251
|
Laffy PW, Wood‐Charlson EM, Turaev D, Jutz S, Pascelli C, Botté ES, Bell SC, Peirce TE, Weynberg KD, van Oppen MJH, Rattei T, Webster NS. Reef invertebrate viromics: diversity, host specificity and functional capacity. Environ Microbiol 2018; 20:2125-2141. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick W. Laffy
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, PMB 3TownsvilleQLD 4810 Australia
| | | | - Dmitrij Turaev
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Division of Computational Systems BiologyUniversity of ViennaVienna Austria
| | - Sabrina Jutz
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Division of Computational Systems BiologyUniversity of ViennaVienna Austria
| | - Cecilia Pascelli
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, PMB 3TownsvilleQLD 4810 Australia
- College of Science and EngineeringJames Cook UniversityTownsville QLD Australia
- AIMS@JCU, Australian Institute of Marine Science and James Cook UniversityTownsville QLD Australia
| | | | - Sara C. Bell
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, PMB 3TownsvilleQLD 4810 Australia
| | - Tyler E. Peirce
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, PMB 3TownsvilleQLD 4810 Australia
| | - Karen D. Weynberg
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, PMB 3TownsvilleQLD 4810 Australia
| | - Madeleine J. H. van Oppen
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, PMB 3TownsvilleQLD 4810 Australia
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of Melbourne, ParkvilleMelbourneVIC 3010 Australia
| | - Thomas Rattei
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Division of Computational Systems BiologyUniversity of ViennaVienna Austria
| | - Nicole S. Webster
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, PMB 3TownsvilleQLD 4810 Australia
- Austalian Centre for Ecogenomics, University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLD 4072 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
252
|
Holly MK, Smith JG. Paneth Cells during Viral Infection and Pathogenesis. Viruses 2018; 10:v10050225. [PMID: 29701691 PMCID: PMC5977218 DOI: 10.3390/v10050225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Paneth cells are major secretory cells located in the crypts of Lieberkühn in the small intestine. Our understanding of the diverse roles that Paneth cells play in homeostasis and disease has grown substantially since their discovery over a hundred years ago. Classically, Paneth cells have been characterized as a significant source of antimicrobial peptides and proteins important in host defense and shaping the composition of the commensal microbiota. More recently, Paneth cells have been shown to supply key developmental and homeostatic signals to intestinal stem cells in the crypt base. Paneth cell dysfunction leading to dysbiosis and a compromised epithelial barrier have been implicated in the etiology of Crohn’s disease and susceptibility to enteric bacterial infection. Our understanding of the impact of Paneth cells on viral infection is incomplete. Enteric α-defensins, produced by Paneth cells, can directly alter viral infection. In addition, α-defensins and other antimicrobial Paneth cell products may modulate viral infection indirectly by impacting the microbiome. Here, we discuss recent insights into Paneth cell biology, models to study their function, and the impact, both direct and indirect, of Paneth cells on enteric viral infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mayumi K Holly
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Box 357735, 1705 NE Pacific St., Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Jason G Smith
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Box 357735, 1705 NE Pacific St., Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
253
|
Han GG, Lee JY, Jin GD, Park J, Choi YH, Kang SK, Chae BJ, Kim EB, Choi YJ. Tracing of the fecal microbiota of commercial pigs at five growth stages from birth to shipment. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6012. [PMID: 29662088 PMCID: PMC5902624 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24508-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal microbiota affect various physiological traits of host animals such as brain development, obesity, age, and the immune system. In the swine industry, understanding the relationship between intestinal microbiota and growth stage is essential because growth stage is directly related to the feeding system of pigs, thus we studied the intestinal microbiota of 32 healthy pigs across five sows at 10, 21, 63, 93, and 147 d of ages. The intestinal microbiota were altered with growth of pigs and were separated into three distinct clusters. The relative abundance of several phyla and genera were significantly different between growth stages. We observed co-occurrence pattern of the intestinal microbiota at each growth stage. In addition, we predicted the functions of the intestinal microbiota and confirmed that several KEGG pathways were significantly different between growth stages. We also explored the relationship between the intestinal microbiota and innate factors such as the maternal effect and gender. When pigs were young, innate factors affected on construction of intestinal microbiota, however this tendency was disappeared with growth. Our findings broaden the understanding of microbial ecology, and the results will be used as a reference for investigating host-microbe interactions in the swine industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geon Goo Han
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Yeong Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwi-Deuk Jin
- Department of Animal Life Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongbin Park
- Department of Animal Life Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Yo Han Choi
- Department of Animal Life Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Kee Kang
- Institute of Green-Bio Science & Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Jo Chae
- Department of Animal Life Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Bae Kim
- Department of Animal Life Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea. .,Division of Applied Animal Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yun-Jaie Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
254
|
Abstract
Most viruses first encounter host cells at mucosal surfaces, which are typically colonized by a complex ecosystem of microbes collectively referred to as the microbiota. Recent studies demonstrate the microbiota plays an important role in mediating host-viral interactions and determining the outcomes of these encounters. This review outlines recently described examples of how bacteria and viruses impact each other particularly during infectious processes. Mechanistically, these effects can be broadly categorized as reflecting direct bacterial-viral interactions and/or involving microbial impacts upon innate and/or adaptive immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenda Shi
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
| | - Andrew T Gewirtz
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
255
|
Manfredo Vieira S, Hiltensperger M, Kumar V, Zegarra-Ruiz D, Dehner C, Khan N, Costa FRC, Tiniakou E, Greiling T, Ruff W, Barbieri A, Kriegel C, Mehta SS, Knight JR, Jain D, Goodman AL, Kriegel MA. Translocation of a gut pathobiont drives autoimmunity in mice and humans. Science 2018; 359:1156-1161. [PMID: 29590047 PMCID: PMC5959731 DOI: 10.1126/science.aar7201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 531] [Impact Index Per Article: 88.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Despite multiple associations between the microbiota and immune diseases, their role in autoimmunity is poorly understood. We found that translocation of a gut pathobiont, Enterococcus gallinarum, to the liver and other systemic tissues triggers autoimmune responses in a genetic background predisposing to autoimmunity. Antibiotic treatment prevented mortality in this model, suppressed growth of E. gallinarum in tissues, and eliminated pathogenic autoantibodies and T cells. Hepatocyte-E. gallinarum cocultures induced autoimmune-promoting factors. Pathobiont translocation in monocolonized and autoimmune-prone mice induced autoantibodies and caused mortality, which could be prevented by an intramuscular vaccine targeting the pathobiont. E. gallinarum-specific DNA was recovered from liver biopsies of autoimmune patients, and cocultures with human hepatocytes replicated the murine findings; hence, similar processes apparently occur in susceptible humans. These discoveries show that a gut pathobiont can translocate and promote autoimmunity in genetically predisposed hosts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Manfredo Vieira
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - M Hiltensperger
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - V Kumar
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - D Zegarra-Ruiz
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - C Dehner
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - N Khan
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - F R C Costa
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - E Tiniakou
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - T Greiling
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - W Ruff
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - A Barbieri
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - C Kriegel
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - S S Mehta
- Yale Center for Genome Analysis, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - J R Knight
- Yale Center for Genome Analysis, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - D Jain
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - A L Goodman
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Microbial Sciences Institute, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - M A Kriegel
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
256
|
Monedero V, Buesa J, Rodríguez-Díaz J. The Interactions between Host Glycobiology, Bacterial Microbiota, and Viruses in the Gut. Viruses 2018; 10:v10020096. [PMID: 29495275 PMCID: PMC5850403 DOI: 10.3390/v10020096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus (RV) and norovirus (NoV) are the major etiological agents of viral acute gastroenteritis worldwide. Host genetic factors, the histo-blood group antigens (HBGA), are associated with RV and NoV susceptibility and recent findings additionally point to HBGA as a factor modulating the intestinal microbial composition. In vitro and in vivo experiments in animal models established that the microbiota enhances RV and NoV infection, uncovering a triangular interplay between RV and NoV, host glycobiology, and the intestinal microbiota that ultimately influences viral infectivity. Studies on the microbiota composition in individuals displaying different RV and NoV susceptibilities allowed the identification of potential bacterial biomarkers, although mechanistic data on the virus-host-microbiota relation are still needed. The identification of the bacterial and HBGA interactions that are exploited by RV and NoV would place the intestinal microbiota as a new target for alternative therapies aimed at preventing and treating viral gastroenteritis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Monedero
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA, CSIC), Av Catedrático Agustín Escardino, 7, 46980 Paterna, Spain.
| | - Javier Buesa
- Departament of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibañez 17, 46010 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Jesús Rodríguez-Díaz
- Departament of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibañez 17, 46010 Valencia, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
257
|
Abstract
RNA viruses can recombine their genetic material during co-infection. However, the in vivo frequency of co-infections is unclear. In this issue of Cell Host & Microbe, Erickson et al. (2018) demonstrate that an enteric RNA virus concentrates itself through multi-virion binding to bacteria, thus increasing genetic recombination and virus adaptability.
