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Hayano-Kanashiro C, Calderón-Vázquez C, Ibarra-Laclette E, Herrera-Estrella L, Simpson J. Analysis of gene expression and physiological responses in three Mexican maize landraces under drought stress and recovery irrigation. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7531. [PMID: 19888455 PMCID: PMC2766256 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2009] [Accepted: 09/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drought is one of the major constraints for plant productivity worldwide. Different mechanisms of drought-tolerance have been reported for several plant species including maize. However, the differences in global gene expression between drought-tolerant and susceptible genotypes and their relationship to physiological adaptations to drought are largely unknown. The study of the differences in global gene expression between tolerant and susceptible genotypes could provide important information to design more efficient breeding programs to produce maize varieties better adapted to water limiting conditions. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Changes in physiological responses and gene expression patterns were studied under drought stress and recovery in three Mexican maize landraces which included two drought tolerant (Cajete criollo and Michoacán 21) and one susceptible (85-2) genotypes. Photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, soil and leaf water potentials were monitored throughout the experiment and microarray analysis was carried out on transcripts obtained at 10 and 17 days following application of stress and after recovery irrigation. The two tolerant genotypes show more drastic changes in global gene expression which correlate with different physiological mechanisms of adaptation to drought. Differences in the kinetics and number of up- and down-regulated genes were observed between the tolerant and susceptible maize genotypes, as well as differences between the two tolerant genotypes. Interestingly, the most dramatic differences between the tolerant and susceptible genotypes were observed during recovery irrigation, suggesting that the tolerant genotypes activate mechanisms that allow more efficient recovery after a severe drought. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE A correlation between levels of photosynthesis and transcription under stress was observed and differences in the number, type and expression levels of transcription factor families were also identified under drought and recovery between the three maize landraces. Gene expression analysis suggests that the drought tolerant landraces have a greater capacity to rapidly modulate more genes under drought and recovery in comparison to the susceptible landrace. Modulation of a greater number of differentially expressed genes of different TF gene families is an important characteristic of the tolerant genotypes. Finally, important differences were also noted between the tolerant landraces that underlie different mechanisms of achieving tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corina Hayano-Kanashiro
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados, Departamento de Ingeniería Genética de Plantas, Libramiento Norte Carretera Irapuato-León, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Carlos Calderón-Vázquez
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados, Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad (LANGEBIO), Libramiento Norte Carretera Irapuato-León, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Enrique Ibarra-Laclette
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados, Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad (LANGEBIO), Libramiento Norte Carretera Irapuato-León, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Luis Herrera-Estrella
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados, Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad (LANGEBIO), Libramiento Norte Carretera Irapuato-León, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - June Simpson
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados, Departamento de Ingeniería Genética de Plantas, Libramiento Norte Carretera Irapuato-León, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
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302
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Koyama K, Sadamatsu K, Goto-Yamamoto N. Abscisic acid stimulated ripening and gene expression in berry skins of the Cabernet Sauvignon grape. Funct Integr Genomics 2009; 10:367-81. [PMID: 19841954 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-009-0145-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2009] [Revised: 09/24/2009] [Accepted: 09/27/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) application on the transcriptome as well as the phenolic profiles in the skins of Vitis vinifera cv. Cabernet Sauvignon grape berries grown on the vine and cultured in vitro. ABA application rapidly induced the accumulation of anthocyanin and flavonol. Correlatively, the structural genes in the phenylpropanoid and flavonoid pathways, their transcriptional regulators, as well as genes considered to be involved in the acylation and transport of anthocyanin into the vacuole, were upregulated by ABA treatment. The Genechip analysis showed that the ABA treatment significantly up- or downregulated a total of 345 and 1,482 transcripts in the skins of berries grown on the vine and cultured in vitro, respectively. Exogenous ABA modulated the transcripts associated with osmotic responses, stress responses, cell wall modification, auxin and ethylene metabolism and responses, in addition to the induction of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes, and reduced those associated with photosynthesis; approximately half of these transcripts were identical to the previously reported ripening-specific genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Koyama
- Fundamental Research Division, National Research Institute of Brewing, 3-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-0046, Japan.
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303
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Tittarelli A, Santiago M, Morales A, Meisel LA, Silva H. Isolation and functional characterization of cold-regulated promoters, by digitally identifying peach fruit cold-induced genes from a large EST dataset. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2009; 9:121. [PMID: 19772651 PMCID: PMC2754992 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-9-121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2009] [Accepted: 09/22/2009] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cold acclimation is the process by which plants adapt to the low, non freezing temperatures that naturally occur during late autumn or early winter. This process enables the plants to resist the freezing temperatures of winter. Temperatures similar to those associated with cold acclimation are also used by the fruit industry to delay fruit ripening in peaches. However, peaches that are subjected to long periods of cold storage may develop chilling injury symptoms (woolliness and internal breakdown). In order to better understand the relationship between cold acclimation and chilling injury in peaches, we isolated and functionally characterized cold-regulated promoters from cold-inducible genes identified by digitally analyzing a large EST dataset. RESULTS Digital expression analyses of EST datasets, revealed 164 cold-induced peach genes, several of which show similarities to genes associated with cold acclimation and cold stress responses. The promoters of three of these cold-inducible genes (Ppbec1, Ppxero2 and Pptha1) were fused to the GUS reporter gene and characterized for cold-inducibility using both transient transformation assays in peach fruits (in fruta) and stable transformation in Arabidopsis thaliana. These assays demonstrate that the promoter Pptha1 is not cold-inducible, whereas the Ppbec1 and Ppxero2 promoter constructs are cold-inducible. CONCLUSION This work demonstrates that during cold storage, peach fruits differentially express genes that are associated with cold acclimation. Functional characterization of these promoters in transient transformation assays in fruta as well as stable transformation in Arabidopsis, demonstrate that the isolated Ppbec1 and Ppxero2 promoters are cold-inducible promoters, whereas the isolated Pptha1 promoter is not cold-inducible. Additionally, the cold-inducible activity of the Ppbec1 and Ppxero2 promoters suggest that there is a conserved heterologous cold-inducible regulation of these promoters in peach and Arabidopsis. These results reveal that digital expression analyses may be used in non-model species to identify candidate genes whose promoters are differentially expressed in response to exogenous stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Tittarelli
- Millennium Nucleus in Plant Cell Biotechnology (MN-PCB), Santiago, Chile
- Plant Functional Genomics & Bioinformatics Lab, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Margarita Santiago
- Millennium Nucleus in Plant Cell Biotechnology (MN-PCB), Santiago, Chile
- Plant Functional Genomics & Bioinformatics Lab, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrea Morales
- Millennium Nucleus in Plant Cell Biotechnology (MN-PCB), Santiago, Chile
- Plant Functional Genomics & Bioinformatics Lab, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lee A Meisel
- Millennium Nucleus in Plant Cell Biotechnology (MN-PCB), Santiago, Chile
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Herman Silva
- Millennium Nucleus in Plant Cell Biotechnology (MN-PCB), Santiago, Chile
- Plant Functional Genomics & Bioinformatics Lab, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
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304
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Xu Y, Skinner DJ, Wu H, Palacios-Rojas N, Araus JL, Yan J, Gao S, Warburton ML, Crouch JH. Advances in maize genomics and their value for enhancing genetic gains from breeding. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT GENOMICS 2009; 2009:957602. [PMID: 19688107 PMCID: PMC2726335 DOI: 10.1155/2009/957602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2008] [Accepted: 05/27/2009] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Maize is an important crop for food, feed, forage, and fuel across tropical and temperate areas of the world. Diversity studies at genetic, molecular, and functional levels have revealed that, tropical maize germplasm, landraces, and wild relatives harbor a significantly wider range of genetic variation. Among all types of markers, SNP markers are increasingly the marker-of-choice for all genomics applications in maize breeding. Genetic mapping has been developed through conventional linkage mapping and more recently through linkage disequilibrium-based association analyses. Maize genome sequencing, initially focused on gene-rich regions, now aims for the availability of complete genome sequence. Conventional insertion mutation-based cloning has been complemented recently by EST- and map-based cloning. Transgenics and nutritional genomics are rapidly advancing fields targeting important agronomic traits including pest resistance and grain quality. Substantial advances have been made in methodologies for genomics-assisted breeding, enhancing progress in yield as well as abiotic and biotic stress resistances. Various genomic databases and informatics tools have been developed, among which MaizeGDB is the most developed and widely used by the maize research community. In the future, more emphasis should be given to the development of tools and strategic germplasm resources for more effective molecular breeding of tropical maize products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunbi Xu
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Apdo. Postal 6-64, 06600 Mexico, DF, Mexico
| | - Debra J. Skinner
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Apdo. Postal 6-64, 06600 Mexico, DF, Mexico
| | - Huixia Wu
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Apdo. Postal 6-64, 06600 Mexico, DF, Mexico
| | - Natalia Palacios-Rojas
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Apdo. Postal 6-64, 06600 Mexico, DF, Mexico
| | - Jose Luis Araus
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Apdo. Postal 6-64, 06600 Mexico, DF, Mexico
| | - Jianbing Yan
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Apdo. Postal 6-64, 06600 Mexico, DF, Mexico
| | - Shibin Gao
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Apdo. Postal 6-64, 06600 Mexico, DF, Mexico
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan 625014, China
| | - Marilyn L. Warburton
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Apdo. Postal 6-64, 06600 Mexico, DF, Mexico
- USDA-ARS-CHPRRU, Box 9555, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Jonathan H. Crouch
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Apdo. Postal 6-64, 06600 Mexico, DF, Mexico
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305
