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Early-Life Intake of an Isotonic Protein Drink Improves the Gut Microbial Profile of Piglets. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10050879. [PMID: 32443653 PMCID: PMC7278368 DOI: 10.3390/ani10050879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The gut microbiota plays a key role in maintaining the overall health and homeostasis of mammals. Developing blends of nutrients that contribute to a diverse and balanced gut microbiota community thus contributes to improve pig health, particularly at weaning when rapid dietary and environmental changes occur. As shown in the present study, Tonisity Px, an isotonic protein drink that provides key nutrients for nourishing the enterocytes, increased the abundance of beneficial bacteria and decreased that of potentially-pathogenic bacteria when provided to piglets aged 2 to 8 days. This isotonic protein drink also improved the overall gut environment, both pre-weaning and post-weaning, as revealed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and semiquantitative Escherichia coli culture. Abstract A healthy microbial community in the gut of piglets is critical to minimize the negative performance consequences associated with dietary and environmental changes that occur at weaning. Tonisity Px, an isotonic protein drink, is a potential alternative to balance the gut microbiota as it contains key ingredients for nourishing the small intestine. In the present study, 16 litters comprising 161 piglets were randomly allocated to a group to which Tonisity Px was provided from days 2 to 8 of age (TPX group) or to a control group, to which no Tonisity Px was provided. The TPX group also received Tonisity Px in the 3 days before and after weaning. At days 9, 17, and 30 of age, fecal and ileum samples were collected from piglets belonging to both groups and analyzed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, semiquantitative PCR of Rotavirus serogroups, and semiquantitative Escherichia coli culture. Overall, Tonisity Px increased the abundance of beneficial bacterial populations (Lactobacillus and Bacteroides species) and reduced potentially pathogenic bacterial populations (E. coli and Prevotellaceae), in both the pre-weaning and post-weaning periods.
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Deng Q, Shao Y, Wang Q, Li J, Li Y, Ding X, Huang P, Yin J, Yang H, Yin Y. Effects and interaction of dietary electrolyte balance and citric acid on the intestinal function of weaned piglets. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:skaa106. [PMID: 32253427 PMCID: PMC7199884 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fifty-six piglets (6.26 ± 0.64 kg BW) were weaned at 21 d and randomly assigned to one of the eight dietary treatments with seven replicate pens for a 14-d experimental period. The eight experimental diets were prepared via a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement with citric acid (CA; 0% and 0.3%) and dietary electrolyte balance (dEB, Na + K - Cl mEq/kg of the diet; -50, 100, 250, and 400 mEq/kg). Varying dEB values were obtained by altering the contents of calcium chloride and sodium bicarbonate. An interaction (P < 0.05) between dEB and CA in diarrhea score and the number of goblet cell in jejunum were observed. Ileum pH significantly decreased in weaned piglets fed 250 mEq/kg dEB diet compared with those fed -50 and 400 mEq/kg dEB diets (P < 0.05). Supplementation of 0.3% CA decreased the number of goblet cell in the ileal crypt (P < 0.05) and the relative mRNA expression of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator, tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-10 (IL-10), zona occludens-1, and Claudin-1 (P < 0.05). Increasing dEB values increased the number of goblet cells in the jejunal crypt (P < 0.05). A 250-mEq/kg dEB diet decreased the relative mRNA expression of IFN-γ, IL-1β, and IL-10 (P < 0.05) than 100-mEq/kg dEB diet. The interaction between dEB and CA on the relative abundances of Cyanobacteria and Saccharibacteria was observed (P < 0.05). Supplementation of 0.3% CA increased relative abundances of and Streptococcus hyointestinalis. Piglets fed 250-mEq/kg diet increased relative abundances of Firmicutes and Lactobacillus rennini, and decreased the relative abundance of Proteobacteria, Veillonella, Actinobacillus minor, and Escherichia-Shigella.In conclusion, supplementation of 0.3% CA resulted in differential expression of inflammatory cytokines, ion transporters, and tight junction proteins, and changes in the microbial community composition. A 250-mEq/kg dEB diet reduced gastrointestinal pH and promoted the enrichment of beneficial microbes in the gut microbiota, thereby suppressing inflammation and harmful bacteria. However, the addition of CA to diets with different dEB values did not promote intestinal function in weaned piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Deng
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yirui Shao
- Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qiye Wang
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jianzhong Li
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yali Li
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xueqin Ding
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Pengfei Huang
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jia Yin
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Huansheng Yang
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yulong Yin
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Abstract
Abstract
Weaning is a stressful period for the piglets and the sow. Stress during weaning is related to the change of diet which can affect the physiology of the gastrointestinal tract, as well as the microbial and immunological status of the animals. In the experiment a yeast-whey preparation was used to decrease the transient growth depression related to reduction of feed intake by the piglets. The piglets were assigned to three treatments. In the control group (I) the animals obtained standard feed mixture used routinely at the farm. In the case of piglets from II and III treatment, the yeast-whey preparation was added in the quantity of 4 and 7%, respectively.
Application of 7% yeast-whey preparation to the diet significantly increased the body weight of piglets (p<0.05) and in consequence the average daily body weight gain (p<0.01) in comparison with the control group of animals. Additionally, piglets which were fed the yeast-whey preparation diet had a higher feed intake (p<0.05) and better feed conversion ratio (p<0.05) than those fed a diet without the addition of this preparation. No significant differences were stated for most biological parameters (p>0.05), except for the blood urea level, which was significantly lower (p<0.05) in the treatments where the yeast-whey preparation was used. These results indicated that yeast-whey preparation efficiently suppressed post-weaning diarrhea and improved the performance of the animals.
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Lauridsen C. Effects of dietary fatty acids on gut health and function of pigs pre- and post-weaning. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:skaa086. [PMID: 32215565 PMCID: PMC7323257 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acids (FA) play a major role in relation to mucosal immune responses, epithelial barrier functions, oxidative stress, and inflammatory reactions. The dietary FA composition and the molecular structures (chain length and number of double bonds) influence digestion, absorption and metabolism, and the bioactivity of the FA. Piglets post-weaning having an immature intestine and not fully formed immune functions are very vulnerable to invading microorganisms. Manipulation of the milk FA composition via sow nutrition, or inclusion of dietary fat sources in the feed for newly weaned pigs, may be used as a strategic tool to enhance pig performance and their gut health and function pre- and post-weaning. Medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA) are absorbed directly into the portal blood and may contribute to immediate energy for the enterocytes. In addition, the MCFA, similarly to the short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), possess antibacterial effects and may thereby prevent overgrowth of pathogenic bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract. The essential FA, linoleic (LA) and α-linolenic (ALA) FA, form the building blocks for the long-chain polyunsaturated n-3 and n-6 FA. The conversion of ALA and LA into n-3 and n-6 eicosanoids, respectively, influences the molecular structures of metabolites and inflammatory reactions and other immune responses upon bacterial challenges. Dietary manipulation of the lactating sow influences the transfer of the n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) from the sow milk to the piglet and the incorporation of the FA into piglet enteric tissues and cell membranes, which exerts bioactivity of importance for immune responses and the epithelial barrier function. Especially, the n-3 PUFA present in fish oil seem to influence the gut health and function of pigs, and this is of importance during the transition periods such as post-weaning in which piglets are prone to inflammation. The proportion of unsaturated FA in the cell membranes influences the susceptibility to oxidative stress. Oxidative stress accompanies infectious diseases, and the development of lipid peroxides and other reactive oxygen products may be harmful to the epithelial barrier function. Fatty acid peroxides from the feed may also be absorbed with other lipid-solubles and thereby harm the intestinal function. Hence, antioxidative protection is important for the enteric cells. In conclusion, manipulation of the dietary FA composition can influence the gut health and function in pigs and may support a normal immune system and modulate resistance to infectious diseases during especially stressful phases of a pig's life such as post-weaning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Lauridsen
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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Lei XJ, Kim IH. Evaluation of coated zinc oxide in young pigs challenged with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli K88. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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256
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Development of Swine's Digestive Tract Microbiota and Its Relation to Production Indices-A Review. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10030527. [PMID: 32245217 PMCID: PMC7143181 DOI: 10.3390/ani10030527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Proper cooperation between digestive system microbiota and the host is an important issue in maintaining proper health condition, and—in the case of farm animals—production indices. In the case of pigs, microbiota significantly affect production parameters such as meat quality, growth rate or improvement of immune response to infections. Understanding of pig digestive system microbiota and factors affecting this is an important issue. This may enable improvement of animal performance and stabilization of microbiota during their growth, reducing the risk of metabolic or systemic diseases. Abstract The development of research methods and tools related to microbiome investigation, as well as widened knowledge and awareness concerning the significance of microorganisms inhabiting mammalian organisms, has led to an increasing popularity of studies in this field. This review paper presents some issues related to the swine microbiome, its development starting from an early age of life and its status in adult animals, as well as factors affecting the microbiome in pigs. Attention is paid to the role of probiotics and prebiotics as alternatives to antibiotics in the context of post-weaning diarrhea treatment, and to the role of microorganisms inhabiting the digestive tract of pigs in performance indices formation. In veterinary and pork production practice, understanding of the swine microbiome and its relationships with the host organism may be useful in the prevention of some diseases and also in improvement of performance results of animals.
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257
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Effects of a Diet Supplemented with Exogenous Catalase from Penicillium notatum on Intestinal Development and Microbiota in Weaned Piglets. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8030391. [PMID: 32168962 PMCID: PMC7143822 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8030391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the effects of exogenous catalase (CAT), an antioxidative enzyme from microbial cultures, on intestinal development and microbiota in weaned piglets. Seventy-two weaned piglets were allotted to two groups and fed a basal diet or a basal diet containing 2.0 g/kg exogenous CAT. Results showed that exogenous CAT increased (p < 0.05) jejunal villus height/crypt depth ratio and intestinal factors (diamine oxidase and transforming growth factor-α) concentration. Moreover, dietary CAT supplementation enhanced the antioxidative capacity, and decreased the concentration of pro-inflammatory cytokine in the jejunum mucosa. Exogenous CAT did not affect the concentration of short-chain fatty acids, but decreased the pH value in colonic digesta (p < 0.05). Interestingly, the relative abundance of Bifidobacterium and Dialister were increased (p < 0.05), while Streptococcus and Escherichia-Shigella were decreased (p < 0.05) in colonic digesta by exogenous CAT. Accordingly, decreased (p < 0.05) predicted functions related to aerobic respiration were observed in the piglets fed the CAT diet. Our study suggests a synergic response of intestinal development and microbiota to the exogenous CAT, and provides support for the application of CAT purified from microbial cultures in the feed industry.
