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Chen B, Akash MSH, Rehman K, Sun H, Chen S. Expression and bioactivity analysis of staphylococcal enterotoxin G and staphylococcal enterotoxin I. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2014; 52:8-13. [PMID: 23915110 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2013.804845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The filtrate of Staphylococcus aureus culture, named staphylococcal enterotoxin C injection, has been used for 10 years in China. SEC2 has been claimed to be the only staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) without certifiable evidence. OBJECTIVES To present an efficient procedure for the expression and purification of recombinant proteins SEG and SEI, from S. aureus. MATERIALS AND METHODS In present work, we extracted total DNA from S. aureus (FRI 1230) and the recombinant proteins of SEG and SEI were then cloned, expressed and purified using E. coli. Splenic lymphocytes were used as effector cells and K562 and B16 cells were used as target cells to evaluate the inhibitory and stimulatory abilities of purified rSEG and rSEI on in vitro proliferation. RESULTS The size of amplified products of SEG and SEI genes were found to be about 400 and 467 bp, respectively. pGEX-SEG and pGEX-SEI were constructed successfully. SEG and SEI were demonstrated to be active stimulators of T-cell proliferation; moreover, they inhibited the proliferation of K562 cells and B16 cells. DISCUSSION The current findings suggest that SEC2 might not be the only active component of staphylococcal enterotoxin C injection and may involve other essential proteins like SEG and SEI in its clinical efficacy. CONCLUSION This efficient procedure for the expression and purification of SEG and SEI and may be useful for mass production of therapeutically important proteins. In the future, proteins acting as active stimulators of T-cell proliferation may help in developing effective cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Chen
- Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan, Hubei , China
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252
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Moraveji Z, Tabatabaei M, Shirzad Aski H, Khoshbakht R. Characterization of hemolysins of Staphylococcus strains isolated from human and bovine, southern Iran. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH 2014; 15:326-330. [PMID: 27175125 PMCID: PMC4789207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The staphylococci are important pathogenic bacteria causing various infections in animals and human. Hemolysin is one of the virulence factors of coagulase-positive (CPS) and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS). The aims of the study were to characterize hemolysins of Staphylococcus spp. isolated from human and bovine origin, phenotypic- and genotypically. Characterization of hemolysin phenotypically based on hemolysis pattern of Staphylococcus spp. was done on the sheep, horse and rabbit blood agar plates. Genes encoding hemolysin were amplified with specific primers by using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. Hemolytic activities phenotypically were determined in 60 and 90% of the total bovine and human isolates, respectively. All non hemolytic isolates were CNS (P≤0.05). In all isolates, hla and hld genes were determined by PCR amplification. None of the bovine and human isolates showed phenotypically and genotypically gamma hemolysin. The results from this study suggest that, in accordance with what is generally believed, some differences are apparent in hemolysin types among Staphylococcus strains of bovine and human origin. Furthermore, this study showed that CNS can be important as new pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Moraveji
- DVM Student, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - M Tabatabaei
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Biotechnology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - H Shirzad Aski
- Ph.D. Student in Bacteriology, Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - R Khoshbakht
- Graduated from School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
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253
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Salgado-Pabón W, Case-Cook LC, Schlievert PM. Molecular analysis of staphylococcal superantigens. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1085:169-185. [PMID: 24085696 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-664-1_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcal superantigens (SAgs) comprise a large family of exotoxins produced by Staphylococcus aureus strains. These exotoxins are important in a variety of serious human diseases, including menstrual and nonmenstrual toxic shock syndrome (TSS), staphylococcal pneumonia and infective endocarditis, and recently described staphylococcal purpura fulminans and extreme pyrexia syndrome. In addition, these SAg exotoxins are being increasingly recognized for their possible roles in many other human diseases, such as atopic dermatitis, Kawasaki syndrome, nasal polyposis, and certain autoimmune disorders. To clarify the full spectrum of human diseases caused by staphylococcal SAgs, it is necessary to have assays for them. At present there are 23 characterized, serologically distinct SAgs made by S. aureus: TSS toxin-1(TSST-1); staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) A, B (multiple variant forms exist), C (multiple minor variant forms exist), D, E, and G; and SE-like H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, and X. The most straightforward way to analyze S. aureus strains for SAgs is through polymerase chain reaction for their genes; we provide here our method for this analysis. Although it would be ideal to confirm that all of the same SAgs are produced by S. aureus strains that have the genes, antibody reagents for SAg detection are only available for TSST-1; SEs A-E and G; and enterotoxin-like proteins H, I, Q, and X. We provide a Western immunoblot procedure that allows in vitro quantification of these SAgs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilmara Salgado-Pabón
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
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254
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Begum A, Drebes J, Kikhney A, Müller IB, Perbandt M, Svergun D, Wrenger C, Betzel C. Staphylococcus aureus thiaminase II: oligomerization warrants proteolytic protection against serine proteases. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION D: BIOLOGICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY 2013; 69:2320-9. [PMID: 24311574 DOI: 10.1107/s0907444913021550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus TenA (SaTenA) is a thiaminase type II enzyme that catalyzes the deamination of aminopyrimidine, as well as the cleavage of thiamine into 4-amino-5-hydroxymethyl-2-methylpyrimidine (HMP) and 5-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-methylthiazole (THZ), within thiamine (vitamin B1) metabolism. Further, by analogy with studies of Bacillus subtilis TenA, SaTenA may act as a regulator controlling the secretion of extracellular proteases such as the subtilisin type of enzymes in bacteria. Thiamine biosynthesis has been identified as a potential drug target of the multi-resistant pathogen S. aureus and therefore all enzymes involved in the S. aureus thiamine pathway are presently being investigated in detail. Here, the structure of SaTenA, determined by molecular replacement and refined at 2.7 Å resolution to an R factor of 21.6% with one homotetramer in the asymmetric unit in the orthorhombic space group P212121, is presented. The tetrameric state of wild-type (WT) SaTenA was postulated to be the functional biological unit and was confirmed by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) experiments in solution. To obtain insights into structural and functional features of the oligomeric SaTenA, comparative kinetic investigations as well as experiments analyzing the structural stability of the WT SaTenA tetramer versus a monomeric SaTenA mutant were performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afshan Begum
- Laboratory for Structural Biology of Infection and Inflammation, University of Hamburg, c/o DESY, Notkestrasse 85, Building 22A, 22603 Hamburg, Germany
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255
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Enterotoxinomics: The omic sciences in the study of staphylococcal toxins analyzed in food matrices. Food Res Int 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2013.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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256
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Himmerich H, Bartsch S, Hamer H, Mergl R, Schönherr J, Petersein C, Munzer A, Kirkby KC, Bauer K, Sack U. Impact of mood stabilizers and antiepileptic drugs on cytokine production in-vitro. J Psychiatr Res 2013; 47:1751-9. [PMID: 23978396 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Changes within the immune system have been reported to contribute to the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder and epilepsy. Interestingly, overlapping results regarding the cytokine system have been found for both diseases, namely alterations of interleukins IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). However, the effect of mood stabilizers and antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) on these cytokines has not been systematically evaluated, and their effect on IL-17 and IL-22, other immunologically important cytokines, has not been reported. Therefore, we systematically measured levels of IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-17, IL-22 and TNF-α in stimulated blood of 14 healthy female subjects in a whole blood assay using the toxic shock syndrome toxin TSST-1 as stimulant. Blood was supplemented with the mood stabilizers or antiepileptic drugs primidone (PRM), carbamazepine (CBZ), levetiracetam (LEV), lamotrigine (LTG), valproic acid (VPA), oxcarbazepine (OXC), topiramate (TPM), phenobarbital (PB), lithium, or no drug. IL-1β production was significantly decreased by PRM, CBZ, LEV, LTG, OXC, PB and lithium. IL-2 significantly decreased by PRM, CBZ, LEV, LTG, VPA, OXC, TPM and PB. IL-22 significantly increased by PRM, CBZ, LEV, OXC, TPM and lithium and decreased by VPA. TNF-α production significantly decreased under all applied drugs. The mechanism of action and side effects of mood stabilizers and AEDs may involve modulation of IL-1β, IL-2, IL-22 and TNF-α signaling pathways. IL-22 may be a research target for specific therapeutic effects of mood stabilizers and AEDs. These drugs might influence cytokine production by modulating ion channels and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors of immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hubertus Himmerich
