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Xia X, Chiu PWY, Lam PK, Chin WC, Ng EKW, Lau JYW. Secretome from hypoxia-conditioned adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells promotes the healing of gastric mucosal injury in a rodent model. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1864:178-188. [PMID: 28993190 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Studies have indicated that the definitive engraftment and transdifferentiation potential of stem cells do not seem crucial for its property of tissue repair. Our previous study showed that transplantation of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs) enhanced the healing of sutured gastric perforation. This study aimed to investigate the paracrine role of ADMSCs in the experimental gastric mucosal injury. Normoxia-conditioned medium (Nor CM) and hypoxia (HPO) CM were obtained after culturing ADMSCs in 20% O2 and 5% O2 for 48h. Cell migration, proliferation, viability, and angiogenesis in vitro were significantly enhanced upon incubation with CM, especially the HPO CM. Experiments in vivo using a rodent model of gastric ulcer demonstrated that HPO CM treatment significantly accelerated wound healing by suppressing inflammation and promoting neovascularization and re-epithelization. Meanwhile, the infusion of HPO CM activated the COX2-PGE2 axis both in vitro and in vivo. And the upregulation of COX2 was further dependent on the activation of ErK1/2-MAPK pathway. In addition, vascular endothelial growth factor, tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases-1, and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 20 (CCL-20) were analyzed as being highly abundant factors secreted by ADMSCs under hypoxic condition. Notably, the blockade of CCL-20 abrogated the HPO CM-induced COX2 signaling in the primary gastric mucosal epithelial cells, while incubation with recombinant CCL-20 increased the expression of COX2. In conclusion, the secretome from hypoxia-conditioned ADMSCs facilitates the repair of gastric mucosal injury through the enhancement of angiogenesis and re-epithelization, as well as the activation of COX2-PGE2 axis with a paracrine activity involving CCL-20 factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianfeng Xia
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Digestive Disease, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Chow Yuk Ho Technology Center for Innovative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Philip Wai Yan Chiu
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Digestive Disease, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Chow Yuk Ho Technology Center for Innovative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
| | - Ping Kuen Lam
- Chow Tai Fook-Cheng Yu Tung Surgical Stem Cell Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Wai Ching Chin
- Chow Tai Fook-Cheng Yu Tung Surgical Stem Cell Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Enders Kwok Wai Ng
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Digestive Disease, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - James Yun Wong Lau
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Digestive Disease, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Chow Yuk Ho Technology Center for Innovative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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252
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Li H, Liu D, Li C, Zhou S, Tian D, Xiao D, Zhang H, Gao F, Huang J. Exosomes secreted from mutant-HIF-1α-modified bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells attenuate early steroid-induced avascular necrosis of femoral head in rabbit. Cell Biol Int 2017; 41:1379-1390. [PMID: 28877384 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)-derived exosomes exhibit protective effects on damaged or diseased tissues. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) plays a critical role in bone development. However, HIF-1α is easily biodegradable under normoxic conditions. The bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) were transfected with adenovirus carrying triple point-mutations (amino acids 402, 564, and 803) in the HIF-1α coding sequence (CDS). The mutant HIF-1α can efficiently express functional proteins under normoxic conditions. To date, no study has reported the role of exosomes secreted by mutant HIF-1α modified BMSCs in the recovery of the early steroid-induced avascular necrosis of femoral head (SANFH). In this study, we firstly analyzed exosomes derived from BMSCs modified by mutant (BMSC-ExosMU ) or wild-type HIF-1α (BMSC-ExosWT ). In vitro, we investigated the osteogenic differentiation capacity of BMSCs modified by BMSC-ExosMU or BMSC-ExosWT , and the angiogenesis effects of BMSC-ExosMU and BMSC-ExosWT on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Besides, the healing of the femoral head was also assessed in vivo. We found that the potential of osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs treated with BMSC-ExosMU was higher than the wild-type group in vitro. In addition, BMSC-ExosMU stimulated the proliferation, migration, and tube formation of HUVECs in a dose-dependent manner. Compared with the BMSC-ExosWT or PBS control group, the injection of BMSC-ExosMU into the necrosis region markedly accelerated the bone regeneration and angiogenesis, which were indicated by the increased trabecular reconstruction and microvascular density. Taken together, our data suggest that BMSC-ExosMU facilitates the repair of SANFH by enhancing osteogenesis and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haile Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121001, P.R. China
| | - Danping Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121001, P.R. China
| | - Chen Li
- Biobank, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121001, P.R. China
| | - Shanjian Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121001, P.R. China
| | - Dachuan Tian
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121001, P.R. China
| | - Dawei Xiao
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121001, P.R. China
| | - Huan Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121001, P.R. China
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121001, P.R. China
| | - Jianhua Huang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121001, P.R. China
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253
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Li Z, Liang Y, Pan K, Li H, Yu M, Guo W, Chen G, Tian W. Schwann cells secrete extracellular vesicles to promote and maintain the proliferation and multipotency of hDPCs. Cell Prolif 2017; 50. [PMID: 28714175 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Schwann cells (SCs) are the principal glial cells in peripheral nerve system, involved in neuropathies with great regenerative potential. Dental pulp cells have been reported to maintain neurogenic potential. In contrast, the regulatory role of SCs on human dental pulp cells (hDPCs) development remains undefined. MATERIALS AND METHODS SC secretion and SC-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) were collected and used to treat hDPCs; and proliferation and multiple differentiation of hDPCs were detected after EVs treatments. Finally, we analysed the proteomes of SC-EVs and SCs through mass spectrum. RESULTS In this study, we found SC secretion showed a predominantly regulatory role on the development of hDPCs. Further, we identified EVs from SC secretion with similar function as SC secretion in regulating hDPCs proliferation and multipotency. And expression of transcription factor Oct4 was upregulated after treatment of both SC secretion and EVs, as well as Sox2 and Nanog. We detected abundant enrichment of Oct4 in EVs, which might be responsible for the upregulation of stem cell-related genes in hDPCs. Through proteome and western blot analysis, we found enriched TGFβs in EVs, indicating that accelerated hDPCs proliferation may be mediated by activated TGFβ-Samd and TGFβ-MAPK signalling. CONCLUSIONS In summary, our study sheds light on critical regulatory ability of SC-derived EVs on hDPCs proliferation and multipotency, suggesting great implications for seeding cells used in tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Kuangwu Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Weihua Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Pedodontics, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Guoqing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Weidong Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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254
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Gangadaran P, Rajendran RL, Lee HW, Kalimuthu S, Hong CM, Jeong SY, Lee SW, Lee J, Ahn BC. Extracellular vesicles from mesenchymal stem cells activates VEGF receptors and accelerates recovery of hindlimb ischemia. J Control Release 2017; 264:112-126. [PMID: 28837823 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are potential therapies for various diseases, but their angiogenic mechanisms of therapeutic efficacy remain unclear. Here, we describe how MSC-EVs, activates VEGF receptors and downstream angiogenesis pathways. Mouse MSC-EVs were isolated from cell culture medium and characterized using transmission electron microscopy, nanoparticle analysis, and western blotting. In vitro migration, proliferation, and tube formation assays using endothelial cells were used to assess the angiogenic potential of MSC-EVs, and revealed higher levels of cellular migration, proliferation, and tube formation after treatment. qRT-PCR and western blotting (WB) revealed higher protein and mRNA expression of the angiogenic genes VEGFR1 and VEGFR2 in mouse SVEC-4 endothelial cells after MSC-EVs treatment. Additionally, other vital pro-angiogenic pathways (SRC, AKT, and ERK) were activated by in vitro MSC-EV treatment. WB and qRT-PCR revealed enriched presence of VEGF protein and miR-210-3p in MSC-EV. The hindlimb ischemia mouse model was established and MSC-EVs with or without Matrigel (EV-MSC+Gel) were injected into the ischemic area and blood reperfusion was monitored using molecular imaging techniques. The in vivo administration of MSC-EVs increased both blood reperfusion and the formation of new blood vessels in the ischemic limb, with the addition of matrigel enhancing this effect further by releasing EVs slowly. MSC-EVs enhance angiogenesis in ischemic limbs, most likely via the overexpression of VEGFR1 and VEGFR2 in endothelial cells. These findings reveal a novel mechanism of activating receptors by MSC-EVs influence the angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Gangadaran
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine and Hospital, Daegu 700-721, Republic of Korea
| | - Ramya Lakshmi Rajendran
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine and Hospital, Daegu 700-721, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Won Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine and Hospital, Daegu 700-721, Republic of Korea
| | - Senthilkumar Kalimuthu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine and Hospital, Daegu 700-721, Republic of Korea
| | - Chae Moon Hong
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine and Hospital, Daegu 700-721, Republic of Korea
| | - Shin Young Jeong
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine and Hospital, Daegu 700-721, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Woo Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine and Hospital, Daegu 700-721, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaetae Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine and Hospital, Daegu 700-721, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong-Cheol Ahn
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine and Hospital, Daegu 700-721, Republic of Korea.