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Manavalan LP, Guttikonda SK, Tran LS, Nguyen HT. Physiological and molecular approaches to improve drought resistance in soybean. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 50:1260-76. [PMID: 19546148 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcp082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Drought stress is a major constraint to the production and yield stability of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. For developing high yielding varieties under drought conditions, the most widely employed criterion has traditionally been direct selection for yield stability over multiple locations. However, this approach is time consuming and labor intensive, because yield is a highly quantitative trait with low heritability, and influenced by differences arising from soil heterogeneity and environmental factors. The alternative strategy of indirect selection using secondary traits has succeeded only in a few crops, due to problems with repeatability and lack of phenotyping strategies, especially for root-related traits. Considerable efforts have been directed towards identifying traits associated with drought resistance in soybean. With the availability of the whole genome sequence, physical maps, genetics and functional genomics tools, integrated approaches using molecular breeding and genetic engineering offer new opportunities for improving drought resistance in soybean. Genetic engineering for drought resistance with candidate genes has been reported in the major food crops, and efforts for developing drought-resistant soybean lines are in progress. The objective of this review is to consolidate the current knowledge of physiology, molecular breeding and functional genomics which may be influential in integrating breeding and genetic engineering approaches for drought resistance in soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi P Manavalan
- National Center for Soybean Biotechnology and Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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306
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Gimeno J, Gadea J, Forment J, Pérez-Valle J, Santiago J, Martínez-Godoy MA, Yenush L, Bellés JM, Brumós J, Colmenero-Flores JM, Talón M, Serrano R. Shared and novel molecular responses of mandarin to drought. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 70:403-20. [PMID: 19290483 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-009-9481-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2008] [Accepted: 03/06/2009] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Drought is the most important stress experienced by citrus crops. A citrus cDNA microarray of about 6.000 genes has been utilized to identify transcriptomic responses of mandarin to water stress. As observed in other plant species challenged with drought stress, key genes for lysine catabolism, proline and raffinose synthesis, hydrogen peroxide reduction, vacuolar malate transport, RCI2 proteolipids and defence proteins such as osmotin, dehydrins and heat-shock proteins are induced in mandarin. Also, some aquaporin genes are repressed. The osmolyte raffinose could be detected in stressed roots while the dehydrin COR15 protein only accumulated in stressed leaves but not in roots. Novel drought responses in mandarin include the induction of genes encoding a new miraculin isoform, chloroplast beta-carotene hydroxylase, oleoyl desaturase, ribosomal protein RPS13A and protein kinase CTR1. These results suggest that drought tolerance in citrus may benefit from inhibition of proteolysis, activation of zeaxanthin and linolenoyl synthesis, reinforcement of ribosomal structure and down-regulation of the ethylene response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacinta Gimeno
- Instituto De Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-CSIC, Camino de Vera s/n, Valencia, Spain
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307
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Aprile A, Mastrangelo AM, De Leonardis AM, Galiba G, Roncaglia E, Ferrari F, De Bellis L, Turchi L, Giuliano G, Cattivelli L. Transcriptional profiling in response to terminal drought stress reveals differential responses along the wheat genome. BMC Genomics 2009; 10:279. [PMID: 19552804 PMCID: PMC2713995 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-10-279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2008] [Accepted: 06/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Water stress during grain filling has a marked effect on grain yield, leading to a reduced endosperm cell number and thus sink capacity to accumulate dry matter. The bread wheat cultivar Chinese Spring (CS), a Chinese Spring terminal deletion line (CS_5AL-10) and the durum wheat cultivar Creso were subjected to transcriptional profiling after exposure to mild and severe drought stress at the grain filling stage to find evidences of differential stress responses associated to different wheat genome regions. Results The transcriptome analysis of Creso, CS and its deletion line revealed 8,552 non redundant probe sets with different expression levels, mainly due to the comparisons between the two species. The drought treatments modified the expression of 3,056 probe sets. Besides a set of genes showing a similar drought response in Creso and CS, cluster analysis revealed several drought response features that can be associated to the different genomic structure of Creso, CS and CS_5AL-10. Some drought-related genes were expressed at lower level (or not expressed) in Creso (which lacks the D genome) or in the CS_5AL-10 deletion line compared to CS. The chromosome location of a set of these genes was confirmed by PCR-based mapping on the D genome (or the 5AL-10 region). Many clusters were characterized by different level of expression in Creso, CS and CS_AL-10, suggesting that the different genome organization of the three genotypes may affect plant adaptation to stress. Clusters with similar expression trend were grouped and functional classified to mine the biological mean of their activation or repression. Genes involved in ABA, proline, glycine-betaine and sorbitol pathways were found up-regulated by drought stress. Furthermore, the enhanced expression of a set of transposons and retrotransposons was detected in CS_5AL-10. Conclusion Bread and durum wheat genotypes were characterized by a different physiological reaction to water stress and by a substantially different molecular response. The genome organization accounted for differences in the expression level of hundreds of genes located on the D genome or controlled by regulators located on the D genome. When a genomic stress (deletion of a chromosomal region) was combined with low water availability, a molecular response based on the activation of transposons and retrotransposons was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Aprile
- CRA-Genomic Research Centre, Fiorenzuola d'Arda, Piacenza, Italy.
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308
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Peremarti A, Bassie L, Christou P, Capell T. Spermine facilitates recovery from drought but does not confer drought tolerance in transgenic rice plants expressing Datura stramonium S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 70:253-64. [PMID: 19234674 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-009-9470-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2008] [Accepted: 02/08/2009] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Polyamines are known to play important roles in plant stress tolerance but it has been difficult to determine precise functions for each type of polyamine and their interrelationships. To dissect the roles of putrescine from the higher polyamines spermidine and spermine, we generated transgenic rice plants constitutively expressing a heterologous S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (SAMDC) gene from Datura stramonium so that spermidine and spermine levels could be investigated while maintaining a constant putrescine pool. Whereas transgenic plants expressing arginine decarboxylase (ADC) produced higher levels of putrescine, spermidine and spermine, and were protected from drought stress, transgenic plants expressing SAMDC produced normal levels of putrescine and showed drought symptoms typical of wild type plants under stress, but the transgenic plants showed a much more robust recovery on return to normal conditions (90% full recovery compared to 25% partial recovery for wild type plants). At the molecular level, both wild type and transgenic plants showed transient reductions in the levels of endogenous ADC1 and SAMDC mRNA, but only wild type plants showed a spike in putrescine levels under stress. In transgenic plants, there was no spike in putrescine but a smooth increase in spermine levels at the expense of spermidine. These results confirm and extend the threshold model for polyamine activity in drought stress, and attribute individual roles to putrescine, spermidine and spermine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariadna Peremarti
- Departament de Producció Vegetal i Ciència Forestal, ETSEA, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
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309
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Urano K, Maruyama K, Ogata Y, Morishita Y, Takeda M, Sakurai N, Suzuki H, Saito K, Shibata D, Kobayashi M, Yamaguchi-Shinozaki K, Shinozaki K. Characterization of the ABA-regulated global responses to dehydration in Arabidopsis by metabolomics. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 57:1065-78. [PMID: 19036030 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2008.03748.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Drought is the major environmental threat to agricultural production and distribution worldwide. Adaptation by plants to dehydration stress is a complex biological process that involves global changes in gene expression and metabolite composition. Here, using one type of functional genomics analysis, metabolomics, we characterized the metabolic phenotypes of Arabidopsis wild-type and a knockout mutant of the NCED3 gene (nc3-2) under dehydration stress. NCED3 plays a role in the dehydration-inducible biosynthesis of abscisic acid (ABA), a phytohormone that is important in the dehydration-stress response in higher plants. Metabolite profiling performed using two types of mass spectrometry (MS) systems, gas chromatography/time-of-flight MS (GC/TOF-MS) and capillary electrophoresis MS (CE-MS), revealed that accumulation of amino acids depended on ABA production, but the level of the oligosaccharide raffinose was regulated by ABA independently under dehydration stress. Metabolic network analysis showed that global metabolite-metabolite correlations occurred in dehydration-increased amino acids in wild-type, and strong correlations with raffinose were reconstructed in nc3-2. An integrated metabolome and transcriptome analysis revealed ABA-dependent transcriptional regulation of the biosynthesis of the branched-chain amino acids, saccharopine, proline and polyamine. This metabolomics analysis revealed new molecular mechanisms of dynamic metabolic networks in response to dehydration stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Urano
- Gene Discovery Research Group, RIKEN Plant Science Center, 3-1-1 Koyadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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310
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Gao SQ, Chen M, Xia LQ, Xiu HJ, Xu ZS, Li LC, Zhao CP, Cheng XG, Ma YZ. A cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) DRE-binding transcription factor gene, GhDREB, confers enhanced tolerance to drought, high salt, and freezing stresses in transgenic wheat. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2009; 28:301-11. [PMID: 19005655 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-008-0623-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2008] [Revised: 07/31/2008] [Accepted: 09/23/2008] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A cotton (G. hirsutum L.) dehydration responsive element binding protein gene, GhDREB, which encodes a 153 amino acid protein containing a conserved AP2/EREBP domain, was isolated from the cDNA library of cotton cv. Simian 3 by a yeast one-hybrid system. RNA blot analysis showed that the GhDREB gene was induced in cotton seedlings by drought, high salt and cold stresses. An electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) indicated that the GhDREB protein bound specifically to the DRE core element (A/GCCGAC) in vitro. Two expression vectors containing the GhDREB gene with either of the Ubiqutin or rd29A promoters were constructed and transferred into wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) by bombardment. Fifty-eight Ubi::GhDREB and 17 rd29A::GhDREB T(0) plants of Yangmai (36 plants) and Lumai (39 plants) were identified by PCR analysis, respectively. Southern blot and RT-PCR analyses showed that two or three copies of the GhDREB were integrated into the Yangmai 10 genome and were expressed at the transcriptional level, and three or four copies were integrated into the Lumai 23 genome. Functional analysis indicated that the transgenic plants had improved tolerance to drought, high salt, and freezing stresses through accumulating higher levels of soluble sugar and chlorophyll in leaves after stress treatments. No phenotype differences were observed between transgenic plants and their non-transgenic controls. These results indicated that GhDREB might be useful in improving wheat stress tolerance through genetic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Qing Gao