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Leipzig, Semmelweisstr. 10, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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257
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Vu BG, Gourronc FA, Bernlohr DA, Schlievert PM, Klingelhutz AJ. Staphylococcal superantigens stimulate immortalized human adipocytes to produce chemokines. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77988. [PMID: 24205055 PMCID: PMC3813495 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human adipocytes may have significant functions in wound healing and the development of diabetes through production of pro-inflammatory cytokines after stimulation by gram-negative bacterial endotoxin. Diabetic foot ulcers are most often associated with staphylococcal infections. Adipocyte responses in the area of the wound may play a role in persistence and pathology. We studied the effect of staphylococcal superantigens (SAgs) on immortalized human adipocytes, alone and in the presence of bacterial endotoxin or staphylococcal α-toxin. Methodology/Principal Findings Primary non-diabetic and diabetic human preadipocytes were immortalized by the reverse transcriptase component of telomerase (TERT) and the E6/E7 genes of human papillomavirus. The immortal cells were demonstrated to have properties of non-immortalized pre-adipocytes and could be differentiated into mature and functional adipocytes. Differentiated adipocytes exposed to staphylococcal SAgs produced robust levels of cytokines IL-6 and IL-8, but there were no significant differences in levels between the non-diabetic and diabetic cells. Cytokine production was increased by co-incubation of adipocytes with SAgs and endotoxin together. In contrast, α-toxin alone was cytotoxic at high concentrations, but, at sub-cytotoxic doses, did not stimulate production of IL-6 and IL-8. Conclusions/Significance Endotoxin has been proposed to contribute to diabetes through enhanced insulin resistance after chronic exposure and stimulation of adipocytes to produce cytokines. Our data indicate staphylococcal SAgs TSST-1 and SEB alone and in combination with bacterial endotoxin also stimulate adipocytes to produce cytokines and thus may contribute to the inflammatory response found in chronic diabetic ulcers and in the systemic inflammation that is associated with the development and persistence of diabetes. The immortal human pre-adipocytes reported here will be useful for studies to understand further the mechanism by which toxins are involved in wound healing and the development and clinical manifestations of obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao G. Vu
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Francoise A. Gourronc
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - David A. Bernlohr
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology/Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Patrick M. Schlievert
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Aloysius J. Klingelhutz
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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258
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March Rosselló GA, Eiros Bouza JM. [Quorum sensing in bacteria and yeast]. Med Clin (Barc) 2013; 141:353-7. [PMID: 23622893 DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2013.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial sets are complex dynamic systems, which interact with each other and through the interaction, bacteria coexist, collaborate, compete and share information in a coordinated manner. A way of bacterial communication is quorum sensing. Through this mechanism the bacteria can recognize its concentration in a given environment and they can decide the time at which the expression of a particular set of genes should be started for developing a specific and simultaneous response. The result of these interconnections raises properties that cannot be explained from a single isolated bacterial cell.
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259
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Carvalho S, Carmo L, Abreu E, Dias R, Apolônio A, Santos S, Farias L, Carvalho M. TSST-1, enterotoxin and bacteriocin-like substance production by Staphylococcus aureus isolated from foods. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2013. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-09352013000500035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin-1 (TSST-1), enterotoxins and bacteriocin-like substances was evaluated in 95 strains of Staphylococcus aureus recovered from raw bovine milk (n=31) and from food samples involved in staphylococcal food poisoning (n=64). Enterotoxigenicity tests with the membrane over agar associated to optimal sensibility plate assays were performed and showed that 96.77% of strains recovered from milk and 95.31% from food samples produced enterotoxins A, B, C, D or TSST-1. Reference strains S. epidermidis, Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes, Lactobacillus casei, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, S. aureus, Salmonella Typhimurium, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis and Bacteroides fragilis were used as indicator bacteria in the antagonistic assays, the first five being sensitive to antagonistic substances. Brain heart infusion agar, in pH values ranging from 5.0 to 7.0 in aerobic atmosphere showed to be the optimum condition for antagonistic activity as evaluated with the best producer strains against the most sensitive indicator bacterium, L. monocytogenes. Sensitivity to enzymes confirmed the proteinaceous nature of these substances. Neither bacteriophage activity nor fatty acids were detected and the antagonistic activity was not due to residual chloroform. Results did not establish a positive correlation between the bacteriocinogenic profile and toxigenicity in the tested S. aureus strains.
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260
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Harb F, Tinland B. Electric migration of α-hemolysin in supported n-bilayers: a model for transmembrane protein microelectrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:3054-63. [PMID: 23925931 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Revised: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Proteome analysis involves separating proteins as a preliminary step toward their characterization. This paper reports on the translational migration of a model transmembrane protein (α-hemolysin) in supported n-bilayers (n, the number of bilayers, varies from 1 to around 500 bilayers) when an electric field parallel to the membrane plane is applied. The migration changes in direction as the charge on the protein changes its sign. Its electrophoretic mobility is shown to depend on size and charge. The electrophoretic mobility varies as 1/R(2), with R the equivalent geometric radius of the embedded part of the protein. Measuring mobilities at differing pH in our system enables us to determine the pI and the charge of the protein. Establishing all these variations points to the feasibility of electrophoretic transport of a charged object in this medium and is a first step toward electrophoretic separation of membrane proteins in n-bilayer systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Harb
- Aix-Marseille Université, CINaM, CNRS, Marseille, France
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261
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Liu YL, He WJ, Mo L, Shi MF, Zhu YY, Pan S, Li XR, Xu QM, Yang SL. Antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory activities and toxicology of phenylethanoid glycosides from Monochasma savatieri Franch. ex Maxim. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 149:431-437. [PMID: 23850835 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Monochasma savatieri Franch. ex Maxim is used for treating many diseases in Traditional Chinese Medicine. AIM OF THE STUDY The present study was designed to evaluate antibacterial, anti-inflammatory activities and toxicity of the total phenylethanoid glycosides from Monochasma savatieri Franch. ex Maxim (TPG). MATERIALS AND METHODS The antibacterial activity of TPG was checked by MIC and MBC in vitro; survival of mice with Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Staphylococcus aureus infection-induced sepsis was investigated to evaluate antibacterial activity of TPG in vivo. Additionally, antibacterial activities of TPG were also investigated in a Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection-induced pneumonia in the mice model. Cotton pellet induced granuloma and xylene induced ear swelling in mice models were used to quantify the anti-inflammatory activity. RESULTS TPG showed a significant possess bacteriostatic properties against five bacteria strains at a concentration between 0.0625 and 16 mg/ml. Moreover, TPG has bactericidal activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus pneumoniae or Escherichia coli. TPG (60, 120, and 180 mg/kg) prolonged survival rate of mice with Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Staphylococcus aureus infection-induced sepsis. In addition, TPG (180 mg/kg) could reduce the bacterial colony-forming units in lung tissue. Furthermore, TPG (60-180 mg/kg) had significantly reduced xylene-induced ear edema and granulomat formation induced by cotton pellet at a dose-dependent manner. In addition, administration of TPG (1.5 g/kg) for 15 days did not result in toxicities in liver, kidney, spleen and thymus tissue in rats. CONCLUSION These results indicated that TPG might be useful for the development of a novel treatment for respiratory infections or pneumonia caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Staphylococcus aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-li Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
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262
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Szczuka E, Grabska K, Trawczyński K, Bosacka K, Kaznowski A. Characterization of SCCmec types, antibiotic resistance, and toxin gene profiles of Staphylococcus aureus strains. Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung 2013; 60:261-70. [PMID: 24060551 DOI: 10.1556/amicr.60.2013.3.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) causes serious nosocomial and community acquired infections. Resistance to methicillin is mediated by the mecA gene, which is inserted in a mobile genetic element called staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec). We determined the SCCmec types, the occurrence of genes encoding toxic shock syndrome toxin (tst), exfoliative toxin (eta, etb), Panton-Valentine leukocidin (pvl) as well as antibiotic susceptibility of these isolates. Among 65 hospital-acquired methicillin-resistant S. aureus (HA-MRSA) strains, SCCmec types II, III and IV were identified. Type III SCCmec was the most prevalent (62%), followed by mec types II (24%) and IV (14%). Four community acquired methicillin-resistant S. aureus (CA-MRSA) strains carried SCCmec type IV and were pvl-positive. The most prevalent gene among HA-MRSA was pvl. The toxic shock syndrome toxin and exfoliative toxin genes were found only in hospital-acquired methicillin-resistant S. aureus. The results of this study demonstrate that the SCCmec type III is predominant among strains recovered from hospitalized patients with infections and that these strains were resistant to many antibiotics used in the treatment of staphylococcal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Szczuka