Collapse
|
258
|
Moore MD, Jaykus LA. Virus-Bacteria Interactions: Implications and Potential for the Applied and Agricultural Sciences. Viruses 2018; 10:E61. [PMID: 29393885 PMCID: PMC5850368 DOI: 10.3390/v10020061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic virus-bacteria interactions have recently become an emerging topic of study due to multiple significant examples related to human pathogens of clinical interest. However, such omnipresent and likely important interactions for viruses and bacteria relevant to the applied and agricultural sciences have not been reviewed or compiled. The fundamental basis of this review is that these interactions have importance and deserve more investigation, as numerous potential consequences and applications arising from their discovery are relevant to the applied sciences. The purpose of this review is to highlight and summarize eukaryotic virus-bacteria findings in the food/water, horticultural, and animal sciences. In many cases in the agricultural sciences, mechanistic understandings of the effects of virus-bacteria interactions remain unstudied, and many studies solely focus on co-infections of bacterial and viral pathogens. Given recent findings relative to human viral pathogens, further research related to virus-bacteria interactions would likely result in numerous discoveries and beneficial applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Moore
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
| | - Lee-Ann Jaykus
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
259
|
Abstract
Currently used vaccines have had major effects on eliminating common infections, largely by duplicating the immune responses induced by natural infections. Now vaccinology faces more complex problems, such as waning antibody, immunosenescence, evasion of immunity by the pathogen, deviation of immunity by the microbiome, induction of inhibitory responses, and complexity of the antigens required for protection. Fortunately, vaccine development is now incorporating knowledge from immunology, structural biology, systems biology and synthetic chemistry to meet these challenges. In addition, international organisations are developing new funding and licensing pathways for vaccines aimed at pathogens with epidemic potential that emerge from tropical areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marta V Pinto
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Manish Sadarangani
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Vaccine Evaluation Center, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC, Canada.
| | - Stanley A Plotkin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
260
|
Yitbarek A, Alkie T, Taha-Abdelaziz K, Astill J, Rodriguez-Lecompte JC, Parkinson J, Nagy É, Sharif S. Gut microbiota modulates type I interferon and antibody-mediated immune responses in chickens infected with influenza virus subtype H9N2. Benef Microbes 2018; 9:417-427. [PMID: 29380643 DOI: 10.3920/bm2017.0088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Commensal gut microbes play a critical role in shaping host defences against pathogens, including influenza viruses. The current study was conducted to assess the role and mechanisms of action of commensal gut microbiota on the innate and antibody-mediated responses of layer chickens against influenza virus subtype H9N2. A total of 104 one-day-old specific pathogen free chickens were assigned to either of the four treatments, which included two levels of antibiotics treatment (ABX- and ABX+) and two levels of H9N2 virus infection (H9N2- and H9N2+). At day 17 of age, chickens in the H9N2+ group were infected via the oral-nasal route with 400 μl of 107 TCID50/ml (200 μl/each route). Oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs at days 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 post-infection (p.i.) for virus shedding, tissue samples at 12 h, 24 h and 36 h p.i. for mRNA measurement, and serum samples at days 7 and 14 p.i. for hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay and IgG antibodies were collected. Virus shedding analysis showed that antibiotic treated (depleted)-H9N2 virus infected chickens showed a significantly higher oropharyngeal virus shedding at all time points, and cloacal shedding at days 3 and 5 p.i. compared to control treated (undepleted)-H9N2 infected chickens. Analysis of mRNA expression showed that infection of depleted chickens with H9N2 virus resulted in significantly down-regulated type I interferon responses both in the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts compared to undepleted-H9N2 infected chickens. However, antibody-mediated immune response analysis showed a significantly higher HI antibody titre and IgG levels in the serum of chickens depleted with antibiotics and infected with H9N2 virus compared to undepleted-H9N2 infected chickens. In conclusion, findings from the current study suggest that the gut microbiota of chickens plays an important role in the initiation of innate responses against influenza virus infection, while the antibody-mediated immune response remains unaffected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Yitbarek
- 1 Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - T Alkie
- 1 Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - K Taha-Abdelaziz
- 1 Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada.,3 Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Al Shamlah, 62511 Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - J Astill
- 1 Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - J C Rodriguez-Lecompte
- 2 Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, PEI, C1A 3P4 Canada
| | - J Parkinson
- 4 Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3G4, Canada.,5 Division of Molecular Structure and Function, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada.,6 Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - É Nagy
- 1 Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - S Sharif
- 1 Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
261
|
Monedero V, Collado MC, Rodríguez-Díaz J. Therapeutic Opportunities in Intestinal Microbiota-Virus Interactions. Trends Biotechnol 2018; 36:645-648. [PMID: 29395344 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2017.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The host microbiota has emerged a third player in interactions between hosts and viral pathogens. This opens new possibilities to use different tools to modulate the intestinal microbial composition, aimed at reducing the risk of or treating viral enteric infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Monedero
- Lactic Acid Bacteria and Probiotics Laboratory, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA-CSIC), Paterna, Spain
| | - María Carmen Collado
- Lactic Acid Bacteria and Probiotics Laboratory, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA-CSIC), Paterna, Spain
| | - Jesús Rodríguez-Díaz
- Department of Microbiology, Medical Faculty, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
262
|
Abstract
In every epidemic some individuals become sick and some may die, whereas others recover from illness and still others show no signs or symptoms of disease. These differences highlight a fundamental question of microbial pathogenesis: why are some individuals susceptible to infectious diseases while others who acquire the same microbe remain well? For most of human history, the answer assumed the hand of providence. With the advent of the germ theory of disease, the focus on disease causality became the microbe, but this did not explain how there can be different outcomes of infection in different individuals with the same microbe. Here we examine the attributes of susceptibility in the context of the "damage-response framework" of microbial pathogenesis. We identify 11 attributes that, although not independent, are sufficiently distinct to be considered separately: microbiome, inoculum, sex, temperature, environment, age, chance, history, immunity, nutrition, and genetics. We use the first letter of each to create the mnemonic MISTEACHING, underscoring the need for caution in accepting dogma and attributing disease causality to any single factor. For both populations and individuals, variations in the attributes that assemble into MISTEACHING can create an enormity of combinations that can in turn translate into different outcomes of host-microbe encounters. Combinatorial diversity among the 11 attributes makes identifying "signatures" of susceptibility possible. However, with their inevitable uncertainties and propensity to change, there may still be a low likelihood for prediction with regard to individual host-microbe interactions, although probabilistic prediction may be possible.
Collapse
|
263
|
Ingle H, Peterson ST, Baldridge MT. Distinct Effects of Type I and III Interferons on Enteric Viruses. Viruses 2018; 10:E46. [PMID: 29361691 PMCID: PMC5795459 DOI: 10.3390/v10010046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) are key host cytokines in the innate immune response to viral infection, and recent work has identified unique roles for IFN subtypes in regulating different aspects of infection. Currently emerging is a common theme that type III IFNs are critical in localized control of infection at mucosal barrier sites, while type I IFNs are important for broad systemic control of infections. The intestine is a particular site of interest for exploring these effects, as in addition to being the port of entry for a multitude of pathogens, it is a complex tissue with a variety of cell types as well as the presence of the intestinal microbiota. Here we focus on the roles of type I and III IFNs in control of enteric viruses, discussing what is known about signaling downstream from these cytokines, including induction of specific IFN-stimulated genes. We review viral strategies to evade IFN responses, effects of IFNs on the intestine, interactions between IFNs and the microbiota, and briefly discuss the role of IFNs in controlling viral infections at other barrier sites. Enhanced understanding of the coordinate roles of IFNs in control of viral infections may facilitate development of antiviral therapeutic strategies; here we highlight potential avenues for future exploration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harshad Ingle
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Stefan T Peterson
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Megan T Baldridge
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
264
|
Erickson AK, Jesudhasan PR, Mayer MJ, Narbad A, Winter SE, Pfeiffer JK. Bacteria Facilitate Enteric Virus Co-infection of Mammalian Cells and Promote Genetic Recombination. Cell Host Microbe 2018; 23:77-88.e5. [PMID: 29290575 PMCID: PMC5764776 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
RNA viruses exist in genetically diverse populations due to high levels of mutations, many of which reduce viral fitness. Interestingly, intestinal bacteria can promote infection of several mammalian enteric RNA viruses, but the mechanisms and consequences are unclear. We screened a panel of 41 bacterial strains as a platform to determine how different bacteria impact infection of poliovirus, a model enteric virus. Most bacterial strains, including those extracted from cecal contents of mice, bound poliovirus, with each bacterium binding multiple virions. Certain bacterial strains increased viral co-infection of mammalian cells even at a low virus-to-host cell ratio. Bacteria-mediated viral co-infection correlated with bacterial adherence to cells. Importantly, bacterial strains that induced viral co-infection facilitated genetic recombination between two different viruses, thereby removing deleterious mutations and restoring viral fitness. Thus, bacteria-virus interactions may increase viral fitness through viral recombination at initial sites of infection, potentially limiting abortive infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea K Erickson
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9048, USA
| | - Palmy R Jesudhasan
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9048, USA
| | - Melinda J Mayer
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7UA, UK
| | - Arjan Narbad
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7UA, UK
| | - Sebastian E Winter
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9048, USA
| | - Julie K Pfeiffer
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9048, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
265
|
Interactions between Enteric Bacteria and Eukaryotic Viruses Impact the Outcome of Infection. Viruses 2018; 10:v10010019. [PMID: 29301335 PMCID: PMC5795432 DOI: 10.3390/v10010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteric viruses encounter a multitude of environments as they traverse the gastrointestinal tract. The interaction of enteric eukaryotic viruses with members of the host microbiota impacts the outcome of infection. Infection with several enteric viruses is impaired in the absence of the gut microbiota, specifically bacteria. The effects of bacteria on virus biology are diverse. Poliovirus capsid stability and receptor engagement are positively impacted by bacteria and bacterial lipopolysaccharides. Norovirus utilizes histo-blood group antigens produced by enteric bacteria to attach and productively infect B cells. Lipopolysaccharides on the envelope of mouse mammary tumor virus promote a tolerogenic environment that allows for the establishment of viral persistence. Reovirus binds Gram negative and Gram-positive bacteria through bacterial envelope components to enhance virion thermostability. Through the direct engagement of bacteria and bacterial components, viruses evolved diverse ways to impact the outcome of infection.