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258
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Effects of dietary gallic acid on growth performance, diarrhea incidence, intestinal morphology, plasma antioxidant indices, and immune response in weaned piglets. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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259
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Li HP, Xu CM, Wen BY, Li AQ, Zha GM, Jin XY, Zhao YZ, Feng LP, Cao YD, Yang GY, Wang YY, Zhong K. Extracellular production of recombinant sus scrofa trefoil factor 3 by Brevibacillus choshinensis. Exp Ther Med 2020; 19:2149-2154. [PMID: 32104278 PMCID: PMC7027283 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.8477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Trefoil factor 3 (TFF3) is involved in cell adhesion, motility and apoptosis, regulates mucosal immunity and maintains the functional integrity of intestinal epithelia. The upregulation of TFF3 expression in the weaning rat intestine attracted our interest. The present study hypothesized that TFF3 may serve a role in preventing diarrhea in weaning piglets, which is an important consideration in the pig farming industry. Previous recombinant TFF3 protein expression yields obtained from Escherichia coli were too low and the bioactivity of the protein was poor. Hence, this expression system was unsuitable for industrial applications. The present study explored the production of recombinant sus scrofa TFF3 in a Brevibacillus choshinensis (B. choshinensis) expression system, aiming to enhance the expression level of bioactive protein. To achieve this, the sus scrofa TFF3-encoding gene fragment was fused into an E. coli-Brevibacillus shuttle vector pNCMO2. High levels of TFF3 (30 mg/l) were produced and secreted into the B. choshinensis culture medium in soluble form with a molecular mass of 13.6 kDa and high immunoreactivity in western blotting. Thus, Brevibacillus may be used to produce useful mucosal factors for biochemical analyses and mucosal protection, and in industrial applications to produce novel inhibitors of diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- He-Ping Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, P.R. China
| | - Chun-Mei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, P.R. China
| | - Bing-Yan Wen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, P.R. China
| | - An-Qi Li
- Kansas International College, Zhengzhou Sias University, Xinzheng, Henan 451100, P.R. China
| | - Guang-Ming Zha
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, P.R. China
| | - Xiang-Yang Jin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, P.R. China
| | - Yun-Ze Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, P.R. China
| | - Lu-Ping Feng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, P.R. China
| | - Ye-Dong Cao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, P.R. China
| | - Guo-Yu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, P.R. China
| | - Yue-Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, P.R. China
| | - Kai Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, P.R. China
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López-Colom P, Castillejos L, Rodríguez-Sorrento A, Puyalto M, Mallo JJ, Martín-Orúe SM. Impact of in-feed sodium butyrate or sodium heptanoate protected with medium-chain fatty acids on gut health in weaned piglets challenged with Escherichia coli F4 . Arch Anim Nutr 2020; 74:271-295. [PMID: 32108496 DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2020.1726719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Short and medium-chain fatty acids (SCFA and MCFA, respectively) are commonly used as feed additives in piglets to promote health and prevent post-weaning diarrhoea. Considering that the mechanism and site of action of these fatty acids can differ, a combined supplementation could result in a synergistic action. Considering this, it was aimed to assess the potential of two new in-feed additives based on butyrate or heptanoate, protected with sodium salts of MCFA from coconut distillates, against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) F4+ using an experimental disease model. Two independent trials were performed in 48 early-weaned piglets fed a control diet (CTR) or a diet supplemented with MCFA-protected sodium butyrate (BUT+; Trial 1) or sodium heptanoate (HPT+; Trial 2). After 1 week of adaptation, piglets were challenged with a single oral inoculum of ETEC F4+ (minimum 1.4 · 109 cfu). One animal per pen was euthanised on days 4 and 8 post-inoculation (PI) and the following variables assessed: growth performance, clinical signs, gut fermentation, intestinal morphology, inflammatory mediators, pathogen excretion and colon microbiota. None of the additives recovered growth performance or reduced diarrhoea when compared to the respective negative controls. However, both elicited different responses against ETEC F4+. The BUT+ additive did not lead to reduce E. coli F4 colonisation but enterobacterial counts and goblet cell numbers in the ileum were increased on day 8 PI and this followed higher serum TNF-α concentrations on day 4 PI. The Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes ratio was nevertheless increased. Findings in the HPT+ treatment trial included fewer animals featuring E. coli F4 in the colon and reduced Enterobacteriaceae (determined by 16S RNA sequencing) on day 4 PI. In addition, while goblet cell numbers were lower on day 8 PI, total SCFA levels were reduced in the colon. Results indicate the efficacy of MCFA-protected heptanoate against ETEC F4+ and emphasise the potential trophic effect of MCFA-protected butyrate on the intestinal epithelium likely reinforcing the gut barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola López-Colom
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service, Animal and Food Science Department, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Lorena Castillejos
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service, Animal and Food Science Department, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Agustina Rodríguez-Sorrento
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service, Animal and Food Science Department, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Bellaterra, Spain
| | | | | | - Susana M Martín-Orúe
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service, Animal and Food Science Department, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Bellaterra, Spain
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Van Noten N, Degroote J, Van Liefferinge E, Taminiau B, De Smet S, Desmet T, Michiels J. Effects of Thymol and Thymol α-D-Glucopyranoside on Intestinal Function and Microbiota of Weaned Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E329. [PMID: 32092931 PMCID: PMC7070699 DOI: 10.3390/ani10020329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study evaluated gluco-conjugation as a measure to delay thymol absorption and enhance its antimicrobial activity in the gut of weaned piglets. The three dietary treatments consisted of a basal diet without additives (TCON), supplemented with thymol at 3.7 mmol/kg dry matter (TTHY), or with an equimolar amount of thymol α-D-glucopyranoside (TTαG). Each dietary treatment was replicated in 6 pens with 2 piglets per pen (n = 12 for analytical parameters) and was supplemented for 14 days. The total (free plus gluco-conjugated) thymol concentrations in the stomach contents were 14% lower in TTαG as compared to TTHY piglets. Neither of the additives could be detected further down the gut. E.coli counts in the proximal small intestine were significantly lower in TTHY than in TTαG pigs (3.35 vs. 4.29 log10 CFU/g); however, other bacterial counts and their metabolites were unaffected by treatment. A metagenomic bacterial analysis revealed a great relative abundance of Lactobacillus spp. in the distal small intestine (range 88.4%-99.9%), irrespective of treatment. The intestinal barrier function was improved by TTHY, but not TTαG, compared to TCON. In conclusion, gluco-conjugation did not result in higher thymol concentrations in the gut, but conversely, it seemed to diminish the biological effects of thymol in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noémie Van Noten
- Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (N.V.N.); (J.D.); (E.V.L.); (S.D.S.)
| | - Jeroen Degroote
- Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (N.V.N.); (J.D.); (E.V.L.); (S.D.S.)
| | - Elout Van Liefferinge
- Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (N.V.N.); (J.D.); (E.V.L.); (S.D.S.)
| | - Bernard Taminiau
- Department of Food Sciences, University of Liège, Quartier Vallée 2, Avenue de Cureghem 7A-7D, 4000 Liège, Belgium;
| | - Stefaan De Smet
- Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (N.V.N.); (J.D.); (E.V.L.); (S.D.S.)
| | - Tom Desmet
- Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Joris Michiels
- Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (N.V.N.); (J.D.); (E.V.L.); (S.D.S.)
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262
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Poudel P, Levesque CL, Samuel R, St-Pierre B. Dietary inclusion of Peptiva, a peptide-based feed additive, can accelerate the maturation of the fecal bacterial microbiome in weaned pigs. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:60. [PMID: 32070332 PMCID: PMC7026967 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02282-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Weaning is one of the most critical transition stages of the swine production cycle, as the piglet gut physiology and microbiome need to rapidly adapt to changes in diet and environmental conditions. Based on their potential for producing a vast array of bioactive molecules, peptide formulations represent a largely untapped source of compounds that could be developed into feed additives to benefit animal health and nutrition. In this context, a commercial-scale nursery trial was performed to evaluate the impact of low inclusion of a peptide-based feed additive (Peptiva, Vitech Bio-Chem Corporation) on the performance and fecal microbiome of weaned pigs. Results While no significant differences in body weight, daily gain, daily feed intake nor gain:feed were observed between control and treatment animals (P > 0.05), an effect of Peptiva on the fecal bacterial composition of weaned pigs was observed. The first main observation was that the fecal bacterial profiles from pigs fed Control-Phase II and Control Phase III diets were found to be very distinct, suggesting that a transition or succession stage had occurred between the two phases. Lactobacilli, represented by four main OTUs (Ssd-00002, Ssd-00019, Ssd-00025, and Ssd-00053), were more abundant at the end of Phase II (P < 0.05), while Streptococci, mostly represented by OTUs Ssd-00039 and Ssd-00048, were in higher abundance at the end of Phase III (P < 0.05). Secondly, the fecal bacterial composition from pigs fed Peptiva Phase II diets showed similarities to both Control-Phase II and Control Phase III samples, while there was no difference in fecal bacterial composition between Control-Phase III and Peptiva Phase III samples. For instance, OTUs Ssd-00019,and Ssd-00053 were in lower abundance in Peptiva Phase II samples compared to Control Phase II (P < 0.05), but no significant difference was observed in the abundance of these two OTUs when comparing Peptiva Phase II to Control Phase III (P > 0.05). Conclusions Together, these results suggest that Peptiva can modulate the composition of the swine microbiome during a specific window of the nursery stage, potentially by accelerating its maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Poudel
- Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, Animal Science Complex, Box 2170, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Crystal L Levesque
- Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, Animal Science Complex, Box 2170, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Ryan Samuel
- Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, Animal Science Complex, Box 2170, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Benoit St-Pierre
- Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, Animal Science Complex, Box 2170, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA.
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Park S, Lee JJ, Yang BM, Cho JH, Kim S, Kang J, Oh S, Park DJ, Perez-Maldonado R, Cho JY, Park IH, Kim HB, Song M. Dietary protease improves growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and intestinal morphology of weaned pigs. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2020; 62:21-30. [PMID: 32082595 PMCID: PMC7008117 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2020.62.1.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate effects of dietary protease (PR) on growth
performance, nutrient digestibility, and intestinal morphology of weaned pigs. A
total of 75 weaned pigs [7.06 ± 0.18 kg of average body weight (BW); 28
day old] were randomly allotted to 3 dietary treatments in a randomized complete
block design (blocks = BW and sex): a diet based on corn and soybean meal to
meet the requirement of crude protein (CP) as a positive control (PC; CP =
24.49%), a low protein diet as a negative control (NC; CP = 22.51%), and NC +
0.02% PR. The PR used in this study was a commercial product containing 75,000
protease units/g derived from Nocardiopsis prasina produced in
Bacillus licheniformis. Pigs were fed the dietary
treatments for 6 weeks and the diets containing 0.2% chromic oxide for the last
week of this study. Blood, feces, ileal digesta, and ileum samples were
collected from randomly selected two pigs in each pen on respective time points.
Measurements were growth performance, apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and
apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter (DM), CP, and energy,
frequency of diarrhea, packed cell volume (PCV), and ileal morphology of weaned
pigs. Pigs fed PC and PR had higher (p < 0.05) final BW,
average daily gain (ADG), and gain to feed ratio (G:F) during overall
experimental period than those fed NC. Pigs fed PC and PR had higher
(p < 0.05) AID or ATTD of DM, CP, or energy than
those fed NC. Moreover, pigs fed PR had higher ratio between villus height and
crypt depth (p < 0.05) and number of goblet cells
(p < 0.05) than those fed NC. Addition of PR
decreased (p < 0.05) frequency of diarrhea for the first
two weeks after weaning compared with PC and NC. In addition, pigs fed PR had
lower (p < 0.05) PCV on d 14 after weaning than those
fed PC and NC. In conclusion, addition of PR in nursery diets with a low protein
level significantly improved growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and
intestinal morphology of weaned pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangwoo Park
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Jeong Jae Lee
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Boung Mo Yang
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Jin Ho Cho
- Division of Food and Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Soyun Kim
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Joowon Kang
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Sejong Oh
- Department of Animal Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | | | | | | | - Il-Hun Park
- DSM Nutrition Korea Ltd., Seoul 06675, Korea
| | - Hyeun Bum Kim
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Minho Song
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
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264
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Lukashchuk BO, Slivinska LG, Shcherbatyy AR, Zinko HO, Gutyj BV. Influence of modern treatment regimens on serum biochemical parameters in piglets with gastroenteritis. REGULATORY MECHANISMS IN BIOSYSTEMS 2020. [DOI: 10.15421/022009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The article presents analyses of biochemical parameters of blood serum in weaned piglets with non-contagious gastroenteritis and after their treatment with a probiotic (live spores of Bacillus cereus var. toyoi; silicic acid; calcium carbonate) and a phytobiotic (natural extracts of Oreganum vulgare, Cinnamomun cassia and Capsicum annuum; hydrogenated rapeseed oil) as part of the basic ration in combination with antibiotic (10% solution of enrofloxacin hydrochloride) on a modern pig farm. In animals of the experimental groups with gastroenteritis we established hypoproteinemia, hypoalbuminemia, hypoglycemia, hypoureaemia, hypercreatininemia, hyperbilirubinemia and increase of enzyme activity compared to parameters of clinically healthy piglets. The study established that the use of probiotics and phytobiotics for weaned piglets had a positive influence on protein synthesis function of the liver, as indicated by the normalization of serum total protein and albumins. Also, we found a positive influence of probiotics and phytobiotics on intensity of protein metabolism, as indicated by an increase of serum urea to the level of clinically healthy piglets. Use of phytobiotics for piglets had a positive influence on the process of gluconeogenesis in their body, which is indicated by the normalization of serum glucose to the level of clinically healthy piglets. Also, the use of probiotics and phytobiotics had a positive influence on the pigment-forming function of the liver, as indicated by the reduction of serum total bilirubin to the level of clinically healthy piglets. The use of probiotics and phytobiotics reduced activity of serum alanine and aspartate aminotransferases in the piglets of the experimental groups, indicating the stabilization of hepatocytes’ cell structures (mitochondrial and cytosolic). The study established positive influence of probiotics and phytobiotics on the functioning of the liver and biliary tract, as indicated by decreased activity of serum alkaline phosphatase and gamaglutamiltranspeptidase to the level of clinically healthy piglets. So, addition of probiotics and phytobiotics to mixed fodder up to 45 days of age, normalizes functioning of the kidneys and liver in weaned piglets with gastroenteritis.