- Adam Mickiewicz University Department of Microbiology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology ul. Umultowska 89 Poznań 61-614 Poland
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263
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Guo H, Wielsch N, Hafke JB, Svatoš A, Mithöfer A, Boland W. A porin-like protein from oral secretions of Spodoptera littoralis larvae induces defense-related early events in plant leaves. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 43:849-58. [PMID: 23845235 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2013.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2012] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Insect herbivory on plants is a complex incident consisting of at least two different aspects, namely mechanical damage and chemical challenge, as feeding insects introduce oral secretions (OS) into the wounded tissue of the attacked plant. Mechanical wounding alone is sufficient to induce a set of defense-related reactions in host plants, but some early events such as membrane potential (Vm) changes and cytosolic Ca²⁺-elevations can be triggered only by herbivores suggesting that OS-derived molecules are involved in those processes. Following an assay-guided purification based on planar lipid bilayer membrane technique in combination with proteomic analysis, a porin-like protein (PLP) of most likely bacterial origin was determined from collected OS of Spodoptera littoralis larvae. PLP exhibited channel-forming activity. Further, early defense-related events in plant-insect interaction were evaluated by using a purified fraction and α-hemolysin (α-HL) as a commercial pore-forming compound. Both up-regulated the calmodulin-like CML42 in Arabidopsis thaliana, which only responds to oral secretion and not to wounding. An elevation of in vivo [Ca²⁺](cyt) was not observed. Because membrane channel formation is a widespread phenomenon in plant-insect interactions, this PLP might represent an example for microbial compounds from the insect gut which are initially involved in plant-insect interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Guo
- Bioorganic Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
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264
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Zhang C, Liu Z, Li Y, Li Q, Song C, Xu Z, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Ma Y, Sun Y, Chen L, Fang L, Yang A, Yang K, Jin B. High sensitivity chemiluminescence enzyme immunoassay for detecting staphylococcal enterotoxin A in multi-matrices. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 796:14-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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265
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Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates: antibiotic susceptibility, molecular characteristics, and ability to form biofilm. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:314654. [PMID: 24069597 PMCID: PMC3773402 DOI: 10.1155/2013/314654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Periodic monitoring of Staphylococcus aureus characteristics in a locality is imperative as their drug-resistant variants cause treatment problem. In this study, antibiograms, prevalence of toxin genes (sea-see, seg-ser, seu, tsst-1, eta, etb, and etd), PFGE types, accessory gene regulator (agr) groups, and ability to form biofilm of 92 S. aureus Thailand clinical isolates were investigated. They were classified into 10 drug groups: groups 1–7 (56 isolates) were methicillin resistant (MRSA) and 8–10 (36 isolates) were methicillin sensitive (MSSA). One isolate did not have any toxin gene, 4 isolates carried one toxin gene (seq), and 87 isolates had two or more toxin genes. No isolate had see, etb, or tsst-1; six isolates had eta or etd. Combined seg-sei-sem-sen-seo of the highly prevalent egc locus was 26.1%. The seb, sec, sel, seu, and eta associated significantly with MSSA; sek was more in MRSA. The sek-seq association was 52.17% while combined sed-sej was not found. Twenty-three PFGE types were revealed, no association of toxin genes with PFGE types. All four agr groups were present; agr group 1 was predominant (58.70%) but agr group 2 strains carried more toxin genes and were more frequent toxin producers. Biofilm formation was found in 72.83% of the isolates but there was no association with antibiograms. This study provides insight information on molecular and phenotypic markers of Thailand S. aureus clinical isolates which should be useful for future active surveillance that aimed to control a spread of existing antimicrobial resistant bacteria and early recognition of a newly emerged variant.
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266
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Sina H, Ahoyo TA, Moussaoui W, Keller D, Bankolé HS, Barogui Y, Stienstra Y, Kotchoni SO, Prévost G, Baba-Moussa L. Variability of antibiotic susceptibility and toxin production of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from skin, soft tissue, and bone related infections. BMC Microbiol 2013; 13:188. [PMID: 23924370 PMCID: PMC3750628 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-13-188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic commensal bacterium that mostly colonizes the skin and soft tissues. The pathogenicity of S. aureus is due to both its ability to resist antibiotics, and the production of toxins. Here, we characterize a group of genes responsible for toxin production and antibiotic resistance of S. aureus strains isolated from skin, soft tissue, and bone related infections. Results A total of 136 S. aureus strains were collected from five different types of infection: furuncles, pyomyositis, abscesses, Buruli ulcers, and osteomyelitis, from hospital admissions and out-patients in Benin. All strains were resistant to benzyl penicillin, while 25% were resistant to methicillin, and all showed sensitivity to vancomycin. Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) was the most commonly produced virulence factor (70%), followed by staphylococcal enterotoxin B (44%). Exfoliative toxin B was produced by 1.3% of the strains, and was only found in isolates from Buruli ulcers. The tsst-1, sec, and seh genes were rarely detected (≤1%). Conclusions This study provides new insight into the prevalence of toxin and antibiotic resistance genes in S. aureus strains responsible for skin, soft tissue, and bone infections. Our results showed that PVL was strongly associated with pyomyositis and osteomyelitis, and that there is a high prevalence of PVL-MRSA skin infections in Benin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haziz Sina
- Laboratoire de Biologie et de Typage Moléculaire en Microbiologie, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques/Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
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267
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Akkaya L, Gök V, Kara R, Yaman H. Enterotoxin production byStaphylococcus aureus(A, B, C, D) during the ripening of sucuk (Turkish dry-fermented sausage). CYTA - JOURNAL OF FOOD 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/19476337.2013.804124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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268
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Benito D, Lozano C, Gómez-Sanz E, Zarazaga M, Torres C. Detection of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus ST398 and ST133 strains in gut microbiota of healthy humans in Spain. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2013; 66:105-111. [PMID: 23653046 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-013-0240-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Fecal samples of 100 healthy humans were tested for Staphylococcus aureus recovery. Fifteen samples (15 %) contained S. aureus, all methicillin-susceptible (MSSA), being one isolate/sample further studied. These 15 isolates were characterized by spa and agr typing as well as multi-locus sequence typing. High diversity of spa types (n = 11) and sequences types (n = 8) was detected. Two S. aureus of lineages ST398 or ST133 were detected, and six isolates were ascribed to clonal complex 30 (CC30). Strains were susceptible to most of the 17 antimicrobial agents tested with exceptions: erythromycin/clindamycin (three strains, containing erm(C) and/or erm(A) + mph(C) genes) and tobramycin and mupirocin (one strain containing ant(4')-Ia + mup(A) genes). The presence of 18 staphylococcal enterotoxin genes was studied by PCR, and isolates were negative for lukF/lukS-PV genes, although strain ST133 harbored the lukD-lukE + lukM genes. Other virulence genes detected were (number of strains): tsst-1 (6), hla (15), hlb (9), hld (15), hlg (6), hlgv (9), cna (2), aur (14), and egc-like cluster (3). Analysis of immune evasion cluster genes showed six types, highlighting their absence in two strains of lineages ST133 and ST5. A high clonal diversity of MSSA strains was identified in the intestinal microbiota of healthy humans, being CC30 the most frequent one. This is the first report of MSSA ST133 and ST398 isolates in gut microbiota of healthy humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Benito
- Área Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de La Rioja, Madre de Dios 51, 26006, Logroño, Spain
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269
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Characterization and complete genome sequence analysis of Staphylococcus aureus bacteriophage SA12. Virus Genes 2013; 47:389-93. [PMID: 23775760 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-013-0938-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a well-known pathogen that causes several serious diseases in humans and animals. As part of the efforts to control this pathogen, a newly isolated bacteriophage, SA12, which specifically targets S. aureus, was characterized, and its genome was completely sequenced. Host range and bacteriophage challenge tests demonstrated its specific and efficient host lysis of S. aureus. The genome of phage SA12 consists of 42,902 bp length double-stranded DNA with 58 predicted ORFs-encoding phage structure, DNA manipulation, packaging, host lysis, and regulation proteins. The characterization and genome study of phage SA12 in this report is useful for understanding S. aureus-targeting bacteriophages and provides basic information for the further development of phage-based biocontrol agents against S. aureus.