Collapse
|
266
|
Parker EPK, Ramani S, Lopman BA, Church JA, Iturriza-Gómara M, Prendergast AJ, Grassly NC. Causes of impaired oral vaccine efficacy in developing countries. Future Microbiol 2018; 13:97-118. [PMID: 29218997 PMCID: PMC7026772 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2017-0128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral vaccines are less immunogenic when given to infants in low-income compared with high-income countries, limiting their potential public health impact. Here, we review factors that might contribute to this phenomenon, including transplacental antibodies, breastfeeding, histo blood group antigens, enteric pathogens, malnutrition, microbiota dysbiosis and environmental enteropathy. We highlight several clear risk factors for vaccine failure, such as the inhibitory effect of enteroviruses on oral poliovirus vaccine. We also highlight the ambiguous and at times contradictory nature of the available evidence, which undoubtedly reflects the complex and interconnected nature of the factors involved. Mechanisms responsible for diminished immunogenicity may be specific to each oral vaccine. Interventions aiming to improve vaccine performance may need to reflect the diversity of these mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward PK Parker
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, St Mary's Campus, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | | | - Benjamin A Lopman
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - James A Church
- Centre for Paediatrics, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 2AT, UK
| | - Miren Iturriza-Gómara
- Centre for Global Vaccine Research, Institute of Infection & Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7BE, UK
| | - Andrew J Prendergast
- Centre for Paediatrics, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 2AT, UK
| | - Nicholas C Grassly
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, St Mary's Campus, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
| |
Collapse
|
267
|
Parker EPK, Praharaj I, Zekavati A, Lazarus RP, Giri S, Operario DJ, Liu J, Houpt E, Iturriza-Gómara M, Kampmann B, John J, Kang G, Grassly NC. Influence of the intestinal microbiota on the immunogenicity of oral rotavirus vaccine given to infants in south India. Vaccine 2017; 36:264-272. [PMID: 29217369 PMCID: PMC5755003 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Oral rotavirus vaccines have consistently proven to be less immunogenic among infants in developing countries. Discrepancies in the intestinal microbiota, including a greater burden of enteropathogens and an altered commensal community composition, may contribute to this trend by inhibiting the replication of vaccine viruses. To test this possibility, we performed a nested case–control study in Vellore, India, in which we compared the intestinal microbiota of infants who responded serologically or not after two doses of Rotarix delivered at 6 and 10 weeks of age as part of a clinical trial (CTRI/2012/05/002677). The prevalence of 40 bacterial, viral, and eukaryotic pathogen targets was assessed in pre-vaccination stool samples from 325 infants using singleplex real-time PCR on a Taqman array card (TAC). In a subset of 170 infants, we assessed bacterial microbiota composition by sequencing the 16S rRNA gene V4 region. Contrary to expectations, responders were more likely than non-responders to harbor ≥1 bacterial enteropathogen at dose 1 (26% [40/156] vs 13% [21/157] of infants with TAC results who completed the study per protocol; χ2, P = .006), although this was not apparent at dose 2 (24% [38/158] vs 23% [36/158]; P = .790). Rotavirus shedding after dose 1 was negatively correlated with the replication of co-administered oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV). We observed no consistent differences in composition or diversity of the 16S bacterial microbiota according to serological response, although rotavirus shedding was associated with slightly more bacterial taxa pre-vaccination. Overall, our findings demonstrate an inhibitory effect of co-administered OPV on the first dose of Rotarix, consistent with previous studies, but in the context of OPV co-administration we did not find a strong association between other components of the intestinal microbiota at the time of vaccination and Rotarix immunogenicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward P K Parker
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, St Mary's Campus, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Ira Praharaj
- Division of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Anna Zekavati
- Imperial BRC Genomics Facility, Commonwealth Building, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Robin P Lazarus
- Division of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Sidhartha Giri
- Division of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Darwin J Operario
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Jie Liu
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Eric Houpt
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Miren Iturriza-Gómara
- Centre for Global Vaccine Research, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK; NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Gastrointestinal Infections, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Beate Kampmann
- Department of Paediatrics, St Mary's Campus, Imperial College London, London, UK; MRC Unit The Gambia, Fajara, Gambia
| | - Jacob John
- Division of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Gagandeep Kang
- Division of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Nicholas C Grassly
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, St Mary's Campus, Imperial College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
268
|
Waldman P, Meseguer A, Lucas F, Moulin L, Wurtzer S. Interaction of Human Enteric Viruses with Microbial Compounds: Implication for Virus Persistence and Disinfection Treatments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:13633-13640. [PMID: 29116763 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b03875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Although the interaction between phages and bacteria has already been well described, it only recently emerged that human viruses also interact with bacteria in the mammalian gut. We studied whether this interaction could occur in tap water and thus confer enteric viruses protection against temperature and the classical disinfection treatments used in drinking water production. We demonstrated that the addition of lipopolysaccharide or peptidoglycan of bacterial origin to enterovirus provides thermal protection through stabilization of the viral capsid. This interaction plays a role when viruses are exposed to disinfection that targets the capsid, but less so when the virus genome is directly targeted. The interaction seems to be serotype-specific, suggesting that the capsid protein sequence could be important. The protection is linked to a direct association between viral particles and bacterial compounds as observed by microscopy. These results show that bacterial compounds present in the environment can affect virus inactivation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prunelle Waldman
- Laboratoire Eau Environnement et Systèmes Urbains (LEESU UMR MA 102), Faculté des Sciences et Technologie, Université Paris-Est , 61 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94000 Créteil, France
| | - Alba Meseguer
- Eau de Paris, DRDQE, 33 Avenue Jean Jaurès, 94200 Ivry-sur-Seine, France
| | - Françoise Lucas
- Laboratoire Eau Environnement et Systèmes Urbains (LEESU UMR MA 102), Faculté des Sciences et Technologie, Université Paris-Est , 61 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94000 Créteil, France
| | - Laurent Moulin
- Eau de Paris, DRDQE, 33 Avenue Jean Jaurès, 94200 Ivry-sur-Seine, France
| | - Sébastien Wurtzer
- Eau de Paris, DRDQE, 33 Avenue Jean Jaurès, 94200 Ivry-sur-Seine, France
| |
Collapse
|
269
|
Berger AK, Yi H, Kearns DB, Mainou BA. Bacteria and bacterial envelope components enhance mammalian reovirus thermostability. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006768. [PMID: 29211815 PMCID: PMC5734793 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteric viruses encounter diverse environments as they migrate through the gastrointestinal tract to infect their hosts. The interaction of eukaryotic viruses with members of the host microbiota can greatly impact various aspects of virus biology, including the efficiency with which viruses can infect their hosts. Mammalian orthoreovirus, a human enteric virus that infects most humans during childhood, is negatively affected by antibiotic treatment prior to infection. However, it is not known how components of the host microbiota affect reovirus infectivity. In this study, we show that reovirus virions directly interact with Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. Reovirus interaction with bacterial cells conveys enhanced virion thermostability that translates into enhanced attachment and infection of cells following an environmental insult. Enhanced virion thermostability was also conveyed by bacterial envelope components lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and peptidoglycan (PG). Lipoteichoic acid and N-acetylglucosamine-containing polysaccharides enhanced virion stability in a serotype-dependent manner. LPS and PG also enhanced the thermostability of an intermediate reovirus particle (ISVP) that is associated with primary infection in the gut. Although LPS and PG alter reovirus thermostability, these bacterial envelope components did not affect reovirus utilization of its proteinaceous cellular receptor junctional adhesion molecule-A or cell entry kinetics. LPS and PG also did not affect the overall number of reovirus capsid proteins σ1 and σ3, suggesting their effect on virion thermostability is not mediated through altering the overall number of major capsid proteins on the virus. Incubation of reovirus with LPS and PG did not significantly affect the neutralizing efficiency of reovirus-specific antibodies. These data suggest that bacteria enhance reovirus infection of the intestinal tract by enhancing the thermal stability of the reovirus particle at a variety of temperatures through interactions between the viral particle and bacterial envelope components.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela K. Berger
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Hong Yi
- Robert P. Apkarian Integrated Electron Microscopy Core, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Daniel B. Kearns
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Bernardo A. Mainou
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
270
|
Impact of the Respiratory Microbiome on Host Responses to Respiratory Viral Infection. Vaccines (Basel) 2017; 5:vaccines5040040. [PMID: 29099809 PMCID: PMC5748607 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines5040040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses are responsible for most of both upper and lower acute respiratory infections (ARIs). The microbiome—the ecological community of microorganisms sharing the body space, which has gained considerable interest over the last decade—is modified in health and disease states. Even if most of these disturbances have been previously described in relation to chronic disorders of the gastrointestinal microbiome, after a short reminder of microbiome characteristics and methods of characterization, this review will describe the impact of the microbiome (mainly respiratory) on host responses to viral ARIs. The microbiome has a direct environmental impact on the host cells but also an indirect impact on the immune system, by enhancing innate or adaptive immune responses. In microbial infections, especially in viral infections, these dramatic modifications could lead to a dramatic impact responsible for severe clinical outcomes. Studies focusing on the microbiome associated with transcriptomic analyses of the host response and deep characterization of the pathogen would lead to a better understanding of viral pathogenesis and open avenues for biomarker development and innovative therapeutics.
