301
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Velázquez P, Cameron TO, Kinjo Y, Nagarajan N, Kronenberg M, Dustin ML. Cutting edge: activation by innate cytokines or microbial antigens can cause arrest of natural killer T cell patrolling of liver sinusoids. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:2024-8. [PMID: 18250405 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.4.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cells are innate-like lymphocytes that rapidly secrete large amounts of effector cytokines upon activation. Recognition of alpha-linked glycolipids presented by CD1d leads to the production of IL-4, IFN-gamma, or both, while direct activation by the synergistic action of IL-12 and IL-18 leads to IFN-gamma production only. We previously reported that in vitro cultured dendritic cells can modulate NKT cell activation and, using intravital fluorescence laser scanning microscopy, we reported that the potent stimulation of NKT cells results in arrest within hepatic sinusoids. In this study, we examine the relationship between murine NKT cell patrolling and activation. We report that NKT cell arrest results from activation driven by limiting doses of a bacteria-derived weak agonist, galacturonic acid-containing glycosphingolipid, or a synthetic agonist, alpha-galactosyl ceramide. Interestingly, NKT cell arrest also results from IL-12 and IL-18 synergistic activation. Thus, innate cytokines and natural microbial TCR agonists trigger sinusoidal NKT cell arrest and an effector response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Velázquez
- Molecular Pathogenesis Program, The Helen L. and Martin S. Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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302
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Abstract
AbstractAlthough membrane phospholipid phosphatidylinositol-4,5bisphosphate (PIP2) plays a key role as signaling intermediate and coordinator of actin dynamics and vesicle trafficking, it remains completely unknown its involvement in the activation of cytolytic machinery. By live confocal imaging of primary human natural killer (NK) cells expressing the chimeric protein GFP-PH, we observed, during effector-target cell interaction, the consumption of a preexisting PIP2 pool, which is critically required for the activation of cytolytic machinery. We identified type I phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate-5-kinase (PI5KI) α and γ isoforms as the enzymes responsible for PIP2 synthesis in NK cells. By hRNA-driven gene silencing, we observed that both enzymes are required for the proper activation of NK cytotoxicity and for inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) generation on receptor stimulation. In an attempt to elucidate the specific step controlled by PI5KIs, we found that lytic granule secretion but not polarization resulted in impaired PI5KIα- and PI5KIγ-silenced cells. Our findings delineate a novel mechanism implicating PI5KIα and PI5KIγ isoforms in the synthesis of PIP2 pools critically required for IP3-dependent Ca2+ response and lytic granule release.
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303
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Barcia C, Wawrowsky K, Barrett RJ, Liu C, Castro MG, Lowenstein PR. In vivo polarization of IFN-gamma at Kupfer and non-Kupfer immunological synapses during the clearance of virally infected brain cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:1344-52. [PMID: 18209028 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.3.1344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Kupfer-type immunological synapses are thought to mediate intercellular communication between antiviral T cells and virally infected target Ag-presenting brain cells in vivo during an antiviral brain immune response. This hypothesis predicts that formation of Kupfer-type immunological synapses is necessary for polarized distribution of effector molecules, and their directed secretion toward the target cells. However, no studies have been published testing the hypothesis that cytokines can only form polarized clusters at Kupfer-type immunological synapses. Here, we show that IFN-gamma and granzyme-B cluster in a polarized fashion at contacts between T cells and infected astrocytes in vivo. In some cases these clusters were found in Kupfer-type immunological synapses between T cells and infected astrocytes, but we also detected polarized IFN-gamma at synaptic immunological contacts which did not form Kupfer-type immunological synaptic junctions, i.e., in the absence of polarization of TCR or LFA-1. This indicates that TCR signaling, which leads to the production, polarization, and eventual directed secretion of effector molecules such as IFN-gamma, occurs following the formation of both Kupfer-type and non-Kupfer type immunological synaptic junctions between T cells and virally infected target astrocytes in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Barcia
- Board of Governors' Gene Therapeutics Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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304
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Co-option of a default secretory pathway for plant immune responses. Nature 2008; 451:835-40. [DOI: 10.1038/nature06545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 352] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2007] [Accepted: 12/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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305
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Ray JCJ, Wang J, Chan J, Kirschner DE. The timing of TNF and IFN-gamma signaling affects macrophage activation strategies during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. J Theor Biol 2008; 252:24-38. [PMID: 18321531 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2008.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2007] [Revised: 01/11/2008] [Accepted: 01/11/2008] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
During most infections, the population of immune cells known as macrophages are key to taking up and killing bacteria as an integral part of the immune response. However, during infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), host macrophages serve as the preferred environment for mycobacterial growth. Further, killing of Mtb by macrophages is impaired unless they become activated. Activation is induced by stimulation from bacterial antigens and inflammatory cytokines derived from helper T cells. The key macrophage-activating cytokines in Mtb infection are tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) and interferon (IFN)-gamma. Due to differences in cellular sources and secretion pathways for TNF and IFN-gamma, the possibility of heterogeneous cytokine distributions exists, suggesting that the timing of macrophage activation from these signals may affect activation kinetics and thus impact the outcome of Mtb infection. Here we use a mathematical model to show that negative feedback from production of nitric oxide (the key mediator of mycobacterial killing) that typically optimizes macrophage responses to activating stimuli may reduce effective killing of Mtb. Statistical sensitivity analysis predicts that if TNF and IFN-gamma signals precede infection, the level of negative feedback may have a strong effect on how effectively macrophages kill Mtb. However, this effect is relaxed when IFN-gamma or TNF+IFN-gamma signals are received coincident with infection. Under these conditions, the model suggests that negative feedback induces fast responses and an initial overshoot of nitric oxide production for given doses of TNF and IFN-gamma, favoring killing of Mtb. Together, our results suggest that direct entry of macrophages into a granuloma site (and not distal to it) from lung vascular sources represents a preferred host strategy for mycobacterial control. We examine implications of these results in establishment of latent Mtb infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Christian J Ray
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0620, USA
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306