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270
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Molecular epidemiology and characterization of virulence genes of community-acquired and hospital-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates in Colombia. Int J Infect Dis 2013; 17:e744-9. [PMID: 23623704 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2013.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2012] [Revised: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the molecular epidemiology and presence of virulence genes in community-acquired (CA) and hospital-acquired (HA) methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates and their relationship to clinical outcomes. METHODS An observational and prospective study of infections caused by MRSA was conducted between June 2006 and December 2007 across seven hospitals in three Colombian cities. MRSA isolates were analyzed for SCCmec. Also, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and multilocus sequence typing were performed and 25 virulence genes were identified. RESULTS Two hundred and seventy isolates were collected from 262 adult hospital patients with MRSA infections. Overall, 68% of the isolates were classified as HA-MRSA and 32% as CA-MRSA. We identified differences in the patterns of virulence genes: 85% of HA-MRSA isolates possessed the enterotoxin gene cluster (egc), whereas 92% of CA-MRSA isolates possessed the lukF-PV/lukS-PV genes. Multivariate analysis showed an increased risk of mortality for seg (p=0.001, odds ratio 4.73) and a protective effect for eta (p=0.018, odds ratio 0.33). CONCLUSIONS Our study confirms that three clones of MRSA predominantly circulate in Colombia: a Chilean clone, a pediatric clone that causes HA-MRSA infections, and a USA300-related clone (SCCmec IVc) in CA-MRSA infections, which differ in the content of clinically important virulence genes. This study confirms that PVL is not a determinant of severity or mortality in CA-MRSA infections.
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271
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Proteomic analysis of the proteins released from Staphylococcus aureus following exposure to Ag(I). Toxicol In Vitro 2013; 27:1644-8. [PMID: 23608358 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2013.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The silver ion (Ag(I)) has well established antimicrobial properties and is widely used in a variety of anti-bacterial ointments and plasters for the control of wound infections. Wounds are frequently colonised by the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus and the aim of the work presented here was to establish how S. aureus responded following exposure to Ag(I). Exposure of S. aureus to Ag(I) resulted in the release of a range of proteins from cells. Analysis of proteins released revealed a number of proteins associated with the stress response (e.g. alkaline shock protein, methionine sulfoxide reductase), virulence (e.g. signal transduction protein) and metabolism (e.g. lipase, acetate kinase, phosphoglycerate mutase). The release of toxins (e.g. α-hemolysin, bifunctional autolysin, leucocidin F) was decreased. These results indicated that, while silver is a potent antimicrobial agent, exposure of S. aureus to this metal results in the release of a variety of proteins from the cell. Many of the proteins showing increased release were antigenic and would have the potential to induce an inflammatory response at the site of infection and thus delay healing.
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272
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Grumann D, Nübel U, Bröker BM. Staphylococcus aureus toxins--their functions and genetics. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2013; 21:583-92. [PMID: 23541411 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The outcome of encounters between Staphylococcus (S.) aureus and its human host ranges from life-threatening infection through allergic reactions to symptom-free colonization. The pan-genome of this bacterial species encodes numerous toxins, known or strongly suspected to cause specific diseases or symptoms. Three toxin families are in the focus of this review, namely (i) pore-forming toxins, (ii) exfoliative toxins and (iii) superantigens. The majority of toxin-encoding genes are located on mobile genetic elements (MGEs), resulting in a pronounced heterogeneity in the endowment with toxin genes of individual S. aureus strains. Recent population genomic analysis have provided a framework for an improved understanding of the temporal and spatial scales of the motility of MGEs and their associated toxin genes. The distribution of toxin genes among clonal lineages within the species S. aureus is not random, and phylogenetic (sub-)lineages within clonal complexes feature characteristic toxin signatures. When studying pathogenesis, this lineage association, which is caused by the clonal nature of S. aureus makes it difficult to discriminate effects of specific toxins from contributions of the genetic background and/or other associated genetic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothee Grumann
- Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University of Greifswald, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Barbara M Bröker
- Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University of Greifswald, 17487 Greifswald, Germany.
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273
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Gücükoğlu A, Çadirci Ö, Terzi G, Kevenk TO, Alişarli M. Determination of Enterotoxigenic and Methicillin ResistantStaphylococcus aureusin Ice Cream. J Food Sci 2013; 78:M738-41. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.12093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Gücükoğlu
- Dept. of Food Hygiene and Technology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ondokuz Mayıs Univ.; Kurupelit/Samsun; Turkey
| | - Özgür Çadirci
- Dept. of Food Hygiene and Technology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ondokuz Mayıs Univ.; Kurupelit/Samsun; Turkey
| | - Göknur Terzi
- Dept. of Food Hygiene and Technology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ondokuz Mayıs Univ.; Kurupelit/Samsun; Turkey
| | - T. Onur Kevenk
- Dept. of Food Hygiene and Technology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ondokuz Mayıs Univ.; Kurupelit/Samsun; Turkey
| | - Mustafa Alişarli
- Dept. of Food Hygiene and Technology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ondokuz Mayıs Univ.; Kurupelit/Samsun; Turkey
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274
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Kornienko MA, Ilina EN, Borovskaya AD, Edelstein MV, Sukhorukova MV, Kostrzewa M, Govorun VM. Strain differentiation of Staphylococcus aureus by means of direct MALDI TOF mass spectrometry profiling. BIOCHEMISTRY MOSCOW-SUPPLEMENT SERIES B-BIOMEDICAL CHEMISTRY 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990750813010095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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275
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Dai XH, Li HE, Lu CJ, Wang JF, Dong J, Wei JY, Zhang Y, Wang X, Tan W, Deng XM, Zhao SH, Zhang MJ. Liquiritigenin prevents Staphylococcus aureus-mediated lung cell injury via inhibiting the production of α-hemolysin. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2013; 15:390-399. [PMID: 23464667 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2013.771344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a significant Gram-positive bacterium that is associated with a broad spectrum of diseases ranging from minor skin infections to lethal pneumonia, endocarditis, and toxinoses. α-Hemolysin is one of the most important exotoxins that contribute to the pathogenesis of S. aureus infections. Liquiritigenin is one of the most significant active components in licorice. In this study, hemolysis, western blot, and real-time reverse transcription-PCR assays were performed to investigate the impact of liquiritigenin on the production of S. aureus α-hemolysin. The results showed that low concentrations of liquiritigenin remarkably decreased S. aureus α-hemolysin production in a dose-dependent manner. Using live/dead cell staining and lactate dehydrogenase assays, we found that liquiritigenin could protect human lung cells (A549) from α-hemolysin-mediated injury. The data indicated that this compound could potentially be useful in developing drugs aiming at staphylococcal α-hemolysin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Han Dai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
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276
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T-cell proliferation and antitumour activities of a truncated mutant of staphylococcal enterotoxin C2 with decreased cytokine secretion. J Med Microbiol 2013. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.047472-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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277
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Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:159157. [PMID: 23555074 PMCID: PMC3600246 DOI: 10.1155/2013/159157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one of the most common multidrug resistant bacteria both in hospitals and in the community. In the last two decades, there has been growing concern about the increasing resistance to MRSA of the most potent antibiotic glycopeptides. MRSA infection poses a serious problem for physicians and their patients. Photosensitizer-mediated antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (PDT) appears to be a promising and innovative approach for treating multidrug resistant infection. In spite of encouraging reports of the use of antimicrobial PDT to inactivate MRSA in large in vitro studies, there are only few in vivo studies. Therefore, applying PDT in the clinic for MRSA infection is still a long way off.