Collapse
|
271
|
Zárate S, Taboada B, Yocupicio-Monroy M, Arias CF. Human Virome. Arch Med Res 2017; 48:701-716. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
272
|
Affiliation(s)
- Johnathan R Lex
- a College of Medical and Dental Sciences , University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
273
|
Tomov VT, Palko O, Lau CW, Pattekar A, Sun Y, Tacheva R, Bengsch B, Manne S, Cosma GL, Eisenlohr LC, Nice TJ, Virgin HW, Wherry EJ. Differentiation and Protective Capacity of Virus-Specific CD8 + T Cells Suggest Murine Norovirus Persistence in an Immune-Privileged Enteric Niche. Immunity 2017; 47:723-738.e5. [PMID: 29031786 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Noroviruses can establish chronic infections with active viral shedding in healthy humans but whether persistence is associated with adaptive immune dysfunction is unknown. We used genetically engineered strains of mouse norovirus (MNV) to investigate CD8+ T cell differentiation during chronic infection. We found that chronic infection drove MNV-specific tissue-resident memory (Trm) CD8+ T cells to a differentiation state resembling inflationary effector responses against latent cytomegalovirus with only limited evidence of exhaustion. These MNV-specific Trm cells remained highly functional yet appeared ignorant of ongoing viral replication. Pre-existing MNV-specific Trm cells provided partial protection against chronic infection but largely ceased to detect virus within 72 hours of challenge, demonstrating rapid sequestration of viral replication away from T cells. Our studies revealed a strategy of immune evasion by MNV via the induction of a CD8+ T cell program normally reserved for latent pathogens and persistence in an immune-privileged enteric niche.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vesselin T Tomov
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Olesya Palko
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Chi Wai Lau
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ajinkya Pattekar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yuhang Sun
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ralitza Tacheva
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Bertram Bengsch
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sasikanth Manne
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Gabriela L Cosma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Laurence C Eisenlohr
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Timothy J Nice
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Herbert W Virgin
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - E John Wherry
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
274
|
Konjar Š, Ferreira C, Blankenhaus B, Veldhoen M. Intestinal Barrier Interactions with Specialized CD8 T Cells. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1281. [PMID: 29075263 PMCID: PMC5641586 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The trillions of microorganisms that reside in the gastrointestinal tract, essential for nutrient absorption, are kept under control by a single cell barrier and large amounts of immune cells. Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) are critical in establishing an environment supporting microbial colonization and immunological tolerance. A large population of CD8+ T cells is in direct and constant contact with the IECs and the intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs). Due to their location, at the interphase of the intestinal lumen and external environment and the host tissues, they seem ideally positioned to balance immune tolerance and protection to preserve the fragile intestinal barrier from invasion as well as immunopathology. IELs are a heterogeneous population, with a large innate-like contribution of unknown specificity, intercalated with antigen-specific tissue-resident memory T cells. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of IEL physiology and how they interact with the IECs and contribute to immune surveillance to preserve intestinal homeostasis and host-microbial relationships.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Špela Konjar
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Cristina Ferreira
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Birte Blankenhaus
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Marc Veldhoen
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
275
|
Li Q, Wang D, Yang D, Shan L, Tian P. Binding of Escherichia coli Does Not Protect Tulane Virus from Heat-Inactivation Regardless the Expression of HBGA-Like Molecules. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1746. [PMID: 28983282 PMCID: PMC5613088 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) are considered as receptors/co-receptors for human norovirus (HuNoV). It has been reported that binding of HuNoV-derived virus-like particles (VLPs) to HBGA-like molecules-expressing bacteria increased the stability of VLPs to heat-denaturation (HD). In this study, we tested for HBGA-like-binding-conveyed protection against HD on viral replication using Tulane virus (TV) and Escherichia coli O86:H2 (O86:H2), with E. coli K-12 (K-12) used as a control. Expression of HBGA type B was confirmed by ELISA in O86:H2 but not in K-12. Binding of TV was confirmed by ELISA in O86:H2 (P/N = 2.23) but not in K-12 (P/N = 1.90). Pre-incubation of TV with free HBGA could completely inhibit its ability to bind to O86:H2 (p = 0.004), while producing no significant change in its ability to bind K-12 (p = 0.635). We utilized a bacterial-capture-RT-qPCR procedure to confirm that both bacterial strains were capable of binding TV, and that O86:H2 exhibited fivefold greater binding capacity than K-12. Pre-incubation of TV with free HBGA would partially inhibit the binding of TV to O86:H2 (p = 0.047). In contrast, not only did pre-incubation of TV with free HBGA not inhibit the binding of TV to K-12, binding was slightly enhanced (p = 0.13). The viral infectivity assay allowed us to conduct a direct evaluation of the ability of HBGA-like-bound bacteria to confer HD protection to TV. Prior to inoculate to LLC-MK2 cells, TV was incubated with each bacterial strain at ratios of 1:0, 1:1 and 100:1, then both partially and fully HD. The viral amplification was quantitated by RT-qPCR 48 h later. The binding of bacteria to TV reduced viral replication in a dose-dependent matter. We found that neither bound O86:H2 nor K-12 conferred protection of TV against partial or full HD conditions. Partial HD reduction of viral replication was not significantly impacted by the binding of either bacterial strain, with infectivity losses of 99.03, 99.42, 96.32, 96.10, and 98.88% for TV w/o bacteria, TV w/O86:H2 (1:1), TV w/O86:H2 (100:1), TV w/K-12 (1:1), and TV w/K-12 (100:1), respectively. Full HD reduction of viral replication was not impacted by the binding of either bacterial strain, as full loss of infectivity was observed in all cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Li
- Department of Bioengineering, Shanghai Institute of TechnologyShanghai, China.,Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, AlbanyCA, United States
| | - Dapeng Wang
- MOST-USDA Joint Research Center for Food Safety, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai, China
| | - David Yang
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, AlbanyCA, United States
| | - Lei Shan
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, AlbanyCA, United States
| | - Peng Tian
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, AlbanyCA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
276
|
Bartley JM, Zhou X, Kuchel GA, Weinstock GM, Haynes L. Impact of Age, Caloric Restriction, and Influenza Infection on Mouse Gut Microbiome: An Exploratory Study of the Role of Age-Related Microbiome Changes on Influenza Responses. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1164. [PMID: 28979265 PMCID: PMC5611400 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunosenescence refers to age-related declines in the capacity to respond to infections such as influenza (flu). Caloric restriction represents a known strategy to slow many aging processes, including those involving the immune system. More recently, some changes in the microbiome have been described with aging, while the gut microbiome appears to influence responses to flu vaccination and infection. With these considerations in mind, we used a well-established mouse model of flu infection to explore the impact of flu infection, aging, and caloric restriction on the gut microbiome. Young, middle-aged, and aged caloric restricted (CR) and ad lib fed (AL) mice were examined after a sublethal flu infection. All mice lost 10–20% body weight and, as expected for these early time points, losses were similar at different ages and between diet groups. Cytokine and chemokine levels were also similar with the notable exception of IL-1α, which rose more than fivefold in aged AL mouse serum, while it remained unchanged in aged CR serum. Fecal microbiome phyla abundance profiles were similar in young, middle-aged, and aged AL mice at baseline and at 4 days post flu infection, while increases in Proteobacteria were evident at 7 days post flu infection in all three age groups. CR mice, compared to AL mice in each age group, had increased abundance of Proteobacteria and Verrucomicrobia at all time points. Interestingly, principal coordinate analysis determined that diet exerts a greater effect on the microbiome than age or flu infection. Percentage body weight loss correlated with the relative abundance of Proteobacteria regardless of age, suggesting flu pathogenicity is related to Proteobacteria abundance. Further, several microbial Operational Taxonomic Units from the Bacteroidetes phyla correlated with serum chemokine/cytokines regardless of both diet and age suggesting an interplay between flu-induced systemic inflammation and gut microbiota. These exploratory studies highlight the impact of caloric restriction on fecal microbiome in both young and aged animals, as well as the many complex relationships between flu responses and gut microbiota. Thus, these preliminary studies provide the necessary groundwork to examine how gut microbiota alterations may be leveraged to influence declining immune responses with aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jenna M Bartley
- UConn Center on Aging, Farmington, CT, United States.,Department of Immunology, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Xin Zhou
- Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, United States.,Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - George A Kuchel
- UConn Center on Aging, Farmington, CT, United States.,Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - George M Weinstock
- Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, United States.,Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Laura Haynes
- UConn Center on Aging, Farmington, CT, United States.,Department of Immunology, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, United States
| |
Collapse
|
277
|
Regulation of inflammation by microbiota interactions with the host. Nat Immunol 2017; 18:851-860. [PMID: 28722709 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 422] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The study of the intestinal microbiota has begun to shift from cataloging individual members of the commensal community to understanding their contributions to the physiology of the host organism in health and disease. Here, we review the effects of the microbiome on innate and adaptive immunological players from epithelial cells and antigen-presenting cells to innate lymphoid cells and regulatory T cells. We discuss recent studies that have identified diverse microbiota-derived bioactive molecules and their effects on inflammation within the intestine and distally at sites as anatomically remote as the brain. Finally, we highlight new insights into how the microbiome influences the host response to infection, vaccination and cancer, as well as susceptibility to autoimmune and neurodegenerative disorders.