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255
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Abstract
Ischemic heart disease(IHD) is the leading cause of death worldwide. Despite the development of continuously improving therapeutic strategies, morbidity and mortality of patients with IHD remain relatively high. Exosomes are a subpopulation of vesicles that are universally recognized as major mediators in intercellular communication. Numerous preclinical studies have shown that these tiny vesicles were protective in IHD, through such actions as alleviating myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, promoting angiogenesis, inhibiting fibrosis, and facilitating cardiac regeneration. Our review focused on these beneficial exosome-mediated processes. In addition, we discuss in detail how to fully exploit the therapeutic potentials of exosomes in the field of IHD. Topics include identifying robust sources of exosomes, loading protective agents into exosomes, developing heart-specific exosomes, optimizing isolation methods, and translating the cardioprotective effects of exosomes into clinical practice. Finally, both the advantages and disadvantages of utilizing exosomes in clinical settings are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Hao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue-Jin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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256
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Lou G, Chen Z, Zheng M, Liu Y. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes as a new therapeutic strategy for liver diseases. Exp Mol Med 2017; 49:e346. [PMID: 28620221 PMCID: PMC5519012 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2017.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 372] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The administration of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) as a therapy for liver disease holds great promise. MSCs can differentiate into hepatocytes, reduce liver inflammation, promote hepatic regeneration and secrete protective cytokines. However, the risks of iatrogenic tumor formation, cellular rejection and infusional toxicity in MSC transplantation remain unresolved. Accumulating evidence now suggests that a novel cell-free therapy, MSC-secreted exosomes, might constitute a compelling alternative because of their advantages over the corresponding MSCs. They are smaller and less complex than their parent cells and, thus, easier to produce and store, they are devoid of viable cells, and they present no risk of tumor formation. Moreover, they are less immunogenic than their parent cells because of their lower content in membrane-bound proteins. This paper reviews the biogenesis of MSC exosomes and their physiological functions, and highlights the specific biochemical potential of MSC-derived exosomes in restoring tissue homeostasis. In addition, we summarize the recent advances in the role of exosomes in MSC therapy for various liver diseases, including liver fibrosis, acute liver injury and hepatocellular carcinoma. This paper also discusses the potential challenges and strategies in the use of exosome-based therapies for liver disease in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohua Lou
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhi Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Min Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanning Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
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257
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Desrochers LM, Antonyak MA, Cerione RA. Extracellular Vesicles: Satellites of Information Transfer in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology. Dev Cell 2017; 37:301-309. [PMID: 27219060 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2016.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 03/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The generation and shedding of extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes and microvesicles (MVs), by cells has emerged as a form of intercellular communication with important roles in several physiological processes and diseases such as cancer. These membrane-enclosed packets can transfer specific proteins, RNA transcripts, microRNAs, and even DNA to target cells, thereby altering their function. Despite the exponential growth of the EV field, a great deal remains unclear about the mechanisms that regulate exosome and MV biogenesis, as well as about how to isolate different classes of EVs and how to best take advantage of them for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Desrochers
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-6401, USA
| | - Marc A Antonyak
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-6401, USA
| | - Richard A Cerione
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-6401, USA.
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258
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Carli AV, Harvey EJ, Azeddine B, Gao C, Li Y, Li A, Sayegh M, Wang H, Nahal A, Michel RP, Henderson JE, Séguin C. Substrain-specific differences in bone parameters, alpha-2-macroglobulin circulating levels, and osteonecrosis incidence in a rat model. J Orthop Res 2017; 35:1183-1194. [PMID: 26895739 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) is a potentially devastating complication that occurs in up to 40% of young adults receiving chronic glucocorticoid (GC) therapy. Through a validated GC therapy rat model, we have previously shown that Wistar Kyoto (WK) rats exhibit a genetic susceptibility to GC-induced ONFH compared to Sasco Fischer (F344) rats. We have undertaken this study in order to investigate differences between these two strains for their bone parameters, alpha-2-macroglobulin (A2M) circulating levels and incidence of GC-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head. WK and F344 rats were treated either with 1.5 mg/kg/day of prednisone or placebo for 6 months. Blood was taken every month. The femoral heads were harvested for histological examination to detect ONFH and analyzed with micro-computed tomography. After 3 months of GC-therapy, plasma A2M was elevated in treated rats only. GC-treated WK rats exhibited histological evidence of early ONFH through higher rates of cellular apoptosis and empty osteocyte lacunae in the subchondral bone compared to placebos and to F344 rats. Furthermore, micro-CT analysis exhibited femoral head collapse only in GC-treated WK rats. Interestingly, GC-treated F344 rats exhibited significant micro-CT changes, but such changes were less concentrated in the articular region and were accompanied histologically with increased marrow fat. These µCT and histological findings suggest that elevated A2M serum level is not predictive and suitable as an indicative biomarker for early GC-induced ONFH in rodents. Elevated A2M levels observed during GC treatment suggests that it plays role in the host reparative response to GC-associated effects. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 35:1183-1194, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto V Carli
- Vascular, Biology Research Lab, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, C9 Montreal General Hospital, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, QC H3G 1A4, Canada.,Bone Engineering Labs, Surgical Research, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal General Hospital, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, QC H3G 1A4, Canada.,Department of Surgery, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, McGill University Health Centre, B5 Montreal General Hospital, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, QC H3G 1A4, Canada
| | - Edward J Harvey
- Vascular, Biology Research Lab, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, C9 Montreal General Hospital, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, QC H3G 1A4, Canada.,Bone Engineering Labs, Surgical Research, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal General Hospital, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, QC H3G 1A4, Canada.,Department of Surgery, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, McGill University Health Centre, B5 Montreal General Hospital, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, QC H3G 1A4, Canada
| | - Bouziane Azeddine
- Vascular, Biology Research Lab, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, C9 Montreal General Hospital, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, QC H3G 1A4, Canada
| | - Chan Gao
- Bone Engineering Labs, Surgical Research, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal General Hospital, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, QC H3G 1A4, Canada
| | - Yongbiao Li
- Vascular, Biology Research Lab, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, C9 Montreal General Hospital, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, QC H3G 1A4, Canada
| | - Ailian Li
- Bone Engineering Labs, Surgical Research, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal General Hospital, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, QC H3G 1A4, Canada
| | - Mireille Sayegh
- Vascular, Biology Research Lab, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, C9 Montreal General Hospital, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, QC H3G 1A4, Canada
| | - Huifen Wang
- Bone Engineering Labs, Surgical Research, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal General Hospital, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, QC H3G 1A4, Canada
| | - Ayoub Nahal
- Department of Pathology, McGill University Health Centre (MUHC), C3 Montreal General Hospital, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, QC H3G 1A4, Canada and McGill University Health Centre (MUHC), Glen site, 1001 Décarie Blvd, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - René P Michel
- Department of Pathology, McGill University Health Centre (MUHC), C3 Montreal General Hospital, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, QC H3G 1A4, Canada and McGill University Health Centre (MUHC), Glen site, 1001 Décarie Blvd, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Janet E Henderson
- Bone Engineering Labs, Surgical Research, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal General Hospital, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, QC H3G 1A4, Canada
| | - Chantal Séguin
- Vascular, Biology Research Lab, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, C9 Montreal General Hospital, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, QC H3G 1A4, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, McGill University Health Centre, Glen site, 1001 Décarie Blvd, room D02-7519, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
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259
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Wu HH, Lee OK. Exosomes from mesenchymal stem cells induce the conversion of hepatocytes into progenitor oval cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2017; 8:117. [PMID: 28535778 PMCID: PMC5442870 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-017-0560-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background We previously reported that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) possess therapeutic effects in a murine model of carbon tetrachloride-induced acute liver failure. In the study, we observed that the majority of repopulated hepatocytes were of recipient origin and were adjacent to transplanted MSCs; only a low percentage of repopulated hepatocytes were from transplanted MSCs. The findings indicate that MSCs guided the formation of new hepatocytes. Exosomes are important messengers for paracrine signaling delivery. The aim of this study is to investigate the paracrine effects, in particular, the effects of exosomes from MSCs, on hepatocytes. Methods Mature hepatocytes were isolated from murine liver by a two-step perfusion method with collagenase digestion. MSCs were obtained from murine bone marrow, and conditioned medium (CM) from MSC culture was then collected. Time-lapse imaging was used for observation of cell morphological change induced by CM on hepatocytes. In addition, expression of markers for hepatic progenitors including oval cells, intrahepatic stem cells, and hepatoblasts were analyzed. Results Treatment with the CM promoted the formation of small oval cells from hepatocytes; time-lapse imaging demonstrated the change from epithelial to oval cell morphology at the single hepatocyte level. Additionally, expression of EpCAM and OC2, markers of hepatic oval cells, was upregulated. Also, the number of EpCAMhigh cells was increased after CM treatment. The EpCAMhigh small oval cells possessed colony-formation ability; they also expressed cytokeratin 18 and were able to store glycogen upon induction of hepatic differentiation. Furthermore, exosomes from MSC-CM could induce the conversion of mature hepatocytes to EpCAMhigh small oval cells. Conclusions In summary, paracrine signaling through exosomes from MSCs induce the conversion of hepatocytes into hepatic oval cells, a mechanism of action which has not been reported regarding the therapeutic potentials of MSCs in liver regeneration. Exosomes from MSCs may therefore be used to treat liver diseases. Further studies are required for proof of concept of this approach. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13287-017-0560-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Hsiang Wu
- Institute of Biophotonics, National Yang-Ming University, No.155, Sec.2, Linong Street, Taipei, 112, Taiwan
| | - Oscar K Lee
- Institute of Biophotonics, National Yang-Ming University, No.155, Sec.2, Linong Street, Taipei, 112, Taiwan. .,Taipei City Hospital, No.145, Zhengzhou Road, Datong District, Taipei, 10341, Taiwan. .,Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, No.155, Sec.2, Linong Street, Taipei, 112, Taiwan. .,Stem Cell Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, No.155, Sec.2, Linong Street, Taipei, 112, Taiwan. .,Departments of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 201, Sec. 2, Shipai Road, Taipei, 112, Taiwan.