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278
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Gay F. Staphylococcal immune complexes and myelinolytic toxin in early acute multiple sclerosis lesions-An immunohistological study supported by multifactorial cluster analysis and antigen-imprint isoelectric focusing. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2013; 2:213-32. [PMID: 25877728 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2013.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Revised: 01/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Highly significant clinical, epidemiological and pathogenetic similarities between multiple sclerosis (MS) and nasopharyngeal sinusitis has led to the hypothesis that MS is caused by the inadvertent incorporation of the lymphatic drainage of the nasopharynx into the extracellular fluid circulation of the CNS. It has been postulated that, in response to antigenic and toxic products generated by the mucosal nasopharygeal flora, the leptomeninges and CNS parenchyma acquire the characteristics of a persistently stimulated lymphoid organ. Using an extensive panel of bacterial antibodies, tissues from exceptionally early cases, identified and classified using multifactorial cluster analysis, were screened for bacterial antigens using immunohistological methods. Anti-staphylococcal antibodies detected antigen co-locating with IgG/C3d immune complexes in pre-demyelinating and in primary lesions. The distribution of the antigen in relation to the morphogenesis of early acute MS lesions is detailed. Evidence for the intrathecal processing of staphylococcal antigen was obtained using isoelectric focusing and antigen imprinting to identify antigen-specific oligoclonal bands. Employing a combination of isoelectric focusing, western blotting and mass spectrometric analysis, evidence for the intrathecal processing of staphylococcal β-haemolysin (sphingomyelinase) was obtained using CSF from MS cases. While a myelinolytic transportable toxin may be an important component in the pathogenesis of demyelination, in oligodendrocyte apoptosis, and in deviant immune responses within the CNS, the detection of other as yet unidentified staphylococcal-positive and negative oligoclonal bands points to the involvement of a cocktail of transportable antigens leaking in a similar manner into the CNS from the paranasal sinus mucosal tissues where these molecules are conserved by the resident flora to manipulate and subvert the normal processes of local and systemic immunity. Evidence for the access of other bacterial transportables to the CNS in MS should now be sought. The presence of 'high-output' toxigenic bacterial strains within the nasopharyngeal flora of MS patients should also be explored. The use of tracer molecules to detect and quantify nose-to-brain transport in MS patients is clearly apposite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick Gay
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, UK.
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279
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Lee SC, Lee CW, Shih HJ, Chiou MJ, See LC, Siu LK. Clinical features and risk factors of mortality for bacteremia due to community-onset healthcare-associated methicillin-resistant S. aureus. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2013; 76:86-92. [PMID: 23420009 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2013.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2012] [Revised: 01/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Studies comparing adult community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) and community-onset healthcare-associated MRSA (COHCA MRSA bacteremia have not been available. From 1 January 2010 through 30 October 2010, a prospective observational program was conducted among all patients aged >16 years with positive Staphylococcus aureus blood cultures within 48 h after their arrival at the emergency department of our hospital. Clinical course of infection and infection foci of bacteremia were evaluated. Resistance to oxacillin was confirmed with the presence of mecA gene examined by polymerase chain reaction. Presence of TSST-1, PVL gene, SCCmec elements (I-V), mecA gene, and multilocus sequence typing were identified through methods described elsewhere. Univariate and multivariate analysis revealed that chronic renal failure was significantly more common in COHCA-MRSA than in CA-MRSA. In addition, APACHE III score was significantly higher in COHCA-MRSA than in CA-MRSA. Both the 7-day and 30-day mortality rates in COHCA-MRSA, 14.6% (7/48) and 29.2% (14/48), respectively, were higher than those in CA-MRSA without a significant difference. SCCmec II was more common in COHCA-MRSA, but SCCmecVT was more common in CA-MRSA. The majority of MRSA isolates belonged to ST59, ST239, and ST5. ST59 was significantly more common in CA-MRSA, while ST239 was nearly equally common in both CA-MRSA and COHCA-MRSA. SCCmec III and II isolates were the first and second most resistant to the antibiotics commonly used for S. aureus, whereas SCCmecVT isolates were the most susceptible to these antibiotics. We conclude that, although both CA-MRSA and COHCA-MRSA bacteremia had community onset, these 2 MRSA infections were different in underlying diseases, risk of mortality, SCCmec types, sequence types, and antimicrobial susceptibility. It is more appropriate to understand the MRSA pathogen and clinical features based on etiology and ST types than based on the location of disease onset. CA-MRSA and HCA-MRSA should be differentiated also based on etiology and ST types, in addition to location of acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai-Cheong Lee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, and Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan.
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280
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Gu L, Yue J, Zheng Y, Zheng X, Wang J, Wang Y, Li J, Jiang Y, Jiang H. Evaluation of a recombinant double mutant of staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB-H32Q/K173E) with enhanced antitumor activity effects and decreased pyrexia. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55892. [PMID: 23405232 PMCID: PMC3566101 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunotherapy has been used to improve patient immune function, inhibit tumor growth and has become a highly promising method of cancer treatment. Highly agglutinative staphylococcin (HAS), a mixture of Staphylococcus aureus culture filtrates, which include staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) C as the active ingredient, has been used clinically as an immunomodifier in the treatment of a number of tumors for many years. However, the use of HAS has been associated with some unavoidable side-effects such as fever. Previous studies have shown that SEB stimulates a more potent activation of T lymphocytes than SEC3, and mutations of the histidine residues eliminated the toxicity of SEB. SE mutants with decreased side-effects and/or more potent antitumor activities are required. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We built a structural model of the MHC II-SEB-TCR complex and found that a mutation of SEB at Lys173 might decrease the repulsion force between the SEB-TCR, which would facilitate their interaction. From the above results, we designed SEB-H32Q/K173E (mSEB). Analysis of in vitro stimulation of the proliferation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), IFN-γ secretion and inhibition of the growth of various tumor cell lines demonstrated that mSEB exhibited higher antitumor activity compared with wild-type SEB (wtSEB). Notably, mSEB inhibited the growth of various tumors at an extremely low concentration with little cytotoxicity against normal cells. Three animal tumor models (C57BL/6 mouse, New Zealand rabbit and a humanized NOD/SCID mouse) were used to evaluate the in vivo immunotherapeutic effects. Compared with wtSEB, mSEB significantly enhanced antitumor effect in more than one animal model with reduced pyrexia toxicity and prolonged the survival of tumor-bearing mice. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our results suggest that SEB-H32Q/K173E retains superantigen (SAg) characteristics and enhances the host immune response to neoplastic diseases while reducing associated pyrogenic toxicity.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/genetics
- Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/immunology
- Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/therapy
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Enterotoxins/genetics
- Enterotoxins/immunology
- Enterotoxins/metabolism
- Female
- Fever/genetics
- Fever/immunology
- Fever/therapy
- Genes, MHC Class II/genetics
- Genes, MHC Class II/immunology
- Humans
- Immunotherapy
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, SCID
- Mutant Proteins/therapeutic use
- Mutation/genetics
- Rabbits
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Recombinant Proteins/therapeutic use
- Staphylococcus aureus/metabolism
- Survival Rate
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Junjie Yue
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Yuling Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yanzi Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Provincial Xuzhou Pharmaceutical Vocational College, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jianchun Li
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
- * E-mail: (JCL); (YQJ); (HJ)
| | - Yongqiang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (JCL); (YQJ); (HJ)
| | - Hua Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (JCL); (YQJ); (HJ)
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Padmaja RJ, Halami PM. Molecular Characterization and Toxicity Confirmation of LukM/F'-PV Producing Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Bovine Mastitis Samples in Mysore, India. Indian J Microbiol 2013; 53:276-82. [PMID: 24426122 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-013-0359-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The widespread status of subclinical condition of bovine mastitis is often associated with the production of leukotoxin M/F'-PV producing Staphylococcus aureus. The present study aims for the profiling of such leukotoxin producers through conventional and molecular methods in parallel to their leukotoxicity. The incidence of this particular pathogen was assessed in mastitis infected Holstein-Friesian cattle, where eight isolates of staphylococci were found to be present in 20 % of collected samples. Being intermediately resistant to vancomycin, they showed characteristic double zone hemolysis on 7 % sheep blood agar and typical type II reaction for coagulase test indicating the pathogenic attributes. Further with RAPD-PCR and 16S rDNA-RFLP, epidemiological specificity and genotypic relatedness of isolates to S. aureus was confirmed. Subsequently, the presence of leukotoxin (lukM) gene in native isolates was detected by leukotoxin gene specific PCR. MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium) assay evaluated for secreted leukotoxin in cell free supernatant was estimated to be 223 toxic units which had an LD50 cytotoxic activity on bovine neutrophil. Thus, the data acquired during study can be of prime diagnostic method for timely and accurate analysis of subclinical mastitis samples which goes undetected at consumer level.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Padmaja
- Department of Food Microbiology, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, 570020 Karnataka India
| | - P M Halami
- Department of Food Microbiology, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, 570020 Karnataka India
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Vitko NP, Richardson AR. Laboratory maintenance of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN MICROBIOLOGY 2013; Chapter 9:Unit 9C.2. [PMID: 23408135 PMCID: PMC4070006 DOI: 10.1002/9780471729259.mc09c02s28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an important bacterial pathogen in the hospital and community settings, especially Staphylococcus aureus clones that exhibit methicillin-resistance (MRSA). Many strains of S. aureus are utilized in the laboratory, underscoring the genetic differences inherent in clinical isolates. S. aureus grows quickly at 37°C with aeration in rich media (e.g., BHI) and exhibits a preference for glycolytic carbon sources. Furthermore, S. aureus has a gold pigmentation, exhibits β-hemolysis, and is catalase and coagulase positive. The four basic laboratory protocols presented in this unit describe how to culture S. aureus on liquid and solid media, how to identify S. aureus strains as methicillin resistant, and how to generate a freezer stock of S. aureus for long-term storage.