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Cronin SJF, Penninger JM. From T-cell activation signals to signaling control of anti-cancer immunity. Immunol Rev 2008; 220:151-68. [PMID: 17979845 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2007.00570.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The activation of resting T cells is crucial to most immune processes. Recognition of foreign antigen by T-cell receptors has to be correctly translated into signal transduction events necessary for the induction of an effective immune response. In this review, we discuss the essential signals, molecules, and processes necessary to achieve full T-cell activation. In addition to describing these key biological events, we also discuss how T-cell receptor signaling may be harnessed to yield new therapeutic targets for a next generation of anti-cancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane J F Cronin
- IMBA, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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307
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Abstract
The differentiation, activation and expansion of T cells are dictated by their integrated response to a complex array of extracellular signals. Recent studies provide insight into how these signals are integrated and demonstrate a key role for cell shape in many aspects of T-cell signalling. T cells polarise during migration, antigen presentation and cell division to give rise to daughter cells that can have different cell fates. In each case, the polarity of the T cell facilitates this activity. This raises the possibility that adoption of a polarised state acts as a positive feedback mechanism to enhance responses to specific signals. Similarly, in asymmetric division of other cell types, the distribution of different molecules into each daughter can have profound consequences for proliferation, death and differentiation. The mechanisms of polarity regulation are far better understood in cells such as epithelial cells, neurons and neuronal precursors, and the fertilised zygote. With the emerging parallels between polarity in these cells and T cells, we should now be able to elucidate how polarity affects signalling and cell fate determination in T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Russell
- Immune Signalling Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria 2002, Australia and Center for MicroPhotonics, Faculty of Engineering and Industrial Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Victoria 3122, Australia
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308
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Jolly C, Sattentau QJ. Regulated secretion from CD4+ T cells. Trends Immunol 2007; 28:474-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2007.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2007] [Revised: 08/16/2007] [Accepted: 08/16/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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309
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Lowenstein PR, Kroeger K, Castro MG. Immunology of neurological gene therapy: how T cells modulate viral vector-mediated therapeutic transgene expression through immunological synapses. Neurotherapeutics 2007; 4:715-24. [PMID: 17920552 PMCID: PMC2268648 DOI: 10.1016/j.nurt.2007.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene therapy has been shown to be a powerful new approach to the treatment of brain diseases. Brain neurodegenerations, brain tumors, inherited brain diseases, and autoimmune disorders are currently recognized as proper targets for gene therapeutics. Advances in the development of viral vectors (especially improvements in their immune profiles), the capacity to regulate transgene expression, and identification of appropriate therapeutic constructs have made the transition into clinical trials for gene therapy possible. One particular remaining challenge is the immune response that could be raised against either the viral vectors themselves or any regulatory or therapeutic transgenes. Because of the structure of brain immune responses, viral gene transfer into the brain can, under certain circumstances, be invisible to the systemic immune response and thus not generate a deleterious immune attack. If, however, the systemic immune system is primed against any vector antigen, the systemic immune response eliminates transgene expression and thus curtails the therapeutic efficacy of gene therapy. Mechanistic studies of brain immune responses indicate that the adaptive arm of the immune system may indeed be able to kill transduced cells. To move neurological gene therapy into the clinic in an effective and safe manner, these are the developments needed: novel viral vectors that either display a reduced capacity to stimulate an adaptive immune response or become invisible to the immune system after the delivery of the vector genome to the nucleus of transduced cells, and ways either to steer the immune response away from cytotoxic responses or to induce tolerance to gene therapy products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro R Lowenstein
- Board of Governors' Gene Therapeutics Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, California 90048, USA.
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310
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Zhu Y, Fossum C, Berg M, Magnusson U. Morphometric analysis of proinflammatory cytokines in mammary glands of sows suggests an association between clinical mastitis and local production of IL-1beta, IL-6 and TNF-alpha. Vet Res 2007; 38:871-82. [PMID: 17903420 DOI: 10.1051/vetres:2007035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2007] [Accepted: 06/11/2007] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Twelve healthy primiparous sows received intramammary inoculation with Escherichia coli (serotype O127) during the 24-h period preceding parturition. Mammary gland biopsy samples were taken immediately before inoculation (0 h) and from the inoculated and the contralateral non-inoculated glands 24 h after inoculation. The analyses of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1beta), IL-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) by immunohistochemistry revealed that the production of these proinflammatory cytokines significantly increased in the inoculated mammary glands of sows that developed clinical signs of mastitis (affected group, n=4) 24 h after inoculation. This was also true for IL-8 in the inoculated mammary glands of sows that did not develop clinical signs of mastitis (nonaffected group, n=8). Sows that developed clinical signs of mastitis displayed significantly lower constitutive production of IL-1beta than did sows that remained clinically healthy. The data indicate that the development of clinical symptoms of coliform mastitis in the sow is associated with a locally increased proinflammatory cytokine production in response to intramammary E. coli infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaohong Zhu
- Division of Reproduction, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden
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311
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Manderson AP, Kay JG, Hammond LA, Brown DL, Stow JL. Subcompartments of the macrophage recycling endosome direct the differential secretion of IL-6 and TNFalpha. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 178:57-69. [PMID: 17606866 PMCID: PMC2064421 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200612131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Activated macrophages secrete an array of proinflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) and interleukin 6 (IL-6), that are temporally secreted for sequential roles in inflammation. We have previously characterized aspects of the intracellular trafficking of membrane-bound TNFalpha and its delivery to the cell surface at the site of phagocytic cups for secretion (Murray, R.Z., J.G. Kay, D.G. Sangermani, and J.L. Stow. 2005. Science. 310:1492-1495). The trafficking pathway and surface delivery of IL-6, a soluble cytokine, were studied here using approaches such as live cell imaging of fluorescently tagged IL-6 and immunoelectron microscopy. Newly synthesized IL-6 accumulates in the Golgi complex and exits in tubulovesicular carriers either as the sole labeled cargo or together with TNFalpha, utilizing specific soluble NSF attachment protein receptor (SNARE) proteins to fuse with the recycling endosome. Within recycling endosomes, we demonstrate the compartmentalization of cargo proteins, wherein IL-6 is dynamically segregated from TNFalpha and from surface recycling transferrin. Thereafter, these cytokines are independently secreted, with TNFalpha delivered to phagocytic cups but not IL-6. Therefore, the recycling endosome has a central role in orchestrating the differential secretion of cytokines during inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony P Manderson
