity, much like a Rosetta stone for human neuroscience. In this review we focus on the increasingly-used powerful combination of intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG) with scalp electroencephalography (EEG) or magnetoencephalography (MEG). We first provide practical insight on how to achieve these technically challenging recordings. We then provide examples from clinical research on how simultaneous recordings are advancing our understanding of epilepsy. This is followed by the illustration of how human neuroscience and methodological advances could benefit from these simultaneous recordings. We conclude with a call for open data sharing and collaboration, while ensuring neuroethical approaches and argue that only with a true collaborative approach the promises of simultaneous recordings will be fulfilled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Pigorini
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; UOC Maxillo-facial Surgery and dentistry, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.
| | - Pietro Avanzini
- Institute of Neuroscience, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Christian-G Bénar
- Aix Marseille Univ, Inserm, U1106, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, Marseille, France
| | - Olivier David
- Aix Marseille Univ, Inserm, U1106, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, Marseille, France
| | - Michele Farisco
- Centre for Research Ethics and Bioethics, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 256, Uppsala, SE 751 05, Sweden; Science and Society Unit Biogem, Biology and Molecular Genetics Institute, Via Camporeale snc, Ariano Irpino, AV 83031, Italy
| | - Corey J Keller
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Healthcare System, and the Sierra Pacific Mental Illness, Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Palo Alto, CA 94394, USA
| | - Alfredo Manfridi
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Ezequiel Mikulan
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Angelique C Paulk
- Department of Neurology and Center for Neurotechnology and Neurorecovery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicolas Roehri
- EEG and Epilepsy Unit, Dpt of Clinical Neurosciences, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ajay Subramanian
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Healthcare System, and the Sierra Pacific Mental Illness, Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Palo Alto, CA 94394, USA
| | - Serge Vulliémoz
- EEG and Epilepsy Unit, Dpt of Clinical Neurosciences, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Rina Zelmann
- Department of Neurology and Center for Neurotechnology and Neurorecovery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Misiak B, Frydecka D, Piotrowski P, Rembacz K, Bielawski T, Samochowiec J, Tyburski E, Łaczmański Ł, Pawlak E. Coping styles do not interact with the association between childhood trauma history and the immune-inflammatory phenotype of schizophrenia: Findings from a cross-sectional study. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2024; 166:107062. [PMID: 38678733 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2024.107062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are a well-known risk factor of schizophrenia. Moreover, individuals with schizophrenia are likely to use maladaptive stress coping strategies. Although it has been reported that a history of ACEs might be associated with a pro-inflammatory phenotype in patients with schizophrenia, the interacting effect of coping styles on this association has not been tested so far. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the levels of immune-inflammatory markers in patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls (HCs), taking into consideration a history of ACEs and coping strategies. Participants included 119 patients with schizophrenia and 120 HCs. Serum levels of 26 immune-inflammatory markers were determined. A history of any categories of ACEs was significantly more frequent in patients with schizophrenia. Moreover, patients with schizophrenia were significantly more likely to use emotion-focused coping and less likely to use active coping strategies compared to HCs. The levels of interleukin(IL)-6, RANTES, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), appeared to be elevated in patients with schizophrenia after adjustment for potential confounding factors in all tested models. Participants reporting a history of any ACEs had significantly higher levels of TNF-α and IL-6. No significant main and interactive effects of active strategies as the predominant coping on immune-inflammatory markers with altered levels in patients with schizophrenia were found. Findings from the present study indicate that ACEs are associated with elevated TNF-α and IL-6 levels regardless of schizophrenia diagnosis and predominant coping styles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Błażej Misiak
- Department of Psychiatry, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Dorota Frydecka
- Department of Psychiatry, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Patryk Piotrowski
- Department of Psychiatry, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Rembacz
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Department of Experimental Therapy, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Bielawski
- Department of Psychiatry, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jerzy Samochowiec
- Department of Psychiatry, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Ernest Tyburski
- Department of Psychiatry, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Łukasz Łaczmański
- Laboratory of Genomics & Bioinformatics, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Edyta Pawlak
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Department of Experimental Therapy, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
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Hudson CC, Ferguson I, Fan K, Björgvinsson T, Beard C. A general inductive approach to characterize transdiagnostic experiences of emptiness. J Clin Psychol 2024; 80:1726-1735. [PMID: 38579178 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.23689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the pervasiveness of patient-reported emptiness and the high burden it carries, emptiness is poorly understood. In the current study, we used a general inductive approach to examine experiences with emptiness in a diagnostically diverse sample of treatment-seeking patients with severe and acute psychopathology. As a secondary aim, we also examined whether identified themes differed among patients with a primary diagnosis of borderline personality disorder or major depressive disorder. METHOD Participants (n = 150) ranged from 18 to 69 years old (M = 33.15, SD = 12.41; 79.3% non-Hispanic White; 57.3% females). All patients completed the borderline personality disorder module of the Structured Clinical Interview for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Personality Disorders and the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview. Interviewers documented patients' responses to follow-up questions. Patients were included in the study if they endorsed chronic feelings of emptiness and elaborations were documented. RESULTS We identified 10 themes associated with patient-reported emptiness: (1) purposeless, (2) lack of connection, (3) numbness, (4) self-deprecation, (5) lack of identity, (6) lack of motivation, (7) hopelessness, (8) lack of pleasure, (9) physical sensation, and (10) dissociation. Themes were consistent across diagnostic status, with one exception: patients with borderline personality disorder were more likely to report that emptiness was associated with dissociation relative to patients with major depressive disorder. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that emptiness may reflect a multifaceted and transdiagnostic construct. Identified themes may help to support the assessment of emptiness and can be used to guide individualized treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe C Hudson
- McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | | | - Kailyn Fan
- McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Thröstur Björgvinsson
- McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Courtney Beard
- McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Auerswald S, Koddebusch C, Hermann C. Elevated perceived stress in university students due to the COVID-19 pandemic: Potential contributing factors in a propensity-score-matched sample. Scand J Psychol 2024; 65:715-728. [PMID: 38497207 DOI: 10.1111/sjop.13013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Onset of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID) pandemic has increased students' perceived burdens. The current study aimed to examine COVID-related changes and to identify potential factors that contribute to students' stress. METHOD Adopting a cross-sectional cohort-study design, we examined perceived stress and depressive and anxiety symptoms with a specific focus on the role of study-related variables such as perceived study-related demands, study-related resources, academic procrastination, and stress-enhancing beliefs. Two cohorts (Npre-COVID = 2,175; NCOVID = 959) were recruited at the same university and matched with regard to their propensity score (age, gender, semester). RESULTS Compared with the pre-COVID cohort, university students in the COVID cohort reported more perceived stress, more depressive and anxiety symptoms, more academic procrastination due to fear of failure, more stress-enhancing beliefs, more distress due to the housing situation, and more perceived study-related challenges (Cohen's d = 0.15-0.45). A stepwise regression analysis identified depressive symptoms, procrastination due to fear of failure, general self-efficacy, increased study demands, perceived difficulties with self-organized learning, distress due to housing, and stress-enhancing beliefs as predictors of perceived stress in the COVID cohort. DISCUSSION Findings suggest that the switch to online-only education increased the study-related burden for students, primarily due to exams being replaced by a greater amount of regular coursework and imposing demands on self-organized learning. Possibly, stress-enhancing beliefs and procrastination due to fear of failure might have been elevated due to less opportunity for social referencing and lack of felt social support by peer students. CONCLUSION Experienced increased burden in students during the COVID pandemic was mostly accounted for by a lack of perceived individual resources rather than by an increase in objective study-related demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Auerswald
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Christine Koddebusch
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Christiane Hermann
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
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Benish-Weisman M, Daniel E, Elizarov E, Sverdlik N, Titzmann PF. Values and National Identification in Minority and Majority Youth: Longitudinal Multi-Study Findings. J Youth Adolesc 2024; 53:1757-1773. [PMID: 38485874 PMCID: PMC11226469 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-024-01965-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Collective identification is vital for adolescents, fostering well-being and connection, but scant attention has been given to drivers of national identification and their contextual variations in youth. To address this, two longitudinal studies examined how values, as guiding goals defining what individuals consider important in their lives, relate to the trajectory of national identification in majority and minority youth. Study 1 (N = 568; Mage = 16.24, SD = 0.71) and Study 2 (N = 678; Mage = 13.78, SD = 0.73) focused on majority youth (Jewish-Israelis), while Study 2 also included minority (Arab citizens of Israel). The findings highlight values as important motivators of national identification over time. Conservation values, emphasizing the preservation of the status quo and a preference for stability, were prominent motivators for the majority of adolescents. In contrast, power values, which center around climbing the social ladder and accumulating wealth, held greater significance among their minority counterparts; however, both sets of values correlated with increased national identification. The discussion touches on motivations underlying national identification, their contextual diversity, and implications for future studies.