- National Key Facility for Crop Genetic Resources and Genetic Improvement, Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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311
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Lu G, Gao C, Zheng X, Han B. Identification of OsbZIP72 as a positive regulator of ABA response and drought tolerance in rice. PLANTA 2009; 229:605-15. [PMID: 19048288 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-008-0857-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2008] [Accepted: 11/06/2008] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Abscisic Acid (ABA) is an important phytohormone involved in abiotic stress resistance in plants. A group of bZIP transcription factors play important roles in the ABA signaling pathway in Arabidopsis. However, little is known about the function of their orthologs in rice, where they may hold a great potential for developing drought resistant food crops. In this study, our phylogenetic analysis showed that this group of bZIPs was evolutionarily conserved between Arabidopsis and rice, which implies that they may share similar functions. We demonstrated with quantitative RT-PCR that the expressions of most of these OsbZIPs were significantly induced by ABA, ACC, and abiotic stresses. OsbZIP72, a member of this group, was proved to be an ABRE binding factor in rice using the yeast hybrid systems. We showed that it could bind to ABRE and transactivate the downstream reporter genes in yeast, and the transactivity was depending on its N-terminal region. Transgenic rice overexpressing OsbZIP72 showed a hypersensitivity to ABA, elevated levels of expression of ABA response gene such as LEAs, and an enhanced ability of drought tolerance. These results suggest that OsbZIP72 plays a positive role in drought resistance through ABA signaling, and is potential useful for engineering drought tolerant rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guojun Lu
- Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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312
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Zheng X, Chen B, Lu G, Han B. Overexpression of a NAC transcription factor enhances rice drought and salt tolerance. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 379:985-9. [PMID: 19135985 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.12.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2008] [Accepted: 12/31/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The plant-specific NAC (NAM, ATAF1/2, CUC2) transcription factors play diverse roles in plant development and stress responses. In this study, a rice NAC gene, ONAC045, was functionally characterized, especially with regard to its role in abiotic stress resistance. Expression analysis revealed that ONAC045 was induced by drought, high salt, and low temperature stresses, and abscisic acid (ABA) treatment in leaves and roots. Transcriptional activation assay in yeast indicated that ONAC045 functioned as a transcriptional activator. Transient expression of GFP-ONAC045 in onion epidermal cells revealed that ONAC045 protein was localized in the nucleus. Transgenic rice plants overexpressing ONAC045 showed enhanced tolerance to drought and salt treatments. Two stress-responsive genes were upregulated in transgenic rice. Together, these results suggest that ONAC045 encodes a novel stress-responsive NAC transcription factor and is potential useful for engineering drought and salt tolerant rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingnan Zheng
- National Center for Gene Research & Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 500 Caobao Road, Shanghai 200233, China
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313
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Guo P, Baum M, Grando S, Ceccarelli S, Bai G, Li R, von Korff M, Varshney RK, Graner A, Valkoun J. Differentially expressed genes between drought-tolerant and drought-sensitive barley genotypes in response to drought stress during the reproductive stage. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2009; 60:3531-44. [PMID: 19561048 PMCID: PMC2724701 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erp194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Drought tolerance is a key trait for increasing and stabilizing barley productivity in dry areas worldwide. Identification of the genes responsible for drought tolerance in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) will facilitate understanding of the molecular mechanisms of drought tolerance, and also facilitate the genetic improvement of barley through marker-assisted selection or gene transformation. To monitor the changes in gene expression at the transcriptional level in barley leaves during the reproductive stage under drought conditions, the 22K Affymetrix Barley 1 microarray was used to screen two drought-tolerant barley genotypes, Martin and Hordeum spontaneum 41-1 (HS41-1), and one drought-sensitive genotype Moroc9-75. Seventeen genes were expressed exclusively in the two drought-tolerant genotypes under drought stress, and their encoded proteins may play significant roles in enhancing drought tolerance through controlling stomatal closure via carbon metabolism (NADP malic enzyme, NADP-ME, and pyruvate dehydrogenase, PDH), synthesizing the osmoprotectant glycine-betaine (C-4 sterol methyl oxidase, CSMO), generating protectants against reactive-oxygen-species scavenging (aldehyde dehydrogenase,ALDH, ascorbate-dependent oxidoreductase, ADOR), and stabilizing membranes and proteins (heat-shock protein 17.8, HSP17.8, and dehydrin 3, DHN3). Moreover, 17 genes were abundantly expressed in Martin and HS41-1 compared with Moroc9-75 under both drought and control conditions. These genes were possibly constitutively expressed in drought-tolerant genotypes. Among them, seven known annotated genes might enhance drought tolerance through signalling [such as calcium-dependent protein kinase (CDPK) and membrane steroid binding protein (MSBP)], anti-senescence (G2 pea dark accumulated protein, GDA2), and detoxification (glutathione S-transferase, GST) pathways. In addition, 18 genes, including those encoding Delta(l)-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase (P5CS), protein phosphatase 2C-like protein (PP2C), and several chaperones, were differentially expressed in all genotypes under drought; thus they were more likely to be general drought-responsive genes in barley. These results could provide new insights into further understanding of drought-tolerance mechanisms in barley.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiguo Guo
- College of Life Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Michael Baum
- International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), PO Box 5466, Aleppo, Syria
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: E-mail:
| | - Stefania Grando
- International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), PO Box 5466, Aleppo, Syria
| | - Salvatore Ceccarelli
- International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), PO Box 5466, Aleppo, Syria
| | - Guihua Bai
- USDA-ARS Plant Science and Entomology Research Unit, 4008 Throckmorton Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Ronghua Li
- College of Life Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Maria von Korff
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Rajeev K. Varshney
- Applied Genomics Laboratory, GT-Biotechnology, ICRISAT, PATANCHERU-502 324, Greater Hyderabad, India
| | - Andreas Graner
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research Head, Corrensstrasse 3, D-06466 Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Jan Valkoun
- International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), PO Box 5466, Aleppo, Syria
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314
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Wang Y, Beaith M, Chalifoux M, Ying J, Uchacz T, Sarvas C, Griffiths R, Kuzma M, Wan J, Huang Y. Shoot-specific down-regulation of protein farnesyltransferase (alpha-subunit) for yield protection against drought in canola. MOLECULAR PLANT 2009; 2:191-200. [PMID: 19529821 PMCID: PMC2639732 DOI: 10.1093/mp/ssn088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2008] [Accepted: 11/14/2008] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Canola (Brassica napus L.) is one of the most important oilseed crops in the world and its seed yield and quality are significantly affected by drought stress. As an innate and adaptive response to water deficit, land plants avoid potential damage by rapid biosynthesis of the phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA), which triggers stomatal closure to reduce transpirational water loss. The ABA-mediated stomatal response is a dosage-dependent process; thus, one genetic engineering approach for achieving drought avoidance could be to sensitize the guard cell's responsiveness to this hormone. Recent genetic studies have pinpointed protein farnesyltransferase as a key negative regulator controlling ABA sensitivity in the guard cells. We have previously shown that down-regulation of the gene encoding Arabidopsis beta-subunit of farnesyltransferase (ERA1) enhances the plant's sensitivity to ABA and drought tolerance. Although the alpha-subunit of farnesyltransferase (AtFTA) is also implicated in ABA sensing, the effectiveness of using such a gene target for improving drought tolerance in a crop plant has not been validated. Here, we report the identification and characterization of the promoter of Arabidopsis hydroxypyruvate reductase (AtHPR1), which expresses specifically in the shoot and not in non-photosynthetic tissues such as root. The promoter region of AtHPR1 contains the core motif of the well characterized dehydration-responsive cis-acting element and we have confirmed that AtHPR1 expression is inducible by drought stress. Conditional and specific down-regulation of FTA in canola using the AtHPR1 promoter driving an RNAi construct resulted in yield protection against drought stress in the field. Using this molecular strategy, we have made significant progress in engineering drought tolerance in this important crop species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jiangxin Wan
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail or
| | - Yafan Huang
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail or
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315
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Bouchabke-Coussa O, Quashie ML, Seoane-Redondo J, Fortabat MN, Gery C, Yu A, Linderme D, Trouverie J, Granier F, Téoulé E, Durand-Tardif M. ESKIMO1 is a key gene involved in water economy as well as cold acclimation and salt tolerance. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2008; 8:125. [PMID: 19061521 PMCID: PMC2630945 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-8-125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2008] [Accepted: 12/07/2008] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drought is a major social and economic problem resulting in huge yield reduction in the field. Today's challenge is to develop plants with reduced water requirements and stable yields in fluctuating environmental conditions. Arabidopsis thaliana is an excellent model for identifying potential targets for plant breeding. Drought tolerance in the field was successfully conferred to crops by transferring genes from this model species. While involved in a plant genomics programme, which aims to identify new genes responsible for plant response to abiotic stress, we identified ESKIMO1 as a key gene involved in plant water economy as well as cold acclimation and salt tolerance. RESULTS All esk1 mutants were more tolerant to freezing, after acclimation, than their wild type counterpart. esk1 mutants also showed increased tolerance to mild water deficit for all traits measured. The mutant's improved tolerance to reduced water supply may be explained by its lower transpiration rate and better water use efficiency (WUE), which was assessed by carbon isotope discrimination and gas exchange measurements. esk1 alleles were also shown to be more tolerant to salt stress. Transcriptomic analysis of one mutant line and its wild-type background was carried out. Under control watering conditions a number of genes were differentially expressed between the mutant and the wild type whereas under mild drought stress this list of genes was reduced. Among the genes that were differentially expressed between the wild type and mutant, two functional categories related to the response to stress or biotic and abiotic stimulus were over-represented. Under salt stress conditions, all gene functional categories were represented equally in both the mutant and wild type. Based on this transcriptome analysis we hypothesise that in control conditions the esk1 mutant behaves as if it was exposed to drought stress. CONCLUSION Overall our findings suggest that the ESKIMO1 gene plays a major role in plant response to water shortage and in whole plant water economy. Further experiments are being undertaken to elucidate the function of the ESKIMO1 protein and the way it modulates plant water uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oumaya Bouchabke-Coussa