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
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312
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Huse M, Klein LO, Girvin AT, Faraj JM, Li QJ, Kuhns MS, Davis MM. Spatial and temporal dynamics of T cell receptor signaling with a photoactivatable agonist. Immunity 2007; 27:76-88. [PMID: 17629516 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2007.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2007] [Revised: 04/26/2007] [Accepted: 05/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The precise timing of signals downstream of the T cell receptor (TCR) is poorly understood. To address this problem, we prepared major histocompatibility complexes containing an antigenic peptide that is biologically inert until exposed to ultraviolet (UV) light. UV irradiation of these complexes in contact with cognate T cells enabled the high-resolution temporal analysis of signaling. Phosphorylation of the LAT adaptor molecule was observed in 4 s, and diacylglycerol production and calcium flux was observed in 6-7 s. TCR activation also induced cytoskeletal polarization within 2 min. Antibody blockade of CD4 reduced the intensity of LAT phosphorylation and the speed of calcium flux. Furthermore, strong desensitization of diacylglycerol production, but not LAT phosphorylation, occurred shortly after TCR activation, suggesting that different molecular events play distinct signal-processing roles. These results establish the speed and localization of early signaling steps, and have important implications regarding the overall structure of the network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Huse
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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313
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Koguchi Y, Thauland TJ, Slifka MK, Parker DC. Preformed CD40 ligand exists in secretory lysosomes in effector and memory CD4+ T cells and is quickly expressed on the cell surface in an antigen-specific manner. Blood 2007; 110:2520-7. [PMID: 17595332 PMCID: PMC1988919 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-03-081299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CD40 ligand (CD40L) is an essential effector cytokine for macrophage activation, dendritic cell licensing, and T-cell-dependent antibody responses. Although CD40L is known to be made de novo following antigen recognition, several reports have described surface mobilization of preformed, intracellular CD40L in certain CD4(+) effector T cells. Here we show that rapid surface expression of preformed CD40L following antigen recognition is a general property of both effector and memory CD4(+) T cells, including in vitro and in vivo activated T-cell-receptor transgenic T cells, memory phenotype CD4(+) T cells from pathogen-free naive mice, and polyclonal virus-specific effector and memory T cells. Intracellular CD40L is stored in secretory lysosomes, and colocalizes more strongly with Fas ligand than with CTLA-4, two other molecules that are delivered to the cell surface following antigen recognition. Stimulated surface expression of preformed CD40L is found in memory CD4(+) T cells from CD40-deficient mice, indicating that it does not depend on CD40-induced internalization for delivery to the secretory compartment. We suggest that delivery of preformed CD40L to antigen-presenting cells (APCs) could enable antigen-specific activation of APCs in transient interactions that are too brief to permit de novo synthesis of CD40L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinobu Koguchi
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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314
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Abstract
In light of recent data showing that both helper and cytotoxic T cells can detect even a single molecule of an agonist peptide-MHC, alphabeta T cells are clearly a type of sensory cell, comparable to any in the nervous system. In addition, endogenous (self) peptides bound to MHCs are not just important for thymic selection, but also play an integral role in T cell activation in the response to foreign antigens. With the multitude of specificities available to most T cells, they can thus be considered as a sensory organ, trained on self-peptide-MHCs and primed to detect nonself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark M Davis
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA.
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315
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Guillonneau C, Hill M, Hubert FX, Chiffoleau E, Hervé C, Li XL, Heslan M, Usal C, Tesson L, Ménoret S, Saoudi A, Le Mauff B, Josien R, Cuturi MC, Anegon I. CD40Ig treatment results in allograft acceptance mediated by CD8CD45RC T cells, IFN-gamma, and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase. J Clin Invest 2007; 117:1096-106. [PMID: 17404623 PMCID: PMC1839240 DOI: 10.1172/jci28801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2006] [Accepted: 01/16/2007] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment with CD40Ig results in indefinite allograft survival in a complete MHC-mismatched heart allograft model in the rat. Here we show that serial second, third, and fourth adoptive transfers of total splenocytes from CD40Ig-treated recipients into secondary recipients led to indefinite donor-specific allograft acceptance. Purification of splenocyte subpopulations from CD40Ig-treated recipients demonstrated that only the adoptively transferred CD8(+)CD45RC(low) subset resulted in donor-specific long-term survival, whereas CD8(+)CD45RC(low) T cells from naive animals did not. Accepted grafts displayed increased indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) expression restricted in the graft to ECs. Coculture of donor ECs with CD8(+)CD45RC(low) T cells purified from CD40Ig-treated animals resulted in donor-specific IDO expression dependent on IFN-gamma. Neutralization of IFN-gamma or IDO triggered acute allograft rejection in both CD40Ig-treated and adoptively transferred recipients. This study demonstrates for what we believe to be the first time that interference in CD40-CD40 ligand (CD40-CD40L) interactions induces allospecific CD8(+) Tregs that maintain allograft survival. CD8(+)CD45RC(low) T cells act through IFN-gamma production, which in turn induces IDO expression by graft ECs. Thus, donor alloantigen-specific CD8(+) Tregs may promote local graft immune privilege through IDO expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Guillonneau
- INSERM U643, Centre Hopitalier Universitaire de Nantes, Institut de Transplantation et de Recherche en Transplantation (ITERT), and Université de Nantes, Faculté de Médecine, Nantes, France.
INSERM U563, Département Immunologie, Toulouse, France
| | - Marcelo Hill
- INSERM U643, Centre Hopitalier Universitaire de Nantes, Institut de Transplantation et de Recherche en Transplantation (ITERT), and Université de Nantes, Faculté de Médecine, Nantes, France.
INSERM U563, Département Immunologie, Toulouse, France
| | - François-Xavier Hubert
- INSERM U643, Centre Hopitalier Universitaire de Nantes, Institut de Transplantation et de Recherche en Transplantation (ITERT), and Université de Nantes, Faculté de Médecine, Nantes, France.
INSERM U563, Département Immunologie, Toulouse, France
| | - Elise Chiffoleau
- INSERM U643, Centre Hopitalier Universitaire de Nantes, Institut de Transplantation et de Recherche en Transplantation (ITERT), and Université de Nantes, Faculté de Médecine, Nantes, France.