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265
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Ghazisaeedi F, Ciesinski L, Bednorz C, Johanns V, Pieper L, Tedin K, Wieler LH, Günther S. Phenotypic zinc resistance does not correlate with antimicrobial multi-resistance in fecal E. coli isolates of piglets. Gut Pathog 2020; 12:4. [PMID: 31988666 PMCID: PMC6972033 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-019-0342-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Following the ban on antimicrobial usage for growth promotion in animal husbandry in the EU, non-antimicrobial agents including heavy metal ions (e.g. zinc and copper), prebiotics or probiotics have been suggested as alternatives. Zinc has extensively been used in pig farming, particularly during weaning of piglets to improve animal health and growth rates. Recent studies, however, have suggested that high dietary zinc feeding during weaning of piglets increases the proportion of multi-drug resistant E. coli in the gut, contraindicating the appropriateness of zinc as an alternative. The underlying mechanisms of zinc effects on resistant bacteria remains unclear, but co-selection processes could be involved. In this study, we determined whether E. coli isolates from intestinal contents of piglets that had been supplemented with high concentrations of zinc acquired a higher tolerance towards zinc, and whether multi-drug resistant isolates tolerated higher zinc concentrations. In addition, we compared phenotypic zinc and copper resistance of E. coli isolates for possible correlation between phenotypic resistance/tolerance to different bivalent ionic metals. Results We screened phenotypic zinc/copper tolerance of 210 isolates (including antimicrobial resistant, multi-drug resistant, and non-resistant E. coli) selected from two, independent zinc-feeding animal trials by determining a zinc/copper minimal inhibitory concentration (Merlin, Bornheim-Hersel, Germany). In both trials, groups of piglets were supplemented either with high dietary zinc (> 2000 ppm) or control (50–70 ppm, background) concentrations. Our observations showed that high concentration zinc exposure did not have an effect on either zinc or copper phenotypic tolerance of E. coli isolates from the animals. No significant association was found between antimicrobial resistance and phenotypic zinc/copper tolerance of the same isolates. Conclusion Our findings argue against a co-selection mechanism of antimicrobial drug-resistance and zinc tolerance after dietary zinc supplementation in weaning piglets. An explanation for an increase in multi-drug resistant isolates from piglets with high zinc dietary feeding could be that resistant bacteria to antimicrobial agents are more persistent to stresses such as zinc or copper exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fereshteh Ghazisaeedi
- 1Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - L Ciesinski
- 1Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - C Bednorz
- 2Institute of Chemical Physiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - V Johanns
- 3Robert Koch Institute, Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - L Pieper
- 4Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Freie Universität Berlin, Königsweg 67, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - K Tedin
- 1Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - L H Wieler
- 1Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany.,3Robert Koch Institute, Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Günther
- 1Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany.,5Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Straße 17, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
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266
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Buberg ML, Witsø IL, L'Abée-Lund TM, Wasteson Y. Zinc and Copper Reduce Conjugative Transfer of Resistance Plasmids from Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli. Microb Drug Resist 2020; 26:842-849. [PMID: 31951514 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2019.0388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The present work addresses the effect of excess levels of ZnCl2 and CuSO4 in the growth medium on the conjugative transfer of plasmids carrying the antibiotic resistance gene blaCMY-2 from extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli. Norwegian poultry are not treated prophylactically with antibiotics, but still, ESBL-producing E. coli are found in the chicken populations. Chickens receive higher amounts of Zn and Cu than their biological need, and several metals have been shown to act as drivers of antimicrobial resistance. In the present study, ESBL-producing E. coli strains collected from retail chicken meat were mated in broth containing various concentrations of ZnCl2 and CuSO4. Manual counting of transconjugants showed that ZnCl2 and CuSO4 reduced the conjugation frequency between E. coli strains in a concentration-dependent manner. Quantitative real-time PCR analyses showed that the presence of ZnCl2 and CuSO4 in the growth media reduced expression of the conjugation genes traB and nikB. By propagating monocultures over several generations, it was found that the blaCMY-2 plasmids remained stable in the recipient strains. Together the results show that exposure of ESBL-producing E. coli to Zn and Cu reduce horizontal transfer of the blaCMY-2 resistance plasmid by reducing expression of genes involved in conjugation in the plasmid donor strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- May Linn Buberg
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingun Lund Witsø
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Trine Marie L'Abée-Lund
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Yngvild Wasteson
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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267
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Oregano Feed Supplementation Affects Glycoconjugates Production in Swine Gut. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10010149. [PMID: 31963225 PMCID: PMC7023309 DOI: 10.3390/ani10010149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The European ban towards antibiotics is increasing the number of studies on the effects of feed additives, such as plant extracts, in order to enhance the health and welfare status of domestic animals intended for human consumption. Origanum vulgare possesses multiple pharmacological characteristics and its antioxidant and antibacterial properties are particularly interesting. Besides, a recent study aimed at evaluating the effects of oregano aqueous extract supplementation in poultry nutrition gave encouraging results regarding the secretion of glycoconjugates in the gut which increases tissue hydration and protects the intestinal mucosa from pathogenic bacteria, viruses, and parasites. Therefore, we investigated the effects of oregano feed supplementation on antioxidant and defense ability of pig gut. Our results showed that there was improved production of glycoconjugates in the duodenum and colon of pigs fed with supplementation of oregano aqueous extract, enhancing protection of the mucosa of these sections of the intestine. Also, we observed an enhanced antioxidant action in the two examined gut tract samples of the group supplemented with oregano. Findings can be used in further research to identify ways to improve endogenous defense ability with to reduce antibiotic use and prevent antimicrobial resistance. Abstract This study evaluated the effects of adding oregano aqueous extract (OAE) to the diet of pig slaughtered at finisher stage. Study was performed to identify glycoconjugates and evaluate the oxidative stress levels in the duodenum and colon intestinal tracts. Glycohistochemistry was performed by staining with Periodic acid–Schiff (PAS), Alcian blue (AB) pH 2.5, AB-PAS, AB pH 1, AB pH 0.5, low iron diamine, and high iron diamine. Serial sections were pre-treated with sialidase V before staining with AB pH 2.5 (Sial-AB) preceded or not by saponification. To study oxidative stress, an immunohistochemical analysis was applied to investigate the presence of the oxidative stress target molecule Bcl-2 Associate X protein (BAX). Findings show that oregano aqueous extract supplementation improves the production of the secretion glycoconjugates involved in direct and indirect defense, thus enhancing the protection of the pig intestinal mucosa. Moreover, the reduced BAX protein immunostaining observed in both duodenum and colon of swine of the oregano-supplemented group respect to that observed in the control group suggests an enhanced antioxidant action by oregano adding. Findings could be useful for other studies aiming to reduce antibiotic use and prevent antimicrobial resistance.
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268
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Huang J, Zhang W, Fan R, Liu Z, Huang T, Li J, Du T, Xiong T. Composition and functional diversity of fecal bacterial community of wild boar, commercial pig and domestic native pig as revealed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Arch Microbiol 2020; 202:843-857. [PMID: 31894392 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-019-01787-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The bacterial community in mammalian gastrointestinal tract is abundant and complex. To date, little is known about the gut microbiota of wild boar. This study aimed to investigate the fecal bacterial diversity of wild boar and compare with commercial pig and domestic native pig. The diet composition showed that the diets of wild boar, commercial pig and domestic native pig were different from each other. More than 1,760,000 quality-filtered sequences were obtained, and the results revealed distinct compositions and diversity of fecal microbiota in three groups. PCoA and NMDS analyses showed that fecal bacterial communities of wild boar, commercial pig and domestic native pig formed distinctly different clusters. Although the three groups shared a large size of OTUs comprising a core microbiota community, a strong distinction existed at family and genus levels. Ruminococcaceae, Prevotellaceae and Christensenellaceae were more abundant in the feces of wild boar than in domestic native pig and commercial pig. At the genus level, the proportion of unidentified Christensenellaceae was remarkably higher in wild boar group, while commercial pig and domestic native pig group had a higher abundance of Streptococcus and Lactobacillus. Tax4Fun predictions of metagenome function showed statistically significant differences in the functions of fecal microbiota in three groups. There were more bacteria genes with amino acid metabolism, cell growth and death, cell motility, energy metabolism, immune system and environmental adaptation observed in wild boar feces, while commercial pig feces contained more bacteria genes with carbohydrate metabolism, drug resistance, aging, infectious diseases, lipid metabolism, endocrine and metabolic diseases. These results indicated that the fecal microbial ecosystem of the wild boar is significantly different from that of domestic native pig and commercial pig, suggesting that diet is an important factor leading to differences in bacterial abundance and diversity in feces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinqing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, No. 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang, 330047, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, No. 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang, 330047, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, No. 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang, 330047, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, No. 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang, 330047, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Fan
- Institute of Bioprocess and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences, Wiesenstrasse 14, 35390, Giessen, Germany
| | - Zhanggen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, No. 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang, 330047, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, No. 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang, 330047, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, No. 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang, 330047, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, No. 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang, 330047, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Junyi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, No. 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang, 330047, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, No. 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang, 330047, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Tonghao Du
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, No. 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang, 330047, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, No. 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang, 330047, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, No. 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang, 330047, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China. .,School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, No. 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang, 330047, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China.
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269
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Effect of fosfomycin, Cynara scolymus extract, deoxynivalenol and their combinations on intestinal health of weaned piglets. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 5:386-395. [PMID: 31890916 PMCID: PMC6920400 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2019.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Weaning is a challenging stage of pig farming. Animals undergo environmental, social and dietary changes leading to weaning stress syndrome. In order to compensate for the detrimental effects of weaning stress, antibiotics and natural extracts are used as feed additives, sometimes without fully understanding the interactions between them or even with low concentrations of mycotoxins that are frequently present in feed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of fosfomycin (FOS), Cynara scolymus extract (CSE), deoxynivalenol (DON) and their combined administration on intestinal health of weaned piglets. The experiment was designed as a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with 3 factors (FOS, CSE and DON treatments), 2 levels each (presence and absence) and 3 repeats. Weaned piglets (n = 24) were randomly divided in groups to receive the different treatments, namely DON administered in diet (50 μg/kg BW), FOS administered into the drinking water (30 mg/kg BW), CSE administered in diet (15 mg/kg BW) and all their combinations. After 15 d, the animals were euthanized and gastrointestinal tract samples were immediately taken to evaluate gastrointestinal pH, Enterobacteriaceae to lactic acid bacteria (E:L) ratio, volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations, disaccharidase (lactase, sucrase and maltase) activity, histology (intestinal absorptive area [IAA] and goblet cells count) and mucus ability to adhere pathogenic Escherichia coli. From our results, FOS and CSE treatments, individually or combined, produced a lower E:L ratio, an enhanced production of butyrate, increased disaccharidase activity (particularly maltase), and a greater IAA and goblet cells count along with an increase in pathogenic bacteria adherence to intestinal mucus. Deoxynivalenol did not show interactions with the other factors and its administration produced decreases on VFA, disaccharidase activity and goblet cells count. In conclusion, weaning piglets receiving diets containing FOS, CSE or both exhibited evident beneficial intestinal effects compared to animals receiving diets free from these compounds. On the contrary, the presence of DON at sub-toxic concentrations produced detrimental effects on intestinal health. The knowledge of the physiological and pathological gut changes produced by these compounds contributes to understand their potential productive consequences.