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260
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Schulze J, Kaiser O, Paasche G, Lamm H, Pich A, Hoffmann A, Lenarz T, Warnecke A. Effect of hyperbaric oxygen on BDNF-release and neuroprotection: Investigations with human mesenchymal stem cells and genetically modified NIH3T3 fibroblasts as putative cell therapeutics. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178182. [PMID: 28542481 PMCID: PMC5441643 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) is a noninvasive widely applied treatment that increases the oxygen pressure in tissues. In cochlear implant (CI) research, intracochlear application of neurotrophic factors (NTFs) is able to improve survival of spiral ganglion neurons (SGN) after deafness. Cell-based delivery of NTFs such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) may be realized by cell-coating of the surface of the CI electrode. Human mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) secrete a variety of different neurotrophic factors and may be used for the development of a biohybrid electrode in order to release endogenously-derived neuroprotective factors for the protection of residual SGN and for a guided outgrowth of dendrites in the direction of the CI electrode. HBOT could be used to influence cell behaviour after transplantation to the inner ear. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of HBOT on the proliferation, BDNF-release and secretion of neuroprotective factors. Thus, model cells (an immortalized fibroblast cell line (NIH3T3)–native and genetically modified) and MSCs were repeatedly (3 x – 10 x) exposed to 100% oxygen at different pressures. The effects of HBO on cell proliferation were investigated in relation to normoxic and normobaric conditions (NOR). Moreover, the neuroprotective and neuroregenerative effects of HBO-treated cells were analysed by cultivation of SGN in conditioned medium. Both, the genetically modified NIH3T3/BDNF and native NIH3T3 fibroblasts, showed a highly significant increased proliferation after five days of HBOT in comparison to normoxic controls. By contrast, the number of MSCs was decreased in MSCs treated with 2.0 bar of HBO. Treating SGN cultures with supernatants of fibroblasts and MSCs significantly increased the survival rate of SGN. HBO treatment did not influence (increase / reduce) this effect. Secretome analysis showed that HBO treatment altered the protein expression pattern in MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Schulze
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence “Hearing4all”, Hannover, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Odett Kaiser
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence “Hearing4all”, Hannover, Germany
| | - Gerrit Paasche
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence “Hearing4all”, Hannover, Germany
| | - Hans Lamm
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas Pich
- Core Facility Proteomics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andrea Hoffmann
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Lenarz
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence “Hearing4all”, Hannover, Germany
| | - Athanasia Warnecke
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence “Hearing4all”, Hannover, Germany
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261
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Exosomes Derived from Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells Relieve Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Mice. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:5356760. [PMID: 28589143 PMCID: PMC5447283 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5356760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes secreted by mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have shown repairing effects on several tissue injury diseases. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of exosomes released from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hucMSCs) on the treatment of dextran sulfate sodium- (DSS-) induced inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and to explore the underlying mechanism. We found that indocyanine green (ICG) labeled exosomes homed to colon tissues of IBD mice at 12 hours after injection. Exosomes significantly relieved the severity of IBD in mice as hucMSCs. The expression of IL-10 gene was increased while that of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, iNOS, and IL-7 genes was decreased in the colon tissues and spleens of exosomes-treated mice. Furthermore, the infiltration of macrophages into the colon tissues was decreased by exosome treatment in IBD mice. In addition, we provided evidence that in vitro coculture with exosomes inhibited the expression of iNOS and IL-7 in mouse enterocoelia macrophages. Moreover, we found that the expression of IL-7 was higher in the colon tissues of colitis patients than that of healthy controls. Our findings suggest that exosomes from hucMSCs have profound effects on alleviating DSS-induced IBD and may exert their impact through the modulation of IL-7 expression in macrophages.
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262
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Sutaria DS, Badawi M, Phelps MA, Schmittgen TD. Achieving the Promise of Therapeutic Extracellular Vesicles: The Devil is in Details of Therapeutic Loading. Pharm Res 2017; 34:1053-1066. [PMID: 28315083 PMCID: PMC5565485 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-017-2123-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) represent a class of cell secreted organelles which naturally contain biomolecular cargo such as miRNA, mRNA and proteins. EVs mediate intercellular communication, enabling the transfer of functional nucleic acids from the cell of origin to the recipient cells. In addition, EVs make an attractive delivery vehicle for therapeutics owing to their increased stability in circulation, biocompatibility, low immunogenicity and toxicity profiles. EVs can also be engineered to display targeting moieties on their surfaces which enables targeting to desired tissues, organs or cells. While much has been learned on the role of EVs as cell communicators, the field of therapeutic EV application is currently under development. Critical to the future success of EV delivery system is the description of methods by which therapeutics can be successfully and efficiently loaded within the EVs. Two methods of loading of EVs with therapeutic cargo exist, endogenous and exogenous loading. We have therefore focused this review on describing the various published approaches for loading EVs with therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhruvitkumar S Sutaria
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Mohamed Badawi
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Mitch A Phelps
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Thomas D Schmittgen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.
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263
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Collino F, Pomatto M, Bruno S, Lindoso RS, Tapparo M, Sicheng W, Quesenberry P, Camussi G. Exosome and Microvesicle-Enriched Fractions Isolated from Mesenchymal Stem Cells by Gradient Separation Showed Different Molecular Signatures and Functions on Renal Tubular Epithelial Cells. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2017; 13:226-243. [PMID: 28070858 PMCID: PMC5380712 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-016-9713-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have suggested that extracellular vesicles (EVs) released from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) may mediate MSC paracrine action on kidney regeneration. This activity has been, at least in part, ascribed to the transfer of proteins/transcription factors and different RNA species. Information on the RNA/protein content of different MSC EV subpopulations and the correlation with their biological activity is currently incomplete. The aim of this study was to evaluate the molecular composition and the functional properties on renal target cells of MSC EV sub-populations separated by gradient floatation. The results demonstrated heterogeneity in quantity and composition of MSC EVs. Two peaks of diameter were observed (90-110 and 170-190 nm). The distribution of exosomal markers and miRNAs evaluated in the twelve gradient fractions showed an enrichment in fractions with a flotation density of 1.08-1.14 g/mL. Based on this observation, we evaluated the biological activity on renal cell proliferation and apoptosis resistance of low (CF1), medium (CF2) and high (CF3) floatation density fractions. EVs derived from all fractions, were internalized by renal cells, CF1 and CF2 but not CF3 fraction stimulated significant cell proliferation. CF2 also inhibited apoptosis on renal tubular cells submitted to ischemia-reperfusion injury. Comparative miRNomic and proteomic profiles reveal a cluster of miRNAs and proteins common to all three fractions and an enrichment of selected molecules related to renal regeneration in CF2 fraction. In conclusion, the CF2 fraction enriched in exosomal markers was the most active on renal tubular cell proliferation and protection from apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Collino
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Department of Medical Sciences and 2i3T, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Margherita Pomatto
- Department of Medical Sciences and 2i3T, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Stefania Bruno
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Healthy Science, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Rafael Soares Lindoso
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marta Tapparo
- Department of Medical Sciences and 2i3T, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Wen Sicheng
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Peter Quesenberry
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Giovanni Camussi
- Department of Medical Sciences and 2i3T, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.
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264
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Extracellular proteasome-osteopontin circuit regulates cell migration with implications in multiple sclerosis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43718. [PMID: 28276434 PMCID: PMC5343429 DOI: 10.1038/srep43718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteopontin is a pleiotropic cytokine that is involved in several diseases including multiple sclerosis. Secreted osteopontin is cleaved by few known proteases, modulating its pro-inflammatory activities. Here we show by in vitro experiments that secreted osteopontin can be processed by extracellular proteasomes, thereby producing fragments with novel chemotactic activity. Furthermore, osteopontin reduces the release of proteasomes in the extracellular space. The latter phenomenon seems to occur in vivo in multiple sclerosis, where it reflects the remission/relapse alternation. The extracellular proteasome-mediated inflammatory pathway may represent a general mechanism to control inflammation in inflammatory diseases.
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265
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Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: Roles in Tumor Growth, Progression, and Drug Resistance. Stem Cells Int 2017; 2017:1758139. [PMID: 28377788 PMCID: PMC5362713 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1758139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are ubiquitously present in many tissues. Due to their unique advantages, MSCs have been widely employed in clinical studies. Emerging evidences indicate that MSCs can also migrate to the tumor surrounding stroma and exert complex effects on tumor growth and progression. However, the effect of MSCs on tumor growth is still a matter of debate. Several studies have shown that MSCs could favor tumor growth. On the contrary, other groups have demonstrated that MSCs suppressed tumor progression. Extracellular vesicles have emerged as a new mechanism of cell-to-cell communication in the development of tumor diseases. MSCs-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) could mimic the effects of the mesenchymal stem cells from which they originate. Different studies have reported that MSC-EVs may exert various effects on the growth, metastasis, and drug response of different tumor cells by transferring proteins, messenger RNA, and microRNA to recipient cells. In the present review, we summarize the components of MSC-EVs and discuss the roles of MSC-EVs in different malignant diseases, including the related mechanisms that may account for their therapeutic potential. MSC-EVs open up a promising opportunity in the treatment of cancer with increased efficacy.