- Cell Biology Laboratory, IJPB, INRA-CIRAD, UR0501, Route de St Cyr, F-78026 Versailles, France
- Variability and Abiotic Stress Tolerance, Genetics and Plant Breeding Laboratory, IJPB, INRA, UR0254, Route de St Cyr, F-78026 Versailles, France
| | - Marie-Luce Quashie
- Physiology and Biotechnologies Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lomé BP 1515 Lomé, Togo
- Variability and Abiotic Stress Tolerance, Genetics and Plant Breeding Laboratory, IJPB, INRA, UR0254, Route de St Cyr, F-78026 Versailles, France
| | - Jose Seoane-Redondo
- Danmarks Tekniske Universitet, Institut for Vand og Miljøteknologi, Bygningstorvet, B115, DK-2800 KGS. Lyngby, Danmark
- Variability and Abiotic Stress Tolerance, Genetics and Plant Breeding Laboratory, IJPB, INRA, UR0254, Route de St Cyr, F-78026 Versailles, France
| | - Marie-Noelle Fortabat
- Variability and Abiotic Stress Tolerance, Genetics and Plant Breeding Laboratory, IJPB, INRA, UR0254, Route de St Cyr, F-78026 Versailles, France
| | - Carine Gery
- Variability and Abiotic Stress Tolerance, Genetics and Plant Breeding Laboratory, IJPB, INRA, UR0254, Route de St Cyr, F-78026 Versailles, France
| | - Agnes Yu
- URGV, Plant Genomics Research Unit, INRA/CNRS, UMR11, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux CP5708, F-91057 Evry, France
- Variability and Abiotic Stress Tolerance, Genetics and Plant Breeding Laboratory, IJPB, INRA, UR0254, Route de St Cyr, F-78026 Versailles, France
| | - Daphné Linderme
- CIRAD, Pôle de Protection des Plantes, Ligne Paradis, F-97410 St Pierre, France
- Variability and Abiotic Stress Tolerance, Genetics and Plant Breeding Laboratory, IJPB, INRA, UR0254, Route de St Cyr, F-78026 Versailles, France
| | - Jacques Trouverie
- Variability and Abiotic Stress Tolerance, Genetics and Plant Breeding Laboratory, IJPB, INRA, UR0254, Route de St Cyr, F-78026 Versailles, France
| | - Fabienne Granier
- Variability and Abiotic Stress Tolerance, Genetics and Plant Breeding Laboratory, IJPB, INRA, UR0254, Route de St Cyr, F-78026 Versailles, France
| | - Evelyne Téoulé
- Variability and Abiotic Stress Tolerance, Genetics and Plant Breeding Laboratory, IJPB, INRA, UR0254, Route de St Cyr, F-78026 Versailles, France
| | - Mylène Durand-Tardif
- Variability and Abiotic Stress Tolerance, Genetics and Plant Breeding Laboratory, IJPB, INRA, UR0254, Route de St Cyr, F-78026 Versailles, France
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316
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Woo NS, Badger MR, Pogson BJ. A rapid, non-invasive procedure for quantitative assessment of drought survival using chlorophyll fluorescence. PLANT METHODS 2008; 4:27. [PMID: 19014425 PMCID: PMC2628343 DOI: 10.1186/1746-4811-4-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2008] [Accepted: 11/11/2008] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Analysis of survival is commonly used as a means of comparing the performance of plant lines under drought. However, the assessment of plant water status during such studies typically involves detachment to estimate water shock, imprecise methods of estimation or invasive measurements such as osmotic adjustment that influence or annul further evaluation of a specimen's response to drought. RESULTS This article presents a procedure for rapid, inexpensive and non-invasive assessment of the survival of soil-grown plants during drought treatment. The changes in major photosynthetic parameters during increasing water deficit were monitored via chlorophyll fluorescence imaging and the selection of the maximum efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) parameter as the most straightforward and practical means of monitoring survival is described. The veracity of this technique is validated through application to a variety of Arabidopsis thaliana ecotypes and mutant lines with altered tolerance to drought or reduced photosynthetic efficiencies. CONCLUSION The method presented here allows the acquisition of quantitative numerical estimates of Arabidopsis drought survival times that are amenable to statistical analysis. Furthermore, the required measurements can be obtained quickly and non-invasively using inexpensive equipment and with minimal expertise in chlorophyll fluorometry. This technique enables the rapid assessment and comparison of the relative viability of germplasm during drought, and may complement detailed physiological and water relations studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick S Woo
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Murray R Badger
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biological Sciences, the Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Barry J Pogson
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
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317
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Chen M, Xu Z, Xia L, Li L, Cheng X, Dong J, Wang Q, Ma Y. Cold-induced modulation and functional analyses of the DRE-binding transcription factor gene, GmDREB3, in soybean (Glycine max L.). JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2008; 60:121-35. [PMID: 18988621 PMCID: PMC3071762 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ern269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2008] [Revised: 09/29/2008] [Accepted: 10/09/2008] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
DREB (dehydration-responsive element-binding protein) transcription factors have important roles in the stress-related regulation network in plants. A DREB orthologue, GmDREB3, belonging to the A-5 subgroup of the DREB subfamily, was isolated from soybean using the RACE (rapid amplification of cDNA ends) method. Northern blot analysis showed that expression of GmDREB3 in soybean seedlings was induced following cold stress treatment for 0.5 h and was not detected after 3 h. However, it was not induced by drought and high salt stresses or by abscisic acid (ABA) treatment. This response was similar to those of members in the A-1 subgroup and different from those of other members in the A-5 subgroup, suggesting that the GmDREB3 gene was involved in an ABA-independent cold stress-responsive signal pathway. Furthermore, analysis of the GmDREB3 promoter elucidated its cold-induced modulation. A promoter fragment containing bases -1058 to -664 was involved in response to cold stress, and its effect was detected for 1 h after treatment, but a transcriptional repressor appeared to impair this response by binding to a cis-element in the region -1403 to -1058 at 24 h after the beginning of cold stress. Moreover, the GmDREB3 protein could specifically bind to the DRE element in vitro, and activated expression of downstream reporter genes in yeast cells. In addition, overexpression of GmDREB3 enhanced tolerance to cold, drought, and high salt stresses in transgenic Arabidopsis. Physiological analyses indicated that the fresh weight and osmolality of GmDREB3 transgenic Arabidopsis under cold stress were higher than those of wild-type controls. GmDREB3 transgenic tobacco accumulated higher levels of free proline under drought stress and retained higher leaf chlorophyll levels under high salt stress than wild-type tobacco. In addition, constitutive expression of GmDREB3 in transgenic Arabidopsis caused growth retardation, whereas its expression under control of the stress-inducible Rd29A promoter minimized negative effects on plant growth under normal growth conditions, indicating that a combination of the Rd29A promoter and GmDREB3 might be useful for improving tolerance to environmental stresses in crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Chen
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NKFCRI)/Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Zhaoshi Xu
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NKFCRI)/Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Lanqin Xia
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NKFCRI)/Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Liancheng Li
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NKFCRI)/Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Xianguo Cheng
- Institute of Natural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Jianhui Dong
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NKFCRI)/Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Qiaoyan Wang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NKFCRI)/Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Youzhi Ma
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NKFCRI)/Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, PR China
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318
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Proline as a stress protectant in yeast: physiological functions, metabolic regulations, and biotechnological applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 81:211-23. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-008-1698-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2008] [Revised: 08/29/2008] [Accepted: 09/01/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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319
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Characterization of the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase gene (SlPAL5) from tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Mol Biol Rep 2008; 36:1579-85. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-008-9354-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2008] [Accepted: 08/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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320
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Zhang YY, Li Y, Gao T, Zhu H, Wang DJ, Zhang HW, Ning YS, Liu LJ, Wu YR, Chu CC, Guo HS, Xie Q. Arabidopsis SDIR1 enhances drought tolerance in crop plants. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2008; 72:2251-4. [PMID: 18685183 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.80286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis E3 ligase salt- and drought-induced RING-finger 1 (SDIR1) has been found to be involved in abscisic acid (ABA)-related stress signaling. SDIR1-overexpressing Arabidopsis plants exhibit improved tolerance to drought. Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) and rice (Oryza sativa) are two important agronomic crop plants. To determine whether SDIR1 enhances drought resistance in crop plants, SDIR1 transgenic tobacco and rice plants were generated. Ectopic expression of SDIR1 in both plants conferred improved drought tolerance ability. These results suggest that SDIR1 can function as a drought-tolerance gene in both dicotyledons and monocotyledons, and that it can serve as a drought-tolerance engineering candidate gene in crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-yue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen (Zhongshan) University, Guangzhou, China
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321
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Matsui A, Ishida J, Morosawa T, Mochizuki Y, Kaminuma E, Endo TA, Okamoto M, Nambara E, Nakajima M, Kawashima M, Satou M, Kim JM, Kobayashi N, Toyoda T, Shinozaki K, Seki M. Arabidopsis transcriptome analysis under drought, cold, high-salinity and ABA treatment conditions using a tiling array. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2008; 49:1135-49. [PMID: 18625610 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcn101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 334] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plants respond and adapt to drought, cold and high-salinity stresses in order to survive. In this study, we applied Arabidopsis Affymetrix tiling arrays to study the whole genome transcriptome under drought, cold, high-salinity and ABA treatment conditions. The bioinformatic analysis using the tiling array data showed that 7,719 non-AGI transcriptional units (TUs) exist in the unannotated "intergenic" regions of Arabidopsis genome. These include 1,275 and 181 TUs that are induced and downregulated, respectively, by the stress or ABA treatments. Most of the non-AGI TUs are hypothetical non-protein-coding RNAs. About 80% of the non-AGI TUs belong to pairs of the fully overlapping sense-antisense transcripts (fSATs). Significant linear correlation between the expression ratios (treated/untreated) of the sense TUs and the ratios of the antisense TUs was observed in the SATs of AGI code/non-AGI TU. We studied the biogenesis mechanisms of the stress- or ABA-inducible antisense RNAs and found that the expression of sense TUs is necessary for the stress- or ABA-inducible expression of the antisense TUs in the fSATs (AGI code/non-AGI TU).