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270
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What Is the Impact of Diet on Nutritional Diarrhea Associated with Gut Microbiota in Weaning Piglets: A System Review. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:6916189. [PMID: 31976326 PMCID: PMC6949732 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6916189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Piglets experience severe growth challenges and diarrhea after weaning due to nutritional, social, psychological, environmental, and physiological changes. Among these changes, the nutritional factor plays a key role in postweaning health. Dietary protein, fibre, starch, and electrolyte levels are highly associated with postweaning nutrition diarrhea (PWND). In this review, we mainly discuss the high protein, fibre, resistant starch, and electrolyte imbalance in diets that induce PWND, with a focus on potential mechanisms in weaned piglets.
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271
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Wang L, Zhu L, Gong L, Zhang X, Wang Y, Liao J, Ke L, Dong B. Effects of Activated Charcoal-Herb Extractum Complex on Antioxidant Status, Lipid Metabolites and Safety of Excess Supplementation in Weaned Piglets. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:E1151. [PMID: 31847500 PMCID: PMC6940724 DOI: 10.3390/ani9121151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Revised: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was aimed at evaluating the effects of activated charcoal-herb extractum complex (CHC) on antioxidant status, serum lipid metabolites and its safety supplement in weaning piglets. In experiment 1, a total of 216 piglets (Duroc × Landrace × Large White) weaned at 28 days of age with initial body weight of 8.55 ± 1.18 kg were assigned randomly to six treatment groups. each treatment group had six pens, with six pigs per pen. Pigs were fed a corn-soybean meal-based diet supplemented with 500, 1000, 1500 or 2000 mg kg-1 of CHC over two 14-d periods. Diets supplemented with 0 and 1000 mg kg-1 of montmorillonite (MMT) were set as the negative and positive controls, respectively. In experiment 2, pigs (n = 108) weaned at 28 days of age with initial body weight of 8.58 ± 0.04 kg were randomly assigned to three treatment groups. Each treatment group had six pens, with six pigs per pen. Pigs were fed a corn-soybean meal-based diet supplemented with 0, 1000 or 10,000 mg kg-1 of CHC over two 14-d periods. In experiment 1, on day 14, supplementation with CHC significantly decreased very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) concentration while they decreased low-density lipoprotein (LDL) concentration on d 28, CHC at 500, 1000 or 1500 mg kg-1 significantly increase high-density lipoprotein (HDL) concentration. Supplementation with 500 or 1000 mg kg-1 CHC reduced serum malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration during the entire experimental period and increased the concentration of serum total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) on d 14. CHC at 500 or 1000 mg kg-1 significantly reduced the liver MDA concentration and increased liver T-SOD concentration. In experiment 2, increased ADG was obvious during the first 14 days and the whole period in 1000 mg kg-1 supplemented pigs, similarly F: G was lowest in the first 14 days. There was no difference in growth performance, visceral index, haematological and serum biochemical parameters and visceral organs morphology between pigs fed 10,000 mg kg-1 of CHC and control. Together, 500 to 1000 mg kg-1 CHC was confirmed to improve antioxidant status, and serum lipid metabolites in this study and excess supplementation of CHC is safe in weaning piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (L.W.); (L.Z.); (L.G.); (X.Z.); (Y.W.)
| | - Lin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (L.W.); (L.Z.); (L.G.); (X.Z.); (Y.W.)
| | - Limin Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (L.W.); (L.Z.); (L.G.); (X.Z.); (Y.W.)
| | - Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (L.W.); (L.Z.); (L.G.); (X.Z.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yubo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (L.W.); (L.Z.); (L.G.); (X.Z.); (Y.W.)
| | - Jianling Liao
- Fujian Baicaoshaung Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Nanping 353200, China; (J.L.); (L.K.)
| | - Linfu Ke
- Fujian Baicaoshaung Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Nanping 353200, China; (J.L.); (L.K.)
| | - Bing Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (L.W.); (L.Z.); (L.G.); (X.Z.); (Y.W.)
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272
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Dalto DB, Audet I, Matte JJ. Impact of dietary zinc:copper ratio on the postprandial net portal appearance of these minerals in pigs1. J Anim Sci 2019; 97:3938-3946. [PMID: 31292635 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skz238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study compared the net intestinal absorption of zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) after meals containing different dietary ratios among these trace elements. Ten 46-kg pigs were used in a cross-over design to assess the 10-h net portal-drained viscera (PDV) flux of serum Cu and Zn after ingestion of boluses containing ZnSO4 and CuSO4 in different Zn:Cu ratios (mg:mg): 120:20; 200:20; 120:8; and 200:8. Arterial Zn concentrations peaked within the first hour post-meal and responses were greater with 200 (0.9 to 1.8 mg/L) than with 120 mg (0.9 to 1.6 mg/L) of dietary Zn (dietary Zn × time, P = 0.05). Net PDV flux of Zn was greater (P = 0.02) with 200 than with 120 mg of dietary Zn and tended to be greater (P = 0.10) with 20 than with 8 mg of dietary Cu. The cumulative PDV appearance of Zn (% of dietary intake) was greater with 120 than 200 mg of dietary Zn from 8 h post-meal (P ≤ 0.04) and with 20 than 8 mg of dietary Cu from 7 h post-meal (P ≤ 0.05). At the end of the postprandial period (10 h), estimated PDV appearance of Zn was 16.0%, 18.4%, 12.0%, and 15.3% of Zn intake for 120:8, 120:20, 200:8, and 200:20 ratios, respectively. For Cu, irrespective of treatment, arterial values varied (P < 0.01) by less than 5% across postmeal times. Net PDV flux was not affected by treatments (P ≥ 0.12), but the value for ratio 120:20 was different from zero (P = 0.03). There was an interaction dietary Zn × dietary Cu on cumulative PDV appearance of Cu (% of dietary intake) at 30 min post-meal (P = 0.04) and thereafter at 3 h post-meal (P = 0.04). For the whole postprandial period (10 h), estimated PDV appearance of Cu was 61.9%, 42.1%, -17.1%, and 23.6% of Cu intake for 120:8, 120:20, 200:8, and 200:20 ratios, respectively. In conclusion, the present dietary amounts and ratios of Zn and Cu can affect the metabolic availability of both trace minerals for pigs. Ratios with 120 mg of dietary Zn maximized the postintestinal availability of both Zn and Cu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danyel Bueno Dalto
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC J1M 0C8, Canada
| | - Isabelle Audet
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC J1M 0C8, Canada
| | - J Jacques Matte
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC J1M 0C8, Canada
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273
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Wang Z, Hu J, Zheng W, Yang T, Wang X, Xie C, Yan X. Lactobacillus frumenti mediates energy production via fatty acid β-oxidation in the liver of early-weaned piglets. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2019; 10:95. [PMID: 31827788 PMCID: PMC6894312 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-019-0399-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Early-weaning of piglets is often accompanied by severe disorders, especially diarrhea. The gut microbiota and its metabolites play a critical role in the maintenance of the physiologic and metabolic homeostasis of the host. Our previous studies have demonstrated that oral administration of Lactobacillus frumenti improves epithelial barrier functions and confers diarrhea resistance in early-weaned piglets. However, the metabolic response to L. frumenti administration remains unclear. Then, we conducted simultaneous serum and hepatic metabolomic analyses in early-weaned piglets administered by L. frumenti or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Results A total of 100 6-day-old crossbred piglets (Landrace × Yorkshire) were randomly divided into two groups and piglets received PBS (sterile, 2 mL) or L. frumenti (suspension in PBS, 108 CFU/mL, 2 mL) by oral administration once per day from 6 to 20 days of age. Piglets were weaned at 21 days of age. Serum and liver samples for metabolomic analyses were collected at 26 days of age. Principal components analysis (PCA) showed that L. frumenti altered metabolism in serum and liver. Numerous correlations (P < 0.05) were identified among the serum and liver metabolites that were affected by L. frumenti. Concentrations of guanosine monophosphate (GMP), inosine monophosphate (IMP), and uric acid were higher in serum of L. frumenti administration piglets. Pathway analysis indicated that L. frumenti regulated fatty acid and amino acid metabolism in serum and liver. Concentrations of fatty acid β-oxidation related metabolites in serum (such as 3-hydroxybutyrylcarnitine, C4-OH) and liver (such as acetylcarnitine) were increased after L. frumenti administration. Conclusions Our findings suggest that L. frumenti regulates lipid metabolism and amino acid metabolism in the liver of early-weaned piglets, where it promotes fatty acid β-oxidation and energy production. High serum concentrations of nucleotide intermediates, which may be an alternative strategy to reduce the incidence of diarrhea in early-weaned piglets, were further detected. These findings broaden our understanding of the relationships between the gut microbiota and nutrient metabolism in the early-weaned piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichang Wang
- 1State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 China.,Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pig Precision Feeding and Feed Safety Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 China
| | - Jun Hu
- 1State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 China.,Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pig Precision Feeding and Feed Safety Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 China
| | - Wenyong Zheng
- 1State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 China.,Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pig Precision Feeding and Feed Safety Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 China
| | - Tao Yang
- 1State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 China.,Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pig Precision Feeding and Feed Safety Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 China
| | - Xinkai Wang
- 1State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 China.,Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pig Precision Feeding and Feed Safety Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 China
| | - Chunlin Xie
- 1State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 China.,Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pig Precision Feeding and Feed Safety Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 China
| | - Xianghua Yan
- 1State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 China.,Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pig Precision Feeding and Feed Safety Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 China
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274
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Che D, Adams S, Zhao B, Qin G, Jiang H. Effects of Dietary L-arginine Supplementation from Conception to Post- Weaning in Piglets. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2019; 20:736-749. [PMID: 30678624 DOI: 10.2174/1389203720666190125104959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Weaned piglets experience sudden changes in their dietary patterns such as withdrawal from the easily digestible watery milk to a coarse cereal diet with both systemic and intestinal disruptions coupling with the expression of pro-inflammatory proteins which affects the immune system and the concentrations of haptoglobin including both positive and negative acute-phase proteins in the plasma. L-arginine is an important protein amino acid for piglets, but its inadequate synthesis is a nutritional problem for both sows and piglets. Recent studies indicated that dietary supplementation of L-arginine increased feed intake, uterine growth, placental growth and nutrient transport, maternal growth and health, embryonic survival, piglets birth weight, piglet's growth, and productivity, and decreased stillbirths. L-arginine is essential in several important pathways involved in the growth and development of piglets such as nitric oxide synthesis, energy metabolism, polyamine synthesis, cellular protein production and muscle accretion, and the synthesis of other functional amino acids. However, the underlying molecular mechanism in these key pathways remains largely unresolved. This review was conducted on the general hypothesis that L-arginine increased the growth and survival of post-weaning piglets. We discussed the effects of dietary L-arginine supplementation during gestation, parturition, lactation, weaning, and post-weaning in pigs as each of these stages influences the health and survival of sows and their progenies. Therefore, the aim of this review was to discuss through a logical approach the effects of L-arginine supplementation on piglet's growth and survival from conception to postweaning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongsheng Che
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.,Jilin Provincial Key Lab of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.,Key Lab of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118 China
| | - Seidu Adams
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Bao Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.,Key Lab of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118 China
| | - Guixin Qin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.,Jilin Provincial Key Lab of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.,Key Lab of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118 China
| | - Hailong Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.,Jilin Provincial Key Lab of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.,Key Lab of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118 China
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275
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Shi H, Kim IH. Dietary yeast extract complex supplementation increases growth performance and nutrient digestibility of weaning pigs. Livest Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2019.103850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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276