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266
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Yang Y, Ye Y, Su X, He J, Bai W, He X. MSCs-Derived Exosomes and Neuroinflammation, Neurogenesis and Therapy of Traumatic Brain Injury. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:55. [PMID: 28293177 PMCID: PMC5329010 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are endosomal origin membrane-enclosed small vesicles (30-100 nm) that contain various molecular constituents including proteins, lipids, mRNAs and microRNAs. Accumulating studies demonstrated that exosomes initiated and regulated neuroinflammation, modified neurogenic niches and neurogenesis, and were even of potential significance in treating some neurological diseases. These tiny extracellular vesicles (EVs) can derive from some kinds of multipotent cells such as mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) that have been confirmed to be a potentially promising therapy for traumatic brain injury (TBI) in experimental models and in preclinical studies. Nevertheless, subsequent studies demonstrated that the predominant mechanisms of MSCs's contributions to brain tissue repairment and functional recovery after TBI were not the cell replacement effects but likely the secretion-based paracrine effects produced by EVs such as MSCs-derived exosomes. These nanosized exosomes derived from MSCs cannot proliferate, are easier to preserve and transfer and have lower immunogenicity, compared with transplanted exogenous MSCs. These reports revealed that MSCs-derived exosomes might promise to be a new and valuable therapeutic strategy for TBI than MSCs themselves. However, the concrete mechanisms involved in the positive effects induced by MSCs-derived exosomes in TBI are still ambiguous. In this review, we intend to explore the potential effects of MSCs-derived exosomes on neuroinflammation and neurogenesis in TBI and, especially, on therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxiang Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'an, China; Department of Neurosurgery, PLA 422nd HospitalZhanjiang, China
| | - Yuqin Ye
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'an, China; Department of Neurosurgery, PLA 163rd Hospital (Second Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University)Changsha, China
| | - Xinhong Su
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an, China
| | - Jun He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an, China
| | - Wei Bai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaosheng He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an, China
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267
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Liew LC, Katsuda T, Gailhouste L, Nakagama H, Ochiya T. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles: a glimmer of hope in treating Alzheimer’s disease. Int Immunol 2017; 29:11-19. [DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxx002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lee Chuen Liew
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyou-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Takeshi Katsuda
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Luc Gailhouste
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Nakagama
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyou-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- National Cancer Center, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ochiya
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
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268
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Matthay MA, Pati S, Lee JW. Concise Review: Mesenchymal Stem (Stromal) Cells: Biology and Preclinical Evidence for Therapeutic Potential for Organ Dysfunction Following Trauma or Sepsis. Stem Cells 2017; 35:316-324. [PMID: 27888550 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Several experimental studies have provided evidence that bone-marrow derived mesenchymal stem (stromal) cells (MSC) may be effective in treating critically ill surgical patients who develop traumatic brain injury, acute renal failure, or the acute respiratory distress syndrome. There is also preclinical evidence that MSC may be effective in treating sepsis-induced organ failure, including evidence that MSC have antimicrobial properties. This review considers preclinical studies with direct relevance to organ failure following trauma, sepsis or major infections that apply to critically ill patients. Progress has been made in understanding the mechanisms of benefit, including MSC release of paracrine factors, transfer of mitochondria, and elaboration of exosomes and microvesicles. Regardless of how well they are designed, preclinical studies have limitations in modeling the complexity of clinical syndromes, especially in patients who are critically ill. In order to facilitate translation of the preclinical studies of MSC to critically ill patients, there will need to be more standardization regarding MSC production with a focus on culture methods and cell characterization. Finally, well designed clinical trials will be needed in critically ill patient to assess safety and efficacy. Stem Cells 2017;35:316-324.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Matthay
- Departments of Medicine and Anesthesia and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Shibani Pati
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, USA
| | - Jae-Woo Lee
- Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, USA
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269
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Wang J, Zheng Y, Zhao M. Exosome-Based Cancer Therapy: Implication for Targeting Cancer Stem Cells. Front Pharmacol 2017; 7:533. [PMID: 28127287 PMCID: PMC5226951 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance, difficulty in specific targeting and self-renewal properties of cancer stem cells (CSCs) all contribute to cancer treatment failure and relapse. CSCs have been suggested as both the seeds of the primary cancer, and the roots of chemo- and radio-therapy resistance. The ability to precisely deliver drugs to target CSCs is an urgent need for cancer therapy, with nanotechnology-based drug delivery system being one of the most promising tools to achieve this in the clinic. Exosomes are cell-derived natural nanometric vesicles that are widely distributed in body fluids and involved in multiple disease processes, including tumorigenesis. Exosome-based nanometric vehicles have a number of advantages: they are non-toxic, non-immunogenic, and can be engineered to have robust delivery capacity and targeting specificity. This enables exosomes as a powerful nanocarrier to deliver anti-cancer drugs and genes for CSC targeting therapy. Here, we will introduce the current explorations of exosome-based delivery system in cancer therapy, with particular focus on several exosomal engineering approaches that have improved their efficiency and specificity for CSC targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinheng Wang
- Department of Hematology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhou, China; Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Yongjiang Zheng
- Department of Hematology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou, China
| | - Meng Zhao
- Department of Hematology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhou, China; Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhou, China; Department of Pathophysiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
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270
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Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality around the world. The damaged cardiac tissue is unable to repair itself following injury warranting the development of alternate therapies. Cell therapy has emerged recently as a viable treatment option resulting in significant improvement in cardiac function. Nevertheless, donated stem cells are hard to find in the heart after transplantation leading to the hypothesis that release of extracellular factors by stem cells is primarily responsible for the beneficial effect of cell therapy. Exosomes represent the bioactive component of stem cells and have been shown to recapitulate salutary effects of cell therapy on myocardial repair after injury. Here, we discuss the methodologies regarding the isolation and characterization of exosomes derived from stem cells.
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271
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Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Therapy for Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy. STEM CELLS IN CLINICAL APPLICATIONS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-33720-3_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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272
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Nargesi AA, Lerman LO, Eirin A. Mesenchymal Stem Cell-derived Extracellular Vesicles for Renal Repair. Curr Gene Ther 2017; 17:29-42. [PMID: 28403795 PMCID: PMC5628022 DOI: 10.2174/1566523217666170412110724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 03/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Transplantation of autologous mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has been shown to attenuate renal injury and dysfunction in several animal models, and its efficacy is currently being tested in clinical trials for patients with renal disease. Accumulating evidence indicates that MSCs release extracellular vesicles (EVs) that deliver genes, microRNAs and proteins to recipient cells, acting as mediators of MSC paracrine actions. In this context, it is critical to characterize the MSC-derived EV cargo to elucidate their potential contribution to renal repair. In recent years, researchers have performed high-throughput sequencing and proteomic analysis to detect and identify genes, microRNAs, and proteins enriched in MSC-derived EVs. CONCLUSION The present review summarizes the current knowledge of the MSC-derived EV secretome to shed light into the mechanisms mediating MSC renal repair, and discusses preclinical and clinical studies testing the efficacy of MSC-derived EVs for treating renal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lilach O. Lerman
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Alfonso Eirin
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
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273
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Yu H, Lu K, Zhu J, Wang J. Stem cell therapy for ischemic heart diseases. Br Med Bull 2017; 121:135-154. [PMID: 28164211 DOI: 10.1093/bmb/ldw059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ischemic heart diseases, especially the myocardial infarction, is a major hazard problem to human health. Despite substantial advances in control of risk factors and therapies with drugs and interventions including bypass surgery and stent placement, the ischemic heart diseases usually result in heart failure (HF), which could aggravate social burden and increase the mortality rate. The current therapeutic methods to treat HF stay at delaying the disease progression without repair and regeneration of the damaged myocardium. While heart transplantation is the only effective therapy for end-stage patients, limited supply of donor heart makes it impossible to meet the substantial demand from patients with HF. Stem cell-based transplantation is one of the most promising treatment for the damaged myocardial tissue. SOURCES OF DATA Key recent published literatures and ClinicalTrials.gov. AREAS OF AGREEMENT Stem cell-based therapy is a promising strategy for the damaged myocardial tissue. Different kinds of stem cells have their advantages for treatment of Ischemic heart diseases. AREAS OF CONTROVERSY The efficacy and potency of cell therapies vary significantly from trial to trial; some clinical trials did not show benefit. Diverged effects of cell therapy could be affected by cell types, sources, delivery methods, dose and their mechanisms by which delivered cells exert their effects. GROWING POINTS Understanding the origin of the regenerated cardiomyocytes, exploring the therapeutic effects of stem cell-derived exosomes and using the cell reprogram technology to improve the efficacy of cell therapy for cardiovascular diseases. AREAS TIMELY FOR DEVELOPING RESEARCH Recently, stem cell-derived exosomes emerge as a critical player in paracrine mechanism of stem cell-based therapy. It is promising to exploit exosomes-based cell-free therapy for ischemic heart diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Yu
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310009, P.R. China.,Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310009, P.R. China
| | - Kai Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310009, P.R. China.,Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310009, P.R. China.,Department of Cardiology, The First People's Hospital of Huzhou, 158 Guangchanghou Road, Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, 313000, P.R. China
| | - Jinyun Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310009, P.R. China.,Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310009, P.R. China
| | - Jian'an Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310009, P.R. China.,Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310009, P.R. China
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274
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Belov L, Hallal S, Matic K, Zhou J, Wissmueller S, Ahmed N, Tanjil S, Mulligan SP, Best OG, Simpson RJ, Christopherson RI. Surface Profiling of Extracellular Vesicles from Plasma or Ascites Fluid Using DotScan Antibody Microarrays. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1619:263-301. [PMID: 28674892 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7057-5_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