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283
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Ramakrishna US, Kingston JJ, Harishchandra Sripathi M, Batra HV. Taguchi optimization of duplex PCR for simultaneous identification of Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium perfringens alpha toxins. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2013; 340:93-100. [PMID: 23278425 DOI: 10.1111/1574-6968.12070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Revised: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium perfringens are two major bacteria that infect open wounds and delay the healing process. The rapid and progressive deterioration of soft tissue during S. aureus and C. perfringens coinfections is due to analogous necrotic alpha toxins produced by the two organisms. The aim of this study was to determine the alpha toxins of S. aureus and C. perfringens by duplex PCR. The PCR assay employed two sets of primers: hlaf/r to amplify staphylococcal alpha toxin gene hla (274 bp) and cpaf/r to amplify clostridial alpha toxin gene cpa (398 bp) along with a competitive internal amplification control (608 bp), simultaneously. Optimization of the duplex PCR assay was achieved by a modified Taguchi method, an engineering optimization process, in a nine-tube combinatorial array. The detection level of the duplex PCR was found to be 10 pg of purified DNA or 10(3 ) CFU mL(-1) of S. aureus and 100 pg of purified DNA or 10(4) CFU mL(-1) of C. perfringens. Other bacteria routinely found in tissue infections were tested for cross-reactivity and the duplex PCR turned out to be highly specific. This duplex PCR assay provides a rapid, robust and reliable alternative to the existing conventional techniques in establishing the aetiology of S. aureus and C. perfringens in soft tissue infections.
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284
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Thay B, Wai SN, Oscarsson J. Staphylococcus aureus α-toxin-dependent induction of host cell death by membrane-derived vesicles. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54661. [PMID: 23382935 PMCID: PMC3561366 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus causes a wide spectrum of infections in humans, ranging from superficial cutaneous infections, infections in the circum-oral region, to life-threatening bacteremia. It was recently demonstrated that Gram-positive organisms such as S. aureus liberate membrane-derived vesicles (MVs), which analogously to outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) of Gram-negative bacteria can play a role in delivering virulence factors to host cells. In the present study we have shown that cholesterol-dependent fusion of S. aureus MVs with the plasma membrane represents a route for delivery of a key virulence factor, α-toxin (α-hemolysin; Hla) to human cells. Most S. aureus strains produce this 33-kDa pore-forming protein, which can lyse a wide range of human cells, and induce apoptosis in T-lymphocytes. Our results revealed a tight association of biologically active α-toxin with membrane-derived vesicles isolated from S. aureus strain 8325-4. Concomitantly, α-toxin contributed to HeLa cell cytotoxicity of MVs, and was the main vesicle-associated protein responsible for erythrocyte lysis. In contrast, MVs obtained from an isogenic hla mutant were significantly attenuated with regards to both causing lysis of erythrocytes and death of HeLa cells. This is to our knowledge the first recognition of an S. aureus MV-associated factor contributing to host cell cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Thay
- Oral Microbiology, Department of Odontology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Sun Nyunt Wai
- Department of Molecular Biology and the Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- * E-mail: (JO); (SNW)
| | - Jan Oscarsson
- Oral Microbiology, Department of Odontology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- * E-mail: (JO); (SNW)
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285
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Kornienko MA, Il'ina EN, Borovskaia AD, Édel'shteĭmn MV, Sukhorukova MV, Kostrtzewa M, Govorun VM. [Strain differentiation of Staphylococcus aureus by means of direct MALDI TOF mass spectrometry profiling]. BIOMEDIT︠S︡INSKAI︠A︡ KHIMII︠A︡ 2013; 58:501-13. [PMID: 23289292 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20125805501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus--one of the most interesting for clinical studies of microbial species with extensive strain diversity, primarily due to the variability of virulence factors and pathogenicity. The aim of this study was approbation of a method for the rapid strain differentiation of S. aureus on the basis of bacterial cell direct protein profiling approach by means of MALDI TOF MS. Beta-lactamase and alpha-hemolysin productions, cording by the blaZ and hla genes, respectively, were selected as markers for the strain differentiation. Mathematical analysis of MALDI mass spectra from 53 isolates allowed the construction of two independent classification models that can differentiate the strains on the presence/absence of blaZ or hla genes. A number of the most significant peaks (masses), which can be considered as markers of the strain differences in S. aureus, were identified using a statistical contribution of each mass peak in the models. These diagnostic models differ the sensitivity and the specificity, which were 97.5% and 82.5% for the classification of strains on the basis of beta-lactamase production, and 90.0% and 88.7% by the presence of alpha-hemolysin.
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286
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Factores de virulencia de Staphylococcus aureus asociados con infecciones mamarias en bovinos: relevancia y rol como agentes inmunógenos. Rev Argent Microbiol 2013; 45:119-30. [DOI: 10.1016/s0325-7541(13)70011-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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287
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288
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Wladyka B, Wielebska K, Wloka M, Bochenska O, Dubin G, Dubin A, Mak P. Isolation, biochemical characterization, and cloning of a bacteriocin from the poultry-associated Staphylococcus aureus strain CH-91. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012. [PMID: 23196985 PMCID: PMC3724985 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4578-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus strain CH-91, isolated from a broiler chicken with atopic dermatitis, has a highly proteolytic phenotype that is correlated with the disease. We describe the isolation and biochemical and molecular characterization of the AI-type lantibiotic BacCH91 from S. aureus CH-91 culture medium. The bacteriocin was purified using a three-stage procedure comprising precipitation with ammonium sulfate, extraction with organic solvents, and reversed-phase HPLC. The BacCH91 peptide is thermostable and highly resistant to cleavage by both prokaryotic and eukaryotic peptidases. The MIC for the Gram-positive bacteria ranged from 2.5 nM for Microococcus luteus through 1.3-6.0 μM for staphylococcal strains up to more than 100 μM for Lactococcus lactis. BacCH91 was ineffective against the Gram-negative strains tested at the maximal concentration (100 μM). The amino acid sequence of BacCH91 is similar to that of epidermin and gallidermin. The encoding gene (bacCH91) occurred in two allelic variants distinguishable in the restriction fragment length polymorphism assay. Variant I, identified in S. aureus CH-91, dominated in S. aureus strains of poultry origin, although strains with variant II were also identified in this group. S. aureus strains of human origin were characterized exclusively by variant II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedykt Wladyka
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
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289
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Romilly C, Chevalier C, Marzi S, Masquida B, Geissmann T, Vandenesch F, Westhof E, Romby P. Loop-loop interactions involved in antisense regulation are processed by the endoribonuclease III in Staphylococcus aureus. RNA Biol 2012; 9:1461-72. [PMID: 23134978 DOI: 10.4161/rna.22710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The endoribonuclease III (RNase III) belongs to the enzyme family known to process double-stranded RNAs. Staphylococcus aureus RNase III was shown to regulate, in concert with the quorum sensing induced RNAIII, the degradation of several mRNAs encoding virulence factors and the transcriptional repressor of toxins Rot. Two of the mRNA-RNAIII complexes involve fully base paired loop-loop interactions with similar sequences that are cleaved by RNase III at a unique position. We show here that the sequence of the base pairs within the loop-loop interaction is not critical for RNase III cleavage, but that the co-axial stacking of three consecutive helices provides an ideal topology for RNase III recognition. In contrast, RNase III induces several strong cleavages in a regular helix, which carries a sequence similar to the loop-loop interaction. The introduction of a bulged loop that interrupts the regular helix restrains the number of cleavages. This work shows that S. aureus RNase III is able to bind and cleave a variety of RNA-mRNA substrates, and that specific structure elements direct the action of RNase III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Romilly
- Architecture et Réactivité de l'ARN, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg, France
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290
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Osanai A, Hu DL, Nakane A. Caenorhabditis elegansavoids staphylococcal superantigenic toxins via 5-hydroxytryptamine-dependent pathway. Can J Microbiol 2012; 58:1268-77. [DOI: 10.1139/w2012-107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Avoidance behavior of Caenorhabditis elegans, a nematode, towards Staphylococcus aureus, a pathogenic bacterium, was studied. Caenorhabditis elegans avoided S. aureus cultures and also their culture supernatants, suggesting that secretory molecules are involved in the repellent activity. We demonstrated that toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1) and staphylococcal enterotoxin C (SEC), the superantigenic toxins produced by S. aureus, are responsible for the nematode avoidance. By using TSST-1 and SEC mutants, the results indicated that the repellent activity of these toxins is independent of their superantigenic activity. The TSST-1 and SEC were found to locate at chemosensory neurons that are responsible for the recognition of repellents and avoidance of pathogenic bacteria. When mutants of C. elegans deficient in Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR-1) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) biosynthesis were used, avoidance behavior was attenuated. In the 5-HT biosynthesis deficient mutant nematodes, the avoidance activity was recovered when exogenous 5-HT was added. tph-1 expression and 5-HT production were upregulated when the nematodes were treated with TSST-1 or SEC. These results suggest that C. elegans avoids S. aureus by recognizing secretory molecules including TSST-1 and SEC and this avoidance is dependent on TIR and production of 5-HT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arihiro Osanai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8562, Japan