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Goecke NB, Hjulsager CK, Krog JS, Skovgaard K, Larsen LE. Development of a high-throughput real-time PCR system for detection of enzootic pathogens in pigs. J Vet Diagn Invest 2019; 32:51-64. [PMID: 31752620 DOI: 10.1177/1040638719890863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory and intestinal diseases in pigs can have significant negative influence on productivity and animal welfare. A wide range of real-time PCR (rtPCR) assays are used in our laboratory (National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark) for pathogen detection, and PCR analyses are performed on traditional rtPCR platforms in which a limited number of samples can be analyzed per day given limitations in equipment and personnel. To mitigate these restrictions, rtPCR assays have been optimized for the high-throughput rtPCR BioMark platform (Fluidigm). Using this platform, we developed a high-throughput detection system that can be used for simultaneous examination of 48 samples with detection specificity for 18 selected respiratory and enteric viral and bacterial pathogens of high importance to Danish pig production. The rtPCR assays were validated and optimized to run under the same reaction conditions using a BioMark 48.48 dynamic array (DA) integrated fluidic circuit chip, and the sensitivity and specificity were assessed by testing known positive samples. Performance of the 48.48DA was similar to traditional rtPCR analysis, and the specificity of the 48.48DA was high. Application of the high-throughput platform has resulted in a significant reduction in cost and working hours and has provided production herds with a new innovative service with the potential to facilitate the optimal choice of disease control strategies such as vaccination and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole B Goecke
- Division for Diagnostics & Scientific Advice, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark (Goecke, Hjulsager, Krog, Skovgaard, Larsen)
| | - Charlotte K Hjulsager
- Division for Diagnostics & Scientific Advice, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark (Goecke, Hjulsager, Krog, Skovgaard, Larsen)
| | - Jesper S Krog
- Division for Diagnostics & Scientific Advice, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark (Goecke, Hjulsager, Krog, Skovgaard, Larsen)
| | - Kerstin Skovgaard
- Division for Diagnostics & Scientific Advice, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark (Goecke, Hjulsager, Krog, Skovgaard, Larsen)
| | - Lars E Larsen
- Division for Diagnostics & Scientific Advice, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark (Goecke, Hjulsager, Krog, Skovgaard, Larsen)
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277
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Middelkoop A, van Marwijk MA, Kemp B, Bolhuis JE. Pigs Like It Varied; Feeding Behavior and Pre- and Post-weaning Performance of Piglets Exposed to Dietary Diversity and Feed Hidden in Substrate During Lactation. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:408. [PMID: 31803769 PMCID: PMC6877737 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Timely intake of solid feed is essential to ease the nutritional change from sow's milk to solid feed at weaning and thereby to reduce weaning-related problems. A significant percentage of piglets, however, do not or hardly consume solid feed before weaning. We studied effects of dietary variety and presenting the feed in substrate during lactation on the feeding behavior and performance of piglets up to 2 weeks post-weaning. Feed was provided ad libitum from d4 in two feeders, with four bowls each. In a 2 × 2 arrangement, 40 litters received either creep feed as a monotonous diet (MO) or four feed items simultaneously, i.e., creep feed, celery, cereal honey loops and peanuts, as a diverse diet (DD) and the feed was either provided without (CON) or with substrate (SUB), i.e., sand, in one of the two feeders up to weaning. Dietary diversity highly stimulated feed exploration and eating (≥2.5 times), feed intake and the percentage of (good) eaters from early in lactation, and enhanced piglet growth toward weaning (by 29 g/d), although MO-piglets spent more time eating creep feed from d18. Within MO, SUB-litters consisted of more good eaters than CON-litters. At weaning (d28) four piglets from the same treatment were grouped (n = 40 pens). DD-CON had the highest post-weaning feed intake and gain between d5–15 and the lowest proportion of pigs with higher tail damage scores. However, effects regarding behavior remained inconclusive, as DD-piglets had a lower and higher number of body lesions at 4 h and d15 post-weaning, respectively, spent less time exploring the feed(er) and drinker and environment, and more time nosing pen mates than MO-piglets. SUB-piglets showed a reduction in total post-weaning feed intake, gain (particularly between d0–2) and inactivity, increased levels of manipulation and aggression at week 1 and a higher number of body lesions at 4 h and d15 post-weaning. In conclusion, dietary diversity seems a promising feeding strategy in getting piglets to eat during lactation. Provision of substrate in the feeder subtly stimulated foraging behavior, but negatively impacted post-weaning adaptation, probably because treatments were not reinforced after weaning and piglets thus experienced loss of enrichment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouschka Middelkoop
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Manon A van Marwijk
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Bas Kemp
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - J Elizabeth Bolhuis
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
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278
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Wang J, Zhang W, Wang S, Liu H, Zhang D, Wang Y, Ji H. Swine-Derived Probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum Modulates Porcine Intestinal Endogenous Host Defense Peptide Synthesis Through TLR2/MAPK/AP-1 Signaling Pathway. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2691. [PMID: 31803195 PMCID: PMC6877743 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Host defense peptides (HDPs) have antimicrobial and immunoregulatory activities and are involved in epithelial innate immune defense. Dietary modulation of endogenous HDP synthesis is an effective way to boost the host innate immune system. This study aimed to investigate the role of the probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum strain ZLP001 in porcine HDP induction and the underlying mechanism. To this end, we evaluated the stimulatory effect of L. plantarum ZLP001 on HDP expression in piglet intestinal tissue in vivo and porcine IPEC-J2 cells and 3D4/31 cells in vitro, and we examined the underlying intracellular signaling pathway in IPEC-J2 cells. L. plantarum ZLP001 treatment increased the mRNA expression of jejunal and ileal HDPs in weaned piglets. In IPEC-J2 and 3D4/31 cells, L. plantarum ZLP001 stimulated HDP expression, but different HDP induction patterns were observed, with the various HDPs exhibiting different relative mRNA levels in each cell line. L. plantarum ZLP001 induced porcine HDP expression through toll-like receptor (TLR)2 recognition as evidenced by the fact that HDP expression was suppressed in TLR2-knockdown IPEC-J2 cells. Furthermore, we found that L. plantarum ZLP001 activated the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 and c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathways, as indicated by enhanced phosphorylation of both ERK1/2 and JNK and the fact that HDP expression was suppressed upon inhibition of ERK1/2 and JNK. Furthermore, L. plantarum ZLP001 activated c-fos and c-jun transcription factor phosphorylation and activity. We conclude that L. plantarum ZLP001 induces porcine HDP expression in vivo and in vitro, and the induction seems to be regulated via TLR2 as well as the ERK1/2/JNK and c-jun/c-fos signaling pathways. Modulation of endogenous HDPs mediated by L. plantarum ZLP001 might be a promising approach to improving intestinal health and enhancing diarrhea resistance in weaning piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Sixin Wang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dongyan Zhang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yamin Wang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haifeng Ji
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
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279
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López-Colom P, Castillejos L, Rodríguez-Sorrento A, Puyalto M, Mallo JJ, Martín-Orúe SM. Efficacy of medium-chain fatty acid salts distilled from coconut oil against two enteric pathogen challenges in weanling piglets. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2019; 10:89. [PMID: 31728192 PMCID: PMC6842466 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-019-0393-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The search for alternatives to antibiotics in pig production has increased the interest in natural resources with antimicrobial properties, such as medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA) as in-feed additives. This study evaluated the potential of a novel blend of MCFA salts (DIC) from distilled coconut oil with a lauric acid content to reduce enteropathogens and control intestinal diseases around weaning. Two experimental disease models were implemented in early-weaned piglets, consisting of two oral challenges: Salmonella Typhimurium (1.2 × 108 CFU) or enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) F4 (1.5 × 109 CFU). The parameters assessed were: animal performance, clinical signs, pathogen excretion, intestinal fermentation, immune-inflammatory response, and intestinal morphology. RESULTS The Salmonella challenge promoted an acute course of diarrhea, with most of the parameters responding to the challenge, whereas the ETEC F4 challenge promoted a mild clinical course. A consistent antipathogenic effect of DIC was observed in both trials in the hindgut, with reductions in Salmonella spp. plate counts in the cecum (P = 0.03) on d 8 post-inoculation (PI) (Salmonella trial), and of enterobacteria and total coliform counts in the ileum and colon (P < 0.10) on d 8 PI (ETEC F4 trial). When analyzing the entire colonic microbiota (16S rRNA gene sequencing), this additive tended (P = 0.13) to reduce the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio and enriched Fibrobacteres after the Salmonella challenge. In the ETEC F4 challenge, DIC prompted structural changes in the ecosystem with increases in Dialister, and a trend (P = 0.14) to increase the Veillonellaceae family. Other parameters such as the intestinal fermentation products or serum pro-inflammatory mediators were not modified by DIC supplementation, nor were the histological parameters. Only the intraepithelial lymphocyte (IEL) counts were lowered by DIC in animals challenged with Salmonella (P = 0.07). With ETEC F4, the IEL counts were higher with DIC on d 8 PI (P = 0.08). CONCLUSIONS This study confirms the potential activity of this MCFA salts mixture to reduce intestinal colonization by opportunistic pathogens such as Salmonella or E. coli and its ability to modulate colonic microbiota. These changes could explain to some extent the local immune cell response at the ileal level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola López-Colom
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service, Animal and Food Science Department, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Lorena Castillejos
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service, Animal and Food Science Department, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Agustina Rodríguez-Sorrento
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service, Animal and Food Science Department, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | | | | | - Susana María Martín-Orúe
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service, Animal and Food Science Department, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
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280
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Middelkoop A, Costermans N, Kemp B, Bolhuis JE. Feed intake of the sow and playful creep feeding of piglets influence piglet behaviour and performance before and after weaning. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16140. [PMID: 31695101 PMCID: PMC6834851 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52530-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Creep feed intake is variable and may be partly homeostatically and exploratory driven. We studied effects of maternal feed restriction and a 'play-feeder' on piglet behaviour and performance. 37 Litters received creep feed in a conventional (CON) or play-feeder (PL) and their sows were full-fed (FF) or restrictedly-fed (RES). Eaters were determined via rectal swabs. At weaning (d24) four piglets from the same treatment were grouped (n = 36 pens). RES hindered piglet growth by 41 g/d and enhanced time eating, creep feed intake and percentage of eaters at weaning versus FF. RES-PL had the largest proportion of moderate and good eaters. PL stimulated feeder exploration and attracted more piglets to the feeder than CON. Post-weaning, RES increased exploratory behaviours, feed intake between d0-5, and growth between d0-2, and reduced body lesions between d0-2 (within CON), drinking and ear biting. PL increased ingestive behaviours, feed intake and growth between d0-15, and BW at d15 post-weaning by 5%. PL also lowered the prevalence of watery diarrhoea, number of body lesions and piglets with ear (within FF) and tail (within RES) damage at d15 post-weaning. Treatments did not affect FCR. To conclude, RES and particularly PL (broader and for longer) result in less weaning-associated-problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouschka Middelkoop
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Natasja Costermans
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Human and Animal Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bas Kemp
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - J Elizabeth Bolhuis
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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281
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Wan K, Li Y, Sun W, An R, Tang Z, Wu L, Chen H, Sun Z. Effects of dietary calcium pyruvate on gastrointestinal tract development, intestinal health and growth performance of newly weaned piglets fed low-protein diets. J Appl Microbiol 2019; 128:355-365. [PMID: 31618501 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM This study was carried out to investigate the effects of dietary calcium pyruvate supplementation on growth performance and intestinal health of weaned piglets fed low-protein diets. METHODS AND RESULTS After a 7-day adaptation period, 60 individually housed piglets (Duroc × Yorkshire-Landrace) weaned at 28 days of age were randomly assigned to receive one of three treatments (20 pigs/treatment) for 28 days: control diet (20·0% crude protein [CP]), low-protein diet (15·5% CP), and experimental (15·5% CP + 1·8% calcium pyruvate). At the end of the experiment, six piglets from each diet group were slaughtered and blood and tissue samples were collected. Compared with the control group, feeding piglets with 15·5% CP decreased the daily body weight gain; lengths of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum; and weights of the stomach, duodenum, jejunum and ileum (P < 0·05), while 15·5% CP + 1·8% calcium pyruvate supplementation removed those differences (P > 0·05). Compared with the control group, the diarrhoea incidence and relative richness of Firmicutes in the colon contents of piglets in both the 15·5% CP and 15·5% CP + 1·8% calcium pyruvate groups was decreased. The relative richness of Bacteriodetes in the colon contents of piglets was higher in the 15·5% CP + 1·8% calcium pyruvate group than in the control and 15·5% CP groups (P < 0·05). CONCLUSION Calcium pyruvate supplementation for four weeks removed the negative effects of a low-protein diet on the gastrointestinal tract development and daily body weight gain of weaned piglets. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study showed that supplementing a low-protein diet with calcium pyruvate, an effective alternative metabolic fuel to amino acids, was beneficial in improving the intestinal health and maximizing the growth of newly weaned piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Wan