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Matsui
- Plant Genomic Network Research Team, Plant Functional Genomics Research Group, RIKEN Plant Science Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045 Japan
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322
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Kier LD, Petrick JS. Safety assessment considerations for food and feed derived from plants with genetic modifications that modulate endogenous gene expression and pathways. Food Chem Toxicol 2008; 46:2591-605. [PMID: 18602733 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2008.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2007] [Revised: 04/14/2008] [Accepted: 05/26/2008] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The current globally recognized comparative food and feed safety assessment paradigm for biotechnology-derived crops is a robust and comprehensive approach for evaluating the safety of both the inserted gene product and the resulting crop. Incorporating many basic concepts from food safety, toxicology, nutrition, molecular biology, and plant breeding, this approach has been used effectively by scientists and regulatory agencies for 10-15 years. Current and future challenges in agriculture include the need for improved yields, tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses, and improved nutrition. The next generation of biotechnology-derived crops may utilize regulatory proteins, such as transcription factors that modulate gene expression and/or endogenous plant pathways. In this review, we discuss the applicability of the current safety assessment paradigm to biotechnology-derived crops developed using modifications involving regulatory proteins. The growing literature describing the molecular biology underlying plant domestication and conventional breeding demonstrates the naturally occurring genetic variation found in plants, including significant variation in the classes, expression, and activity of regulatory proteins. Specific examples of plant modifications involving insertion or altered expression of regulatory proteins are discussed as illustrative case studies supporting the conclusion that the current comparative safety assessment process is appropriate for these types of biotechnology-developed crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry D Kier
- Monsanto Company, 800 North Lindbergh Blvd., Mail Code O3F, St. Louis, MO 63167, USA
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323
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Sherameti I, Tripathi S, Varma A, Oelmüller R. The root-colonizing endophyte Pirifomospora indica confers drought tolerance in Arabidopsis by stimulating the expression of drought stress-related genes in leaves. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2008; 21:799-807. [PMID: 18624643 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-21-6-0799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Piriformospora indica is an endophytic fungus that colonizes the roots of many plant species, including Arabidopsis. We exposed 18-day-old Arabidopsis seedlings, which were either cocultivated with the fungus or mock-treated for the last 9 days, to mild drought stress for 84 h. During the first 36 to 48 h, seedlings cocultivated with the fungus continued to grow, while the uncolonized controls did not. This results in a threefold difference in the fresh weight and a more than twofold difference in the chlorophyll content. The photosynthetic efficiency was only slightly reduced in the colonized (F variable/F maximum [Fv/Fm] at t(0 h) = 0.82 and t(36 h) = 0.79) and was severely impaired in the uncolonized (Fv/Fm at t(0 h) = 0.81 and (t)(36 h) = 0.49) seedlings, which also showed symptoms of withering. When seedlings exposed to drought stress for 72 or 84 h were transferred to soil, 10% (72 h) and none (84 h) of uncolonized seedlings reached the flowering stage and produced seeds, while 59% (72 h) and 47% (84 h) of the colonized seedlings flowered and produced seeds. After exposure to drought stress for 3 h, the message levels for RESPONSE TO DEHYDRATION 29A, EARLY RESPONSE TO DEHYDRATION1, ANAC072, DEHYDRATION-RESPONSE ELEMENT BINDING PROTEIN2A, SALT-, AND DROUGHT-INDUCED RING FINGER1, phospholipase Ddelta, CALCINEURIN B-LIKE PROTEIN (CBL)1, CBL-INTERACTING PROTEIN KINASE3, and the histone acetyltransferase (HAT) were upregulated in the leaves of P. indica-colonized seedlings. Uncolonized seedlings responded 3 to 6 h later, and the message levels increased much less. We identified an Arabidopsis ethylmethane-sulfonate mutant that is less resistant to drought stress and in which the stress-related genes were not upregulated in the presence of P. indica. Thus, P. indica confers drought-stress tolerance to Arabidopsis, and this is associated with the priming of the expression of a quite diverse set of stress-related genes in the leaves. Transfer to soil was again associated with a faster and stronger upregulation of the message levels for phospholipase Ddelta, CBL1, and HAT in P. indica-colonized seedlings, indicating that this response might also contribute to better survival on soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Sherameti
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Institut für Allgemeine Botanik und Pflanzenphysiologie, Dornburger Str. 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
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324
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Genetic approaches to crop improvement: responding to environmental and population changes. Nat Rev Genet 2008; 9:444-57. [DOI: 10.1038/nrg2342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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325
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van Beilen JB, Poirier Y. Production of renewable polymers from crop plants. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2008; 54:684-701. [PMID: 18476872 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2008.03431.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Plants produce a range of biopolymers for purposes such as maintenance of structural integrity, carbon storage, and defense against pathogens and desiccation. Several of these natural polymers are used by humans as food and materials, and increasingly as an energy carrier. In this review, we focus on plant biopolymers that are used as materials in bulk applications, such as plastics and elastomers, in the context of depleting resources and climate change, and consider technical and scientific bottlenecks in the production of novel or improved materials in transgenic or alternative crop plants. The biopolymers discussed are natural rubber and several polymers that are not naturally produced in plants, such as polyhydroxyalkanoates, fibrous proteins and poly-amino acids. In addition, monomers or precursors for the chemical synthesis of biopolymers, such as 4-hydroxybenzoate, itaconic acid, fructose and sorbitol, are discussed briefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan B van Beilen
- Département de Biologie Moléculaire Végétale, Université de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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326
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Century K, Reuber TL, Ratcliffe OJ. Regulating the regulators: the future prospects for transcription-factor-based agricultural biotechnology products. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2008; 147:20-9. [PMID: 18443103 PMCID: PMC2330319 DOI: 10.1104/pp.108.117887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2008] [Accepted: 03/13/2008] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
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327
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Reynolds M, Tuberosa R. Translational research impacting on crop productivity in drought-prone environments. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2008; 11:171-9. [PMID: 18329330 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2008.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2007] [Revised: 01/31/2008] [Accepted: 02/08/2008] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Conventional breeding for drought-prone environments (DPE) has been complemented by using exotic germplasm to extend crop gene pools and physiological approaches that consider water uptake (WU), water-use efficiency (WUE), and harvest index (HI) as drivers of yield. Drivers are associated with proxy genetic markers, such as carbon-isotope discrimination for WUE, canopy temperature for WU, and anthesis-silking interval for HI in maize. Molecular markers associated with relevant quantitative trait loci are being developed. WUE has also been increased through combining understanding of root-to-shoot signaling with deficit irrigation. Impacts in DPE will be accelerated by combining proven technologies with promising new strategies such as marker-assisted selection, and genetic transformation, as well as conservation agriculture that can increase WU while averting soil degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Reynolds
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center CIMMYT, Int. AP 6-641, 06600 México, DF, Mexico.