Collapse
|
278
|
Bowers JR, Readler JM, Sharma P, Excoffon KJDA. Poliovirus Receptor: More than a simple viral receptor. Virus Res 2017; 242:1-6. [PMID: 28870470 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The human poliovirus receptor (PVR) is a cell surface protein with a multitude of functions in human biology. PVR was initially identified as the receptor for the human poliovirus and recent discoveries have given a greater insight into both its morphology and its function. Alternative splicing of the PVR gene results in a total of 4 alternatively spliced isoforms. Two of these isoforms lack a complete transmembrane domain and are considered soluble and block viral infection; the remaining two transmembrane isoforms differ only at their extreme C-terminal domains resulting in differential localization in epithelia and polarity of viral infection. In addition to its role as a receptor for the human poliovirus, several native biological functions have also been uncovered. PVR is an important cell adhesion protein and is involved in the transendothelial migration of leukocytes. Through its interactions with CD226 and TIGIT, transmembrane proteins found on leukocytes, PVR is a key regulator of the cell-mediated immune response. As PVR is differentially regulated in a broad spectrum of cancers, it has a strong potential for clinical use as a biomarker. PVR is also a possible target for novel cancer therapies. Utilizing its natural tropism for PVR, a genetically modified form of the live attenuated poliovirus vaccine is currently being tested for its ability to locate and destroy certain tumors. These recent studies emphasize the importance of PVR in human biology and demonstrate its utility beyond being a viral receptor protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R Bowers
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, 45435, United States
| | - James M Readler
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, 45435, United States
| | - Priyanka Sharma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, 45435, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
279
|
Abstract
Purpose of Review The ability of viruses to infect host cells is dependent on several factors including the availability of cell-surface receptors, antiviral state of cells, and presence of host factors needed for viral replication. Here, we review findings from in vitro and in vivo studies using mammalian orthoreovirus (reovirus) that have identified an intricate group of molecules and mechanisms used by the virus to attach and enter cells. Recent Findings Recent findings provide an improved mechanistic understanding of reovirus cell entry. Of special note is the identification of a cellular mediator of cell entry in neuronal and non-neuronal cells, the effect of cell entry on the outcome of infection and cytopathic effects on the host cell, and an improved understanding of the components that promote viral penetration of cellular membranes. Summary A mechanistic understanding of the interplay between host and viral factors has enhanced our view of how viruses usurp cellular processes during infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo A Mainou
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322.,Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, 30322
| |
Collapse
|
280
|
Bandoro C, Runstadler JA. Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide Destabilizes Influenza Viruses. mSphere 2017; 2:e00267-17. [PMID: 29034326 PMCID: PMC5636225 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00267-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Depending on the specific viral pathogen, commensal bacteria can promote or reduce the severity of viral infection and disease progression in their hosts. Influenza A virus (IAV) has a broad host range, comprises many subtypes, and utilizes different routes of transmission, including the fecal-oral route in wild birds. It has been previously demonstrated that commensal bacteria can interact with the host's immune system to protect against IAV pathogenesis. However, it is unclear whether bacteria and their products may be interacting directly with IAV to impact virion stability. Herein we show that gastrointestinal (GI) tract bacterial isolates in an in vitro system significantly reduce the stability of IAV. Moreover, bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), found on the exterior surfaces of bacteria, was sufficient to significantly decrease the stability of both human and avian viral strains in a temperature-dependent manner, including at the relevant temperatures of their respective hosts and the external aquatic habitat. The subtype and host origin of the viruses were shown to affect the extent to which IAV was susceptible to LPS. Furthermore, using a receptor binding assay and transmission electron microscopy, we observed that LPS binds to and alters the morphology of influenza virions, suggesting that direct interaction with the viral surface contributes to the observed antiviral effect of LPS on influenza. IMPORTANCE Influenza A virus (IAV), transmitted primarily via the fecal-oral route in wild birds, encounters high concentrations of bacteria and their products. Understanding the extent to which bacteria affect the infectivity of IAV will lead to a broader understanding of viral ecology in reservoir hosts and may lead to insights for the development of therapeutics in respiratory infection. Herein we show that bacteria and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) interact with and destabilize influenza virions. Moreover, we show that LPS reduces the long-term persistence and freeze-thaw stability of IAV, which is important information for modeling the movement and emergence of novel strains from animal hosts. Our results, demonstrating that the subtype and host origin of a virus also influence its susceptibility to LPS, raise key questions about the fitness of viruses in reservoir hosts, their potential to transmit to humans, and the importance of bacterial-viral interactions in viral ecology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Bandoro
- Microbiology Graduate Program, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jonathan A. Runstadler
- Microbiology Graduate Program, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
281
|
Abstract
Environmental enteropathy is a chronic condition of the small intestine associated with increased intestinal permeability, mucosal inflammation, malabsorption, and systemic inflammation. It is commonly accompanied by enteric infections and is misleadingly considered a subclinical disease. Potential effects of enteric infections and enteropathy on vaccine responses, child growth, cognitive development, and even later life obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome are increasingly being recognized. Herein, we review the evolving challenges to defining environmental enteropathy and enteric infections, current evidence for the magnitude and determinants of its burden, new assessment tools, and relevant interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth T Rogawski
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, PO Box 801379, Carter Harrison Research Building MR-6, 345 Crispell Drive, Room 2520, Charlottesville, VA 22908-1379, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, PO Box 801379, Carter Harrison Research Building MR-6, 345 Crispell Drive, Room 2520, Charlottesville, VA 22908-1379, USA.