| | - Dong-Liang Hu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8562, Japan
| | - Akio Nakane
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8562, Japan
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291
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Maina EK, Hu DL, Asano K, Nakane A. Inhibition of emetic and superantigenic activities of staphylococcal enterotoxin A by synthetic peptides. Peptides 2012; 38:1-7. [PMID: 22955031 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2012.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Revised: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a major human pathogen producing different types of toxins. Enterotoxin A (SEA) is the most common type among clinical and food-related strains. The aim of the present study was to estimate functional regions of SEA that are responsible for emetic and superantigenic activities using synthetic peptides. A series of 13 synthetic peptides corresponding to specific regions of SEA were synthesized, and the effect of these peptides on superantigenic activity of SEA including interferon γ (IFN-γ) production in mouse spleen cells, SEA-induced lethal shock in mice, spleen cell proliferation in house musk shrew, and emetic activity in shrews were assessed. Pre-treatment of spleen cells with synthetic peptides corresponding to the regions 21-40, 35-50, 81-100, or 161-180 of SEA significantly inhibited SEA-induced IFN-γ production and cell proliferation. These peptides also inhibited SEA-induced lethal shock. Interestingly, peptides corresponding to regions 21-40, 35-50 and 81-100 significantly inhibited SEA-induced emesis in house musk shrews, but region 161-180 did not. These findings indicated that regions 21-50 and 81-100 of SEA are important for both superantigenic and emetic activities of SEA molecule while region 161-180 is involved in superantigenic activity but not emetic activity of SEA. These regions could be important targets for therapeutic intervention against SEA exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward K Maina
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
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292
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Gharsa H, Ben Sallem R, Ben Slama K, Gómez-Sanz E, Lozano C, Jouini A, Klibi N, Zarazaga M, Boudabous A, Torres C. High diversity of genetic lineages and virulence genes in nasal Staphylococcus aureus isolates from donkeys destined to food consumption in Tunisia with predominance of the ruminant associated CC133 lineage. BMC Vet Res 2012; 8:203. [PMID: 23107174 PMCID: PMC3538696 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-8-203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The objective of this study was to determine the genetic lineages and the incidence of antibiotic resistance and virulence determinants of nasal Staphylococcus aureus isolates of healthy donkeys destined to food consumption in Tunisia. Results Nasal swabs of 100 donkeys obtained in a large slaughterhouse in 2010 were inoculated in specific media for S. aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) recovery. S. aureus was obtained in 50% of the samples, being all of isolates methicillin-susceptible (MSSA). Genetic lineages, toxin gene profile, and antibiotic resistance mechanisms were determined in recovered isolates. Twenty-five different spa-types were detected among the 50 MSSA with 9 novel spa-types. S. aureus isolates were ascribed to agr type I (37 isolates), III (7), II (4), and IV (2). Sixteen different sequence-types (STs) were revealed by MLST, with seven new ones. STs belonging to clonal clomplex CC133 were majority. The gene tst was detected in 6 isolates and the gene etb in one isolate. Different combinations of enterotoxin, leukocidin and haemolysin genes were identified among S. aureus isolates. The egc-cluster-like and an incomplete egc-cluster-like were detected. Isolates resistant to penicillin, erythromycin, fusidic acid, streptomycin, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, tetracycline, or chloramphenicol were found and the genes blaZ, erm(A), erm(C), tet(M), fusC were identified. Conclusions The nares of donkeys frequently harbor MSSA. They could be reservoirs of the ruminant-associated CC133 lineage and of toxin genes encoding TSST-1 and other virulence traits with potential implications in public health. CC133 seems to have a broader host distribution than expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haythem Gharsa
- Laboratoire des Microorganismes et Biomolécules Actives, Faculté desSciences de Tunis, Université Tunis-El Manar, Tunis 2092, Tunisia
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293
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Zielinska AK, Beenken KE, Mrak LN, Spencer HJ, Post GR, Skinner RA, Tackett AJ, Horswill AR, Smeltzer MS. sarA-mediated repression of protease production plays a key role in the pathogenesis of Staphylococcus aureus USA300 isolates. Mol Microbiol 2012; 86:1183-96. [PMID: 23075270 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Mutation of staphylococcal accessory regulator (sarA) results in increased production of extracellular proteases in Staphylococcus aureus, which has been correlated with decreased biofilm formation and decreased accumulation of extracellular toxins. We used murine models of implant-associated biofilm infection and S. aureus bacteraemia (SAB) to compare virulence of USA300 strain LAC, its isogenic sarA mutant, and derivatives of each of these strains with mutations in all 10 of the genes encoding recognized extracellular proteases. The sarA mutant was attenuated in both models, and this was reversed by eliminating production of extracellular proteases. To examine the mechanistic basis, we identified proteins impacted by sarA in a protease-dependent manner. We identified 253 proteins where accumulation was reduced in the sarA mutant compared with the parent strain, and was restored in the sarA/protease mutant. Additionally, in SAB, the LAC protease mutant exhibited a hypervirulent phenotype by comparison with the isogenic parent strain, demonstrating that sarA also positively regulates production of virulence factors, some of which are subject to protease-mediated degradation. We propose a model in which attenuation of sarA mutants is defined by their inability to produce critical factors and simultaneously repress production of extracellular proteases that would otherwise limit accumulation of virulence factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka K Zielinska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
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294
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Steer AC, Lamagni T, Curtis N, Carapetis JR. Invasive group a streptococcal disease: epidemiology, pathogenesis and management. Drugs 2012; 72:1213-27. [PMID: 22686614 PMCID: PMC7100837 DOI: 10.2165/11634180-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Invasive group A streptococcal infections are uncommon, although serious, infections with high case fatality rates. Periodic resurgences in invasive group A streptococcal infections in industrialized countries have been reported from the 1980s onwards, with current estimates of incidence in these countries of approximately 3–4 per 100000 population. Infants, pregnant women and the elderly are at increased risk of invasive group A streptococcal infection. The group A streptococcus has an array of virulence factors that underpin its invasive capacity and, in approximately 10% of cases, super-antigen toxins produced by the bacteria stimulate a large proportion of T cells, leading to streptococcal toxic shock syndrome. Given the rapid clinical progression, effective management of invasive group A streptococcal infections hinges on early recognition of the disease and prompt initiation of supportive care (often intensive care) together with antibacterial therapy. In cases of toxic shock syndrome, it is often difficult to distinguish between streptococcal and staphylococcal infection before cultures become available and so antibacterial choice must include coverage of both of these organisms. In addition, clindamycin is an important adjunctive antibacterial because of its anti-toxin effects and excellent tissue penetration. Early institution of intravenous immunoglobulin therapy should be considered in cases of toxic shock syndrome and severe invasive infection, including necrotizing fasciitis. Early surgical debridement of necrotic tissue is also an important part of management in cases of necrotizing fasciitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Steer
- Centre for International Child Health, Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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295
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Verdon J, Girardin N, Marchand A, Héchard Y, Berjeaud JM. Purification and antibacterial activity of recombinant warnericin RK expressed in Escherichia coli. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 97:5401-12. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4417-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Revised: 08/24/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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296
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Itoh S, Yokoyama R, Murase C, Takii T, Tsuji T, Onozaki K. Staphylococcal superantigen-like protein 10 binds to phosphatidylserine and apoptotic cells. Microbiol Immunol 2012; 56:363-71. [PMID: 22486378 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2012.00452.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcal superantigen-like proteins (SSLs) are a family of exoproteins that have structural similarities to staphylococcal superantigens. Although SSLs do not have superantigenic activity, some of them have been reported to bind to host immune related molecules and they have been implicated in immune evasion by S. aureus. In this study, we showed that SSL10 is capable of binding to phospholipids. SSL10 bound to phosphatidylserine (PS) containing liposome, but not to phosphatidylcholine liposome. SSL10, but not SSL7, bound to PS containing liposome, suggesting that SSL10 specifically binds to PS. Analysis of PS binding ability among recombinant truncated SSL10 fragments revealed that the β-barrel in the N-terminal oligonucleotide/oligosaccharide-binding (OB)-fold domain contributes to PS binding capacity. Fluorescein isothiocyanate labeled OB-fold of SSL10 stained hydrogen peroxide treated Jurkat cells. Annexin V is widely utilized for detection of apoptosis. Unlike annexin V, the OB-fold domain of SSL10 also bound to apoptotic cells in the presence of EDTA, suggesting that the OB-fold of SSL10 recognizes PS and apoptotic cells in a Ca(2+) independent manner. These findings suggest SSL10 and its derived peptides may be a novel detection tool for apoptotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saotomo Itoh
- Department of Molecular Health Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1, Tanabe-Dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Japan.