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Park T, Parillon B, Cruz-Oliver DM, Sloan DH, Reid MC, Czaja S, Adelman R, Dignam R, Phongtankuel V. Pilot Testing Educational Videos for Black Caregivers Receiving Home Hospice Care. J Hosp Palliat Nurs 2024; 26:224-230. [PMID: 38842308 DOI: 10.1097/njh.0000000000001038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Black caregivers face distinct challenges in symptom management when providing end-of-life care. Educational interventions may improve caregiver preparedness and competency by providing information on symptom management. This study pilot tested 4 culturally tailored caregiver educational videos about symptom management for Black caregivers receiving home hospice care at a large, urban, nonprofit hospice organization to determine feasibility and acceptability, along with their potential impact on caregiver outcomes. All participants (N = 10) agreed to watch the 4 videos and found the videos to be helpful; 90% (n = 9) shared that they would recommend them to other Black caregivers receiving home hospice care. Total preparedness scores increased from a mean score of 23.5 preintervention to 28.3 postintervention. Caregiver competency scores increased from 13.8 at preintervention to 14.3 at postintervention. Caregivers' comfort and knowledge scores increased from preintervention to postintervention for all 7 end-of-life topics presented in the 4 videos. This study found that it was feasible and acceptable to show Black caregivers culturally tailored educational videos related to issues regarding symptom management. Many found the videos to be helpful and the topics to be relatable. There were trends toward improvement in preparedness and competency. Future studies examining efficacy are needed to determine the impact of this intervention.
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Kareklas K, Oliveira RF. Emotional contagion and prosocial behaviour in fish: An evolutionary and mechanistic approach. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 163:105780. [PMID: 38955311 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
In this review, we consider the definitions and experimental approaches to emotional contagion and prosocial behaviour in mammals and explore their evolutionary conceptualisation for studying their occurrence in the evolutionarily divergent vertebrate group of ray-finned fish. We present evidence for a diverse set of fish phenotypes that meet definitional criteria for prosocial behaviour and emotional contagion and discuss conserved mechanisms that may account for some preserved social capacities in fish. Finally, we provide some considerations on how to address the question of interdependency between emotional contagion and prosocial response, highlighting the importance of recognition processes, decision-making systems, and ecological context for providing evolutionary explanations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyriacos Kareklas
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, R. Q.ta Grande 6, Oeiras 2780-156, Portugal
| | - Rui F Oliveira
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, R. Q.ta Grande 6, Oeiras 2780-156, Portugal; ISPA - Instituto Universitário, Rua Jardim do Tabaco 34, Lisboa 1149-041, Portugal.
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227
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Oz-Cohen E, Berkovich R, Meiran N. Bumpy ride ahead: Anticipated effort as emotional evidence? COGNITIVE, AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2024; 24:681-693. [PMID: 38744778 PMCID: PMC11233335 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-024-01194-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Conscious reportable (un)pleasantness feelings were shown to be successfully described by a process in which evidence favoring pleasant and unpleasant feelings accumulates until one response wins the race. This approach is challenged by (a) insufficient specification of "evidence," and (b) incomplete verification that participants report their truly experienced (un)pleasant feelings and not what they expect to feel. In each trial in this preregistered experiment, the (un)pleasant feeling reports regarding emotion evoking pictures was embedded in a period when participants expected a low-effort task (feature visual search) or a high-effort task (feature-conjunction search). Fitting the Linear Ballistic Accumulator model to the feeling report data shows that anticipated effort was associated with a higher rate of unpleasant evidence accumulation, but only when the emotion evoking pictures were normatively unpleasant and not when they were normatively pleasant. These results suggest that anticipated effort may be one source of "evidence," but only given a certain interpretation of the findings, and that genuinely felt emotions contribute to the emotion reports, assuming that participants intended to react to the pictures, as instructed, and not to the anticipated effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elad Oz-Cohen
- Department of Psychology and Zelman Center of Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Rotem Berkovich
- Department of Psychology and Zelman Center of Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Nachshon Meiran
- Department of Psychology and Zelman Center of Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
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228
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Neumann D, Peterson ER, Underwood L, Morton SMB, Waldie KE. The Association Between Persistence and Change in Behavioral Difficulties During Early to Middle Childhood and Cognitive Abilities at Age 8. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2024; 55:1031-1043. [PMID: 36372805 PMCID: PMC11245443 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-022-01453-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the association between persistence and change in behavioral difficulties during early to middle childhood and several cognitive outcomes. We observed 3904 8-year-olds enrolled in the longitudinal study Growing Up in New Zealand (50% male/female; 23% Māori, 9% Pacific Peoples, 13% Asian, 2% Middle Eastern/Latin American/African, 9% Other, 43% European). The NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery was used to assess cognitive functioning at 8 years and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire for behavioral difficulties at 4.5 and 8 years. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted, controlling for well-known sociodemographic confounders. Children with persistent or later onset of behavioral difficulties were at higher risk for poorer vocabulary, reading, inhibitory control/attention, episodic memory, working memory and processing speed at age 8 compared to children with no or improved difficulties. Our study supports the importance of addressing both cognitive and behavioral aspects when planning educational programmes and interventions in early and middle childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Neumann
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, 1142, Auckland, New Zealand.