| | - Richard L Guerrant
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, PO Box 801379, Carter Harrison Research Building MR-6, 345 Crispell Drive, Room 2520, Charlottesville, VA 22908-1379, USA
| |
Collapse
|
282
|
Park AM, Omura S, Fujita M, Sato F, Tsunoda I. Helicobacter pylori and gut microbiota in multiple sclerosis versus Alzheimer's disease: 10 pitfalls of microbiome studies. CLINICAL & EXPERIMENTAL NEUROIMMUNOLOGY 2017; 8:215-232. [PMID: 29158778 DOI: 10.1111/cen3.12401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Alteration of microbiota has been associated with intestinal, inflammatory, and neurological diseases. Abundance of "good bacteria" such as Bifidobacterium, or their products have been generally believed to be beneficial for any diseases, while "bad bacteria" such as pathogenic Helicobacter pylori are assumed to be always detrimental for hosts. However, this is not the case when we compare and contrast the association of the gut microbiota with two neurological diseases, multiple sclerosis (MS) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Following H. pylori infection, pro-inflammatory T helper (Th)1 and Th17 immune response are initially induced to eradicate bacteria. However, H. pylori evades the host immune response by inducing Th2 cells and regulatory T cells (Tregs) that produce anti-inflammatory interleukin (IL)-10. Suppression of anti-bacterial Th1/Th17 cells by Tregs may enhance gastric H. pylori propagation, followed by a cascade reaction involving vitamin B12 and folic acid malabsorption, plasma homocysteine elevation, and reactive oxygen species induction. This can damage the blood-brain barrier (BBB), leading to accumulation of amyloid-β in the brain, a hallmark of AD. On the other hand, this suppression of pro-inflammatory Th1/Th17 responses to H. pylori has protective effects on the hosts, since it prevents uncontrolled gastritis as well as suppresses the induction of encephalitogenic Th1/Th17 cells, which can mediate neuroinflammation in MS. The above scenario may explain why chronic H. pylori infection is positively associated with AD, while it is negatively associated with MS. Lastly, we list "10 pitfalls of microbiota studies", which will be useful for evaluating and designing clinical and experimental microbiota studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ah-Mee Park
- Department of Microbiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohnohigashi, Osakasayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Seiichi Omura
- Department of Microbiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohnohigashi, Osakasayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Mitsugu Fujita
- Department of Microbiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohnohigashi, Osakasayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Fumitaka Sato
- Department of Microbiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohnohigashi, Osakasayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Ikuo Tsunoda
- Department of Microbiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohnohigashi, Osakasayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
283
|
Harris VC, Haak BW, Boele van Hensbroek M, Wiersinga WJ. The Intestinal Microbiome in Infectious Diseases: The Clinical Relevance of a Rapidly Emerging Field. Open Forum Infect Dis 2017; 4:ofx144. [PMID: 28852682 PMCID: PMC5570093 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofx144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The field of infectious disease is undergoing a paradigm shift as the intestinal microbiome is becoming understood. The aim of this review is to inform infectious disease physicians of the potential relevance of the intestinal microbiome to their practice. We searched Medline using both index and text words relating to infectious diseases, microbiome, and probiotics. Relevant articles published up through 2017 were reviewed within Rayyan. The review illustrates pathophysiologic concepts linking the microbiome and infectious diseases; specifically, the intestinal microbiome’s relevance to early immune development, the microbiome and enteric infections, the microbiome’s relevance in compromised hosts, and antimicrobial resistance. Within each subject, there are specific examples of diseases and at-risk patient populations where a role for the microbiome has been strongly established. This provides an overview of the significance of the intestinal microbiome to microbiology, pediatric and adult infectious diseases with an underpinning of concepts useful for the practicing clinician.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa C Harris
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Bastiaan W Haak
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Michaël Boele van Hensbroek
- Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Willem J Wiersinga
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
284
|
Lee S, Baldridge MT. Interferon-Lambda: A Potent Regulator of Intestinal Viral Infections. Front Immunol 2017; 8:749. [PMID: 28713375 PMCID: PMC5491552 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon-lambda (IFN-λ) is a recently described cytokine found to be of critical importance in innate immune regulation of intestinal viruses. Endogenous IFN-λ has potent antiviral effects and has been shown to control multiple intestinal viruses and may represent a factor that contributes to human variability in response to infection. Importantly, recombinant IFN-λ has therapeutic potential against enteric viral infections, many of which lack other effective treatments. In this mini-review, we describe recent advances regarding IFN-λ-mediated regulation of enteric viruses with important clinical relevance including rotavirus, reovirus, and norovirus. We also briefly discuss IFN-λ interactions with other cytokines important in the intestine, and how IFN-λ may play a role in regulation of intestinal viruses by the commensal microbiome. Finally, we indicate currently outstanding questions regarding IFN-λ control of enteric infections that remain to be explored to enhance our understanding of this important immune molecule.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanghyun Lee
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Megan T Baldridge
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| |
Collapse
|
285
|
Abstract
The small intestinal epithelium produces numerous antimicrobial peptides and proteins, including abundant enteric α-defensins. Although they most commonly function as potent antivirals in cell culture, enteric α-defensins have also been shown to enhance some viral infections in vitro. Efforts to determine the physiologic relevance of enhanced infection have been limited by the absence of a suitable cell culture system. To address this issue, here we use primary stem cell-derived small intestinal enteroids to examine the impact of naturally secreted α-defensins on infection by the enteric mouse pathogen, mouse adenovirus 2 (MAdV-2). MAdV-2 infection was increased when enteroids were inoculated across an α-defensin gradient in a manner that mimics oral infection but not when α-defensin levels were absent or bypassed through other routes of inoculation. This increased infection was a result of receptor-independent binding of virus to the cell surface. The enteroid experiments accurately predicted increased MAdV-2 shedding in the feces of wild type mice compared to mice lacking functional α-defensins. Thus, our studies have shown that viral infection enhanced by enteric α-defensins may reflect the evolution of some viruses to utilize these host proteins to promote their own infection. Enteric α-defensins are an ancient form of host defense against pathogens, but until recently there was no robust in vitro system available to study their functions upon secretion from the cells that produce them naturally in vivo. Here, using small intestinal enteroids as a source of naturally secreted α-defensins, we show that enteric viral infection is increased in the presence of these peptides. We then show that α-defensins also enhance infection in vivo, as predicted by the results of the enteroid model. This study points to a new role for enteric α-defensins in promoting viral infection and has implications for the ability of these peptides to dictate viral tropism in the gastrointestinal tract.
Collapse
|
286
|
Insect pathogenic fungus interacts with the gut microbiota to accelerate mosquito mortality. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:5994-5999. [PMID: 28533370 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1703546114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The insect gut microbiota plays crucial roles in modulating the interactions between the host and intestinal pathogens. Unlike viruses, bacteria, and parasites, which need to be ingested to cause disease, entomopathogenic fungi infect insects through the cuticle and proliferate in the hemolymph. However, interactions between the gut microbiota and entomopathogenic fungi are unknown. Here we show that the pathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana interacts with the gut microbiota to accelerate mosquito death. After topical fungal infection, mosquitoes with gut microbiota die significantly faster than mosquitoes without microbiota. Furthermore, fungal infection causes dysbiosis of mosquito gut microbiota with a significant increase in gut bacterial load and a significant decrease in bacterial diversity. In particular, the opportunistic pathogenic bacterium Serratia marcescens overgrows in the midgut and translocates to the hemocoel, which promotes fungal killing of mosquitoes. We further reveal that fungal infection down-regulates antimicrobial peptide and dual oxidase expression in the midgut. Duox down-regulation in the midgut is mediated by secretion of the toxin oosporein from B. bassiana Our findings reveal the important contribution of the gut microbiota in B. bassiana-killing activity, providing new insights into the mechanisms of fungal pathogenesis in insects.
Collapse
|
287
|
Griggs TF, Bochkov YA, Basnet S, Pasic TR, Brockman-Schneider RA, Palmenberg AC, Gern JE. Rhinovirus C targets ciliated airway epithelial cells. Respir Res 2017; 18:84. [PMID: 28472984 PMCID: PMC5418766 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-017-0567-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Rhinovirus C (RV-C), first identified in 2006, produce high symptom burdens in children and asthmatics, however, their primary target host cell in the airways remains unknown. Our primary hypotheses were that RV-C target ciliated airway epithelial cells (AECs), and that cell specificity is determined by restricted and high expression of the only known RV-C cell-entry factor, cadherin related family member 3 (CDHR3). METHODS RV-C15 (C15) infection in differentiated human bronchial epithelial cell (HBEC) cultures was assessed using immunofluorescent and time-lapse epifluorescent imaging. Morphology of C15-infected differentiated AECs was assessed by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS C15 produced a scattered pattern of infection, and infected cells were shed from the epithelium. The percentage of cells infected with C15 varied from 1.4 to 14.7% depending on cell culture conditions. Infected cells had increased staining for markers of ciliated cells (acetylated-alpha-tubulin [aat], p < 0.001) but not markers of goblet cells (wheat germ agglutinin or Muc5AC, p = ns). CDHR3 expression was increased on ciliated epithelial cells, but not other epithelial cells (p < 0.01). C15 infection caused a 27.4% reduction of ciliated cells expressing CDHR3 (p < 0.01). During differentiation of AECs, CDHR3 expression progressively increased and correlated with both RV-C binding and replication. CONCLUSIONS The RV-C only replicate in ciliated AECs in vitro, leading to infected cell shedding. CDHR3 expression positively correlates with RV-C binding and replication, and is largely confined to ciliated AECs. Our data imply that factors regulating differentiation and CDHR3 production may be important determinants of RV-C illness severity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Theodor F Griggs
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Public Health, CSC K4/945, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, 53792, WI, USA.
- Cellular & Molecular Pathology Graduate Program, Madison, WI, USA.