- Laboratory of Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Y Li
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - W Sun
- Laboratory of Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - R An
- Laboratory of Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Z Tang
- Laboratory of Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - L Wu
- Laboratory of Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - H Chen
- Laboratory of Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Z Sun
- Laboratory of Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China
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282
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Song M, Fan Y, Su H, Ye J, Liu F, Zhu X, Wang L, Gao P, Shu G, Wang Z, Zhu F, Lin G, Xue Y, Jiang Q, Wang S. Effects of Actigen, a second-generation mannan rich fraction, in antibiotics-free diets on growth performance, intestinal barrier functions and inflammation in weaned piglets. Livest Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2019.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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283
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Huang Z, Peng H, Sun Y, Zhu X, Zhang H, Jiang L, Zhao Q, Xiong H. Beneficial effects of novel hydrolysates produced by limited enzymatic broken rice on the gut microbiota and intestinal morphology in weaned piglets. J Funct Foods 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.103560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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284
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Chen X, Zeng Z, Huang Z, Chen D, He J, Chen H, Yu B, Yu J, Luo J, Luo Y, Zheng P. Effects of dietary resveratrol supplementation on immunity, antioxidative capacity and intestinal barrier function in weaning piglets. Anim Biotechnol 2019; 32:240-245. [PMID: 31645181 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2019.1683022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate effects of dietary supplementation of resveratrol on immunity, antioxidative capacity, intestinal barrier function in weaning piglets. Here, fifty-four 28-day-old Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire weaning piglets were randomly divided into three dietary treatments and fed with a basal diet or a basal diet supplemented with 150 and 300 mg/kg resveratrol, respectively, for 42 days. The results indicated that resveratrol increased serum immunoglobulin G content. In serum, resveratrol increased glutathione peroxidase enzyme activity and decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) content. In liver, resveratrol not only increased T-AOC and total superoxide dismutase enzyme activities but also decreased MDA content. Meanwhile, the results showed that resveratrol had significantly increased the jejunum villus height and villus height/crypt depth, and decreased the crypt depth in jejunum. Furthermore, the mRNA expressions of IL-10 and ZO-1 were significantly increased in jejunal mucosa. However, there was no significant difference in the mRNA expressions of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, Occludin and Claudin1 between the treatment groups and the control group. Taken together, these results indicated that dietary supplementation of resveratrol could increase antioxidant activity, promote the integrity of intestinal barrier and increase the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines in weaning piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Chen
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Ziyou Zeng
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Zhiqing Huang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Daiwen Chen
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Jun He
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Hong Chen
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Bing Yu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Jie Yu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Junqiu Luo
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Yuheng Luo
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Ping Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
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285
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Oh SM, Kim MJ, Hosseindoust A, Kim KY, Choi YH, Ham HB, Hwang SJ, Lee JH, Cho HJ, Kang WS, Chae BJ. Hot melt extruded-based nano zinc as an alternative to the pharmacological dose of ZnO in weanling piglets. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2019; 33:992-1001. [PMID: 32054217 PMCID: PMC7206387 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.19.0140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Objective This study was conducted to investigate the effects of hot-melt extruded ZnO nano-particles (HME-ZnO) as an alternative for P-ZnO on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, Zn bioavailability, intestinal microbiota, and intestinal morphology of weanling pigs. Methods A total of 450 piglets (Landrace×Yorkshire×Duroc) were randomly allotted to five treatments based on initial body weight and sex. The experimental diets were fed in a meal form as phase 1 from d 0 to 14 and phase 2 from d 15 to 28. Treatments were the control diet without ZnO supplementation, the diet containing 2,500 ppm Zn as ZnO, and three diets containing 500, 1,000, or 2,500 ppm Zn as HME-ZnO. Results The overall result showed a higher (p<0.01) average daily gain in weanling pigs fed ZnO-supplemented diets in comparison to the control diet. There was a decrease (p<0.01) in fecal score in the ZnO-supplemented diets. Dietary supplementation of ZnO improved (p<0.05) crude protein digestibility. The weanling pigs fed the P-ZnO diet had a lower (p< 0.01) Zn digestibility in the feces than HME-ZnO supplemented treatments. Weanling pigs fed diets supplemented with ZnO had greater (p<0.05) Lactobacillus spp. populations and lower Clostridium spp. (p<0.05) and Coliforms (p<0.01) populations in the ileum. Weanling pigs fed diets supplemented with increasing concentrations of HME-ZnO linearly decreased Clostridium spp. (p<0.05) and Coliforms (p<0.01) in the ileum. Lower (p<0.05) Clostridium spp. and Coliforms counts in the colon were observed in pigs fed with ZnO-supplemented diets. Weanling pigs fed diets supplemented with ZnO showed a greater (p<0.01) villus height in the duodenum. Conclusion Dietary supplementation of HME-ZnO and P-ZnO showed a potential to improve the digestibility of protein, intestinal Coliform and Clostridium, villus height in duodenum and ileum. Moreover, HME-ZnO showed a higher Zn digestibility compared with P-ZnO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Min Oh
- Gyeongbuk Livestock Research Institute, Yeongju 63052, Korea
| | - Min Ju Kim
- Department of Animal Resources Science, College of Animal Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Abdolreza Hosseindoust
- Department of Animal Resources Science, College of Animal Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Kwang Yeol Kim
- Department of Animal Resources Science, College of Animal Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Yo Han Choi
- Swine Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan 31000, Korea
| | - Hyung Bin Ham
- Department of Animal Resources Science, College of Animal Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Sung Jun Hwang
- Department of Animal Resources Science, College of Animal Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Jun Hyung Lee
- Department of Animal Resources Science, College of Animal Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Hyun Jong Cho
- College of pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Wei Soo Kang
- Department of Bio-Health Technology, College of Bio-Medical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Byung Jo Chae
- Department of Animal Resources Science, College of Animal Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
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286
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Li R, Chang L, Hou G, Song Z, Fan Z, He X, Hou DX. Colonic Microbiota and Metabolites Response to Different Dietary Protein Sources in a Piglet Model. Front Nutr 2019; 6:151. [PMID: 31616670 PMCID: PMC6768948 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary protein sources have the potential to affect the colon microbiome of piglets that will subsequently have a large impact on metabolic capabilities and hindgut health. This study explored the effects of different protein sources on the growth performance, diarrhea rate, apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of crude protein (CP), colonic mucin chemotypes, colonic microbiome, and microbial metabolites of piglets. Twenty-four piglets were randomly divided into four groups that received isoenergetic and isonitrogenous diets containing either Palbio 50 RD (P50), Soyppt-50% (S50), concentrated degossypolized cottonseed protein (CDCP), or fish meal (FM) as the sole protein source. The experimental diets did not affect the estimated daily gain (EDG), but P50 increased fecal score compared with S50 and CDCP. CDCP increased, but P50 reduced AID of CP in comparison to FM and S50. S50 and CDCP increased the amount of mixed neutral-acidic mucins relative to P50. Venn analysis identified unique OTUs in the P50 (13), CDCP (74), FM (39), and S50 (31) groups. The protein sources did not change the colonic bacterial richness or diversity. High Escherichia abundance in the P50 and FM, great abundant of Lactobacillus in the CDCP, and high Gemmiger abundance in the S50 were found. The CDCP tended to elevate valeric acid and branched chain fatty acid (BCFA) concentrations compared with the other diets. The P50 and FM groups had greater ammonia nitrogen and methylamine contents than the S50 and CDCP groups. There was a positive correlation between the Escherichia and ammonia nitrogen, the Lactobacillus and short chain fatty acid (SCFA), and a negative correlation between the Gemmige and BCFA. These findings suggested short-term feeding of different protein sources did not affect the piglets' growth, but P50 increased the diarrhea rate. Potential pathogenic bacteria and detrimental metabolites appeared in the colons of piglets fed P50 and FM, whereas, beneficial effects were conferred upon piglets fed CDCP and S50, thus indicating that available plant proteins (cotton seed, soy) added to the diets of piglets enhanced colon health by reducing protein fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, China
| | - Ling Chang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, China
| | - Gaifeng Hou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, China
| | - Zehe Song
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, China
| | - Zhiyong Fan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, China
| | - Xi He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, China
| | - De-Xing Hou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
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287
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González-Prendes R, Pena RN, Solé E, Seradj AR, Estany J, Ramayo-Caldas Y. Modulatory Effect of Protein and Carotene Dietary Levels on Pig gut Microbiota. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14582. [PMID: 31601914 PMCID: PMC6787051 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51136-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study we investigated the impact of dietary protein and carotene levels on microbial functions and composition during the last month of purebred fattening Duroc pigs. Fecal microbiota was characterized using 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing at two points of live, 165 (T1) and 195 (T2) days. From 70 to 165 days of age, 32 pigs were divided into two groups fed either a standard-protein (SP) or a low-protein (LP) diet. In the last month (165-195 days), all pigs received a LP diet, either carotene-enriched (CE) or not (NC). Significant differences were observed between T1 and T2 at Amplicon Sequences Variants (ASVs), phylum and genus levels. In T1 group, Prevotella, Faecalibacterium and Treponema were the genera most influenced by dietary protein, together with predicted functions related with the degradation of protein. In contrast, the CE diet did not impact the microbiome diversity, although 160 ASVs were differentially abundant between CE and NC groups at T2. Weak stability of enterotype clusters across time-points was observed as consequence of medium-term dietary interventions. Our results suggest that during the last month of fattening, dietary protein have a stronger effect than carotenes on the modulation of the compositional and functional structure of the pig microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayner González-Prendes
- Departament de Ciència Animal, Universitat de Lleida-Agrotecnio Centre, Lleida, 25198, Catalonia, Spain
- Animal Breeding and Genomics Group, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ramona Natacha Pena
- Departament de Ciència Animal, Universitat de Lleida-Agrotecnio Centre, Lleida, 25198, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Emma Solé
- Departament de Ciència Animal, Universitat de Lleida-Agrotecnio Centre, Lleida, 25198, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Ahmad Reza Seradj
- Departament de Ciència Animal, Universitat de Lleida-Agrotecnio Centre, Lleida, 25198, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joan Estany
- Departament de Ciència Animal, Universitat de Lleida-Agrotecnio Centre, Lleida, 25198, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Yuliaxis Ramayo-Caldas
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Program, IRTA, Torre Marimon, Caldes de Montbui, Catalonia, Spain
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288
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Invited review: Tannins as a potential alternative to antibiotics to prevent coliform diarrhea in weaned pigs. Animal 2019; 14:95-107. [PMID: 31571564 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731119002143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to a multifactorial etiology of nutritional, social and environmental stressors, post-weaning diarrhea (PWD) in pigs is often related to infection with specific pathogens such as enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). In swine farming operations, the incidence of PWD is a global concern and is associated with an unbalanced gut status, resulting in poor performance and high antimicrobial consumption via prophylaxis and metaphylaxis. Increases in antimicrobial resistance are reinforcing an already-urgent need for sustainable, alternative solutions for maintaining optimal gut health in livestock. Tannin-rich plants and extracts contain bioactive compounds that could be of great interest in this respect. This review describes how the use of tannins around weaning could be beneficial for pigs, with special emphasis on the reduction of ETEC-related PWD. An overview of the broad chemical diversity of tannins is presented together with their physicochemical and biological properties, as well as how they may be metabolized in the digestive tract. The pharmacological effects exerted by tannins are summarized; more precisely, the possible mechanisms by which tannins can disrupt the different steps of the pathogenesis of ETEC-related PWD are highlighted. The factors affecting the bioactivity of tannins are also discussed, shedding light on the importance of chemical structure among different tannins.