- Centre for Longitudinal Research - He Ara ki Mua, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
- School of Population Health, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Elizabeth R Peterson
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, 1142, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Longitudinal Research - He Ara ki Mua, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Lisa Underwood
- Centre for Longitudinal Research - He Ara ki Mua, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Susan M B Morton
- Centre for Longitudinal Research - He Ara ki Mua, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- School of Population Health, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Karen E Waldie
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, 1142, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Longitudinal Research - He Ara ki Mua, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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229
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Scicluna RL, Everett NA, Badolato CJ, Wilson BB, Bowen MT. Effects of CB1 receptor negative allosteric modulator Org27569 on oxycodone withdrawal symptoms in mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2024; 241:1705-1717. [PMID: 38676755 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-024-06591-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
RATIONALE/OBJECTIVES Targeting cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1R) has shown promise for treating opioid withdrawal symptoms. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of a specific CB1R negative allosteric modulator (NAM), Org27569, in reducing both naloxone-precipitated and protracted withdrawal symptoms in oxycodone-dependent mice. METHODS Mice received escalating doses of oxycodone (9-33 mg/kg IP) or saline twice daily for 9 days, followed by a final dose of oxycodone (33 mg/kg) or saline in the morning of day 9. In one cohort, the impact of Org27569 (3, 10, and 30 mg/kg) on naloxone (10 mg/kg IP) precipitated withdrawal symptoms was assessed. In another cohort, Org27569 (3 mg/kg) effects on the acquisition of conditioned place aversion to naloxone (0.6 mg/kg) precipitated opioid withdrawal, on behaviour following a 7-9-day abstinence period, and on naloxone (0.6 mg/kg) precipitated withdrawal-induced escape behaviour in a novel assay were assessed. RESULTS Although Org27569 decreased opioid withdrawal-induced jumping at doses of 10 and 30 mg/kg, these effects were confounded by reduced locomotion. At all doses tested, Org27569 had a modest inhibitory effect on gastrointestinal motility. At the lower dose of 3 mg/kg, which was not confounded by locomotor effects, Org27569 did not impact naloxone-precipitated withdrawal-induced jumping, acquisition of oxycodone withdrawal-induced conditioned place aversion, or naloxone-precipitated withdrawal-induced escape behaviour in a novel assay. A clear protracted opioid withdrawal phenotype was not observed in assays of anxiety-like or social behaviour. CONCLUSIONS Org27569 effects on negative affective-like symptoms were confounded by locomotor effects and effects on gastrointestinal motility were not opioid withdrawal specific. Further studies are needed in a model that produces a more pronounced protracted withdrawal syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhianne L Scicluna
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, 94 Mallet Street, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW, 2050, Australia
- Faculty of Science, School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Nicholas A Everett
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, 94 Mallet Street, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW, 2050, Australia
- Faculty of Science, School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Connie J Badolato
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, 94 Mallet Street, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW, 2050, Australia
- Faculty of Science, School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Bianca B Wilson
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, 94 Mallet Street, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW, 2050, Australia
- Faculty of Science, School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Michael T Bowen
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, 94 Mallet Street, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW, 2050, Australia.
- Faculty of Science, School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
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230
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Zetzsche M, Weiß BM, Kücklich M, Stern J, Birkemeyer C, Widdig A, Penke L. Combined perceptual and chemical analyses show no compelling evidence for ovulatory cycle shifts in women's axillary odour. Proc Biol Sci 2024; 291:20232712. [PMID: 39043247 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.2712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Although men's attraction to women's body odour has been suggested to vary over the ovulatory cycle, peaking around the fertile window, we still lack methodologically robust evidence corroborating this effect. Further, the chemical underpinnings of male preference for the odour of ovulating women remain unknown. Here, we combined perceptual and chemical analyses to investigate the axillary odour of naturally cycling women over 10 days, covering the gradual change in fertility across the ovulatory cycle with a focus on fertile days. The fertile state was confirmed by urinary ovulation tests as well as salivary oestradiol and progesterone levels. Men rated the scent of unfamiliar women, resembling a first encounter. We used multivariate analyses to relate variation in both odour ratings and chemical composition to female conception probability, temporal distance to ovulation and ovarian hormone levels. Our results provide no evidence that males prefer the odour of fertile women. Furthermore, the volatile analysis indicated no link between axillary odour composition and current fertility status. Together, our results showed no convincing support for a chemical fertility cue in women's axillary odour, questioning the presence of olfactory fertility information that is recognizable during first encounters in modern humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madita Zetzsche
- Behavioural Ecology Research Group, Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Talstraße 33, Leipzig 04103, Germany
- Department of Human Behavior, Ecology and Culture, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Brigitte M Weiß
- Behavioural Ecology Research Group, Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Talstraße 33, Leipzig 04103, Germany
- Department of Human Behavior, Ecology and Culture, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Marlen Kücklich
- Behavioural Ecology Research Group, Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Talstraße 33, Leipzig 04103, Germany
- Department of Human Behavior, Ecology and Culture, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Julia Stern
- Personality Psychology and Psychological Assessment, Department of Psychology, University of Bremen, Grazer Straße 2c, Bremen 28359, Germany
| | - Claudia Birkemeyer
- Research Group of Mass Spectrometry, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Anja Widdig
- Behavioural Ecology Research Group, Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Talstraße 33, Leipzig 04103, Germany
- Department of Human Behavior, Ecology and Culture, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Lars Penke
- Biological Personality Psychology, Georg Elias Müller Institute of Psychology, Georg August University Göttingen, Goßlerstraße 14, Göttingen 37073, Germany
- Leibniz ScienceCampus Primate Cognition, Göttingen 37073, Germany
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231
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Peng Y, Yao SY, Chen Q, Jin H, Du MQ, Xue YH, Liu S. True or false? Alzheimer's disease is type 3 diabetes: Evidences from bench to bedside. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 99:102383. [PMID: 38955264 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Globally, Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most widespread chronic neurodegenerative disorder, leading to cognitive impairment, such as aphasia and agnosia, as well as mental symptoms, like behavioral abnormalities, that place a heavy psychological and financial burden on the families of the afflicted. Unfortunately, no particular medications exist to treat AD, as the current treatments only impede its progression.The link between AD and type 2 diabetes (T2D) has been increasingly revealed by research; the danger of developing both AD and T2D rises exponentially with age, with T2D being especially prone to AD. This has propelled researchers to investigate the mechanism(s) underlying this connection. A critical review of the relationship between insulin resistance, Aβ, oxidative stress, mitochondrial hypothesis, abnormal phosphorylation of Tau protein, inflammatory response, high blood glucose levels, neurotransmitters and signaling pathways, vascular issues in AD and diabetes, and the similarities between the two diseases, is presented in this review. Grasping the essential mechanisms behind this detrimental interaction may offer chances to devise successful therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Peng
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated First Hospital of Hunan Traditional Chinese Medical College, Zhuzhou, Hunan, China; Department of Neurology, Affiliated Provincial Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhuzhou, Hunan, China.