DotScan antibody microarrays were initially developed for the extensive surface profiling of live leukemia and lymphoma cells. DotScan's diagnostic capability was validated with an extensive clinical trial using mononuclear cells from the blood or bone marrow of leukemia or lymphoma patients. DotScan has also been used for the profiling of surface proteins on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from patients with HIV, liver disease, and stable and progressive B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Fluorescence multiplexing allowed the simultaneous profiling of cancer cells and leukocytes from disaggregated colorectal and melanoma tumor biopsies after capture on DotScan. In this chapter, we have used DotScan for the surface profiling of extracellular vesicles (EV) recovered from conditioned growth medium of cancer cell lines and the blood of patients with CLL. The detection of captured EV was performed by enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL) using biotinylated antibodies that recognized antigens expressed on the surface of the EV subset of interest. DotScan was also used to profile EV from the blood of healthy individuals and the ascites fluid of ovarian cancer patients. DotScan binding patterns of EV from human plasma and other body fluids may yield diagnostic or prognostic signatures for monitoring the incidence, treatment, and progression of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Belov
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
| | - Susannah Hallal
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Kieran Matic
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Jerry Zhou
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Sandra Wissmueller
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Nuzhat Ahmed
- Fiona Elsey Cancer Research Institute, Ballarat, VIC, 3350, Australia
- Federation University, Ballarat, VIC, 3355, Australia
| | - Sumaiya Tanjil
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Women's Cancer Research Centre, Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Stephen P Mulligan
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW, 2065, Australia
| | - O Giles Best
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW, 2065, Australia
| | - Richard J Simpson
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia
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275
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Toh WS, Lai RC, Hui JHP, Lim SK. MSC exosome as a cell-free MSC therapy for cartilage regeneration: Implications for osteoarthritis treatment. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 67:56-64. [PMID: 27871993 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 323] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapies have demonstrated efficacy in cartilage repair in animal and clinical studies. The efficacy of MSC-based therapies which was previously predicated on the chondrogenic potential of MSC is increasingly attributed to the paracrine secretion, particularly exosomes. Exosomes are thought to function primarily as intercellular communication vehicles to transfer bioactive lipids, nucleic acids (mRNAs and microRNAs) and proteins between cells to elicit biological responses in recipient cells. For MSC exosomes, many of these biological responses translated to a therapeutic outcome in injured or diseased cells. Here, we review the current understanding of MSC exosomes, discuss the possible mechanisms of action in cartilage repair within the context of the widely reported immunomodulatory and regenerative potency of MSC exosomes, and provide new perspectives for development of an off-the-shelf and cell-free MSC therapy for treatment of cartilage injuries and osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Seong Toh
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Tissue Engineering Program, Life Sciences Institute National University of Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Ruenn Chai Lai
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - James Hoi Po Hui
- Tissue Engineering Program, Life Sciences Institute National University of Singapore, Singapore; Cartilage Repair Program, Therapeutic Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sai Kiang Lim
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore; Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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276
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Therapeutic potential of CAR-T cell-derived exosomes: a cell-free modality for targeted cancer therapy. Oncotarget 2016; 6:44179-90. [PMID: 26496034 PMCID: PMC4792550 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-based T-cell adoptive immunotherapy is a distinctively promising therapy for cancer. The engineering of CARs into T cells provides T cells with tumor-targeting capabilities and intensifies their cytotoxic activity through stimulated cell expansion and enhanced cytokine production. As a novel and potent therapeutic modality, there exists some uncontrollable processes which are the potential sources of adverse events. As an extension of this impactful modality, CAR-T cell-derived exosomes may substitute CAR-T cells to act as ultimate attackers, thereby overcoming some limitations. Exosomes retain most characteristics of parent cells and play an essential role in intercellular communications via transmitting their cargo to recipient cells. The application of CAR-T cell-derived exosomes will make this cell-based therapy more clinically controllable as it also provides a cell-free platform to diversify anticancer mediators, which responds effectively to the complexity and volatility of cancer. It is believed that the appropriate application of both cellular and exosomal platforms will make this effective treatment more practicable.
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277
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Mesenchymal Stem Cells as a Prospective Therapy for the Diabetic Foot. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:4612167. [PMID: 27867398 PMCID: PMC5102750 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4612167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The diabetic foot is a serious complication of diabetes. Mesenchymal stem cells are an abundant source of stem cells which occupy a special position in cell therapies, and recent studies have suggested that mesenchymal stem cells can play essential roles in treatments for the diabetic foot. Here, we discuss the advances that have been made in mesenchymal stem cell treatments for this condition. The roles and functional mechanisms of mesenchymal stem cells in the diabetic foot are also summarized, and insights into current and future studies are presented.
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278
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Oh SH, Kim HN, Park HJ, Shin JY, Kim DY, Lee PH. The Cleavage Effect of Mesenchymal Stem Cell and Its Derived Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 on Extracellular α-Synuclein Aggregates in Parkinsonian Models. Stem Cells Transl Med 2016; 6:949-961. [PMID: 28297586 PMCID: PMC5442774 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2016-0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ample evidence has suggested that extracellular α‐synuclein aggregates would play key roles in the pathogenesis and progression of Parkinsonian disorders (PDs). In the present study, we investigated whether mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and their derived soluble factors could exert neuroprotective effects via proteolysis of extracellular α‐synuclein. When preformed α‐synuclein aggregates were incubated with MSC‐conditioned medium, α‐synuclein aggregates were disassembled, and insoluble and oligomeric forms of α‐synuclein were markedly decreased, thus leading to a significant increase in neuronal viability. In an animal study, MSC or MSC‐conditioned medium treatment decreased the expression of α‐synuclein oligomers and the induction of pathogenic α‐synuclein with an attenuation of apoptotic cell death signaling. Furthermore, we identified that matrix metalloproteinase‐2 (MMP‐2), a soluble factor derived from MSCs, played an important role in the degradation of extracellular α‐synuclein. Our data demonstrated that MSCs and their derived MMP‐2 exert neuroprotective properties through proteolysis of aggregated α‐synuclein in PD‐related microenvironments. Stem Cells Translational Medicine2017;6:949–961
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Hee Oh
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha Na Kim
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Park
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Young Shin
- Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Yeol Kim
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Phil Hyu Lee
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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279
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Matula Z, Németh A, Lőrincz P, Szepesi Á, Brózik A, Buzás EI, Lőw P, Német K, Uher F, Urbán VS. The Role of Extracellular Vesicle and Tunneling Nanotube-Mediated Intercellular Cross-Talk Between Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Human Peripheral T Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2016; 25:1818-1832. [PMID: 27596268 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2016.0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in mediating the immunosuppressory properties of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has recently attracted remarkable scientific interest. The aim of this work was to analyze the transport mechanisms of membrane and cytoplasmic components between T lymphocytes and adipose tissue-derived MSCs (AD-MSCs), by focusing on the role of distinct populations of EVs, direct cell-cell contacts, and the soluble mediators per se in modulating T lymphocyte function. We found that neither murine thymocytes and human primary T cells nor Jurkat lymphoblastoid cells incorporated appreciable amounts of MSC-derived microvesicles (MVs) or exosomes (EXOs). Moreover, these particles had no effect on the proliferation and IFN-γ production of in vitro-stimulated primary T cells. In contrast, AD-MSCs incorporated large amounts of membrane components from T cells as an intensive uptake of EXOs and MVs could be observed. Interestingly, we found a bidirectional exchange of cytoplasmic components between human AD-MSCs and primary T lymphocytes, mediated by tunneling nanotubes (TNTs) derived exclusively from the T cells. In contrast, TNTs couldn't be observed between AD-MSCs and the Jurkat cells. Our results reveal a novel and efficient way of intercellular communication between MSCs and T cells, and may help a better understanding of the immunomodulatory function of MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Matula
- 1 Institute of Enzymology , Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Andrea Németh
- 2 Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University , Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Lőrincz
- 3 Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eötvos Loránd University , Budapest, Hungary
| | - Áron Szepesi
- 1 Institute of Enzymology , Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anna Brózik
- 1 Institute of Enzymology , Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Edit Irén Buzás
- 2 Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University , Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Lőw
- 3 Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eötvos Loránd University , Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Ferenc Uher
- 5 Stem Cell Biology, National Blood Service , Budapest, Hungary
| | - Veronika S Urbán
- 6 Department of Morphology and Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Semmelweis University , Budapest, Hungary
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280
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Kalani A, Chaturvedi P, Kamat PK, Maldonado C, Bauer P, Joshua IG, Tyagi SC, Tyagi N. Curcumin-loaded embryonic stem cell exosomes restored neurovascular unit following ischemia-reperfusion injury. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 79:360-369. [PMID: 27594413 PMCID: PMC5067233 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We tested whether the combined nano-formulation, prepared with curcumin (anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective molecule) and embryonic stem cell exosomes (MESC-exocur), restored neurovascular loss following an ischemia reperfusion (IR) injury in mice. IR-injury was created in 8-10 weeks old mice and divided into two groups. Out of two IR-injured groups, one group received intranasal administration of MESC-exocur for 7days. Similarly, two sham groups were made and one group received MESC-exocur treatment. The study determined that MESC-exocur treatment reduced neurological score, infarct volume and edema following IR-injury. As compared to untreated IR group, MESC-exocur treated-IR group showed reduced inflammation and N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor expression. Treatment of MESC-exocur also reduced astrocytic GFAP expression and alleviated the expression of NeuN positive neurons in IR-injured mice. In addition, MESC-exocur treatment restored vascular endothelial tight (claudin-5 and occludin) and adherent (VE-cadherin) junction proteins in IR-injured mice as compared to untreated IR-injured mice. These results suggest that combining the potentials of embryonic stem cell exosomes and curcumin can help neurovascular restoration following ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Kalani
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, KY, USA.