INSERM U563, Département Immunologie, Toulouse, France
| | - Caroline Hervé
- INSERM U643, Centre Hopitalier Universitaire de Nantes, Institut de Transplantation et de Recherche en Transplantation (ITERT), and Université de Nantes, Faculté de Médecine, Nantes, France.
INSERM U563, Département Immunologie, Toulouse, France
| | - Xian-Liang Li
- INSERM U643, Centre Hopitalier Universitaire de Nantes, Institut de Transplantation et de Recherche en Transplantation (ITERT), and Université de Nantes, Faculté de Médecine, Nantes, France.
INSERM U563, Département Immunologie, Toulouse, France
| | - Michèle Heslan
- INSERM U643, Centre Hopitalier Universitaire de Nantes, Institut de Transplantation et de Recherche en Transplantation (ITERT), and Université de Nantes, Faculté de Médecine, Nantes, France.
INSERM U563, Département Immunologie, Toulouse, France
| | - Claire Usal
- INSERM U643, Centre Hopitalier Universitaire de Nantes, Institut de Transplantation et de Recherche en Transplantation (ITERT), and Université de Nantes, Faculté de Médecine, Nantes, France.
INSERM U563, Département Immunologie, Toulouse, France
| | - Laurent Tesson
- INSERM U643, Centre Hopitalier Universitaire de Nantes, Institut de Transplantation et de Recherche en Transplantation (ITERT), and Université de Nantes, Faculté de Médecine, Nantes, France.
INSERM U563, Département Immunologie, Toulouse, France
| | - Séverine Ménoret
- INSERM U643, Centre Hopitalier Universitaire de Nantes, Institut de Transplantation et de Recherche en Transplantation (ITERT), and Université de Nantes, Faculté de Médecine, Nantes, France.
INSERM U563, Département Immunologie, Toulouse, France
| | - Abdelhadi Saoudi
- INSERM U643, Centre Hopitalier Universitaire de Nantes, Institut de Transplantation et de Recherche en Transplantation (ITERT), and Université de Nantes, Faculté de Médecine, Nantes, France.
INSERM U563, Département Immunologie, Toulouse, France
| | - Brigitte Le Mauff
- INSERM U643, Centre Hopitalier Universitaire de Nantes, Institut de Transplantation et de Recherche en Transplantation (ITERT), and Université de Nantes, Faculté de Médecine, Nantes, France.
INSERM U563, Département Immunologie, Toulouse, France
| | - Régis Josien
- INSERM U643, Centre Hopitalier Universitaire de Nantes, Institut de Transplantation et de Recherche en Transplantation (ITERT), and Université de Nantes, Faculté de Médecine, Nantes, France.
INSERM U563, Département Immunologie, Toulouse, France
| | - Maria Cristina Cuturi
- INSERM U643, Centre Hopitalier Universitaire de Nantes, Institut de Transplantation et de Recherche en Transplantation (ITERT), and Université de Nantes, Faculté de Médecine, Nantes, France.
INSERM U563, Département Immunologie, Toulouse, France
| | - Ignacio Anegon
- INSERM U643, Centre Hopitalier Universitaire de Nantes, Institut de Transplantation et de Recherche en Transplantation (ITERT), and Université de Nantes, Faculté de Médecine, Nantes, France.
INSERM U563, Département Immunologie, Toulouse, France
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316
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Cheng G, Zhao X, Yan W, Wang W, Zuo X, Huang K, Liu Y, Chen J, Wang J, Cong W, Liu M, Gao H, Chen J, Lu Y, Zheng Z. Alpha interferon is a powerful adjuvant for a recombinant protein vaccine against foot-and-mouth disease virus in swine, and an effective stimulus of in vivo immune response. Vaccine 2007; 25:5199-208. [PMID: 17555848 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.04.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2007] [Revised: 04/24/2007] [Accepted: 04/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The adjuvant effect of porcine interferon-alpha (PoIFN-alpha) was examined in swine vaccinated with a recombinant FMD protein vaccine named IgG-FMDV, which contains the swine IgG single heavy chain constant region and an immunogenic peptide of serotype O FMDV. The PoIFN-alpha gene was cloned into pcDNA3 vector and the recombinant plasmid was incorporated into cationic liposomes by a dehydration and rehydration procedure to use as an adjuvant, injected together with low-dose IgG-FMDV. This procedure resulted in strong induction of FMDV-specific neutralizing antibody and significant T-cell-mediated immune responses, whereas only a modest humoral and cellular response was observed with low-dose vaccine alone. As an adjuvant for the protein vaccine, PoIFN-alpha induced strong inflammatory cytokines production in vivo and the results denoted that IFN-adjuvant and our vaccines could drive the immune response toward Th1 type responses. The data of ELISA suggests that the recombinant protein vaccine synergizes with the IFN-adjuvant to produce endogenous IFN in vivo. In response to viral challenge, all control animals developed viremia and lesions, whereas all animals received IFN-adjuvant+IgG-FMDV were protected and nonstructural protein antibody in this group could not be detected by 14 days post-challenge (dpc). Our studies indicate that porcine IFN-alpha is a powerful adjuvant for recombinant FMD protein vaccine and could aid in vaccination against FMDV in swine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gong Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Science, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, PR China
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317
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Naranjo-Gómez M, Oliva H, Climent N, Fernández MA, Ruiz-Riol M, Bofill M, Gatell JM, Gallart T, Pujol-Borrell R, Borràs FE. Expression and function of the IL-2 receptor in activated human plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Eur J Immunol 2007; 37:1764-72. [PMID: 17523134 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200636980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Human and mouse plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDC) express IL-2 mRNA specifically upon TLR stimulation, but not under CD40L stimulation. Even though the expression of the IL-2R by PDC has been described, the functional implications of this expression remain unknown. Here, we investigated the expression and function of the IL-2R in activated human PDC. The IL-2Ralpha chain, CD25, is expressed in both CpG- and CD40L-activated PDC. CD25 expression is a relatively rapid event, as the receptor was detected 6 h after the initial activation signal. Exogenous IL-2 added to CD40L-activated PDC increased the expression of CD25, enhanced the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and promotes PDC survival. CpG-activated PDC cultured in the presence of IL-2R-blocking monoclonal antibodies showed a reduced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, especially TNF-alpha. This reduction was dose and time dependent, suggesting a regulatory role of IL-2 in TNF secretion that might occur at the post-transcriptional level. These results indicate that the expression of the IL-2R is relevant to human PDC activation, and that IL-2 may be an important auto- and/or paracrine factor modulating the activation and survival of PDC. Finally, CD25 expression may be considered as a useful early activation marker for human PDC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mar Naranjo-Gómez
- Laboratory of Immunobiology for Research and Applications to Diagnosis, Blood and Tissue Bank, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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318
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Saito K, Williams S, Bulankina A, Höning S, Mustelin T. Association of Protein-tyrosine Phosphatase MEG2 via Its Sec14p Homology Domain with Vesicle-trafficking Proteins. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:15170-8. [PMID: 17387180 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m608682200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The protein-tyrosine phosphatase PTPMEG2 is located on the cytoplasmic face of the enclosing membrane of secretory vesicles, where it regulates vesicle size by promoting homotypic vesicle fusion by dephosphorylating N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor, a key regulator of vesicle fusion. Here we address the question of how PTPMEG2 is targeted to this subcellular location. Using a series of deletion mutants, we pinpointed the N-terminal Sec14p homology (SEC14) domain of PTPMEG2, residues 1-261, as the region containing the secretory vesicle targeting signal. This domain, alone or appended to a heterologous protein, was localized to intracellular vesicle membranes. Yeast two-hybrid screening identified a number of secretory vesicle proteins that interacted directly with the SEC14 domain of PTPMEG2, providing a mechanism for PTPMEG2 targeting to secretory vesicles. Two such proteins, mannose 6-phosphate receptor-interacting protein TIP47 and Arfaptin2, were found to alter PTPMEG2 localization when overexpressed, and elimination of TIP47 resulted in loss of PTPMEG2 function. We conclude that the N terminus of PTPMEG2 is necessary for the targeting of this phosphatase to the secretory vesicle compartment by association with other proteins involved in intracellular transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kan Saito