| | - Shun-Yu Yao
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated First Hospital of Hunan Traditional Chinese Medical College, Zhuzhou, Hunan, China; Department of Neurology, Affiliated Provincial Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhuzhou, Hunan, China
| | - Quan Chen
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated First Hospital of Hunan Traditional Chinese Medical College, Zhuzhou, Hunan, China; Department of Neurology, Affiliated Provincial Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhuzhou, Hunan, China
| | - Hong Jin
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated First Hospital of Hunan Traditional Chinese Medical College, Zhuzhou, Hunan, China; Department of Neurology, Affiliated Provincial Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhuzhou, Hunan, China
| | - Miao-Qiao Du
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated First Hospital of Hunan Traditional Chinese Medical College, Zhuzhou, Hunan, China; Department of Neurology, Affiliated Provincial Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhuzhou, Hunan, China
| | - Ya-Hui Xue
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated First Hospital of Hunan Traditional Chinese Medical College, Zhuzhou, Hunan, China; Department of Neurology, Affiliated Provincial Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhuzhou, Hunan, China
| | - Shu Liu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated First Hospital of Hunan Traditional Chinese Medical College, Zhuzhou, Hunan, China; Department of Neurology, Affiliated Provincial Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhuzhou, Hunan, China
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232
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Navarro-Ledesma S, Hamed-Hamed D, Gonzalez-Muñoz A, Pruimboom L. Impact of physical therapy techniques and common interventions on sleep quality in patients with chronic pain: A systematic review. Sleep Med Rev 2024; 76:101937. [PMID: 38669729 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2024.101937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
This systematic review aims to find effectful healthcare strategies, with special focus on drug-free interventions and physical therapy, as part of the treatment for sleep in patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain. Data search was conducted across seven scientific databases. This review is deposited in the Prospero International prospective register of systematic reviews (CRD42023452574). Seventeen RCTs from different healthcare fields complied with our inclusion criteria. Two RCTs investigated manual therapy, five RCTs therapeutic exercise, one RCT Fu's subcutaneous needling, two RCTs physical agents (one on balneotherapy and one on cryo-stimulation), two RCTs cognitive-behavioral therapy, and four RCTs pharmacological therapy and their effect on sleep quality and/or quantity in patients suffering from chronic pain. We included the four RCT's in this systematic review with the purpose to be able to compare natural interventions with allopathic ones. As allopathic interventions are more prone to have secondary negative effects than physical therapy, compare the two types of interventions could be in favor of choosing the most effective treatment with the least secondary negative effects. Additionally, two RCTs on neurofeedback and limbic neuromodulation were also included. The results of the included studies suggest that strategies such as manual therapy, therapeutic exercise, Fu's subcutaneous needling, balneotherapy, cryo-stimulation, neurofeedback, limbic neuromodulation, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and pharmacological therapies have positive effects on patients suffering from chronic pain and sleep disturbances, especially when they suffer musculoskeletal pain. Secondary negative effects were found for the possible overuse of certain medicines such as morphine, a huge problem in the United States. Sleep deficiency is an independent risk factor for many diseases, including chronic pain syndrome and therefore more studies are needed to find non-toxic interventions for people suffering sleep disorders associated with systemic diseases and pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Navarro-Ledesma
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Campus of Melilla, University of Granada, Spain; University Chair in Clinical Psychoneuroimmunology (University of Granada and PNI Europe), Spain.
| | - Dina Hamed-Hamed
- Clinical Medicine and Public Health PhD Program, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Ana Gonzalez-Muñoz
- Clinical Medicine and Public Health PhD Program, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Clinica Ana Gonzalez, Avenida Hernan Nuñez de Toledo 6, 29018, Malaga, Spain
| | - Leo Pruimboom
- University Chair in Clinical Psychoneuroimmunology (University of Granada and PNI Europe), Spain
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233
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Prunty JE, Jenkins R, Qarooni R, Bindemann M. A cognitive template for human face detection. Cognition 2024; 249:105792. [PMID: 38763070 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2024.105792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Faces are highly informative social stimuli, yet before any information can be accessed, the face must first be detected in the visual field. A detection template that serves this purpose must be able to accommodate the wide variety of face images we encounter, but how this generality could be achieved remains unknown. In this study, we investigate whether statistical averages of previously encountered faces can form the basis of a general face detection template. We provide converging evidence from a range of methods-human similarity judgements and PCA-based image analysis of face averages (Experiment 1-3), human detection behaviour for faces embedded in complex scenes (Experiment 4 and 5), and simulations with a template-matching algorithm (Experiment 6 and 7)-to examine the formation, stability and robustness of statistical image averages as cognitive templates for human face detection. We integrate these findings with existing knowledge of face identification, ensemble coding, and the development of face perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan E Prunty
- Leverhulme Centre for the Future of Intelligence, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Rob Jenkins
- Department of Psychology, University of York, York, UK
| | - Rana Qarooni
- Department of Psychology, University of York, York, UK
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234
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Treufeldt H, Burton C, McGhie Fraser B. Stigmatisation in clinical consultations for persistent physical symptoms/functional disorders: A best fit framework synthesis. J Psychosom Res 2024; 183:111828. [PMID: 38852031 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2024.111828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Stigma is a social attribute that links a person to an undesirable characteristic and leads to actions that increase the social distance from that person. This includes different or discriminatory treatment. Stigma is common in healthcare, particularly in people with persistent physical symptoms (PPS) and functional disorders (FD). The aim of this study is to create a new actionable framework to aid understanding of stigmatisation in consultations about PPS/FD and to improve the consultation experiences. METHODS This framework development used the Best Fit Framework approach to data collected for a scoping review of stigma in functional disorders. The stages included selection of an initial framework from existing conceptual models, mapping quote data from published papers to the framework and an iterative process of revision and re-mapping. The final framework was tested by re-mapping all the quote data to the framework following classification rules. RESULTS 253 quotes were obtained from the results sections of qualitative studies from a previous scoping review. The framework comprises of prejudice, stereotypes and actions to increase social distance. Stereotype refers to the focus of stigma: this may be the condition, the patient, or their behaviour. Actions that increase social distance include: othering; denial; non-explanation; minimising, norm-breaking; and psychologising. By breaking down stigma into recognisable components, the framework provides a way to understand the difficulties that patients and clinicians face during consultations and a way to develop intervention materials. CONCLUSIONS This new framework for stigma in clinical consultations for PPS/FDs provides a useful tool for the study of stigma in clinical consultations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hõbe Treufeldt
- Primary Care Research, University of Sheffield, United Kingdom.
| | - Chris Burton
- Primary Care Research, University of Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Brodie McGhie Fraser
- Department of Primary and Community Care, Research Institute for Medical Innovation, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.