| | - Pankaj Chaturvedi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Pradip K Kamat
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Claudio Maldonado
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, KY, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Philip Bauer
- Department of Surgery, University of Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Irving G Joshua
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Suresh C Tyagi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Neetu Tyagi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, KY, USA
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281
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Bang OY, Kim EH, Cha JM, Moon GJ. Adult Stem Cell Therapy for Stroke: Challenges and Progress. J Stroke 2016; 18:256-266. [PMID: 27733032 PMCID: PMC5066440 DOI: 10.5853/jos.2016.01263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is one of the leading causes of death and physical disability among adults. It has been 15 years since clinical trials of stem cell therapy in patients with stroke have been conducted using adult stem cells like mesenchymal stem cells and bone marrow mononuclear cells. Results of randomized controlled trials showed that adult stem cell therapy was safe but its efficacy was modest, underscoring the need for new stem cell therapy strategies. The primary limitations of current stem cell therapies include (a) the limited source of engraftable stem cells, (b) the presence of optimal time window for stem cell therapies, (c) inherited limitation of stem cells in terms of growth, trophic support, and differentiation potential, and (d) possible transplanted cell-mediated adverse effects, such as tumor formation. Here, we discuss recent advances that overcome these hurdles in adult stem cell therapy for stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oh Young Bang
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Translational and Stem Cell Research Laboratory on Stroke, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Hee Kim
- Translational and Stem Cell Research Laboratory on Stroke, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Min Cha
- Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea.,Medical Device Research Center, Research Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gyeong Joon Moon
- Translational and Stem Cell Research Laboratory on Stroke, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.,Stem cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
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282
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Comparison of Osteogenesis between Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Their Sheets on Poly-ε-Caprolactone/β-Tricalcium Phosphate Composite Scaffolds in Canine Bone Defects. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:8414715. [PMID: 27610141 PMCID: PMC5004032 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8414715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Multipotent mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and MSC sheets have effective potentials of bone regeneration. Composite polymer/ceramic scaffolds such as poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL)/β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) are widely used to repair large bone defects. The present study investigated the in vitro osteogenic potential of canine adipose-derived MSCs (Ad-MSCs) and Ad-MSC sheets. Composite PCL/β-TCP scaffolds seeded with Ad-MSCs or wrapped with osteogenic Ad-MSC sheets (OCS) were also fabricated and their osteogenic potential was assessed following transplantation into critical-sized bone defects in dogs. The alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity of osteogenic Ad-MSCs (O-MSCs) and OCS was significantly higher than that of undifferentiated Ad-MSCs (U-MSCs). The ALP, runt-related transcription factor 2, osteopontin, and bone morphogenetic protein 7 mRNA levels were upregulated in O-MSCs and OCS as compared to U-MSCs. In a segmental bone defect, the amount of newly formed bone was greater in PCL/β-TCP/OCS and PCL/β-TCP/O-MSCs/OCS than in the other groups. The OCS exhibit strong osteogenic capacity, and OCS combined with a PCL/β-TCP composite scaffold stimulated new bone formation in a critical-sized bone defect. These results suggest that the PCL/β-TCP/OCS composite has potential clinical applications in bone regeneration and can be used as an alternative treatment modality in bone tissue engineering.
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283
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Ryu JH, Park M, Kim BK, Kim YH, Woo SY, Ryu KH. Human tonsil‑derived mesenchymal stromal cells enhanced myelopoiesis in a mouse model of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:3045-51. [PMID: 27511380 PMCID: PMC5042779 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have therapeutic potential for repairing tissue damage and are involved in immune regulation. MSCs are predominantly isolated from bone marrow (BM), adipose tissue or placental tissue. Further to these well‑known sources, the isolation of MSCs from human tonsils was previously reported. The aim of the present study was to investigate a potential role for tonsil‑derived MSCs (T‑MSCs) in BM reconstitution and application towards supplementing hematopoiesis in a mouse model of BM transplantation (BMT). Eight‑week‑old BALB/c female mice received 80 mg/kg busulfan (Bu)/200 mg/kg cyclophosphamide (Cy) conditioning chemotherapy for BM ablation. Subsequently, human T‑MSCs were injected into the Bu/Cy‑treated mice with or without BM cells (BMCs) obtained from allogeneic C57BL/6 male mice. After 3 weeks, peripheral blood and BM was collected for analysis. The red blood cell count in the group that received BMCs had almost returned to normal, whereas mononuclear cell counts and BM cellularity were most improved in the T‑MSCs + BMCs group. These results indicate that the T‑MSCs enhanced myelopoiesis in the allogeneic BMT mouse model, as evidenced by the restoration of BM with hematopoietic cells, as well as increased myeloid colony formation in vitro. Therefore, T‑MSCs may provide a source of MSCs to facilitate myelopoiesis and megakaryocytosis following BMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hwa Ryu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Global Top 5 Research Program, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 158‑710, Republic of Korea
| | - Minhwa Park
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Global Top 5 Research Program, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 158‑710, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Kyung Kim
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Global Top 5 Research Program, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 158‑710, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Hee Kim
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Global Top 5 Research Program, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 158‑710, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Youn Woo
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Global Top 5 Research Program, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 158‑710, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Ha Ryu
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Global Top 5 Research Program, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 158‑710, Republic of Korea
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284
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Golpanian S, Wolf A, Hatzistergos KE, Hare JM. Rebuilding the Damaged Heart: Mesenchymal Stem Cells, Cell-Based Therapy, and Engineered Heart Tissue. Physiol Rev 2016; 96:1127-68. [PMID: 27335447 PMCID: PMC6345247 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00019.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are broadly distributed cells that retain postnatal capacity for self-renewal and multilineage differentiation. MSCs evade immune detection, secrete an array of anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic mediators, and very importantly activate resident precursors. These properties form the basis for the strategy of clinical application of cell-based therapeutics for inflammatory and fibrotic conditions. In cardiovascular medicine, administration of autologous or allogeneic MSCs in patients with ischemic and nonischemic cardiomyopathy holds significant promise. Numerous preclinical studies of ischemic and nonischemic cardiomyopathy employing MSC-based therapy have demonstrated that the properties of reducing fibrosis, stimulating angiogenesis, and cardiomyogenesis have led to improvements in the structure and function of remodeled ventricles. Further attempts have been made to augment MSCs' effects through genetic modification and cell preconditioning. Progression of MSC therapy to early clinical trials has supported their role in improving cardiac structure and function, functional capacity, and patient quality of life. Emerging data have supported larger clinical trials that have been either completed or are currently underway. Mechanistically, MSC therapy is thought to benefit the heart by stimulating innate anti-fibrotic and regenerative responses. The mechanisms of action involve paracrine signaling, cell-cell interactions, and fusion with resident cells. Trans-differentiation of MSCs to bona fide cardiomyocytes and coronary vessels is also thought to occur, although at a nonphysiological level. Recently, MSC-based tissue engineering for cardiovascular disease has been examined with quite encouraging results. This review discusses MSCs from their basic biological characteristics to their role as a promising therapeutic strategy for clinical cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Golpanian
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, Department of Medicine, and Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Ariel Wolf
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, Department of Medicine, and Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Konstantinos E Hatzistergos
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, Department of Medicine, and Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Joshua M Hare
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, Department of Medicine, and Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
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285
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Abstract
Stem cell therapy provides immense hope for regenerating the pathological heart, yet has been marred by issues surrounding the effectiveness, unclear mechanisms, and survival of the donated cell population in the ischemic myocardial milieu. Poor survival and engraftment coupled to inadequate cardiac commitment of the adoptively transferred stem cells compromises the improvement in cardiac function. Various alternative approaches to enhance the efficacy of stem cell therapies and to overcome issues with cell therapy have been used with varied success. Cell-free components, such as exosomes enriched in proteins, messenger RNAs, and miRs characteristic of parental stem cells, represent a potential approach for treating cardiovascular diseases. Recently, exosomes from different kinds of stem cells have been effectively used to promote cardiac function in the pathological heart. The aim of this review is to summarize current research efforts on stem cell exosomes, including their potential benefits and limitations to develop a potentially viable therapy for cardiovascular problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Kishore
- From the Center for Translational Medicine (R.K., M.K.) and Department of Pharmacology (R.K.), Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Mohsin Khan
- From the Center for Translational Medicine (R.K., M.K.) and Department of Pharmacology (R.K.), Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA.
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286
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Abstract
Temporomandibular Disorders (TMD) represent a heterogeneous group of musculoskeletal and neuromuscular conditions involving the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), masticatory muscles and/or associated structures. They are a major cause of non-dental orofacial pain. As a group, they are often multi-factorial in nature and have no common etiology or biological explanations. TMD can be broadly divided into masticatory muscle and TMJ disorders. TMJ disorders are characterized by intra-articular positional and/or structural abnormalities. The most common type of TMJ disorders involves displacement of the TMJ articular disc that precedes progressive degenerative changes of the joint leading to osteoarthritis (OA). In the past decade, progress made in the development of stem cell-based therapies and tissue engineering have provided alternative methods to attenuate the disease symptoms and even replace the diseased tissue in the treatment of TMJ disorders. Resident mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been isolated from the synovia of TMJ, suggesting an important role in the repair and regeneration of TMJ. The seminal discovery of pluripotent stem cells including embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have provided promising cell sources for drug discovery, transplantation as well as for tissue engineering of TMJ condylar cartilage and disc. This review discusses the most recent advances in development of stem cell-based treatments for TMJ disorders through innovative approaches of cell-based therapeutics, tissue engineering and drug discovery.