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289
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Duttlinger AW, Kpodo KR, Lay DC, Richert BT, Johnson JS. Replacing dietary antibiotics with 0.20% l-glutamine in swine nursery diets: impact on health and productivity of pigs following weaning and transport1,2,3. J Anim Sci 2019; 97:2035-2052. [PMID: 30924491 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skz098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic use has been limited in U.S. swine production. Therefore, the objective was to determine whether supplementing l-glutamine at cost-effective levels can replace dietary antibiotics to improve piglet welfare and productivity following weaning and transport. Based on previous research, we hypothesized that withholding dietary antibiotics would negatively affect pigs while diet supplementation with 0.20% l-glutamine (GLN) would have similar effects on pig performance and health as antibiotics. Mixed sex piglets (N = 480; 5.62 ± 0.06 kg BW) were weaned (18.4 ± 0.2 d of age) and transported for 12 h in central Indiana, for 2 replicates, during the summer of 2016 and the spring of 2017. Pigs were blocked by BW and allotted to 1 of 3 dietary treatments (n = 10 pens/dietary treatment/replicate [8 pigs/pen]); antibiotics (A; chlortetracycline [441 ppm] + tiamulin [38.6 ppm]), no antibiotics (NA), or GLN fed for 14 d. On days 15 to 34, pigs were provided common antibiotic-free diets in 2 phases. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED in SAS 9.4. Day 14 BW and days 0 to 14 ADG were greater (P = 0.01) for A (5.6% and 18.5%, respectively) and GLN pigs (3.8% and 11.4%, respectively) compared with NA pigs, with no differences between A and GLN pigs. Days 0 to 14 ADFI increased for A (P < 0.04; 9.3%) compared with NA pigs; however, no differences were detected when comparing GLN with A and NA pigs. Once dietary treatments ceased, no differences (P > 0.05) in productivity between dietary treatments were detected. On day 13, plasma tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) was reduced (P = 0.02) in A (36.7 ± 6.9 pg/mL) and GLN pigs (40.9 ± 6.9 pg/mL) vs. NA pigs (63.2 ± 6.9 pg/mL). Aggressive behavior tended to be reduced overall (P = 0.09; 26.4%) in GLN compared with A pigs, but no differences were observed between A and GLN vs. NA pigs. Huddling, active, and eating/drinking behaviors were increased overall (P < 0.02; 179%, 37%, and 29%, respectively) in the spring replicate compared with the summer replicate. When hot carcass weight (HCW) was used as a covariate, loin depth and lean percentage were increased (P = 0.01; 4.0% and 1.1%, respectively) during the spring replicate compared with the summer replicate. In conclusion, GLN supplementation improved pig performance and health after weaning and transport similarly to A across replicates; however, the positive effects of A and GLN were diminished when dietary treatments ceased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan W Duttlinger
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN.,USDA-ARS Livestock Behavior Research Unit, West Lafayette, IN
| | - Kouassi R Kpodo
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN.,USDA-ARS Livestock Behavior Research Unit, West Lafayette, IN
| | - Donald C Lay
- USDA-ARS Livestock Behavior Research Unit, West Lafayette, IN
| | - Brian T Richert
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | - Jay S Johnson
- USDA-ARS Livestock Behavior Research Unit, West Lafayette, IN
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290
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Degroote J, Vergauwen H, Van Noten N, Wang W, De Smet S, Van Ginneken C, Michiels J. The Effect of Dietary Quercetin on the Glutathione Redox System and Small Intestinal Functionality of Weaned Piglets. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8080312. [PMID: 31426309 PMCID: PMC6720349 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8080312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Quercetin has been shown to alleviate mucosal damage and modulate the glutathione (GSH) redox system in the colon of rodents. In the current study, we assessed whether quercetin was able to mitigate small intestinal dysfunction in weaned pigs. Here, 224 weaned piglets were fed a diet containing quercetin at either 0, 100, 300, or 900 mg/kg diet until d14 post-weaning, followed by a common basal diet until d42. Eight animals per treatment were sampled at d5 and d14 post-weaning. In these animals, the small intestinal histomorphology, barrier function, and protein abundance of occludin, caspase-3, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen were assessed. None of these parameters were affected, and neither did quercetin improve performance up to d42 post-weaning. The GSH redox system was evaluated in blood, small intestinal mucosa, and liver. Quercetin did not affect the glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and glutamate–cysteine ligase activity in these tissues. In contrast, the hepatic glutathione transferase (GST) activity was significantly increased by quercetin supplementation at d5 post-weaning of 100, 300, and 900 mg/kg. Importantly, d5 was characterized by a more oxidized GSH redox status. To conclude, dietary quercetin had little effect on the small intestine, but did upregulate hepatic GST in the occurrence of redox disturbance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen Degroote
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Animal Product Quality (LANUPRO), Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Hans Vergauwen
- Laboratory of Applied Veterinary Morphology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Noémie Van Noten
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Animal Product Quality (LANUPRO), Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wei Wang
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Animal Product Quality (LANUPRO), Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stefaan De Smet
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Animal Product Quality (LANUPRO), Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Chris Van Ginneken
- Laboratory of Applied Veterinary Morphology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Joris Michiels
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Animal Product Quality (LANUPRO), Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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291
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Decundo JM, Diéguez SN, Martínez G, Romanelli A, Fernández Paggi MB, Pérez Gaudio DS, Amanto FA, Soraci AL. Impact of water hardness on oxytetracycline oral bioavailability in fed and fasted piglets. Vet Med Sci 2019; 5:517-525. [PMID: 31282118 PMCID: PMC6868454 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Water hardness is a critical factor that affects oxytetracycline dissolution by chelation with cations. These interactions may lead to impaired dosing and consequently decrease absorption. Moreover, feed present in gastrointestinal tract may interact with antibiotic and alter pharmacokinetic parameters. In the present study, dissolution profiles of an oxytetracycline veterinary formulation were assessed in purified, soft and hard water. Furthermore, oxytetracycline absolute bioavailability, after oral administration of the drug dissolved in soft or hard water, was evaluated in fed and fasted piglets. A maximum dissolution of 86% and 80% was obtained in soft and hard water, respectively, while in purified water dissolution was complete. Results from in vivo study reconfirmed oxytetracycline's very low oral bioavailability. The greatest values were attained when antibiotic was dissolved in soft water and in fasted animals. Statistically significant lower absolute bioavailability was achieved when hard water was used and/or animals were fed. Moreover, Cmax attained in all treatments was lower than MIC90 of most important swine pathogens. For these reasons, the oral use of OTC formulations, that have demonstrated low oral bioavailability, should be avoided to treat systemic diseases in pigs. In the present study, dissolution profiles of an oxytetracycline veterinary formulation were assessed in purified, soft and hard water. Furthermore, oxytetracycline absolute bioavailability, after oral administration of the drug dissolved in soft or hard water, was evaluated in fed and fasted piglets. A maximum dissolution of 86% and 80% was obtained in soft and hard water respectively, while in purified water dissolution was complete. Results from in vivo study reconfirmed oxytetracycline's very low oral bioavailability, the lowest value statistically significant was achieved when hard water was used and/or fed animals. The use of low oral bioavailability antibiotics represents a risk factor that might lead to therapeutic failure and antimicrobial resistance, for these reasons the oral use of oxytetracycline to treat systemic diseases in pig production should be avoided.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Julieta M Decundo
- Área Toxicología, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Susana N Diéguez
- Área Toxicología, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Tandil, Argentina.,Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), Tandil, Argentina
| | - Guadalupe Martínez
- Área Toxicología, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Agustina Romanelli
- Área Toxicología, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Tandil, Argentina.,Área Fisiología de la Nutrición, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Argentina
| | - María B Fernández Paggi
- Área Toxicología, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Tandil, Argentina.,Área Producción Porcina, Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Denisa S Pérez Gaudio
- Área Toxicología, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Fabián A Amanto
- Área Producción Porcina, Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Alejandro L Soraci
- Área Toxicología, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Tandil, Argentina
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292
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Effects of the Ratio of Insoluble Fiber to Soluble Fiber in Gestation Diets on Sow Performance and Offspring Intestinal Development. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9070422. [PMID: 31284518 PMCID: PMC6680925 DOI: 10.3390/ani9070422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Gestating sows fed a diet rich in dietary fiber show improved performance. Dietary fiber is composed of insoluble fiber and soluble fiber. The ratio of insoluble to soluble fiber may affect overall diet utilization and influence sow performance. Maternal nutrition significantly affects offspring intestinal development; therefore, we investigated the effects of the ratio of insoluble to soluble fiber in gestation diets on sow performance and offspring intestinal development. Our results suggested that, when the dietary fiber levels were the same in gestation diets, the ratio of insoluble to soluble fiber affected the development of intestinal morphology and enzymatic activity related to nutrient digestion and absorption, and consequently affected the average daily gain during lactation and average piglet body weight at weaning. When the ratio of insoluble to soluble fiber was 3.89 in the gestation diet, higher average piglet body weight and litter weight at weaning were observed. These results may provide guidance for the application of fiber in pig production. Abstract To investigate the effects of the ratio of insoluble fiber to soluble fiber (ISF:SF) on sow performance and piglet intestinal development, we randomly assigned 64 gilts to four treatments comprising diets with the same level of dietary fiber, but different ISF:SF values of 3.89 (T1), 5.59 (T2), 9.12 (T3), and 12.81 (T4). At birth and weaning, six piglets per treatment at each phase were slaughtered for sampling. As ISF:SF increased, the mean piglet body weight (BW) at weaning and piglet BW gain, which were all significantly higher in T1 and T2 compared with T3 and T4 (p < 0.05), showed a linear decrease (p < 0.05); the crypt depth of the jejunum in weaned piglets linearly increased, whereas the duodenal weight, jejunal villus height, and villus height/crypt depth in newborn piglets and enzymatic activity of lactase, sucrase, and maltase linearly decreased (p < 0.05). No differences were observed in the yield and composition of milk (p > 0.05). Moreover, when the ISF:SF was 3.89 in gestation diets, higher piglet BW at weaning occurred, possibly because the ISF:SF affected development and enzymatic activity in the small intestine—effects related to digestion and absorption of nutrients—and consequently enhanced piglet BW gain.