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235
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Driebe JC, Stern J, Penke L, Gerlach TM. Stability and Change of Individual Differences in Ideal Partner Preferences Over 13 Years. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2024; 50:1263-1279. [PMID: 37029599 PMCID: PMC11193321 DOI: 10.1177/01461672231164757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
Ideal partner preferences for traits in a partner are said to be stable cognitive constructs. However, longitudinal studies investigating the same participants' ideals repeatedly have so far been limited to relatively short retest intervals of a maximum of 3 years. Here, we investigate the stability and change of ideals across 13 years and participants' insight into how ideals have changed. A total of 204 participants (M = 46.2 years, SD = 7.4, 104 women) reported their ideals at two time points. We found a mean rank-order stability of r = .42 and an overall profile stability of r = .73 (distinctive r = .53). Some ideals changed over time, for example, increased for status-resources in relation to age and parenthood. We found some but varying insight into how ideals had changed (mean r = .20). Results support the idea of ideals being stable cognitive constructs but suggest some variability related to the demands of different life stages.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julia Stern
- University of Goettingen, Germany
- University of Bremen, Germany
| | - Lars Penke
- University of Goettingen, Germany
- Leibniz ScienceCampus Primate Cognition, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Tanja M. Gerlach
- University of Goettingen, Germany
- Leibniz ScienceCampus Primate Cognition, Goettingen, Germany
- Queen’s University Belfast, UK
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236
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Davids J, Bohlken N, Brown M, Murphy M. What can be done about workplace wellbeing in emergency departments? 'There's no petrol for this Ferrari'. Int Emerg Nurs 2024; 75:101487. [PMID: 38936273 DOI: 10.1016/j.ienj.2024.101487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Workplace wellbeing encompasses all aspects of working life. Peak health organisations recognise that poor workplace wellbeing is costly, both to individuals and to the organisation, and the value in promoting healthy workplaces. Workplace wellbeing improves when its barriers are acknowledged and addressed, and protective factors are promoted. The Emergency Department (ED) is a place of intense and challenging activity, exacerbated by high workloads and overcrowding. This impacts negatively on patient care, staff safety and wellbeing. We held focus groups across four EDs to discuss barriers and enablers to wellbeing and found four core themes: Workplace Satisfaction; Barriers to Wellbeing; Organisational Culture that Prioritises Staff Wellbeing; Self-care and Self Compassion. From this, and existing literature, we collaboratively developed a contextualised staff wellbeing framework titled: 'Staff Wellbeing Good Practice Framework: From Surviving to Thriving, How to Protect your Wellbeing in the Emergency Department' that emphasises their values of Competence, Connection and Control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Davids
- Western Sydney Local Health District, NSW Health, Australia.
| | - Nicole Bohlken
- Western Sydney Local Health District, NSW Health, Australia
| | | | - Margaret Murphy
- Western Sydney Local Health District, NSW Health, Australia; University of Sydney, Australia
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237
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Gorla L, Rothenberg WA, Lansford JE, Yotanyamaneewong S, Alampay LP, Al-Hassan SM, Bacchini D, Bornstein MH, Breiner K, Chang L, Deater-Deckard K, Di Giunta L, Dodge KA, Gurdal S, Junla D, Oburu P, Pastorelli C, Santona A, Skinner AT, Sorbring E, Steinberg L, Uribe Tirado LM. Individualism, collectivism and conformity in nine countries: Relations with parenting and child adjustment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2024; 59:598-610. [PMID: 38622493 PMCID: PMC11257795 DOI: 10.1002/ijop.13130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
This study investigated how individualism, collectivism and conformity are associated with parenting and child adjustment in 1297 families with 10-year-old children from 13 cultural groups in nine countries. With multilevel models disaggregating between- and within-culture effects, we examined between- and within-culture associations between maternal and paternal cultural values, parenting dimensions and children's adjustment. Mothers from cultures endorsing higher collectivism and fathers from cultures endorsing lower individualism engage more frequently in warm parenting behaviours. Mothers and fathers with higher-than-average collectivism in their culture reported higher parent warmth and expectations for children's family obligations. Mothers with higher-than-average collectivism in their cultures more frequently reported warm parenting and fewer externalising problems in children, whereas mothers with higher-than-average individualism in their culture reported more child adjustment problems. Mothers with higher-than-average conformity values in their culture reported more father-displays of warmth and greater mother-reported expectations for children's family obligations. Fathers with higher-than-average individualism in their culture reported setting more rules and soliciting more knowledge about their children's whereabouts. Fathers who endorsed higher-than-average conformity in their culture displayed more warmth and expectations for children's family obligations and granted them more autonomy. Being connected to an interdependent, cohesive group appears to relate to parenting and children's adjustment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Gorla
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Liane Peña Alampay
- Department of Psychology, Ateneo de Manila University, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Suha M Al-Hassan
- Special Education, Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
- Special Projects and Partnerships, Abu Dhabi Early Childhood Authority, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Dario Bacchini
- Department of Humanistic Studies, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Marc H Bornstein
- Child and Family Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, USA
- UNICEF, New York, NY, USA
- London, UK
| | - Kaitlyn Breiner
- Child Development Department, California State University Dominguez Hills, Carson, CA, USA
| | - Lei Chang
- Department of Psychology, University of Macau, Taipa, China
| | - Kirby Deater-Deckard
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Laura Di Giunta
- Department of Psychology, Università di Roma "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Kenneth A Dodge
- Center for Child and Family Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sevtap Gurdal
- Department of Social and Behavioural Studies, University West, Trollhättan, Sweden
| | - Daranee Junla
- Department of Psychology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Paul Oburu
- Department of Educational Psychology, Maseno University, Maseno, Kenya
| | | | | | - Ann T Skinner
- Center for Child and Family Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Emma Sorbring
- Department of Social and Behavioural Studies, University West, Trollhättan, Sweden
| | - Laurence Steinberg
- College of Liberal Arts, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Psychology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Kleinig O, To MS, Ovenden CD, Kovoor JG, Goh R, Lam L, Wenzel T, Tan Y, Harish H, Gupta AK, Gluck S, Gilbert T, Bacchi S. Vital sign measurements demonstrate terminal digit bias and boundary effects. Emerg Med Australas 2024; 36:543-546. [PMID: 38413380 DOI: 10.1111/1742-6723.14395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The measurement and recording of vital signs may be impacted by biases, including preferences for even and round numbers. However, other biases, such as variation due to defined numerical boundaries (also known as boundary effects), may be present in vital signs data and have not yet been investigated in a medical setting. We aimed to assess vital signs data for such biases. These parameters are clinically significant as they influence care escalation. METHODS Vital signs data (heart rate, respiratory rate, oxygen saturation and systolic blood pressure) were collected from a tertiary hospital electronic medical record over a 2-year period. These data were analysed using polynomial regression with additional terms to assess for underreporting of out-of-range observations and overreporting numbers with terminal digits of 0 (round numbers), 2 (even numbers) and 5. RESULTS It was found that heart rate, oxygen saturation and systolic blood pressure demonstrated 'boundary effects', with values inside the 'normal' range disproportionately more likely to be recorded. Even number bias was observed in systolic heart rate, respiratory rate and blood pressure. Preference for multiples of 5 was observed for heart rate and blood pressure. Independent overrepresentation of multiples of 10 was demonstrated in heart rate data. CONCLUSION Although often considered objective, vital signs data are affected by bias. These biases may impact the care patients receive. Additionally, it may have implications for creating and training machine learning models that utilise vital signs data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Kleinig