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287
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Koniusz S, Andrzejewska A, Muraca M, Srivastava AK, Janowski M, Lukomska B. Extracellular Vesicles in Physiology, Pathology, and Therapy of the Immune and Central Nervous System, with Focus on Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Mesenchymal Stem Cells as Therapeutic Tools. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:109. [PMID: 27199663 PMCID: PMC4852177 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-surrounded structures released by most cell types. They are characterized by a specific set of proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. EVs have been recognized as potent vehicles of intercellular communication to transmit biological signals between cells. In addition, pathophysiological roles of EVs in conditions like cancer, infectious diseases and neurodegenerative disorders are well established. In recent years focus has been shifted on therapeutic use of stem cell derived-EVs. Use of stem cell derived-EVs present distinct advantage over the whole stem cells as EVs do not replicate and after intravenous administration, they are less likely to trap inside the lungs. From the therapeutic perspective, the most promising cellular sources of EVs are mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which are easy to obtain and maintain. Therapeutic activity of MSCs has been shown in numerous animal models and the beneficial paracrine effect of MSCs may be mediated by EVs. The various components of MSC derived-EVs such as proteins, lipids, and RNA might play a specific therapeutic role. In this review, we characterize the role of EVs in immune and central nervous system (CNS); present evidences for defective signaling of these vesicles in neurodegeneration and therapeutic role of EVs in CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Koniusz
- NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Andrzejewska
- NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maurizio Muraca
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padua Padua, Italy
| | - Amit K Srivastava
- Russel H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore MD, USA
| | - Miroslaw Janowski
- NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of SciencesWarsaw, Poland; Russel H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, BaltimoreMD, USA
| | - Barbara Lukomska
- NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences Warsaw, Poland
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288
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Desgagné V, Guay SP, Guérin R, Corbin F, Couture P, Lamarche B, Bouchard L. Variations in HDL-carried miR-223 and miR-135a concentrations after consumption of dietary trans fat are associated with changes in blood lipid and inflammatory markers in healthy men - an exploratory study. Epigenetics 2016; 11:438-48. [PMID: 27099924 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2016.1176816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A high consumption of trans fatty acids (TFAs) is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). High-density lipoproteins (HDLs) have many cardioprotective properties and transport functional microRNAs (miRNAs) to recipient cells. We hypothesized that dietary TFAs modify the HDL-carried miRNA profile, therefore modulating its cardioprotective properties. We assessed whether consumption of dietary TFAs modifies HDL-carried miR-223-3p and miR-135a-3p concentration and the inter-relationship between diet-induced changes in HDL-carried miRNA concentration and CVD risk markers. In a double blind, randomized, crossover, controlled study, 9 men were fed each of 3 experimental isoenergetic diets: 1) High in industrial TFA (iTFA; 3.7% energy); 2) High in TFA from ruminants (rTFA; 3.7% energy); 3) Low in TFA (control; 0.8% energy) for 4 weeks each. HDLs were isolated by ultracentrifugation and miRNAs were quantified by RT-qPCR. Variations in HDL-miR-223-3p concentration were negatively correlated with variations in HDL-cholesterol after the iTFA diet (rs = 0.82; P = 0.007), and positively correlated with variations in C-reactive protein concentration after the rTFA diet (rs = 0.75; P = 0.020). Variations in HDL-miR-135a-3p concentration were positively correlated with variations in total triglyceride (TG) concentration following the iTFA diet (rs = -0.82; P = 0.007), and with variations in low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-TG concentration following the rTFA diet (rs = 0.83; P = 0.005), compared to the control diet. However, the consumption of dietary TFAs has no significant unidirectional impact on HDL-carried miR-223-3p and miR-135a-3p concentrations. Our results suggest that the variability in the HDL-carried miRNAs response to TFA intake, by being associated with variations in CVD risk factors, might reflect physiological changes in HDL functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Desgagné
- a Département de biochimie , Université de Sherbrooke , Sherbrooke , Québec , Canada.,b Centre de recherche clinique ECOGENE-21, CIUSSS du Saguenay-Lac-St-Jean , Saguenay , Québec , Canada
| | - Simon-Pierre Guay
- a Département de biochimie , Université de Sherbrooke , Sherbrooke , Québec , Canada.,b Centre de recherche clinique ECOGENE-21, CIUSSS du Saguenay-Lac-St-Jean , Saguenay , Québec , Canada
| | - Renée Guérin
- c Département de biologie médicale , CIUSSS du Saguenay-Lac-St-Jean , Saguenay , Québec , Canada
| | - François Corbin
- a Département de biochimie , Université de Sherbrooke , Sherbrooke , Québec , Canada
| | - Patrick Couture
- d Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Université Laval , Québec , Canada
| | - Benoit Lamarche
- d Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Université Laval , Québec , Canada
| | - Luigi Bouchard
- a Département de biochimie , Université de Sherbrooke , Sherbrooke , Québec , Canada.,b Centre de recherche clinique ECOGENE-21, CIUSSS du Saguenay-Lac-St-Jean , Saguenay , Québec , Canada
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289
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Belov L, Matic KJ, Hallal S, Best OG, Mulligan SP, Christopherson RI. Extensive surface protein profiles of extracellular vesicles from cancer cells may provide diagnostic signatures from blood samples. J Extracell Vesicles 2016; 5:25355. [PMID: 27086589 PMCID: PMC4834364 DOI: 10.3402/jev.v5.25355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EV) are membranous particles (30–1,000 nm in diameter) secreted by cells. Important biological functions have been attributed to 2 subsets of EV, the exosomes (bud from endosomal membranes) and the microvesicles (MV; bud from plasma membranes). Since both types of particles contain surface proteins derived from their cell of origin, their detection in blood may enable diagnosis and prognosis of disease. We have used an antibody microarray (DotScan) to compare the surface protein profiles of live cancer cells with those of their EV, based on their binding patterns to immobilized antibodies. Initially, EV derived from the cancer cell lines, LIM1215 (colorectal cancer) and MEC1 (B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia; CLL), were used for assay optimization. Biotinylated antibodies specific for EpCAM (CD326) and CD19, respectively, were used to detect captured particles by enhanced chemiluminescence. Subsequently, this approach was used to profile CD19+ EV from the plasma of CLL patients. These EV expressed a subset (~40%) of the proteins detected on CLL cells from the same patients: moderate or high levels of CD5, CD19, CD31, CD44, CD55, CD62L, CD82, HLA-A,B,C, HLA-DR; low levels of CD21, CD49c, CD63. None of these proteins was detected on EV from the plasma of age- and gender-matched healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Belov
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia;
| | - Kieran J Matic
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Susannah Hallal
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - O Giles Best
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
| | - Stephen P Mulligan
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
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290
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Monsel A, Zhu YG, Gudapati V, Lim H, Lee JW. Mesenchymal stem cell derived secretome and extracellular vesicles for acute lung injury and other inflammatory lung diseases. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2016; 16:859-71. [PMID: 27011289 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2016.1170804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Acute respiratory distress syndrome is a major cause of respiratory failure in critically ill patients. Despite extensive research into its pathophysiology, mortality remains high. No effective pharmacotherapy exists. Based largely on numerous preclinical studies, administration of mesenchymal stem or stromal cell (MSC) as a therapeutic for acute lung injury holds great promise, and clinical trials are currently underway. However, concern for the use of stem cells, specifically the risk of iatrogenic tumor formation, remains unresolved. Accumulating evidence now suggest that novel cell-free therapies including MSC-derived conditioned medium and extracellular vesicles released from MSCs might constitute compelling alternatives. AREAS COVERED The current review summarizes the preclinical studies testing MSC conditioned medium and/or MSC extracellular vesicles as treatment for acute lung injury and other inflammatory lung diseases. EXPERT OPINION While certain logistical obstacles limit the clinical applications of MSC conditioned medium such as the volume required for treatment, the therapeutic application of MSC extracellular vesicles remains promising, primarily due to ability of extracellular vesicles to maintain the functional phenotype of the parent cell. However, utilization of MSC extracellular vesicles will require large-scale production and standardization concerning identification, characterization and quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Monsel
- a Multidisciplinary Intensive Care Unit, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care , La Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Pierre and Marie Curie (UPMC) Univ Paris 06 , Paris , France
| | - Ying-Gang Zhu
- b Department of Pulmonary Disease , Huadong Hospital, Fudan University , Shanghai , China
| | - Varun Gudapati
- c Department of Anesthesiology , University of California San Francisco , San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Hyungsun Lim
- c Department of Anesthesiology , University of California San Francisco , San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Jae W Lee
- c Department of Anesthesiology , University of California San Francisco , San Francisco , CA , USA
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291
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Lai RC, Tan SS, Yeo RWY, Choo ABH, Reiner AT, Su Y, Shen Y, Fu Z, Alexander L, Sze SK, Lim SK. MSC secretes at least 3 EV types each with a unique permutation of membrane lipid, protein and RNA. J Extracell Vesicles 2016; 5:29828. [PMID: 26928672 PMCID: PMC4770866 DOI: 10.3402/jev.v5.29828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 01/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC), a widely used adult stem cell candidate for regenerative medicine, has been shown to exert some of its therapeutic effects through the secretion of extracellular vesicles (EVs). These homogenously sized EVs of 100–150 ηm exhibited many exosome-like biophysical and biochemical properties and carry both proteins and RNAs. Recently, exosome-associated proteins in this MSC EV preparation were found to segregate primarily to those EVs that bind cholera toxin B chain (CTB), a GM1 ganglioside-specific ligand, and pulse-chase experiments demonstrated that these EVs have endosomal origin and carried many of the exosome-associated markers. Here, we report that only a fraction of the MSC EV proteome was found in CTB-bound EVs. Using Annexin V (AV) and Shiga toxin B subunit (ST) with affinities for phosphatidylserine and globotriaosylceramide, respectively, AV- and a ST-binding EV were identified. CTB-, AV- and ST–binding EVs all carried actin. However, the AV-binding EVs carried low or undetectable levels of the exosome-associated proteins. Only the ST-binding EVs carried RNA and EDA-containing fibronectin. Proteins in AV-binding EVs were also different from those released by apoptotic MSCs. CTB- and AV-binding activities were localized to the plasma membrane and cytoplasm of MSCs, while ST-binding activity was localized to the nucleus. Together, this study demonstrates that cells secrete many types of EVs. Specifically, MSCs secrete at least 3 types. They can be differentially isolated based on their affinities for membrane lipid-binding ligands. As the subcellular sites of the binding activities of these ligands and cargo load are different for each EV type, they are likely to have a different biogenesis pathway and possibly different functions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Andre Boon Hwa Choo
- A*STAR Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Singapore.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, NUS, Singapore
| | - Agnes T Reiner
- BioSensor Technologies, AIT-Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Vienna, Austria
| | - Yan Su
- A*STAR Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yang Shen