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328
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Trujillo LE, Sotolongo M, Menéndez C, Ochogavía ME, Coll Y, Hernández I, Borrás-Hidalgo O, Thomma BPHJ, Vera P, Hernández L. SodERF3, a novel sugarcane ethylene responsive factor (ERF), enhances salt and drought tolerance when overexpressed in tobacco plants. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2008; 49:512-25. [PMID: 18281696 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcn025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
The molecular signals and pathways that govern biotic and abiotic stress responses in sugarcane are poorly understood. Here we describe SodERF3, a sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L. cv Ja60-5) cDNA that encodes a 201-amino acid DNA-binding protein that acts as a transcriptional regulator of the ethylene responsive factor (ERF) superfamily. Like other ERF transcription factors, the SodERF3 protein binds to the GCC box, and its deduced amino acid sequence contains an N-terminal putative nuclear localization signal (NLS). In addition, a C-terminal short hydrophobic region that is highly homologous to an ERF-associated amphiphilic repression-like motif, typical for class II ERFs, was found. Northern and Western blot analysis showed that SodERF3 is induced by ethylene. In addition, SodERF3 is induced by ABA, salt stress and wounding. Greenhouse-grown transgenic tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. SR1) expressing SodERF3 were found to display increased tolerance to drought and osmotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Trujillo
- Laboratory of Plant Microbe Interactions, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba.
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329
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Kobayashi F, Maeta E, Terashima A, Kawaura K, Ogihara Y, Takumi S. Development of abiotic stress tolerance via bZIP-type transcription factor LIP19 in common wheat. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2008; 59:891-905. [PMID: 18326864 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ern014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Cereal lip19 genes encoding bZIP-type transcription factors are assumed to play a regulatory role in gene expression during the cold acclimation process. However, no direct evidence shows an association of LIP19-type bZIPs with stress tolerance or activation of stress-responsive Cor/Lea genes. To understand the molecular basis of development of abiotic stress tolerance through the LIP19 transcription factor, a wheat lip19 homologue, Wlip19, was isolated and characterized. Wlip19 expression was activated by low temperature in seedlings and was higher in a freezing-tolerant cultivar than in a freezing-sensitive one. Wlip19 also responded to drought and exogenous ABA treatment. Wlip19-expressing transgenic tobacco showed a significant increase in abiotic stress tolerance, especially freezing tolerance. Expression of a GUS reporter gene under the control of promoter sequences of four wheat Cor/Lea genes, Wdhn13, Wrab17, Wrab18, and Wrab19, was enhanced by Wlip19 expression in wheat callus and tobacco plants. These results indicate that WLIP19 acts as a transcriptional regulator of Cor/Lea genes in the development of abiotic stress tolerance. Moreover, direct protein-protein interaction between WLIP19 and a wheat OBF1 homologue TaOBF1, another bZIP-type transcription factor, was observed, suggesting that this interaction is conserved in cereals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuminori Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Plant Genetics, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
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330
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Bhatnagar-Mathur P, Vadez V, Sharma KK. Transgenic approaches for abiotic stress tolerance in plants: retrospect and prospects. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2008; 27:411-24. [PMID: 18026957 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-007-0474-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2007] [Revised: 10/21/2007] [Accepted: 10/22/2007] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Abiotic stresses including drought are serious threats to the sustainability of crop yields accounting for more crop productivity losses than any other factor in rainfed agriculture. Success in breeding for better adapted varieties to abiotic stresses depend upon the concerted efforts by various research domains including plant and cell physiology, molecular biology, genetics, and breeding. Use of modern molecular biology tools for elucidating the control mechanisms of abiotic stress tolerance, and for engineering stress tolerant crops is based on the expression of specific stress-related genes. Hence, genetic engineering for developing stress tolerant plants, based on the introgression of genes that are known to be involved in stress response and putative tolerance, might prove to be a faster track towards improving crop varieties. Far beyond the initial attempts to insert "single-action" genes, engineering of the regulatory machinery involving transcription factors has emerged as a new tool now for controlling the expression of many stress-responsive genes. Nevertheless, the task of generating transgenic cultivars is not only limited to the success in the transformation process, but also proper incorporation of the stress tolerance. Evaluation of the transgenic plants under stress conditions, and understanding the physiological effect of the inserted genes at the whole plant level remain as major challenges to overcome. This review focuses on the recent progress in using transgenic technology for the improvement of abiotic stress tolerance in plants. This includes discussion on the evaluation of abiotic stress response and the protocols for testing the transgenic plants for their tolerance under close-to-field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Bhatnagar-Mathur
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh, India
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331
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Krishnan N, Dickman MB, Becker DF. Proline modulates the intracellular redox environment and protects mammalian cells against oxidative stress. Free Radic Biol Med 2008; 44:671-81. [PMID: 18036351 PMCID: PMC2268104 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.10.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2007] [Revised: 10/25/2007] [Accepted: 10/30/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The potential of proline to suppress reactive oxygen species (ROS) and apoptosis in mammalian cells was tested by manipulating intracellular proline levels exogenously and endogenously by overexpression of proline metabolic enzymes. Proline was observed to protect cells against H(2)O(2), tert-butyl hydroperoxide, and a carcinogenic oxidative stress inducer but was not effective against superoxide generators such as menadione. Oxidative stress protection by proline requires the secondary amine of the pyrrolidine ring and involves preservation of the glutathione redox environment. Overexpression of proline dehydrogenase (PRODH), a mitochondrial flavoenzyme that oxidizes proline, resulted in 6-fold lower intracellular proline content and decreased cell survival relative to control cells. Cells overexpressing PRODH were rescued by pipecolate, an analog that mimics the antioxidant properties of proline, and by tetrahydro-2-furoic acid, a specific inhibitor of PRODH. In contrast, overexpression of the proline biosynthetic enzymes Delta(1)-pyrroline-5-carboxylate (P5C) synthetase (P5CS) and P5C reductase (P5CR) resulted in 2-fold higher proline content, significantly lower ROS levels, and increased cell survival relative to control cells. In different mammalian cell lines exposed to physiological H(2)O(2) levels, increased endogenous P5CS and P5CR expression was observed, indicating that upregulation of proline biosynthesis is an oxidative stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navasona Krishnan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588
| | - Martin B. Dickman
- Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
| | - Donald F. Becker
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588
- Corresponding Author: Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, N258 Beadle Center, Lincoln, NE 68588, Tel. 402-472-9652; Fax. 402-472-7842;
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332
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Perales L, Peñarrubia L, Cornejo MJ. Induction of a polyubiquitin gene promoter by dehydration stresses in transformed rice cells. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2008; 165:159-71. [PMID: 17570562 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2006.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2006] [Revised: 12/15/2006] [Accepted: 12/18/2006] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The expression of the maize polyubiquitin gene promoter UBI1 in rice cells has been used to study the involvement of ubiquitin in cell protection responses to dehydration caused by osmotic, saline or freezing stress. The effect of these stresses on UBI1 activity was investigated by the use of stably transformed rice calli (UBI1:GUS), as well as by transient expression experiments performed with cell lines with high or low tolerance to each type of stress. The theoretical analysis of the UBI1 promoter shows several putative stress-regulated boxes that could account for the stress-related UBI1 induction pattern described in this work. We suggest that the study of the differential UBI1 promoter-driven expression in rice cell lines with different level of tolerance to stress might be useful to elucidate complex signal transduction pathways in response to dehydration stresses in monocots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Perales
- Departmento de Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Biología, Avda. Dr Moliner 50, 46100 Burjasot, Valencia, Spain
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333
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Cominelli E, Sala T, Calvi D, Gusmaroli G, Tonelli C. Over-expression of the Arabidopsis AtMYB41 gene alters cell expansion and leaf surface permeability. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2008; 53:53-64. [PMID: 17971045 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2007.03310.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis AtMYB41 gene encodes an R2R3-MYB transcription factor whose expression is not detectable under normal growth conditions in any organ or at any developmental stage analysed. It is expressed at high levels in response to drought, ABA and salt treatments, suggesting a possible role in stress responses. Transgenic lines over-expressing this transcription factor showed a pleiotropic phenotype similar to that exhibited by some mutants that affect cuticle biosynthesis. This includes a dwarf appearance, dependent on smaller cells with abnormal morphology, enhanced sensitivity to desiccation, and enhanced permeability of leaf surfaces, suggesting discontinuity in the cuticle. The expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism and transport, in cell-wall modifications and cell expansion, genes coding for membrane-associated proteins and genes specifically involved in cuticle metabolism was differentially modulated between wild-type and transgenic plants, suggesting a direct or indirect role of AtMYB41 in the regulation of their transcription. Taken together, our results suggest that AtMYB41 is part of a complex network of transcription factors controlling cell expansion and cuticle deposition in response to abiotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Cominelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy
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334
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Huang D, Wu W, Abrams SR, Cutler AJ. The relationship of drought-related gene expression in Arabidopsis thaliana to hormonal and environmental factors. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2008; 59:2991-3007. [PMID: 18552355 PMCID: PMC2504347 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ern155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2008] [Revised: 05/02/2008] [Accepted: 05/07/2008] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Almost 2000 drought-responsive genes were identified in Arabidopsis thaliana under progressive soil drought stress using whole-genome oligonucleotide microarrays. Most of the drought-regulated genes recovered to normal expression levels by 3 h after rewatering. It has previously been shown that the abscisic acid (ABA) analogue (+)-8'-acetylene-ABA (PBI425) hyperinduces many ABA-like changes in gene expression to reveal a more complete list of ABA-regulated genes, and it is demonstrated here that PBI425 produced a correspondingly increased drought tolerance. About two-thirds of drought-responsive genes (1310 out of 1969) were regulated by ABA and/or the ABA analogue PBI425. Analysis of promoter motifs suggests that many of the remaining drought-responsive genes may be affected by ABA signalling. Concentrations of endogenous ABA and its catabolites significantly increased under drought stress and either completely (ABA) or partially (ABA catabolites) recovered to normal levels by 3 h after rehydration. Detailed analyses of drought transcript profiles and in silico comparisons with other studies revealed that the ABA-dependent pathways are predominant in the drought stress responses. These comparisons also showed that other plant hormones including jasmonic acid, auxin, cytokinin, ethylene, brassinosteroids, and gibberellins also affected drought-related gene expression, of which the most significant was jasmonic acid. There is also extensive cross-talk between responses to drought and other environmental factors including light and biotic stresses. These analyses demonstrate that ABA-related stress responses are modulated by other environmental and developmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiqing Huang
- Plant Biotechnology Institute, National Research Council of Canada, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon S7N 0W9, Canada
| | - Weiren Wu
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027 China
| | - Suzanne R. Abrams
- Plant Biotechnology Institute, National Research Council of Canada, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon S7N 0W9, Canada
| | - Adrian J. Cutler
- Plant Biotechnology Institute, National Research Council of Canada, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon S7N 0W9, Canada
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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335
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Nelson DE, Repetti PP, Adams TR, Creelman RA, Wu J, Warner DC, Anstrom DC, Bensen RJ, Castiglioni PP, Donnarummo MG, Hinchey BS, Kumimoto RW, Maszle DR, Canales RD, Krolikowski KA, Dotson SB, Gutterson N, Ratcliffe OJ, Heard JE. Plant nuclear factor Y (NF-Y) B subunits confer drought tolerance and lead to improved corn yields on water-limited acres. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:16450-5. [PMID: 17923671 PMCID: PMC2034233 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0707193104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 390] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Commercially improved crop performance under drought conditions has been challenging because of the complexity of the trait and the multitude of factors that influence yield. Here we report the results of a functional genomics approach that identified a transcription factor from the nuclear factor Y (NF-Y) family, AtNF-YB1, which acts through a previously undescribed mechanism to confer improved performance in Arabidopsis under drought conditions. An orthologous maize transcription factor, ZmNF-YB2, is shown to have an equivalent activity. Under water-limited conditions, transgenic maize plants with increased ZmNF-YB2 expression show tolerance to drought based on the responses of a number of stress-related parameters, including chlorophyll content, stomatal conductance, leaf temperature, reduced wilting, and maintenance of photosynthesis. These stress adaptations contribute to a grain yield advantage to maize under water-limited environments. The application of this technology has the potential to significantly impact maize production systems that experience drought.