- Department of Neurology, Department of Neurosurgery, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Minh-Son To
- Department of Radiology, Department of Neurology, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Christopher D Ovenden
- Department of Neurology, Department of Neurosurgery, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Joshua G Kovoor
- Department of Neurology, Department of Neurosurgery, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Gold Coast University Hospital, Gold Coast, South Australia, Australia
- Department of Surgery, Ballarat Base Hospital, Ballarat, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rudy Goh
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Lyell McEwin Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Lydia Lam
- Department of Neurology, Department of Neurosurgery, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Tara Wenzel
- Department of Radiology, Department of Neurology, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Yiran Tan
- Department of Neurology, Department of Neurosurgery, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Hrishikesh Harish
- Department of Neurology, Department of Neurosurgery, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Aashray K Gupta
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Gold Coast University Hospital, Gold Coast, South Australia, Australia
| | - Sam Gluck
- Department of Neurology, Department of Neurosurgery, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Lyell McEwin Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Toby Gilbert
- Department of Neurology, Department of Neurosurgery, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Stephen Bacchi
- Department of Neurology, Department of Neurosurgery, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Department of Radiology, Department of Neurology, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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239
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Phillips NL, Van Til K, Lynam DR, Miller JD. A comprehensive item-level examination of Conscientiousness' underlying structure across three large samples. J Pers 2024; 92:985-1005. [PMID: 37469174 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study examined the hierarchical structure of Conscientiousness across three large samples using item-level analyses. BACKGROUND Conscientiousness is among the strongest predictors of individual differences in major life outcomes. Yet decades of work understanding the optimal lower-order structure of Conscientiousness has not rectified the differences that remain among existing models and measures. To precisely measure its relations to major life outcomes, it is necessary to work toward a comprehensive, replicable conceptualization of the construct's structure. METHODS The present pre-registered study used three samples (Ns = 446, 406, & 424) to explore the domain's latent structure with item-level "bass-ackward" factor analyses and evaluate the resulting structure's interpretability, parsimony, and replicability. Participants completed self-report measures of Conscientiousness and criteria in its nomological network (e.g., FFM traits, externalizing behavior, disinhibitory traits; informant reports were collected as well). RESULTS The factor analyses identified five interpretable and replicable factors (i.e., deliberation, order, industriousness, self-discipline, and dependability) using predominant measures of general personality. An additional factor (i.e., traditionalism) was introduced in the six-factor solution when the item pool was expanded to include less widely used measures of general personality. CONCLUSION The authors discuss the item composition of each factor, their relation to existing models and measures of the domain's structure, their association with relevant criteria, and the general implications of conceptualizing Conscientiousness using flexible, item-level factor analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kaela Van Til
- Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Donald R Lynam
- Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Joshua D Miller
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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240
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John M, Boileau LLA, Bless H. Effect of social class on personal control beliefs. J Pers 2024; 92:1086-1099. [PMID: 37602944 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This research investigated the effect of social class on personal control beliefs. BACKGROUND Differences in personal control beliefs serve as a central theoretical explanation for social class differences in cognition, emotion, and behavior. However, prior empirical research has not yet conclusively demonstrated that personal control beliefs differ between social classes. METHOD Across four studies (total N = 138,417), we investigated the link between social class and personal control beliefs with well-established measures of social class (e.g., ISEI, McArthur Scale),representative samples, and data that allow for causal conclusions (e.g., experimental, and longitudinal data). RESULTS We found that (a) higher social class was associated with higher personal control beliefs across 60 countries. Furthermore, we observed that (b) higher social class of parents was associated with higher personal control beliefs in their children, and that (c) experimentally induced higher (vs. lower) social class led to increases (vs. decreases) of personal control beliefs. CONCLUSIONS Individuals from lower social classes consistently have weaker personal control beliefs than individuals from upper social classes. Social class differences in this fundamental personality characteristic are bound to have important consequences in various life domains (e.g., psychological and physical well-being, and academic success).
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Affiliation(s)
- Melvin John
- School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Lucia L-A Boileau
- School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Herbert Bless
- School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
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241
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Wong TKY, Colasante T, Malti T. Daily COVID-19 Stressor Effects on Children's Mental Health Depend on Pre-pandemic Peer Victimization and Resting Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2024; 55:1115-1126. [PMID: 36484884 PMCID: PMC9735162 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-022-01476-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Children's risk of poorer mental health due to the COVID-19 pandemic may depend on risk and protective factors heading into the pandemic. This study examined same-day associations between COVID-19 stressors and children's mental health using a daily diary design across 14 days, and considered the moderating roles of pre-pandemic peer victimization experiences and resting respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA; an indicator of cardiac regulatory capacity). Forty-nine Canadian children aged 8-13 years (Mage = 10.69, 29 girls) participated in the final wave of a longitudinal study just prior to the pandemic and a daily diary extension during the pandemic (N = 686 pandemic measurement occasions). Multilevel modeling indicated that children had poorer mental health on days when they experienced a COVID-19 stressor (e.g., virtual academic difficulties, social isolation). A three-way interaction indicated that this association was stronger for those with higher pre-pandemic peer victimization experiences and lower pre-pandemic resting RSA; however, highly victimized children with higher resting RSA did not experience poorer mental health on days with COVID-19 stressors. Findings offer preliminary insights into the preceding risk and protective factors for children's mental health amidst major subsequent stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy K Y Wong
- Department of Psychology and Centre for Child Development, Mental Health, and Policy, University of Toronto, Deerfield Hall, 3359 Mississauga Rd., Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada.