- Program on Inflammatory Disease Research, Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, and Program of Signal Transduction, Cancer Center, The Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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319
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Nakano T, Araki K, Nakatani H, Kobayashi M, Sugimoto T, Furuya Y, Matsuoka T, Jin T, Hanazaki K. Effects of geldanamycin and thalidomide on the Th1/Th2 cytokine balance in mice subjected to operative trauma. Surgery 2007; 141:490-500. [PMID: 17383526 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2006.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2005] [Revised: 10/12/2006] [Accepted: 10/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Persistence of postoperative immune dysfunction is a critical problem because it increases the risk of serious infectious complications. The mechanisms of the immune dysfunction that occur initially after non-thermal operative injury remain to be fully elucidated. METHODS Two mouse models of operative trauma (simple laparotomy to represent minor operative injury and ileocecal resection to represent major operative injury) were used to define the characteristics of initial cytokine synthesis. Geldanamycin and thalidomide were independently added intraperitoneally before and after operative injury to examine the effect on postoperative immune dysfunction. Mice were sacrificed at scheduled times (3, 6, 12, and 24 h after operative injury) and TNF-alpha, IL-2, IL-4, and IL-10 were analyzed. Spleen was used for intracellular cytokines and RT-PCR. Sera were used for ELISA. RESULTS Major operative injury caused an initial upregulation of IL-10 synthesis with delayed synthesis of TNF-alpha and IL-2. Minor operative injury caused an early induction of IL-2 synthesis preceded by an initial induction of IL-4 synthesis. GA caused a specific early upregulation of TNF-alpha mRNA expression and intracellular TNF-alpha synthesis. The GA and THD groups showed early serum IL-2 production with reduction of IL-10 mRNA expression and intracellular IL-10 synthesis in the early post-operative phase. CONCLUSIONS Major and minor operative injury showed different Th1/Th2 cytokine patterns in the initial post-operative period. Geldanamycin and thalidomide improved the Th1/Th2 imbalance independently after major operative injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Nakano
- Department of Tumor Surgery, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku, Japan.
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320
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Irvine DJ, Doh J. Synthetic surfaces as artificial antigen presenting cells in the study of T cell receptor triggering and immunological synapse formation. Semin Immunol 2007; 19:245-54. [PMID: 17398113 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2007.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2007] [Accepted: 02/26/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
T cell activation occurs when T cell receptors engage peptide-major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) molecules displayed on the surface of antigen presenting cells (APCs). Clustering of TCRs and other receptors in physical patterns at the T-APC interface forms a structure known as an immunological synapse (IS). Studies of the IS are challenging due to the cell-cell contact context of the governing interactions. Model surfaces as synthetic APCs have thus been developed, where the type, quantity, and physical arrangement of ligands displayed to T cells are precisely controlled. These model systems have provided important insights into the structure and function of the IS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darrell J Irvine
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering and Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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321
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Zheng SG, Wang J, Wang P, Gray JD, Horwitz DA. IL-2 is essential for TGF-beta to convert naive CD4+CD25- cells to CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells and for expansion of these cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:2018-27. [PMID: 17277105 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.4.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 454] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
IL-2 and TGF-beta both have important roles in the induction and maintenance of immunologic tolerance, but whether these cytokines act separately or together to achieve this effect is poorly understood. Although others have reported that IL-2 can directly enhance forkhead box protein P3 (Foxp3) transcription factor expression by natural CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells, in this study, we report that the role of IL-2 on the generation of peripheral regulatory CD4(+) cells is indirect. Ab neutralization studies and experiments with IL-2-deficient mice have revealed that IL-2 is required for TGF-beta to induce naive CD4(+)CD25(-) cells to become CD25(+) and express Foxp3, and develop the characteristic properties of CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory cells. This effect of IL-2 on the generation and expansion of these adaptive Foxp3(+) regulatory cells is nonredundant, but IL-4, IL-7, and IL-15, other common gamma-chain cytokines, could sustain Foxp3 expression. Because subjects with autoimmune diseases often have defects in the production of IL-2 and/or TGF-beta, the generation of autologous T regulatory cells ex vivo with these cytokines for transfer in vivo may have considerable therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Guo Zheng
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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322
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Davis DM. Intercellular transfer of cell-surface proteins is common and can affect many stages of an immune response. Nat Rev Immunol 2007; 7:238-43. [PMID: 17290299 DOI: 10.1038/nri2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cells can extend the limits of their transcriptome by using proteins captured from other cells. Through an exchange of specific proteins, tools and information can be shared to establish integrated communities of cells that are better able to coordinate stages of an immune response. Transferred proteins can also contribute to pathology by allowing, for example, infection of cell types not otherwise infected. Here, I present the case for considering the intercellular transfer of cell-surface proteins between immune cells as commonplace and important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Davis
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
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323
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González PA, Carreño LJ, Figueroa CA, Kalergis AM. Modulation of immunological synapse by membrane-bound and soluble ligands. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2007; 18:19-31. [PMID: 17344089 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2007.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