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297
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Development of an amperometric immunosensor for detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin type A in cheese. J Microbiol Methods 2012; 91:138-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2012.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Revised: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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298
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Yu F, Li T, Huang X, Xie J, Xu Y, Tu J, Qin Z, Parsons C, Wang J, Hu L, Wang L. Virulence gene profiling and molecular characterization of hospital-acquired Staphylococcus aureus isolates associated with bloodstream infection. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2012; 74:363-8. [PMID: 23021064 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2012.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Revised: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A better understanding of virulence gene profiling and molecular characterization of Staphylococcus aureus isolates associated with bloodstream infection (BSI) may provide further insights related to clinical outcomes with these infections. We analyzed 89 S. aureus isolates including 37 MRSA isolates (41.6%) recovered from 89 adult patients with BSI from 4 hospitals in Zhejiang province, eastern China. Thirty-five (94.6%) of MRSA isolates and 4 (7.7%) of methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) isolates were resistant to multiple antimicrobials. All isolates harbored at least 2 of 22 possible virulence genes, including sdrC (92.1%), icaA (89.9%), hla (80.9%), clf (69.7%), sea (68.5%), sdrD (67.4%), hlb (67.4%), sdrE (65.2%), sei (51.7%), seg (50.6%), and cna (50.6%). Forty-four (49.4%) of all S. aureus BSI isolates, including 23 (62.2%) of MRSA isolates, harbored ≥10 of the virulence genes evaluated in this study. Sixteen (43.2%) MRSA isolates and 5 (9.6%) MSSA isolates harbored the gene encoding Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL). Collective genes for pvl, sdrE, sed, seg, and sei among MRSA isolates were significantly more frequent relative to MSSA isolates (P < 0.05). A total of 22 sequence types (STs), including novel ST2184, ST2199, and ST2200, and 33 spa types, including novel spa types t9530 and t9532, were identified among S. aureus BSI isolates, among which ST188 (15.7%) and ST7 (15.7%), and t091 (12.4%) and t189 (12.4%), seldom noted for Chinese isolates previously, were major STs and spa types, respectively. In contrast to previous reports, no predominant clones were found in the present study. Among the MRSA isolates, although ST239-MRSA-SCCmecIII, predominant clone in China, still represented the most common clone, it only accounted for 18.9%. However, ST188-MRSA- SCCmecIV seldom reported before accounted for 10.8%. Among the MSSA isolates, ST7-MSSA represented the most common clone (23.1%), followed by ST188-MSSA and ST630-MSSA (9.6% each). In conclusion, simultaneous carriage of multiple virulence genes and genetically considerable diversity were common among S. aureus BSI isolates. Furthermore, MRSA isolates exhibited more frequent carriage of superantigen genes and pvl relative to MSSA isolates. Taken together, there are distinctive virulence gene profiling and molecular characteristic among S. aureus isolates associated with bloodstream infection in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyou Yu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou 325000, China
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299
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Rasooly R, Hernlem BJ. CD154 as a potential early molecular biomarker for rapid quantification analysis of active Staphylococcus enterotoxin A. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 64:169-74. [PMID: 22067024 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2011.00874.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a major bacterial pathogen producing a group of 21 enterotoxins (SEs). These enterotoxins have two separate but related biological activities. They cause gastroenteritis, and they function as superantigens that activate large numbers of T cells. In the current study, we demonstrate that short-term ex vivo exposure of primary naïve CD4(+) T-cells to SEA induces differential expression of the T cell surface receptor CD154 in a time- and dose-dependent manner. In addition, we show that SEA induces higher CD154 protein expression and higher splenocyte cell proliferation compared with SEB. We also demonstrate that expression of CD154 can be used for rapid detection of active SEA in milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reuven Rasooly
- Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, USA.
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300
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Wu K, Zhang K, McClure J, Zhang J, Schrenzel J, Francois P, Harbarth S, Conly J. A correlative analysis of epidemiologic and molecular characteristics of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clones from diverse geographic locations with virulence measured by a Caenorhabditis elegans host model. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2012; 32:33-42. [PMID: 22898726 PMCID: PMC3545200 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-012-1711-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains from different geographic areas have different genetic backgrounds, suggesting independent clonal evolutions. To better understand the virulence of MRSA strains and the relationship to their clonal and geographic origins, we undertook an analysis of epidemiologic, molecular, and virulence characteristics of a large number of MRSA isolates from geographically diverse origins, in a Caenorhabditis elegans infection model. A total of 99 MRSA isolates collected between 1993 and 2010 at the Geneva University Hospitals from diverse global origins were characterized with Panton–Valentine leukocidin (PVL), toxic shock syndrome toxin (TSST), accessory gene regulator (agr) group, staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec), S. aureus protein A (spa), multilocus sequence typing (MLST), and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) typing. Epidemiologic data were provided from clinical records. The bacterial virulence was tested in a C. elegans host model. The inter-relationships of epidemiological/molecular characteristics in association with nematocidal activities were analyzed with univariate and two-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA). Community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA) strains were more virulent than hospital-associated MRSA (HA-MRSA), with higher nematocidal activities in CA-MRSA strains (0.776 vs. 0.506, p = 0.0005). All molecular characteristics (PVL, TSST, spa, SCCmec, MLST, and PFGE types) showed a significant association with nematocidal activities on univariate analysis (p < 0.005). PVL was not a significant predictor after adjusting for genomic backgrounds using spa, MLST, or PFGE typing. The dominant CA-MRSA strains in North America showed higher nematocidal activities than strains from other regions (p < 0.0001). Strains with global origins containing distinct genetic backgrounds have different virulence in the C. elegans model. Nematocidal activities were most highly correlated with SCCmec, spa, MLST, and PFGE typing, suggesting that genomic background rather than a single exotoxin characteristic was the most discriminating predictor of virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Wu
- Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance, Alberta Health Services/Calgary Laboratory Services/University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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