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Yury A Bochkov
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Public Health, CSC K4/945, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, 53792, WI, USA
| | - Sarmila Basnet
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Public Health, CSC K4/945, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, 53792, WI, USA
| | - Thomas R Pasic
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Rebecca A Brockman-Schneider
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Public Health, CSC K4/945, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, 53792, WI, USA
| | - Ann C Palmenberg
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - James E Gern
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Public Health, CSC K4/945, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, 53792, WI, USA
- Cellular & Molecular Pathology Graduate Program, Madison, WI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
288
|
Rasko DA. Changes in microbiome during and after travellers' diarrhea: what we know and what we do not. J Travel Med 2017; 24:S52-S56. [PMID: 28521002 PMCID: PMC5731447 DOI: 10.1093/jtm/tax017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The study of bacterial pathogens has advanced from culture on plates to basic biochemical studies; to sequencing reference genomes and attempting to ascribe those qualities to the whole species; to evaluating complete communities based on the universal marker of the 16S rRNA gene; to now sequencing all available nucleic acids in any sample to characterize the community as a whole. These types of scientific advances highlight that there are multiple layers of information within any sample, and to some extent we are only now beginning to be able to identify, categorize and understand the complex interactions of the host, pathogen and microbiome. In most cases, we can only now generate the data to examine these samples, but the detailed understanding of the significance of the data is lacking. We anticipate that in the future these microbiota and community data will be able to be modelled, understood and potentially used as either markers of disease, or diagnostics. This review provides a brief overview of the state of the use of microbiome studies using Travellers Diarrhea samples and what those studies have told us. More importantly these studies highlight what is remaining to be elucidated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David A Rasko
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
289
|
Sindhu KNC, Cunliffe N, Peak M, Turner M, Darby A, Grassly N, Gordon M, Dube Q, Babji S, Praharaj I, Verghese V, Iturriza-Gómara M, Kang G. Impact of maternal antibodies and infant gut microbiota on the immunogenicity of rotavirus vaccines in African, Indian and European infants: protocol for a prospective cohort study. BMJ Open 2017; 7:e016577. [PMID: 28360258 PMCID: PMC5372070 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Gastroenteritis is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality among young children living in resource-poor settings, majority of which is attributed to rotavirus. Rotavirus vaccination can therefore have a significant impact on infant mortality. However, rotavirus vaccine efficacy in Sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia is significantly lower than in high-income countries. Maternally derived antibodies, infant gut microbiota and concomitant oral polio vaccination have been proposed as potential reasons for poor vaccine performance in low-income settings. The overall aim of this study is to compare the role of maternally derived antibodies and infant gut microbiota in determining immune response to rotavirus vaccine in high-income and low-income settings, using the same vaccine and a similar study protocol. METHODS AND ANALYSIS The study is an observational cohort in three countries-Malawi, India and UK. Mothers will be enrolled in third trimester of pregnancy and followed up, along with infants after delivery, until the infant completes two doses of oral rotavirus vaccine (along with routine immunisation). The levels of prevaccination maternally derived rotavirus-specific antibodies (IgG) will be correlated with infant seroconversion and antibody titres, 4 weeks after the second dose of rotavirus vaccine. Both within-country and between-country comparisons of gut microbiome will be carried out between children who seroconvert and those who do not. The impact of oral polio vaccine coadministration on rotavirus vaccine response will be studied in Indian infants. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Ethical approvals have been obtained from Integrated Research Application System (IRAS, NHS ethics) in UK, College of Medicine Research and Ethics Committee (COMREC) in Malawi and Institutional Review Board (IRB), Christian Medical College, Vellore in India. Participant recruitment and follow-up is ongoing at all three sites. Analysis of data, followed by publication of the results, is expected in 2018.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Matthew Peak
- Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Sudhir Babji
- Division of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ira Praharaj
- Division of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Valsan Verghese
- Department of Child Health, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Gagandeep Kang
- Division of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| |
Collapse
|
290
|
Almand EA, Moore MD, Jaykus LA. Virus-Bacteria Interactions: An Emerging Topic in Human Infection. Viruses 2017; 9:v9030058. [PMID: 28335562 PMCID: PMC5371813 DOI: 10.3390/v9030058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria and viruses often occupy the same niches, however, interest in their potential collaboration in promoting wellness or disease states has only recently gained traction. While the interaction of some bacteria and viruses is well characterized (e.g., influenza virus), researchers are typically more interested in the location of the infection than the manner of cooperation. There are two overarching types of bacterial-virus disease causing interactions: direct interactions that in some way aid the viruses, and indirect interactions aiding bacteria. The virus-promoting direct interactions occur when the virus exploits a bacterial component to facilitate penetration into the host cell. Conversely, indirect interactions result in increased bacterial pathogenesis as a consequence of viral infection. Enteric viruses mainly utilize the direct pathway, while respiratory viruses largely affect bacteria in an indirect fashion. This review focuses on some key examples of how virus-bacteria interactions impact the infection process across the two organ systems, and provides evidence supporting this as an emerging theme in infectious disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erin A Almand
- Department of Microbiology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - Matthew D Moore
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
- Current address: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Enteric Diseases Laboratory Branch, 1600 Clifton Rd., Atlanta, GA 30329, USA..
| | - Lee-Ann Jaykus
- Department of Microbiology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
291
|
Aguilera ER, Erickson AK, Jesudhasan PR, Robinson CM, Pfeiffer JK. Plaques Formed by Mutagenized Viral Populations Have Elevated Coinfection Frequencies. mBio 2017; 8:e02020-16. [PMID: 28292984 PMCID: PMC5350468 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02020-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The plaque assay is a common technique used to measure virus concentrations and is based upon the principle that each plaque represents a single infectious unit. As such, the number of plaques is expected to correlate linearly with the virus dilution plated, and each plaque should be formed by a single founder virus. Here, we examined whether more than one virus can contribute to plaque formation. By using genetic and phenotypic assays with genetically marked polioviruses, we found that multiple parental viruses are present in 5 to 7% of plaques, even at an extremely low multiplicity of infection. We demonstrated through visual and biophysical assays that, like many viral stocks, our viral stocks contain both single particles and aggregates. These data suggest that aggregated virions are capable of inducing coinfection and chimeric plaque formation. In fact, inducing virion aggregation via exposure to low pH increased coinfection in a flow cytometry-based assay. We hypothesized that plaques generated by viruses with high mutation loads may have higher coinfection frequencies due to processes restoring fitness, such as complementation and recombination. Indeed, we found that coinfection frequency correlated with mutation load, with 17% chimeric plaque formation for heavily mutagenized viruses. Importantly, the frequency of chimeric plaques may be underestimated by up to threefold, since coinfection with the same parental virus cannot be scored in our assay. This work indicates that more than one virus can contribute to plaque formation and that coinfection may assist plaque formation in situations where the amount of genome damage is high.IMPORTANCE One of the most common methods to quantify viruses is the plaque assay, where it is generally presumed that each plaque represents a single infectious virus. Using genetically marked polioviruses, we demonstrate that a plaque can contain more than one parental virus, likely due to aggregates within virus stocks that induce coinfection of a cell. A relatively small number of plaques are the products of coinfection for our standard virus stocks. However, mutagenized virus stocks with increased genome damage give rise to a higher amount of plaques that are chimeric. These results suggest that coinfection may aid plaque formation of viruses with genome damage, possibly due to processes such as complementation and recombination. Overall, our results suggest that the relationship between viral dilution and plaque number may not be linear, particularly for mutagenized viral populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R Aguilera
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Andrea K Erickson
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Palmy R Jesudhasan
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Christopher M Robinson
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Julie K Pfeiffer
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
292
|
Gut dysbiosis and neuroimmune responses to brain infection with Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44377. [PMID: 28290524 PMCID: PMC5349526 DOI: 10.1038/srep44377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have begun to point out the contribution of microbiota to multiple sclerosis (MS) pathogenesis. Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus induced demyelinating disease (TMEV-IDD) is a model of progressive MS. Here, we first analyze the effect of intracerebral infection with TMEV on commensal microbiota and secondly, whether the early microbiota depletion influences the immune responses to TMEV on the acute phase (14 dpi) and its impact on the chronic phase (85 dpi). The intracranial inoculation of TMEV was associated with a moderate dysbiosis. The oral administration of antibiotics (ABX) of broad spectrum modified neuroimmune responses to TMEV dampening brain CD4+ and CD8+ T infiltration during the acute phase. The expression of cytokines, chemokines and VP2 capsid protein was enhanced and accompanied by clusters of activated microglia disseminated throughout the brain. Furthermore, ABX treated mice displayed lower levels of CD4+ and CD8+T cells in cervical and mesenteric lymph nodes. Increased mortality to TMEV was observed after ABX cessation at day 28pi. On the chronic phase, mice that survived after ABX withdrawal and recovered microbiota diversity showed subtle changes in brain cell infiltrates, microglia and gene expression of cytokines. Accordingly, the surviving mice of the group ABX-TMEV displayed similar disease severity than TMEV mice.
Collapse
|
293
|
Sex-Dependent Intestinal Replication of an Enteric Virus. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.02101-16. [PMID: 28100612 PMCID: PMC5355612 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02101-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Coxsackievirus is an enteric virus that initiates infection in the gastrointestinal tract before disseminating to peripheral tissues to cause disease, but intestinal factors that influence viral replication are understudied. Furthermore, a sex bias for severe sequelae from coxsackievirus infections has been observed in humans. While mouse models mimicking human pathogenesis have been well characterized, many of these experiments use intraperitoneal injection of coxsackievirus to infect mice, bypassing the intestine. In light of recent studies identifying intestinal factors, such as the microbiota, that alter enteric viral replication, we sought to investigate coxsackievirus replication within the intestine. Here, we orally infected mice with coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) and found that CVB3 replication in the intestine is sex dependent. CVB3 replicated efficiently in the intestine of male mice but not female mice. Additionally, we found that the type I interferon response and sex hormones can alter both viral replication and lethality. Overall, these data suggest that sex and the immune response play a vital role in CVB3 replication in the intestine and should be considered in light of the sex bias observed in human disease.IMPORTANCE Sex bias in severe sequelae from enteric viral infections has been observed. Since viruses have evolved to achieve optimal levels of fitness in their environmental niches, it is imperative to study viruses at the site of initial replication. Here, we used an oral inoculation system for CVB3, which follows the natural route of infection in the gastrointestinal tract. We found that sex can influence the replication of CVB3 in the intestine. Additionally, the type I interferon response and sex hormones alter both CVB3 intestinal replication and lethality. Overall this work highlights the fact that sex should be considered in investigations of enteric viral replication and pathogenesis.