- A*STAR Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhiyan Fu
- A*STAR Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Siu Kwan Sze
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Sai Kiang Lim
- A*STAR Institute of Medical Biology, Singapore.,Department of Surgery, YLL School of Medicine, NUS, Singapore;
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292
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Merino-González C, Zuñiga FA, Escudero C, Ormazabal V, Reyes C, Nova-Lamperti E, Salomón C, Aguayo C. Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Promote Angiogenesis: Potencial Clinical Application. Front Physiol 2016; 7:24. [PMID: 26903875 PMCID: PMC4746282 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are adult multipotent stem cells that are able to differentiate into multiple specialized cell types including osteocytes, adipocytes, and chondrocytes. MSCs exert different functions in the body and have recently been predicted to have a major clinical/therapeutic potential. However, the mechanisms of self-renewal and tissue regeneration are not completely understood. It has been shown that the biological effect depends mainly on its paracrine action. Furthermore, it has been reported that the secretion of soluble factors and the release of extracellular vesicles, such as exosomes, could mediate the cellular communication to induce cell-differentiation/self-renewal. This review provides an overview of MSC-derived exosomes in promoting angiogenicity and of the clinical relevance in a therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Consuelo Merino-González
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Concepción Concepción, Chile
| | - Felipe A Zuñiga
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Concepción Concepción, Chile
| | - Carlos Escudero
- Vascular Physiology Laboratory, Group of Investigation in Tumor Angiogenesis (GIANT), Department of Basic Sciences, Universidad del Bío-BíoChillán, Chile; Group of Research and Innovation in Vascular Health (GRIVAS Health)Chillán, Chile
| | - Valeska Ormazabal
- Department of Physiopathology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepción Concepción, Chile
| | - Camila Reyes
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Concepción Concepción, Chile
| | | | - Carlos Salomón
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, The University of Queensland Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Claudio Aguayo
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of ConcepciónConcepción, Chile; Group of Research and Innovation in Vascular Health (GRIVAS Health)Chillán, Chile
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293
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Focus on Extracellular Vesicles: Therapeutic Potential of Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:174. [PMID: 26861305 PMCID: PMC4783908 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17020174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The intense research focus on stem and progenitor cells could be attributed to their differentiation potential to generate new cells to replace diseased or lost cells in many highly intractable degenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer disease, multiple sclerosis, and heart diseases. However, experimental and clinical studies have increasingly attributed the therapeutic efficacy of these cells to their secretion. While stem and progenitor cells secreted many therapeutic molecules, none of these molecules singly or in combination could recapitulate the functional effects of stem cell transplantations. Recently, it was reported that extracellular vesicles (EVs) could recapitulate the therapeutic effects of stem cell transplantation. Based on the observations reported thus far, the prevailing hypothesis is that stem cell EVs exert their therapeutic effects by transferring biologically active molecules such as proteins, lipids, mRNA, and microRNA from the stem cells to injured or diseased cells. In this respect, stem cell EVs are similar to EVs from other cell types. They are both primarily vehicles for intercellular communication. Therefore, the differentiating factor is likely due to the composition of their cargo. The cargo of EVs from different cell types are known to include a common set of proteins and also proteins that reflect the cell source of the EVs and the physiological or pathological state of the cell source. Hence, elucidation of the stem cell EV cargo would provide an insight into the multiple physiological or biochemical changes necessary to affect the many reported stem cell-based therapeutic outcomes in a variety of experimental models and clinical trials.
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294
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Xie L, Mao M, Zhou L, Jiang B. Spheroid Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Microvesicles: Two Potential Therapeutic Strategies. Stem Cells Dev 2016; 25:203-13. [PMID: 26575103 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2015.0278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lili Xie
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Mao Mao
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Anatomy, Institute for Human Genetics, UCSF School of Medicine, San Francisco, California
| | - Liang Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bing Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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295
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Kalani A, Tyagi N. Exosomes in neurological disease, neuroprotection, repair and therapeutics: problems and perspectives. Neural Regen Res 2015; 10:1565-7. [PMID: 26692841 PMCID: PMC4660737 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.165305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Kalani
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Neetu Tyagi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
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296
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Dieudé M, Bell C, Turgeon J, Beillevaire D, Pomerleau L, Yang B, Hamelin K, Qi S, Pallet N, Béland C, Dhahri W, Cailhier JF, Rousseau M, Duchez AC, Lévesque T, Lau A, Rondeau C, Gingras D, Muruve D, Rivard A, Cardinal H, Perreault C, Desjardins M, Boilard É, Thibault P, Hébert MJ. The 20
S
proteasome core, active within apoptotic exosome-like vesicles, induces autoantibody production and accelerates rejection. Sci Transl Med 2015; 7:318ra200. [DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aac9816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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297
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Van Giau V, An SSA. Emergence of exosomal miRNAs as a diagnostic biomarker for Alzheimer's disease. J Neurol Sci 2015; 360:141-52. [PMID: 26723991 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common progressive degenerative disorder, and is characterized by memory loss and cognitive decline. It is a complex disorder with both environmental and genetic components. Current diagnosis of AD is based primarily on the analysis of the patient's cognitive function using imaging techniques and the biochemical analyses of bodily fluids. Efforts have been made to develop not only an effective therapeutic, but also a diagnostic capable of identifying AD before the onset of irreversible neurological damage. The molecular content of exosomes is a fingerprint of the releasing cell type and its status. A significant body of literature has demonstrated that molecular constituents of exosomes, especially exosomal proteins and microRNAs (miRNAs), hold great promise as novel biomarkers for clinical diagnosis. In addition, expression profiling of miRNAs found in nanovesicles has revealed diagnostic potential in neurodegenerative diseases. Currently, exosomal miRNAs within biological fluids are known as good disease-related markers, and have emerged as a powerful tool for solving many difficulties in both the diagnosis and treatment of AD patients. In this review, we reviewed recent advances in the research of exosomal biomarkers as well as exosomal miRNAs, summarized of actively used approaches to identifying potential miRNA biomarkers through mouse models and their potential application in clinical diagnostics in AD. We also supply a comprehensive overview of the formation, function, and isolation of exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vo Van Giau
- Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon Medical Research Institute, Gachon University, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Seong Soo A An
- Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon Medical Research Institute, Gachon University, Seongnam, South Korea.
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298
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Bruno S, Deregibus MC, Camussi G. The secretome of mesenchymal stromal cells: Role of extracellular vesicles in immunomodulation. Immunol Lett 2015; 168:154-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2015.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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299
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Gallart-Palau X, Serra A, Wong ASW, Sandin S, Lai MKP, Chen CP, Kon OL, Sze SK. Extracellular vesicles are rapidly purified from human plasma by PRotein Organic Solvent PRecipitation (PROSPR). Sci Rep 2015; 5:14664. [PMID: 26419333 PMCID: PMC4588595 DOI: 10.1038/srep14664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) such as exosomes and microvesicles mediate intercellular communication and regulate a diverse range of crucial biological processes. Host cells that are damaged, infected or transformed release biomarker-containing EVs into the peripheral circulation, where they can be readily accessed for use in diagnostic or prognostic testing. However, current methods of EV isolation from blood plasma are complex and often require relatively large sample volumes, hence are inefficient for widespread use in clinical settings. Here, we report a novel and inexpensive method of rapidly isolating EVs from small volumes of human blood plasma by PRotein Organic Solvent PRecipitation (PROSPR). PROSPR encompasses a rapid three-step protocol to remove soluble proteins from plasma via precipitation in cold acetone, leaving the lipid-encapsulated EVs behind in suspension. This generates higher purity EVs that can then be obtained from filtration or classical ultracentrifugation methods. We foresee that PROSPR-based purification of EVs will significantly accelerate the discovery of new disease biomarkers and the characterization of EVs with potential for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Gallart-Palau
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637551
| | - Aida Serra
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637551
| | - Andrew See Weng Wong
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637551
| | - Sara Sandin
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637551
| | - Mitchell K P Lai
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Memory, Aging and Cognition Centre, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Christopher P Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Memory, Aging and Cognition Centre, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Oi Lian Kon
- Division of Medical Sciences, Humphrey Oei Institute of Cancer Research, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Drive, Singapore 169610
| | - Siu Kwan Sze
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637551
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300
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McKelvey KJ, Powell KL, Ashton AW, Morris JM, McCracken SA. Exosomes: Mechanisms of Uptake. J Circ Biomark 2015; 4:7. [PMID: 28936243 PMCID: PMC5572985 DOI: 10.5772/61186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are 30–100 nm microvesicles which contain complex cellular signals of RNA, protein and lipids. Because of this, exosomes are implicated as having limitless therapeutic potential for the treatment of cancer, pregnancy complications, infections, and autoimmune diseases. To date we know a considerable amount about exosome biogenesis and secretion, but there is a paucity of data regarding the uptake of exosomes by immune and non-immune cell types (e.g., cancer cells) and the internal signalling pathways by which these exosomes elicit a cellular response. Answering these questions is of paramount importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly J McKelvey
- Division of Perinatal Medicine, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney at Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
| | - Katie L Powell
- Division of Perinatal Medicine, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney at Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia.,Pathology North, NSW Health Pathology at Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
| | - Anthony W Ashton
- Division of Perinatal Medicine, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney at Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
| | - Jonathan M Morris
- Division of Perinatal Medicine, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney at Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
| | - Sharon A McCracken
- Division of Perinatal Medicine, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney at Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
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