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336
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Fujita M, Mizukado S, Fujita Y, Ichikawa T, Nakazawa M, Seki M, Matsui M, Yamaguchi-Shinozaki K, Shinozaki K. Identification of stress-tolerance-related transcription-factor genes via mini-scale Full-length cDNA Over-eXpressor (FOX) gene hunting system. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 364:250-7. [PMID: 17937930 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.09.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2007] [Accepted: 09/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we developed a novel system known as Full-length cDNA Over-eXpressor (FOX) gene hunting [T. Ichikawa, M. Nakazawa, M. Kawashima, H. Iizumi, H. Kuroda, Y. Kondou, Y. Tsuhara, K. Suzuki, A. Ishikawa, M. Seki, M. Fujita, R. Motohashi, N. Nagata, T. Takagi, K. Shinozaki, M. Matsui, The FOX hunting system: an alternative gain-of-function gene hunting technique, Plant J. 48 (2006) 974-985], which involves the random overexpression of a normalized Arabidopsis full-length cDNA library. While our system allows large-scale collection of full-length cDNAs for gene discovery, we sought to downsize it to analyze a small pool of full-length cDNAs. As a model system, we focused on stress-inducible transcription factors. The full-length cDNAs of 43 stress-inducible transcription factors were mixed to create a transgenic plant library. We screened for salt-stress-resistant lines in the T1 generation and identified a number of salt-tolerant lines that harbored the same transgene (F39). F39 encodes a bZIP-type transcription factor that is identical to AtbZIP60, which is believed to be involved in the endoplasmic reticulum stress response. Microarray analysis revealed that a number of stress-inducible genes were up-regulated in the F39-overexpressing lines, suggesting that AtbZIP60 is involved in stress signal transduction. Thus, our mini-scale FOX system may be used to screen for genes with valuable functions, such as transcription factors, from a small pool of genes that show similar expression profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miki Fujita
- Gene Discovery Research Group, RIKEN Plant Science Center, 3-1-1 Koyadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan
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337
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Lokko Y, Anderson JV, Rudd S, Raji A, Horvath D, Mikel MA, Kim R, Liu L, Hernandez A, Dixon AGO, Ingelbrecht IL. Characterization of an 18,166 EST dataset for cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) enriched for drought-responsive genes. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2007; 26:1605-18. [PMID: 17541599 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-007-0378-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2007] [Revised: 05/03/2007] [Accepted: 05/04/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is a staple food for over 600 million people in the tropics and subtropics and is increasingly used as an industrial crop for starch production. Cassava has a high growth rate under optimal conditions but also performs well in drought-prone areas and on marginal soils. To increase the tools for understanding and manipulating drought tolerance in cassava, we generated expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from normalized cDNA libraries prepared from dehydration-stressed and control well-watered tissues. Analysis of a total of 18,166 ESTs resulted in the identification of 8,577 unique gene clusters (5,383 singletons and 3,194 clusters). Functional categories could be assigned to 63% of the unigenes, while another approximately 11% were homologous to hypothetical genes with unclear functions. The remaining approximately 26% were not significantly homologous to sequences in public databases suggesting that some may be novel and putatively specific to cassava. The dehydration-stressed library uncovered numerous ESTs with recognized roles in drought-responses, including those that encode late-embryogenesis-abundant proteins thought to confer osmoprotective functions during water stress, transcription factors, heat-shock proteins as well as proteins involved in signal transduction and oxidative stress. The unigene clusters were screened for short tandem repeats for further development as microsatellite markers. A total of 592 clusters contained 646 repeats, representing 3.3% of the ESTs queried. The ESTs presented here are the first dehydration stress transcriptome of cassava and can be utilized for the development of microarrays and gene-derived molecular markers to further dissect the molecular basis of drought tolerance in cassava.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Lokko
- Central Biotechnology Laboratory, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Oyo Road, Ibadan, Nigeria
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338
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Seong ES, Guo J, Kim YH, Cho JH, Lim CK, Hyun Hur J, Wang MH. Regulations of marker genes involved in biotic and abiotic stress by overexpression of the AtNDPK2 gene in rice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 363:126-32. [PMID: 17826739 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.08.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2007] [Accepted: 08/20/2007] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
AtNDPK2 is involved in transcriptional regulation in response to pathogen and abiotic stresses. AtNDPK2-expressing transgenic rice plants showed regulation of the marker genes for chilling and oxidative stresses. In the present study, we produced AtNDPK2-overexpressing transgenic rice lines using the co-transformation method. Morphologically, the transgenic plants, compared with the control plants, were growth retarded. We investigated how AtNDPK2 overexpression influences the response of rice plants to marker genes related to chilling and ROS stress. The accumulation of transcripts of pBC442 and pBC601, related to chilling stress, was induced in AtNDPK2-overexpressed rice plants. On further investigation, we found that OsAPX1-, OsAPX2-, and OsSodB-scavenging free-oxygen radicals, such as superoxide (O2-) and hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), could be induced in AtNDPK2-overexpressed rice plants. In particular, transcripts encoding pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins OsPR2 and OsPR4, as well as oxidative stress response proteins, were confirmed to change the gene expression in the transgenic rice plants. Together, these results suggest that AtNDPK2 plays a regulatory role in chilling and antioxidant signaling in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Soo Seong
- School of Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do 200-701, South Korea
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339
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Chapotin SM, Wolt JD. Genetically modified crops for the bioeconomy: meeting public and regulatory expectations. Transgenic Res 2007; 16:675-88. [PMID: 17701080 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-007-9122-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2007] [Accepted: 07/07/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
As the United States moves toward a plant-based bioeconomy, a large research and development effort is focused on creating new feedstocks to meet biomass demand for biofuels, bioenergy, and specialized bioproducts, such as industrial compounds and biomaterial precursors. Most bioeconomy projections assume the widespread deployment of novel feedstocks developed through the use of modern molecular breeding techniques, but rarely consider the challenges involved with the use of genetically modified crops, which can include hurdles due to regulatory approvals, market adoption, and public acceptance. In this paper we consider the implications of various transgenic crops and traits under development for the bioeconomy that highlight these challenges. We believe that an awareness of the issues in crop and trait selection will allow developers to design crops with maximum stakeholder appeal and with the greatest potential for widespread adoption, while avoiding applications unlikely to meet regulatory approval or gain market and public acceptance.
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340
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Vasil IK. Molecular genetic improvement of cereals: transgenic wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). PLANT CELL REPORTS 2007; 26:1133-54. [PMID: 17431631 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-007-0338-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2007] [Revised: 02/26/2007] [Accepted: 02/27/2007] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Only modest progress has been made in the molecular genetic improvement of wheat following the production of the first transgenic plants in 1992, made possible by the development of efficient, long-term regenerable embryogenic cultures derived from immature embryos and use of the biolistics method for the direct delivery of DNA into regenerable cells. Transgenic lines expressing genes that confer resistance to environmentally friendly non-selective herbicides, and pests and pathogens have been produced, in addition to lines with improved bread-making and nutritional qualities; some of these are ready for commercial production. Reduction of losses caused by weeds, pests and pathogens in such plants not only indirectly increases available arable land and fresh water supplies, but also conserves energy and natural resources. Nevertheless, the work carried out thus far can be considered only the beginning, as many difficult tasks lie ahead and much remains to be done. The challenge now is to produce higher-yielding varieties that are more nutritious, and are resistant or tolerant to a wide variety of biotic as well as abiotic stresses (especially drought, salinity, heavy metal toxicity) that currently cause substantial losses in productivity. How well we will meet this challenge for wheat, and indeed for other cereal and non-cereal crops, will depend largely on establishing collaborative partnerships between breeders, molecular biologists, biotechnologists and industry, and on how effectively they make use of the knowledge and insights gained from basic studies in plant biology and genetics, the sequencing of plant/cereal genomes, the discovery of synteny in cereals, and the availability of DNA-based markers and increasingly detailed chromosomal maps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indra K Vasil
- University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-0690, USA.