Collapse
|
294
|
Reid KM, Patel S, Robinson AJ, Bu L, Jarungsriapisit J, Moore LJ, Salinas I. Salmonid alphavirus infection causes skin dysbiosis in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) post-smolts. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172856. [PMID: 28264056 PMCID: PMC5338768 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Interactions among host, microbiota and viral pathogens are complex and poorly understood. The goal of the present study is to assess the changes in the skin microbial community of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) in response to experimental infection with salmonid alphavirus (SAV). The salmon skin microbial community was determined using 16S rDNA pyrosequencing in five different experimental groups: control, 7 days after infection with low-dose SAV, 14 days after infection with low-dose SAV, 7 days after infection with high-dose SAV, and 14 days after infection with high-dose SAV. Both infection treatment and time after infection were strong predictors of the skin microbial community composition. Skin samples from SAV3 infected fish showed an unbalanced microbiota characterized by a decreased abundance of Proteobacteria such as Oleispira sp. and increased abundances of opportunistic taxa including Flavobacteriaceae, Streptococcaceae and Tenacibaculum sp. These results demonstrate that viral infections can result in skin dysbiosis likely rendering the host more susceptible to secondary bacterial infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristin M. Reid
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Sonal Patel
- Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Aaron J. Robinson
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Lijing Bu
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | | | | | - Irene Salinas
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
295
|
Human norovirus binding to select bacteria representative of the human gut microbiota. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173124. [PMID: 28257478 PMCID: PMC5336261 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent reports describe the ability of select bacterial strains to bind human norovirus, although the specificity of such interactions is unknown. The purpose of this work was to determine if a select group of bacterial species representative of human gut microbiota bind to human norovirus, and if so, to characterize the intensity and location of that binding. The bacteria screened included naturally occurring strains isolated from human stool (Klebsiella spp., Citrobacter spp., Bacillus spp., Enterococcus faecium and Hafnia alvei) and select reference strains (Staphylococcus aureus and Enterobacter cloacae). Binding in PBS was evaluated to three human norovirus strains (GII.4 New Orleans 2009 and Sydney 2012, GI.6) and two surrogate viruses (Tulane virus and Turnip Crinkle Virus (TCV)) using a suspension assay format linked to RT-qPCR for quantification. The impact of different overnight culture media prior to washing on binding efficiency in PBS was also evaluated, and binding was visualized using transmission electron microscopy. All bacteria tested bound the representative human norovirus strains with high efficiency (<1 log10 of input virus remained unbound or <10% unbound and >90% binding efficiency) (p>0.05); there was selective binding for Tulane virus and no binding observed for TCV. Binding efficiency was highest when bacteria were cultured in minimal media (<1 log10 of input virus remained unbound, so >90% bound), but notably decreased when cultured in enriched media (1–3 log10 unbound or 0.01 –<90% bound)) (p<0.05). The norovirus-bacteria binding occurred around the outer cell surfaces and pili structures, without apparent localization. The findings reported here further elucidate and inform the dynamics between human noroviruses and enteric bacteria with implications for norovirus pathogenesis.
Collapse
|
296
|
Tsilimigras MCB, Fodor A, Jobin C. Carcinogenesis and therapeutics: the microbiota perspective. Nat Microbiol 2017; 2:17008. [PMID: 28225000 PMCID: PMC6423540 DOI: 10.1038/nmicrobiol.2017.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cancer arises from the acquisition of multiple genetic and epigenetic changes in host cells over the span of many years, promoting oncogenic traits and carcinogenesis. Most cancers develop following random somatic alterations of key oncogenic genes, which are favoured by a number of risk factors, including lifestyle, diet and inflammation. Importantly, the environment where tumours evolve provides a unique source of signalling cues that affects cancer cell growth, survival, movement and metastasis. Recently, there has been increased interest in how the microbiota, the collection of microorganisms inhabiting the host body surface and cavities, shapes a micro-environment for host cells that can either promote or prevent cancer formation. The microbiota, particularly the intestinal biota, plays a central role in host physiology, and the composition and activity of this consortium of microorganisms is directly influenced by known cancer risk factors such as lifestyle, diet and inflammation. In this REVIEW, we discuss the pro- and anticarcinogenic role of the microbiota, as well as highlighting the therapeutic potential of microorganisms in tumourigenesis. The broad impacts, and, at times, opposing roles of the microbiota in carcinogenesis serve to illustrate the complex and sometimes conflicted relationship between microorganisms and the host-a relationship that could potentially be harnessed for therapeutic benefits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C. B. Tsilimigras
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina 28223, USA
| | - Anthony Fodor
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina 28223, USA
| | - Christian Jobin
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
| |
Collapse
|
297
|
Abstract
Noroviruses are the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis around the world. An individual living in the United States is estimated to develop norovirus infection five times in his or her lifetime. Despite this, there is currently no antiviral or vaccine to combat the infection, in large part because of the historical lack of cell culture and small animal models. However, the last few years of norovirus research were marked by a number of ground-breaking advances that have overcome technical barriers and uncovered novel aspects of norovirus biology. Foremost among them was the development of two different
in vitro culture systems for human noroviruses. Underappreciated was the notion that noroviruses infect cells of the immune system as well as epithelial cells within the gastrointestinal tract and that human norovirus infection of enterocytes requires or is promoted by the presence of bile acids. Furthermore, two proteinaceous receptors are now recognized for murine norovirus, marking the first discovery of a functional receptor for any norovirus. Recent work further points to a role for certain bacteria, including those found in the gut microbiome, as potential modulators of norovirus infection in the host, emphasizing the importance of interactions with organisms from other kingdoms of life for viral pathogenesis. Lastly, we will highlight the adaptation of drop-based microfluidics to norovirus research, as this technology has the potential to reveal novel insights into virus evolution. This review aims to summarize these new findings while also including possible future directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Bartnicki
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Juliana Bragazzi Cunha
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Abimbola O Kolawole
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Christiane E Wobus
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
298
|
Abstract
In recent decades, probiotics have shown beneficial effects on animal and human health. Probiotics can protect the host against several health threats, including infectious diseases. Before 1995, researchers believed that the effect of probiotics was only on gut microbiota which can restore the gut flora and thus prevent pathogenic bacteria from triggering gastroenteritis. Recent studies have shown that the immunomodulatory activity is the most important mechanism of action of probiotics. From this information, researchers started to evaluate the effect of some immunobiotics, not only on pathogenic bacteria but also on viruses, including enteric and respiratory viruses. Several studies have confirmed the potential antiviral activity of some probiotics due to the immunomodulatory effect. These studies were conducted on humans (clinical trials) and in animal models. In this chapter, probiotics with antiviral effect against respiratory and enteric viruses will be presented and discussed, as well as their mechanisms of action.
Collapse
|
299
|
|
300
|
Ericsen AJ, Lauck M, Mohns MS, DiNapoli SR, Mutschler JP, Greene JM, Weinfurter JT, Lehrer-Brey G, Prall TM, Gieger SM, Buechler CR, Crosno KA, Peterson EJ, Reynolds MR, Wiseman RW, Burwitz BJ, Estes JD, Sacha JB, Friedrich TC, Brenchley JM, O’Connor DH. Microbial Translocation and Inflammation Occur in Hyperacute Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and Compromise Host Control of Virus Replication. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1006048. [PMID: 27926931 PMCID: PMC5142784 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the first three weeks of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, virus replication peaks in peripheral blood. Despite the critical, causal role of virus replication in determining transmissibility and kinetics of progression to acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), there is limited understanding of the conditions required to transform the small localized transmitted founder virus population into a large and heterogeneous systemic infection. Here we show that during the hyperacute "pre-peak" phase of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection in macaques, high levels of microbial DNA transiently translocate into peripheral blood. This, heretofore unappreciated, hyperacute-phase microbial translocation was accompanied by sustained reduction of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-specific antibody titer, intestinal permeability, increased abundance of CD4+CCR5+ T cell targets of virus replication, and T cell activation. To test whether increasing gastrointestinal permeability to cause microbial translocation would amplify viremia, we treated two SIV-infected macaque 'elite controllers' with a short-course of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-stimulating a transient increase in microbial translocation and a prolonged recrudescent viremia. Altogether, our data implicates translocating microbes as amplifiers of immunodeficiency virus replication that effectively undermine the host's capacity to contain infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam J. Ericsen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States Of America
- Virology Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States Of America
| | - Michael Lauck
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States Of America
| | - Mariel S. Mohns
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States Of America
| | - Sarah R. DiNapoli
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States Of America
| | - James P. Mutschler
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, United States Of America
| | - Justin M. Greene
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States Of America
| | - Jason T. Weinfurter
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States Of America
| | - Gabrielle Lehrer-Brey
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, United States Of America
| | - Trent M. Prall
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, United States Of America
| | - Samantha M. Gieger
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States Of America
| | - Connor R. Buechler
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States Of America
| | - Kristin A. Crosno
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, United States Of America
| | - Eric J. Peterson
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, United States Of America
| | - Matthew R. Reynolds
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States Of America
| | - Roger W. Wiseman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States Of America
| | - Benjamin J. Burwitz
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon National Primate Research Center, and Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States Of America
| | - Jacob D. Estes
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, Maryland, United States Of America
| | - Jonah B. Sacha
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon National Primate Research Center, and Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States Of America
| | - Thomas C. Friedrich
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, United States Of America
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States Of America
| | - Jason M. Brenchley
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States Of America
| | - David H. O’Connor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States Of America
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, United States Of America
| |
Collapse
|