An efficient adaptive immune response should prevent pathogen infections and tumor growth without causing significant damage to host constituents. A crucial event determining the balance between tolerance and immunity is antigen recognition by T cells on the surface of antigen presenting cells (APC). Several molecular contacts at the interface between T cells and APCs contribute to define the nature of the adaptive immune response against a particular antigen. Upon TCR engagement by a peptide-MHC complex (pMHC) on the surface of an APC, a specialized supra-molecular structure known as immunological synapse (IS) assembles at the interface between these two cells. This structure involves massive re-distribution of membrane proteins, including TCR and pMHC complexes, as well as co-stimulatory and adhesion molecules. Furthermore, IS assembly leads to several important intracellular events necessary for T cell activation, such as recruitment of signaling molecules and cytoskeleton rearrangements. Because IS assembly leads to major consequences on the function of T cells, several studies have attempted to identify both soluble and membrane-bound molecules that could contribute to modulate the IS function. Here we describe recent literature on the regulation of IS assembly and modulation by TCR/pMHC binding kinetics, chemokines and cytokines focusing on their role at controlling the balance between adaptive immunity and tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo A González
- Millenniun Nucleus on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
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324
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Stow JL, Manderson AP, Murray RZ. SNAREing immunity: the role of SNAREs in the immune system. Nat Rev Immunol 2007; 6:919-29. [PMID: 17124513 DOI: 10.1038/nri1980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The trafficking of molecules and membranes within cells is a prerequisite for all aspects of cellular immune functions, including the delivery and recycling of cell-surface proteins, secretion of immune mediators, ingestion of pathogens and activation of lymphocytes. SNARE (soluble-N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive-factor accessory-protein receptor)-family members mediate membrane fusion during all steps of trafficking, and function in almost all aspects of innate and adaptive immune responses. Here, we provide an overview of the roles of SNAREs in immune cells, offering insight into one level at which precision and tight regulation are instilled on immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Stow
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.
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325
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Derby MC, Gleeson PA. New Insights into Membrane Trafficking and Protein Sorting. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 2007; 261:47-116. [PMID: 17560280 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(07)61002-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Protein transport in the secretory and endocytic pathways is a multistep process involving the generation of transport carriers loaded with defined sets of cargo, the shipment of the cargo-loaded transport carriers between compartments, and the specific fusion of these transport carriers with a target membrane. The regulation of these membrane-mediated processes involves a complex array of protein and lipid interactions. As the machinery and regulatory processes of membrane trafficking have been defined, it is increasingly apparent that membrane transport is intimately connected with a number of other cellular processes, such as quality control in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), cytoskeletal dynamics, receptor signaling, and mitosis. The fidelity of membrane trafficking relies on the correct assembly of components on organelles. Recruitment of peripheral proteins plays a critical role in defining organelle identity and the establishment of membrane subdomains, essential for the regulation of vesicle transport. The molecular mechanisms for the biogenesis of membrane subdomains are also central to understanding how cargo is sorted and segregated and how different populations of transport carriers are generated. In this review we will focus on the emerging themes of organelle identity, membrane subdomains, regulation of Golgi trafficking, and advances in dissecting pathways in physiological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merran C Derby
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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326
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327
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Krummel MF, Macara I. Maintenance and modulation of T cell polarity. Nat Immunol 2006; 7:1143-9. [PMID: 17053799 DOI: 10.1038/ni1404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2006] [Accepted: 09/14/2006] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
As T cells move through the lymphatics and tissues, chemokine receptors, adhesion molecules, costimulatory molecules and antigen receptors engage their ligands in the microenvironment and contribute to establishing and maintaining cell polarity. Cytoskeletal assemblies, surface proteins and vesicle traffic are essential components of polarity and probably stabilize the activity of lymphocytes that must negotiate their 'noisy' environment. An additional component of polarity is a family of polarity proteins in T cells that includes Dlg, Scrib and Lgl, as well as a complex of partitioning-defective proteins. Ultimately, the strength of a T cell response may rely on correct T cell polarization. Therefore, loss of polarity regulators or guidance cues may interfere with T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew F Krummel
- Department of Pathology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-0511, USA.
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328
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Tamang DL, Redelman D, Alves BN, Vollger L, Bethley C, Hudig D. Induction of granzyme B and T cell cytotoxic capacity by IL-2 or IL-15 without antigens: multiclonal responses that are extremely lytic if triggered and short-lived after cytokine withdrawal. Cytokine 2006; 36:148-59. [PMID: 17188506 PMCID: PMC1850105 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2006.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2006] [Revised: 09/22/2006] [Accepted: 11/01/2006] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of these studies was to determine the minimal requirements to induce granzyme B, cytotoxic granules and perforin-dependent lytic capacity. To our surprise, both IL-2 and IL-15 induced not only proliferation, but also profound granzyme B and lytic capacity from CD8+ T cells in the absence of antigen or TCR-stimulation. Mouse splenocytes were incubated with mouse r-IL-2 or r-IL-15 for three days, tested by anti-CD3 redirected lysis and examined for intracellular granzyme B and for T cell activation markers. With 10(-8) M IL-2 or IL-15, there was excellent lytic activity at 1:1 effector to target ratios mediated by T cells from wild-type but not from perforin-gene-ablated mice, consistent with multiclonal activation. Lower interleukin concentrations induced less lytic activity. Granzyme B was undetectable on day 0, and greatly elevated on day 3 in CD44hi CD8+ T cells as detected by flow cytometry. Cytokines alone elevated the granzyme B as much as concanavalin A combined with the cytokines. Some ex vivo CD8+ T cells were CD122+, as were the cultured granzyme B+ cells, thus both populations had low-affinity receptors for the interleukins. Only some of the activated cells were proliferating as detected by CFSE labeling. When the cytokines were withdrawn, the cells lost lytic activity within 24 h and then within the next 24 h, died. Our results suggest that high concentrations of either IL-2 or IL-15 will activate the lytic capacity and granzyme B expression of many T cells and that antigen recognition is not required.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- CD11a Antigen/metabolism
- CD2 Antigens/metabolism
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Cell Survival/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/drug effects
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/immunology
- Flow Cytometry
- Granzymes/metabolism
- Hyaluronan Receptors/metabolism
- Inducible T-Cell Co-Stimulator Protein
- Interleukin-15/pharmacology
- Interleukin-2/pharmacology
- Interleukin-2 Receptor beta Subunit/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Receptors, Natural Killer Cell
- Spleen/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Tamang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology/320, University of Nevada, Reno, 1664 N. Virginia St. Reno, NV 89557, USA.