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293
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Ortiz R, Orozco A, Ordaz G, López M, Pérez RE. Effect of the addition of cactus ( O. ficus-indica) to the lactating sows' diet on piglet development at lactation and post-weaning. J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 6:290-299. [PMID: 31583225 PMCID: PMC6760516 DOI: 10.5455/javar.2019.f347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: The aim was to evaluate the effect of cactus (Opuntia ficus-indica) to the lactating sows’ diet on piglet development at lactation and post-weaning. Materials and Methods: Twenty-four litters of hybrids sows were evaluated in this study. The sows were divided into two groups: Control (CG), sows fed conventionally and experimental (EG), sows fed with commercial fed plus cactus. Post-weaning, the piglets of both groups were monitored up to the 20 kg liveweight (LW). It was evaluated, lactation (in sows): feed intake (FI), milk production (MP), and quality (MQ) and LW of the piglet. Post-weaning (in piglets): FI, LW, and length of intestinal villi (LIV) at 0, 24 h, and 42 days post-weaning. Results: FI sow-1 was higher in EG (p < 0.05). MP, MQ, and LW piglet-1 at weaning were equal (p > 0.05). FI piglet-1 in the sixth and eighth week of age was higher in EG (p < 0.05); at the end of weaning phase, EG presented higher LW (p < 0.05): 8.4% more. LIV of the jejunum were higher (p < 0.05) in EG at 48 h (28.8%) and 42 days post-weaning (29.9%). At day 0, post-weaning LIV of the descending portion was higher (p < 0.05) in CG (1,571.0 μm) versus EG (1,058.0 μm). At day 42, post-weaning LIV of the transverse portion was higher (p < 0.05) in EG: 23.7% higher. Conclusion: Cactus intake in lactating sows does not affect the piglet development. However, post-weaning piglets present higher LIV in jejunum and transverse portion, aspect that improves LW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruy Ortiz
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnical of the Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolas de Hidalgo (UMSNH), Michoacan, México
| | - Alejandro Orozco
- Faculty of Agrobiology "Presidente Juárez" (UMSNH), Michoacan, México
| | - Gerardo Ordaz
- Institute of Agricultural and Forestry Research (UMSNH), Michoacan, México
| | - Manuel López
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnical of the Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolas de Hidalgo (UMSNH), Michoacan, México
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294
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Canibe N, O’Dea M, Abraham S. Potential relevance of pig gut content transplantation for production and research. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2019; 10:55. [PMID: 31304012 PMCID: PMC6604143 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-019-0363-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
It is becoming increasingly evident that the gastrointestinal microbiota has a significant impact on the overall health and production of the pig. This has led to intensified research on the composition of the gastrointestinal microbiota, factors affecting it, and the impact of the microbiota on health, growth performance, and more recently, behavior of the host. Swine production research has been heavily focused on assessing the effects of feed additives and dietary modifications to alter or take advantage of select characteristics of gastrointestinal microbes to improve health and feed conversion efficiency. Research on faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) as a possible tool to improve outcomes in pigs through manipulation of the gastrointestinal microbiome is very recent and limited data is available. Results on FMT in humans demonstrating the transfer of phenotypic traits from donors to recipients and the high efficacy of FMT to treat Clostridium difficile infections in humans, together with data from pigs relating GI-tract microbiota composition with growth performance has likely played an important role in the interest towards this strategy in pig production. However, several factors can influence the impact of FMT on the recipient, and these need to be identified and optimized before this tool can be applied to pig production. There are obvious inherent biosecurity and regulatory issues in this strategy, since the donor's microbiome can never be completely screened for all possible non-desirable microorganisms. However, considering the success observed in humans, it seems worth investigating this strategy for certain applications in pig production. Further, FMT research may lead to the identification of specific bacterial group(s) essential for a particular outcome, resulting in the development of banks of clones which can be used as targeted therapeutics, rather than the broader approach applied in FMT. This review examines the factors associated with the use of FMT, and its potential application to swine production, and includes research on using the pig as model for human medical purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Canibe
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, AU-FOULUM, PO BOX 50, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Mark O’Dea
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Disease laboratory, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Sam Abraham
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Disease laboratory, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Western Australia, Australia
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295
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Patterson R, Heo J, Wickramasuriya S, Yi Y, Nyachoti C. Dietary nucleotide rich yeast extract mitigated symptoms of colibacillosis in weaned pigs challenged with an enterotoxigenic strain of Escherichia coli. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2019.114204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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296
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Ma X, Shang Q, Hu J, Liu H, Brøkner C, Piao X. Effects of replacing soybean meal, soy protein concentrate, fermented soybean meal or fish meal with enzyme-treated soybean meal on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, antioxidant capacity, immunity and intestinal morphology in weaned pigs. Livest Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2019.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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297
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Trachsel J, Briggs C, Gabler NK, Allen HK, Loving CL. Dietary Resistant Potato Starch Alters Intestinal Microbial Communities and Their Metabolites, and Markers of Immune Regulation and Barrier Function in Swine. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1381. [PMID: 31275319 PMCID: PMC6593117 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Interactions between diet, the microbiota, and the host set the ecological conditions in the gut and have broad implications for health. Prebiotics are dietary compounds that may shift conditions toward health by promoting the growth of beneficial microbes that produce metabolites capable of modulating host cells. This study's objective was to assess how a dietary prebiotic could impact host tissues via modulation of the intestinal microbiota. Pigs fed a diet amended with 5% resistant potato starch (RPS) exhibited alterations associated with gut health relative to swine fed an unamended control diet (CON). RPS intake increased abundances of anaerobic Clostridia in feces and several tissues, as well as intestinal concentrations of butyrate. Functional gene amplicons suggested bacteria similar to Anaerostipes hadrus were stimulated by RPS intake. The CON treatment exhibited increased abundances of several genera of Proteobacteria (which utilize respiratory metabolisms) in several intestinal locations. RPS intake increased the abundance of regulatory T cells in the cecum, but not periphery, and cecal immune status alterations were indicative of enhanced mucosal defenses. A network analysis of host and microbial changes in the cecum revealed that regulatory T cells positively correlated with butyrate concentration, luminal IgA concentration, expression of IL-6 and DEF1B, and several mucosa-associated bacterial taxa. Thus, the administration of RPS modulated the microbiota and host immune status, altering markers of cecal barrier function and immunological tolerance, and suggesting a reduced niche for bacterial respiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Trachsel
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, United States.,Interdepartmental Microbiology Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Cassidy Briggs
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, United States.,Summer Scholar Research Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Nicholas K Gabler
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Heather K Allen
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Crystal L Loving
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, United States
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298
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Abstract
Pig intestinal epithelium undergoes a complete renewal every 2 to 3 days that is driven by intestinal stem cells (ISCs) located at the crypt base in their niche. Intestinal stem cells generate a pool of highly proliferative transit-amplifying cells, which either migrate up the villus and differentiate into enterocytes and secretory cells or migrate towards the base of the crypt where they differentiate into Paneth cells that secrete antimicrobial peptides. The balance between ISCs' self-renewal and differentiation controls intestinal epithelial homeostasis; therefore, ISCs are essential for ensuring intestinal epithelial integrity. Detailed knowledge of these mechanisms in pig and other domestic species is very limited. Therefore, the aim of this work was to characterize ISC from birth to weaning. We analysed the duodenum, jejunum and colon of six piglets at birth, 6-day-old nursing piglets and 28-day-old weanlings, one week after weaning. We immunolocalized homeobox only protein+ (HOPX) and sex-determining region Y-box 9+ (SOX9) cells that identify quiescent and active ISC, respectively. The volume of ISCs was quantified with stereological methods and was compared to that of mitotic cells expressing proliferating cell nuclear antigen and apoptotic cells identified by the presence of cleaved caspase-3. Furthermore, we compared all these values with crypts and villi measurements and their ratio. Our results indicated that both quiescent and active ISCs are present in pig intestine from birth to weaning and are localized in the crypts of the small and large intestine. However, both markers were also observed along the villi and on the colon luminal epithelium, suggesting that at these stages, pig mucosa is still immature. Weaning induced a dramatic reduction of both HOPX+ and SOX9+ cells, but SOX9+ cells underwent a significantly greater reduction in the small intestine than in the colon. This suggests that the two ISC types are differentially regulated along the intestinal tracts. Overall, the pig ISC complex has many similarities with its murine counterpart, but also has some differences. These include active ISC not showing the typical columnar base morphology as well as the absence of bona fide Paneth cells. This is the first description of ISC dynamics during pig's early life and provides useful reference data for future studies, aimed at targeting ISC for the development of efficient alternatives to in-feed antibiotics for preserving intestinal integrity.
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299
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Amino Acids Influencing Intestinal Development and Health of the Piglets. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9060302. [PMID: 31159180 PMCID: PMC6617173 DOI: 10.3390/ani9060302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The health of piglets is an important issue in pig production. Nutritional support for intestinal development is a significant component of piglet care, and amino acids are essential for intestinal growth and development. For suckling piglets, the sows’ milk and the maternal environment shape the structure and support the function of the intestinal tract. The composition of milk affects intestinal morphology and the digestive, absorption and barrier function. After weaning, the optimal nutritional strategies of their diet are necessary to guarantee the piglets’ intestinal development and growth performance. Amino acids are the most important ingredient in piglet diets. The aim of this review is to collect and analyze the relationship between amino acid nutrition and intestinal development of piglets, and elucidate the impacts on piglet health. Abstract The amino acids and other components of diet provide nourishment for piglet intestinal development and maturation. However, early-weaned piglets struggle with tremendous stress, impairing normal intestinal health and leading to intestinal dysfunction and even death. The high prevalence worldwide of post-weaning diarrhoea syndrome (PWDS) in piglets has led to much interest in understanding the important role of nutrients in the establishment and maintenance of a functional intestinal tract. In particular, the impacts of amino acids on these functions must be considered. Amino acid levels greatly influence intestinal development in weaning piglets. The lack of amino acids can cause marked structural and functional changes in the intestine. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of the functions of amino acids is necessary to optimize amino acid requirements of the developing intestinal tract to maximize piglet health and growth performance. This review summarizes the role of specific amino acids (arginine, glutamate, threonine, sulphur-containing amino acids (SCAAs), and branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs)) that have been proven to be beneficial for the intestinal health of weaned piglets.
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300
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Tan X, Li J, Li Y, Li J, Wang Q, Fang L, Ding X, Huang P, Yang H, Yin Y. Effect of chicken egg yolk immunoglobulins on serum biochemical profiles and intestinal bacterial populations in early-weaned piglets. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2019; 103:1503-1511. [PMID: 31144409 PMCID: PMC7166376 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to test the hypothesis that dietary supplementation with anti-E. coli, chicken egg yolk immunoglobulins (IgY), may affect early weaned piglet (EWP) intestinal functions and enteric micro-organisms. One hundred and forty-eight ([Landrace × Yorkshire] × Duroc) piglets, weaned at age day 21, were randomly assigned to receive one of three diets for 14 days. Treatment group one (control group) was fed the base diet. Treatment group two (antibiotics group) was fed the base diet which was supplemented with 100 ppm colistin sulphate and 15 ppm enramycin; treatment group three (IgY group) was fed the base diet which was supplemented with 500 mg/kg anti-E. coli IgY. The study evaluated the effects on EWPs of IgY on growth, serum biochemical, inflammatory profiles and also digestion content intestinal bacterial populations. Results showed no significant difference in diarrhoea rates between IgY-fed EWPs and antibiotic-treated EWPs. Serum biochemical analysis showed that EWPs fed an IgY-containing diet had both lower (p < 0.05) cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein compared to antibiotic-treated EWPs. Escherichia coli populations measured in IgY-fed EWP ileal contents, compared to the control group, were significantly reduced (p < 0.05). Enterococcus, Lactobacillus, Clostridium and Bifidobacterium populations were unaffected by the IgY treatment. Larger (p < 0.05) Enterococcus populations and lower (p < 0.05) expression levels of heat-stable enterotoxin b (STb) were observed in IgY-fed EWP caecal digesta compared to the control group. Enteric Lactobacillus significantly decreased (p < 0.05) in EWPs fed antibiotics while it was unaffected by IgY treatment. Dietary supplementation with anti-E. coli IgY has the potential to suppress enteric E. coli growth, but not Lactobacillus, Clostridium and Bifidobacterium. This promotes and maintains a healthy EWP intestinal environment. These findings suggest that IgY may be used as an alternative to antibiotics in EWP diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Tan
- Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Animal Nutrition and Human Health Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Jia Li
- Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Animal Nutrition and Human Health Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Yali Li
- Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Animal Nutrition and Human Health Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Jianzhong Li
- Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Animal Nutrition and Human Health Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Qingping Wang
- Zyme Fast (Changsha) Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Changsha, China
| | - Lin Fang
- Zyme Fast (Changsha) Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Changsha, China
| | - Xueqin Ding
- Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Animal Nutrition and Human Health Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Pengfei Huang
- Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Animal Nutrition and Human Health Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Huansheng Yang
- Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Animal Nutrition and Human Health Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Yulong Yin
- Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Animal Nutrition and Human Health Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
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