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341
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Nakashima K, Tran LSP, Van Nguyen D, Fujita M, Maruyama K, Todaka D, Ito Y, Hayashi N, Shinozaki K, Yamaguchi-Shinozaki K. Functional analysis of a NAC-type transcription factor OsNAC6 involved in abiotic and biotic stress-responsive gene expression in rice. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2007; 51:617-30. [PMID: 17587305 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2007.03168.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 613] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The OsNAC6 gene is a member of the NAC transcription factor gene family in rice. Expression of OsNAC6 is induced by abiotic stresses, including cold, drought and high salinity. OsNAC6 gene expression is also induced by wounding and blast disease. A transactivation assay using a yeast system demonstrated that OsNAC6 functions as a transcriptional activator, and transient localization studies with OsNAC6-sGFP fusion protein revealed its nuclear localization. Transgenic rice plants over-expressing OsNAC6 constitutively exhibited growth retardation and low reproductive yields. These transgenic rice plants showed an improved tolerance to dehydration and high-salt stresses, and also exhibited increased tolerance to blast disease. By utilizing stress-inducible promoters, such as the OsNAC6 promoter, it is hoped that stress-inducible over-expression of OsNAC6 in rice can improve stress tolerance by suppressing the negative effects of OsNAC6 on growth under normal growth conditions. The results of microarray analysis revealed that many genes that are inducible by abiotic and biotic stresses were upregulated in rice plants over-expressing OsNAC6. A transient transactivation assay showed that OsNAC6 activates the expression of at least two genes, including a gene encoding peroxidase. Collectively, these results indicate that OsNAC6 functions as a transcriptional activator in response to abiotic and biotic stresses in plants. We conclude that OsNAC6 may serve as a useful biotechnological tool for the improvement of stress tolerance in various kinds of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Nakashima
- Biological Resources Division, Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8686, Japan
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342
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Seki M, Umezawa T, Urano K, Shinozaki K. Regulatory metabolic networks in drought stress responses. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2007; 10:296-302. [PMID: 17468040 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2007.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 461] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2007] [Accepted: 04/17/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Plants must adapt to drought stress to survive. The phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) is produced under drought stress conditions and is essential for the response to drought stress. The ABA level plays an important role in the response, and several enzymes for ABA biosynthesis and catabolism have been identified. Physiological studies have shown that several metabolites accumulate and function as osmolytes under drought stress conditions. Many drought-inducible genes with various functions have been identified, and transgenic plants that harbor these genes have shown increased tolerance to drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoaki Seki
- Plant Genomic Network Research Team, Plant Functional Genomics Research Group, RIKEN Plant Science Center (PSC), RIKEN Yokohama Institute, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
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343
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Torney F, Moeller L, Scarpa A, Wang K. Genetic engineering approaches to improve bioethanol production from maize. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2007; 18:193-9. [PMID: 17399975 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2007.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2007] [Revised: 02/20/2007] [Accepted: 03/20/2007] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Biofuels such as bioethanol are becoming a viable alternative to fossil fuels. Utilizing agricultural biomass for the production of biofuel has drawn much interest in many science and engineering disciplines. As one of the major crops, maize offers promise in this regard. Compared to other crops with biofuel potential, maize can provide both starch (seed) and cellulosic (stover) material for bioethanol production. However, the combination of food, feed and fuel in one crop, although appealing, raises concerns related to the land delineation and distribution of maize grown for energy versus food and feed. To avoid this dilemma, the conversion of maize biomass into bioethanol must be improved. Conventional breeding, molecular marker assisted breeding and genetic engineering have already had, and will continue to have, important roles in maize improvement. The rapidly expanding information from genomics and genetics combined with improved genetic engineering technologies offer a wide range of possibilities for enhanced bioethanol production from maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Torney
- Center for Plant Transformation, Plant Science Institute and Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
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344
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Tyson T, Reardon W, Browne JA, Burnell AM. Gene induction by desiccation stress in the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema carpocapsae reveals parallels with drought tolerance mechanisms in plants. Int J Parasitol 2007; 37:763-76. [PMID: 17306805 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2006.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2006] [Revised: 12/13/2006] [Accepted: 12/17/2006] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The dauer juvenile (DJ) stage of the insect parasitic nematode Steinernema carpocapsae is the only stage in the life cycle which is capable of surviving outside its host and it is adapted for tolerating environmental stresses and for host finding. We have isolated 45 unique expressed sequence tags (ESTs) that are up-regulated in response to desiccation in S. carpocapsae DJs. The majority of these ESTs were co-expressed in response to desiccation and osmotic stress and were generally not induced in response to heat and cold stress. Thirty-two ESTs showed similarity to known sequences. Among these were sequences which encode putative signalling molecules or transcription factors, sequences which detoxify reactive oxygen species, two C-type lectin sequences, ESTs which encode membrane-associated proteins and seven distinct late embryogenic abundant (LEA) sequences. We also isolated 13 novel ESTs. These data show that the molecular response to desiccation stress in entomopathogenic nematode DJs is complex and parallels many of the adaptive changes which occur in drought tolerant plants during exposure to desiccation and osmotic stress. A notable feature of the desiccation response of plants is the number and diversity of hydrophilic LEA proteins synthesised in response to desiccation. All of the LEA sequences detected in animals to date, including those reported in this study, belong to LEA3 group. We show that S. carpocapsae expresses several novel sequences which encode putative hydrophilic and natively unfolded proteins. It is likely that these novel and putative proteins play an important role in desiccation tolerance, possibly by carrying out analogous roles in nematodes to those carried out by the other LEA protein classes in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor Tyson
- Institute of Bioengineering and Agroecology, Biology Department, National University of Ireland Maynooth, Maynooth Co, Kildare, Ireland
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345
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Sreenivasulu N, Sopory SK, Kavi Kishor PB. Deciphering the regulatory mechanisms of abiotic stress tolerance in plants by genomic approaches. Gene 2006; 388:1-13. [PMID: 17134853 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2006.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2006] [Revised: 10/08/2006] [Accepted: 10/12/2006] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Environmental constraints that include abiotic stress factors such as salt, drought, cold and extreme temperatures severely limit crop productivity. Improvement of crop plants with traits that confer tolerance to these stresses was practiced using traditional and modern breeding methods. Molecular breeding and genetic engineering contributed substantially to our understanding of the complexity of stress response. Mechanisms that operate signal perception, transduction and downstream regulatory factors are now being examined and an understanding of cellular pathways involved in abiotic stress responses provide valuable information on such responses. This review presents genomic-assisted methods which have helped to reveal complex regulatory networks controlling abiotic stress tolerance mechanisms by high-throughput expression profiling and gene inactivation techniques. Further, an account of stress-inducible regulatory genes which have been transferred into crop plants to enhance stress tolerance is discussed as possible modes of integrating information gained from functional genomics into knowledge-based breeding programs. In addition, we envision an integrative genomic and breeding approach to reveal developmental programs that enhance yield stability and improve grain quality under unfavorable environmental conditions of abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Sreenivasulu
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Gatersleben, Germany.
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346
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Fujita M, Fujita Y, Noutoshi Y, Takahashi F, Narusaka Y, Yamaguchi-Shinozaki K, Shinozaki K. Crosstalk between abiotic and biotic stress responses: a current view from the points of convergence in the stress signaling networks. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2006; 9:436-42. [PMID: 16759898 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2006.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 962] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2006] [Accepted: 05/18/2006] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved a wide range of mechanisms to cope with biotic and abiotic stresses. To date, the molecular mechanisms that are involved in each stress has been revealed comparatively independently, and so our understanding of convergence points between biotic and abiotic stress signaling pathways remain rudimentary. However, recent studies have revealed several molecules, including transcription factors and kinases, as promising candidates for common players that are involved in crosstalk between stress signaling pathways. Emerging evidence suggests that hormone signaling pathways regulated by abscisic acid, salicylic acid, jasmonic acid and ethylene, as well as ROS signaling pathways, play key roles in the crosstalk between biotic and abiotic stress signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miki Fujita
- Gene Discovery Research Group, RIKEN Plant Science Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Yokohama, Kanagawa 203-0045, Japan
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347
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Castle LA, Wu G, McElroy D. Agricultural input traits: past, present and future. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2006; 17:105-12. [PMID: 16483761 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2006.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2005] [Revised: 11/25/2005] [Accepted: 01/06/2006] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
For thousands of years farm practices have evolved as new innovations have become available. Farmers want more value per unit of land, clean fields, and high yields with less input. Plants with incorporated pest resistance and herbicide resistance help meet these needs through increased yield, reduced chemical use, and reduced soil impacts. Although researchers have developed useful traits for a wide variety of plant species, only a few traits are available commercially; however, global adoption of these traits has and continues to increase rapidly. Availability of future traits will be dependent on input not only from researchers, but from governments, interest groups, processors, distributors and ultimately consumers, in addition to the farmers that drive demand for transgenic seed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda A Castle
- Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc., 700A Bay Road, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA.
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