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329
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Mrass P, Takano H, Ng LG, Daxini S, Lasaro MO, Iparraguirre A, Cavanagh LL, von Andrian UH, Ertl HCJ, Haydon PG, Weninger W. Random migration precedes stable target cell interactions of tumor-infiltrating T cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 203:2749-61. [PMID: 17116735 PMCID: PMC2118164 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20060710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment is composed of an intricate mixture of tumor and host-derived cells that engage in a continuous interplay. T cells are particularly important in this context as they may recognize tumor-associated antigens and induce tumor regression. However, the precise identity of cells targeted by tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes (TILs) as well as the kinetics and anatomy of TIL-target cell interactions within tumors are incompletely understood. Furthermore, the spatiotemporal conditions of TIL locomotion through the tumor stroma, as a prerequisite for establishing contact with target cells, have not been analyzed. These shortcomings limit the rational design of immunotherapeutic strategies that aim to overcome tumor-immune evasion. We have used two-photon microscopy to determine, in a dynamic manner, the requirements leading to tumor regression by TILs. Key observations were that TILs migrated randomly throughout the tumor microenvironment and that, in the absence of cognate antigen, they were incapable of sustaining active migration. Furthermore, TILs in regressing tumors formed long-lasting (≥30 min), cognate antigen–dependent contacts with tumor cells. Finally, TILs physically interacted with macrophages, suggesting tumor antigen cross-presentation by these cells. Our results demonstrate that recognition of cognate antigen within tumors is a critical determinant of optimal TIL migration and target cell interactions, and argue against TIL guidance by long-range chemokine gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulus Mrass
- Immunology Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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330
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Kelly-Rogers J, Madrigal-Estebas L, O'Connor T, Doherty DG. Activation-Induced Expression of CD56 by T Cells Is Associated With a Reprogramming of Cytolytic Activity and Cytokine Secretion Profile In Vitro. Hum Immunol 2006; 67:863-73. [PMID: 17145366 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2006.08.292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2006] [Revised: 07/15/2006] [Accepted: 08/17/2006] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A subset of human T lymphocytes expresses the natural killer (NK) cell-associated receptor CD56 and is capable of major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-unrestricted cytotoxicity against a variety of autologous and allogeneic tumor cells. CD56+ T cells have shown potential for immunotherapy as antitumor cytotoxic effectors, but their capacity to control adaptive immune responses via cytokine secretion is unclear. We have examined the inducibility of CD56+ T cells from human blood in vitro and compared the kinetics of Th1, Th2, and regulatory cytokine secretion by CD56+ T cells with those of conventional CD56- T cells. CD56 was induced on CD8+ and CD4- CD8- T cells by CD3/T-cell receptor (TCR)-mediated activation, particularly when grown in the presence of interleukin (IL)-2. Activation-induced CD56+ T cells proliferated less vigorously but displayed enhanced natural cytotoxicity compared with CD56- T cells. CD56+ T cells released interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and interleukin-13 (IL-13), but not IL-10, upon TCR stimulation. Flow cytometric analysis demonstrated that, compared with CD56- T cells, elevated proportions of CD56+ T cells expressed IFN-gamma, IL-4, and IL-13 within hours of activation. These acquired cytolytic and cytokine secretion activities of CD56+ T cells make them potential targets for immunotherapy for infectious and immune-mediated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Kelly-Rogers
- Lymphocyte Biology Group, Institute of Immunology and Department of Biology, The National University of Ireland Maynooth, Maynooth, County Kildare, Ireland
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331
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Locksley RM. A failure to launch: fuelling cytokine secretion in iNKT cells. Immunity 2006; 25:393-5. [PMID: 16979571 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2006.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this issue of Immunity, Bezbradica et al., (2006) uncover an unsuspected role for the cytokine GM-CSF in the thymic development of invariant NKT cells, a role that licenses these cells to secrete effector cytokines upon activation in the periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M Locksley
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Medicine and Microbiology/Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-0795, USA
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332
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Kennedy R, Celis E. T helper lymphocytes rescue CTL from activation-induced cell death. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:2862-72. [PMID: 16920921 PMCID: PMC1594817 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.5.2862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
T cell activation is characterized by a vast expansion of Ag-specific T cells followed by an equally extensive reduction in T cell numbers. This decline is due, in part, to activation-induced apoptosis of the responding T cells during repeated encounter with Ag. In the current study, we used solid-phase MHC class I/peptide monomers to cause activation-induced cell death (AICD) of previously activated CD8 T cells in an Ag-specific manner. AICD occurred rapidly and was mediated primarily by Fas-FasL interactions. Most interestingly, we observed that Th cells could provide survival signals to CTL significantly reducing the level of AICD. Both Th1 and Th2 subsets were capable of protecting CTL from AICD, and a major role for soluble factors in this protection was ruled out, as cell-to-cell contact was an essential component of this Th-mediated protection. Upon encounter with Ag-expressing tumor cells, CTL underwent significant apoptosis. However, in the presence of Th cells, the CTL not only were protected against death, but also had significantly greater lytic ability. In vivo tumor protection studies using peptide immunization showed that the activation of Ag-specific Th cells was crucial for optimal protection, but did not affect the magnitude of the CTL response in the lymphoid tissues. In this study, we examine the type of help that CD4 T cells may provide and propose a model of Th cell-CTL interaction that reduces CTL death. Our results show a novel role for Th cells in the maintenance of CTL responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Kennedy
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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333
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Barcia C, Thomas CE, Curtin JF, King GD, Wawrowsky K, Candolfi M, Xiong WD, Liu C, Kroeger K, Boyer O, Kupiec-Weglinski J, Klatzmann D, Castro MG, Lowenstein PR. In vivo mature immunological synapses forming SMACs mediate clearance of virally infected astrocytes from the brain. J Exp Med 2006; 203:2095-107. [PMID: 16923851 PMCID: PMC1997281 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20060420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2006] [Accepted: 07/14/2006] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The microanatomy of immune clearance of infected brain cells remains poorly understood. Immunological synapses are essential anatomical structures that channel information exchanges between T cell-antigen-presenting cells (APC) during the priming and effector phases of T cells' function, and during natural killer-target cell interactions. The hallmark of immunological synapses established by T cells is the formation of the supramolecular activation clusters (SMACs), in which adhesion molecules such as leukocyte function-associated antigen 1 segregate to the peripheral domain of the immunological synapse (p-SMAC), which surrounds the T cell receptor-rich or central SMAC (c-SMAC). The inability so far to detect SMAC formation in vivo has cast doubts on its functional relevance. Herein, we demonstrate that the in vivo formation of SMAC at immunological synapses between effector CD8+ T cells and target cells precedes and mediates clearance of virally infected brain astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Barcia