| | - Tyler Colasante
- Department of Psychology and Centre for Child Development, Mental Health, and Policy, University of Toronto, Deerfield Hall, 3359 Mississauga Rd., Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Tina Malti
- Department of Psychology and Centre for Child Development, Mental Health, and Policy, University of Toronto, Deerfield Hall, 3359 Mississauga Rd., Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada
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Heng JG, Zhang J, Bonetti L, Lim WPH, Vuust P, Agres K, Chen SHA. Understanding music and aging through the lens of Bayesian inference. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 163:105768. [PMID: 38908730 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
Bayesian inference has recently gained momentum in explaining music perception and aging. A fundamental mechanism underlying Bayesian inference is the notion of prediction. This framework could explain how predictions pertaining to musical (melodic, rhythmic, harmonic) structures engender action, emotion, and learning, expanding related concepts of music research, such as musical expectancies, groove, pleasure, and tension. Moreover, a Bayesian perspective of music perception may shed new insights on the beneficial effects of music in aging. Aging could be framed as an optimization process of Bayesian inference. As predictive inferences refine over time, the reliance on consolidated priors increases, while the updating of prior models through Bayesian inference attenuates. This may affect the ability of older adults to estimate uncertainties in their environment, limiting their cognitive and behavioral repertoire. With Bayesian inference as an overarching framework, this review synthesizes the literature on predictive inferences in music and aging, and details how music could be a promising tool in preventive and rehabilitative interventions for older adults through the lens of Bayesian inference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamin Gladys Heng
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
| | - Jiayi Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; School of Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; Centre for Research and Development in Learning, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Leonardo Bonetti
- Center for Music in the Brain, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University & The Royal Academy of Music, Aarhus, Aalborg, Denmark; Centre for Eudaimonia and Human Flourishing, Linacre College, University of Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Peter Vuust
- Center for Music in the Brain, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University & The Royal Academy of Music, Aarhus, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Kat Agres
- Centre for Music and Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Yong Siew Toh Conservatory of Music, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shen-Hsing Annabel Chen
- School of Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; Centre for Research and Development in Learning, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
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243
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Muwonge JJ, Dalman C, Burström B, de Leon AP, Galanti MR, Jablonska B, Hollander AC. Are the estimated needs for mental health care among adolescents from different socioeconomic backgrounds met equally in Sweden? A longitudinal survey-registry linkage study. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2024; 33:2581-2591. [PMID: 38157010 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-023-02341-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Evidence of inequality in the utilisation of mental health care (MHC) by adolescents in Nordic countries is mixed. This study aims to investigate if there are socioeconomic differences in the utilisation of MHC, while accounting for adolescents' mental health status. We analysed a cohort of 3517 adolescents, followed from 7 to 9th grade (ages 13-16), to examine the association between parental socioeconomic position (SEP: education and disposable income), adolescents' estimated needs, and the utilisation of MHC (defined as visits to secondary psychiatric care or receipt of psychotropic medication). Logistic and negative binomial regression models, with mental health status as moderator, were used to predict utilisation during each grade. Lower SEP predicted higher odds of utilising MHC in adolescents with no/mild symptoms (e.g., odds ratio, OR = 1.33, 95% CI 1.04-1.72, lower vs highest education), but not in those with moderate-to-severe symptoms (estimates close to one and non-significant). This pattern was largely explained by treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder/autism spectrum disorders (ADHD/ASD) in boys. For girls with severe symptoms, lower SEP predicted reduced odds of utilising MHC for other mental disorders (OR = 0.48, 95% CI 0.25-0.92, lower education), and fewer outpatient visits when in contact with such care, although non-significant (incidence rate ratio, IRR = 0.51, 95% CI 0.25-1.05, lowest vs highest income). Our findings suggest a more equitable use of MHC for treating ADHD/ASD, but not other mental disorders such as depression and anxiety, particularly among girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Jr Muwonge
- Centre for Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Christina Dalman
- Centre for Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bo Burström
- Centre for Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Antonio Ponce de Leon
- Centre for Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Beata Jablonska
- Centre for Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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Nakamura JS, Lee MT, VanderWeele TJ, Kim ES. Informal Helping and Subsequent Health and Well-Being in Older U.S. Adults. Int J Behav Med 2024; 31:503-515. [PMID: 37233899 PMCID: PMC10215039 DOI: 10.1007/s12529-023-10187-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growing evidence suggests that informal helping (unpaid volunteering not coordinated by an organization or institution) is associated with improved health and well-being outcomes. However, studies have not investigated whether changes in informal helping are associated with subsequent health and well-being. METHODS This study evaluated if changes in informal helping (between t0;2006/2008 and t1;2010/2012) were associated with 35 indicators of physical, behavioral, and psychosocial health and well-being (at t2;2014/2016) using data from 12,998 participants in the Health and Retirement study - a national cohort of US adults aged > 50. RESULTS Over the four-year follow-up period, informal helping ≥ 100 (versus 0) hours/year was associated with a 32% lower mortality risk (95% CI [0.54, 0.86]), and improved physical health (e.g., 20% reduced risk of stroke (95% CI [0.65, 0.98])), health behaviors (e.g., 11% increased likelihood of frequent physical activity (95% CI [1.04, 1.20])), and psychosocial outcomes (e.g., higher purpose in life (β = 0.15, 95% CI [0.07, 0.22])). However, there was little evidence of associations with various other outcomes. In secondary analyses, this study adjusted for formal volunteering and a variety of social factors (e.g., social network factors, receiving social support, and social participation) and results were largely unchanged. CONCLUSIONS Encouraging informal helping may improve various aspects of individuals' health and well-being and also promote societal well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia S. Nakamura
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, 2136 West Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Matthew T. Lee
- Human Flourishing Program, Institute for Quantitative Social Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, USA
- Institute for Studies of Religion, Baylor University, Waco, USA
| | - Tyler J. VanderWeele
- Human Flourishing Program, Institute for Quantitative Social Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, USA
| | - Eric S. Kim
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, 2136 West Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
- Human Flourishing Program, Institute for Quantitative Social Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, USA
- Lee Kum Sheung Center for Health and Happiness, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, USA
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245
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Caria A. A Hypothalamic Perspective of Human Socioemotional Behavior. Neuroscientist 2024; 30:399-420. [PMID: 36703298 DOI: 10.1177/10738584221149647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Historical evidence from stimulation and lesion studies in animals and humans demonstrated a close association between the hypothalamus and typical and atypical socioemotional behavior. A central hypothalamic contribution to regulation of socioemotional responses was also provided indirectly by studies on oxytocin and arginine vasopressin. However, a limited number of studies have so far directly investigated the contribution of the hypothalamus in human socioemotional behavior. To reconsider the functional role of the evolutionarily conserved hypothalamic region in regulating human social behavior, here I provide a synthesis of neuroimaging investigations showing that the hypothalamus is involved in multiple and diverse facets of human socioemotional behavior through widespread functional interactions with other cortical and subcortical regions. These neuroimaging findings are then integrated with recent optogenetics studies in animals demonstrating that the hypothalamus plays a more active role in eliciting socioemotional responses and is not simply a downstream effector of higher-level brain systems. Building on the aforementioned evidence, the hypothalamus is argued to substantially contribute to a continuum of human socioemotional behaviors promoting survival and preservation of the species that extends from exploratory and approaching responses facilitating social bonding to aggressive and avoidance responses aimed to protect and defend formed relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Caria
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Sciences, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy
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246
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Augusto-Landa JM, García-Martínez I, León SP. Analysis of the Effect of Emotional Intelligence and Coping Strategies on the Anxiety, Stress and Depression Levels of University Students. Psychol Rep 2024; 127:1751-1770. [PMID: 36471637 DOI: 10.1177/00332941221144603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
The present study examines the direct and indirect effects of trait emotional intelligence (trait EI) on levels of stress, anxiety and depression, and whether these are moderated by coping strategies. To this end, the Wong and Law Emotional Intelligence Scale, Coping Strategies Inventory and Depression Anxiety Stress Scales were administered to 567 university students. The findings point to a direct relationship between EI and the levels of anxiety, depression and stress. EI directly explained the university students' levels of anxiety, depression and stress, and it indirectly explained such levels through coping strategies. The article concludes by pointing out practical implications for university education and the improvement of students' socio-emotional well-being.