- Board of Governors' Gene Therapeutics Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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334
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Viola A, Contento RL, Molon B. T cells and their partners: The chemokine dating agency. Trends Immunol 2006; 27:421-7. [PMID: 16860609 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2006.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2006] [Revised: 06/20/2006] [Accepted: 07/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines and their receptors have long been recognized as key molecules directing leukocyte migration between blood, lymph and tissues. Evidence accumulated in recent years indicates that, in addition to their chemotactic functions, chemokine receptors are highly versatile players fine-tuning immune responses. Chemokine receptors and ligands have been implicated in dendritic-cell maturation, signal transmission at the immunological synapse between T lymphocytes and their cellular partners, and in the polarization of immune responses. These findings identify new roles for chemokines in T-cell triggering and activation of effector functions, and suggest that these small cytokines represent key conductors of adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Viola
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Padua and Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, 35129 Padua, Italy.
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335
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Abstract
Eosinophil granules store a vast array of cytokines and chemokines, many of which possess opposing activities. Specific stimuli can induce the release of entire granules or selective mediators through a process termed piecemeal degranulation. Until recently, the mechanisms that governed the decision to opt for either of these processes were unknown. Recent research has identified a mechanism through which differential secretion occurs during piecemeal degranulation. Eotaxin stimulation of eosinophils induces the selective mobilization of the granule-stored alpha chain of the interleukin-4 (IL-4) receptor into secretory vesicles. This process selectively recruits IL-4 to these vesicles and facilitates its differential secretion. There is also recent evidence for a mechanism of differential mobilization and membrane fusion of secretory vesicles versus granules. These two compartments possess a different set of SNARE and Rab molecules as vesicle fusion and transport-docking proteins, respectively. This presumably allows differential regulation of the processes of mobilization and plasma membrane fusion. These findings provide a model to explain the mechanism by which eosinophils, and likely many other cell types, differentially secrete cytokines and chemokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Redwan Moqbel
- Pulmonary Research Group, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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336
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Reinhardt RL, Kang SJ, Liang HE, Locksley RM. T helper cell effector fates — who, how and where? Curr Opin Immunol 2006; 18:271-7. [PMID: 16617008 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2006.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2006] [Accepted: 03/22/2006] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
CD4 helper T cells functionally organize the host immune response by elaborating cytokines, often in patterns that have overlapping effects on other cells. Much interest centers on understanding how these stereotyped cytokine patterns become elaborated and what mechanisms underlie the generation of distinct helper T cell subsets. The past two years have seen advances in understanding of additional subsets, including T helper follicular cells and IL-17-producing T helper cells. Progress has also been achieved in resolving some of the crosstalk that regulates effector fate at the level of distinct transcription factors and chromatin reorganization of the cytokine genes, and a crucial role for gene silencing has been exposed. Finally, the role of innate cells in influencing these processes has become increasingly realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Lee Reinhardt
- University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143-0795, USA
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337
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Saito T, Yokosuka T. Immunological synapse and microclusters: the site for recognition and activation of T cells. Curr Opin Immunol 2006; 18:305-13. [PMID: 16616469 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2006.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2006] [Accepted: 03/28/2006] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
An immunological synapse (IS) is formed at the interface between antigen-presenting cells and T cells, and is believed to be the structure responsible for antigen recognition and T-cell activation. However, recent imaging analyses reveal that T-cell receptor microclusters (MCs) formed prior to IS are the site for antigen recognition and T-cell activation. MCs are continuously generated at the periphery of the interface, even after IS formation, and induce sustained activation signals. MC formation is not accompanied by lipid-raft clustering. Central supramolecular activation cluster is considered functional in recycling and degradation of T-cell receptors, directional secretion of cytokines and cytolytic granules, generation of sustained signals, or maintenance of the cell-cell conjugation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Saito
- Laboratory for Cell Signaling, RIKEN Research Center for Allergy and Immunology, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan.
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338
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Cemerski S, Shaw A. Immune synapses in T-cell activation. Curr Opin Immunol 2006; 18:298-304. [PMID: 16603343 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2006.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2006] [Accepted: 03/23/2006] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The contact site between T cells and antigen-presenting cells or T cells and their targets--the immunological synapse--is a highly specialized structure potentially involved in T-cell activation and function. Although many insights have been obtained since the initial description of the immune synapse, recent advances have provided us with a better understanding of mechanisms involved in synapse formation and in the diversity of synapse morphologies. New potential roles for the synapse such as in polarized cytokine secretion or in adaptive control of T-cell activation have been proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saso Cemerski
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Box 8118, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
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339
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Leavy O. Showing cytokines the way out. Nat Rev Immunol 2006. [DOI: 10.1038/nri1811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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