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247
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Qu W, Liu M, Ge Y. Mindfulness decreases driving anger expression: The mediating effect of driving anger and anger rumination. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2024; 203:107642. [PMID: 38788434 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2024.107642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Mindfulness is a state of being fully attentive to the current moment and is an experiential way of living in daily life. As a personal trait, mindfulness has been proven to enhance various negative emotions and behaviors. However, in the field of driving, there is still a lack of research on the mechanisms of mindfulness on anger expression behavior, specifically aggressive driving. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to reveal the impact of mindfulness on drivers' aggressive driving behaviors and the mediating effect of driving anger and anger rumination. A total of 350 (208 males and 142 females) participants in China voluntarily completed a series of questionnaires, including the Mindful Attention and Awareness Scale (MAAS), the Driving Anger Scale (DAS), the Anger Rumination Scale (ARS) and the Driving Anger Expression Inventory (DAX). The hierarchical multiple regression analysis and pathway analysis results showed that mindfulness negatively predicted driving anger, anger rumination and driving anger expression. Moreover, driving anger and anger rumination mediated the relationship between mindfulness and driving anger expression, accounting for 9.51% and 18.74% of the total effect, respectively. The chain-mediated effect of driving anger and anger rumination accounted for 8.00% of the total effect. This study has revealed some of the internal mechanisms through which mindfulness reduces aggressive driving. It fills a part of the gap in understanding the protective role of mindfulness in the driving domain. Furthermore, it suggests mindfulness interventions for drivers, which may have the potential to enhance overall road safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weina Qu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Muyi Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Ge
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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248
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Van de Cruys S, Bervoets J, Gadsby S, Gijbels D, Poels K. Insight in the Conspiracist's Mind. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2024; 28:302-324. [PMID: 37776304 DOI: 10.1177/10888683231203145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Academic AbstractThe motto of the conspiracist, "Do your own research," may seem ludicrous to scientists. Indeed, it is often dismissed as a mere rhetorical device that conspiracists use to give themselves the semblance of science. In this perspective paper, we explore the information-seeking activities ("research") that conspiracists do engage in. Drawing on the experimental psychology of aha experiences, we explain how these activities, as well as the epistemic experiences that precede (curiosity) or follow (insight or "aha" experiences) them, may play a crucial role in the appeal and development of conspiracy beliefs. Aha moments have properties that can be exploited by conspiracy theories, such as the potential for false but seemingly grounded conclusions. Finally, we hypothesize that the need for autonomous epistemic agency and discovery is universal but increases as people experience more uncertainty and/or feel epistemically excluded in society, hence linking it to existing literature on explaining conspiracy theories.
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249
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Elshebiney SA, Elgohary RA, El-Shamarka ME, Mabrouk M, Beheri HH. A novel tramadol-polycaprolactone implant could palliate heroin conditioned place preference and withdrawal in rats: behavioral and neurochemical study. Behav Pharmacol 2024; 35:280-292. [PMID: 38900102 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Drug dependence is a chronic brain disease characterized by craving and recurrent episodes of relapse. Tramadol HCl is a promising agent for withdrawal symptoms management, considering its relatively low abuse potential and safety. Oral administration, however, is not preferred in abstinence maintenance programs. Introducing an implantable, long-lasting formula is suggested to help outpatient abstinence programs achieve higher rates of treatment continuation. Tramadol implants (T350 and T650) were prepared on polycaprolactone polymer ribbons by the wet method. Male Wistar rats were adapted to heroin-conditioned place preference (CPP) at escalating doses (3-30 mg/kg, intraperitoneally, for 14 days). Implants were surgically implanted in the back skin of rats. After 14 days, the CPP score was recorded. Naloxone (1 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) was used to induce withdrawal on day 15, and symptoms were scored. Elevated plus maze and open field tests were performed for anxiety-related symptoms. Striata were analyzed for neurochemical changes reflected in dopamine, 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl acetic acid, gamma-aminobutyric acid, and serotonin levels. Brain oxidative changes including glutathione and lipid peroxides were assessed. The tramadol implants (T350 and T650) reduced heroin CPP and limited naloxone-induced withdrawal symptoms. The striata showed increased levels of 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl acetic acid, and serotonin and decreased levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid and dopamine after heroin withdrawal induction, which were reversed after implanting T350 and T650. Implants restore the brain oxidative state. Nonsignificant low naloxone-induced withdrawal score after the implant was used in naive subjects indicating low abuse potential of the implants. The presented tramadol implants were effective at diminishing heroin CPP and withdrawal in rats, suggesting further investigations for application in the management of opioid withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaimaa A Elshebiney
- Narcotics, Ergogenics, and Poisons Department, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre (NRC)
| | - Rania A Elgohary
- Narcotics, Ergogenics, and Poisons Department, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre (NRC)
| | - Marwa E El-Shamarka
- Narcotics, Ergogenics, and Poisons Department, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre (NRC)
| | - Mostafa Mabrouk
- Refractories, Ceramics and Building Materials Department, Advanced Materials, Technology and Mineral Resources Research Institute, National Research Centre (NRC), Giza, Egypt
| | - Hanan H Beheri
- Refractories, Ceramics and Building Materials Department, Advanced Materials, Technology and Mineral Resources Research Institute, National Research Centre (NRC), Giza, Egypt
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Seidel L, Cawley EI, Blanchard C. Enduring education and employment: Examining motivation and mechanisms of psychological resilience. Scand J Psychol 2024; 65:617-627. [PMID: 38361344 DOI: 10.1111/sjop.13007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Resilience, the ability to bounce back from difficult events, is critical for an individual to negotiate stressors and adversity. Despite being widely studied, little is known about the processes involved in the development of resilience. The goal of the studies are to investigate the relationship between motivation orientation, emotional intelligence, cognitive appraisals, and psychological resilience. Two studies, using self-report questionnaires were conducted with employed young adults also enrolled in post-secondary studies (pre- and during the pandemic) to test the tenability of our proposed models. Study 1 and Study 2 showed that emotional intelligence and challenge appraisals were mediators of autonomous motivation and resilience. Study 2 revealed statistically significant differences in mean scores of autonomous motivation and emotional intelligence between non-pandemic students and pandemic students. Based on the findings, it is suggested that autonomous motivation, emotional intelligence, and challenge appraisals are important aptitudes for the development of resilience. Furthermore, findings suggest that social isolation caused by the pandemic may have affected levels of emotional intelligence. Ultimately, the research expands the literature on both self-determination theory and resilience by offering a unique multiple mediation model for predicting the development of resilience within the employed undergraduate population.
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