301
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Meng H, Yalavarthi S, Kanthi Y, Mazza LF, Elfline MA, Luke CE, Pinsky DJ, Henke PK, Knight JS. In Vivo Role of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Antiphospholipid Antibody-Mediated Venous Thrombosis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2017; 69:655-667. [PMID: 27696751 DOI: 10.1002/art.39938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is a leading acquired cause of thrombotic events. Although antiphospholipid antibodies have been shown to promote thrombosis in mice, the role of neutrophils has not been explicitly studied. The aim of this study was to characterize neutrophils in the context of a new model of antiphospholipid antibody-mediated venous thrombosis. METHODS Mice were administered fractions of IgG obtained from patients with APS. At the same time, blood flow through the inferior vena cava was reduced by induction of stenosis. Resulting thrombi were characterized for size and neutrophil content. Circulating factors and the vessel wall were also assessed. RESULTS As measured by both thrombus weight and thrombosis frequency, mice treated with IgG from patients with APS (APS IgG) demonstrated exaggerated thrombosis as compared with control IgG-treated mice. Thrombi in mice treated with APS IgG were enriched for citrullinated histone H3 (a marker of neutrophil extracellular traps [NETs]). APS IgG-treated mice also demonstrated elevated levels of circulating cell-free DNA and human IgG bound to the neutrophil surface. In contrast, circulating neutrophil numbers and markers of vessel wall activation were not appreciably different between APS IgG-treated mice and control mice. Treatment with either DNase (which dissolves NETs) or a neutrophil-depleting antibody reduced thrombosis in APS IgG-treated mice to the level in control mice. CONCLUSION These data support a mechanism whereby circulating neutrophils are primed by antiphospholipid antibodies to accelerate thrombosis. This line of investigation suggests new, immunomodulatory approaches for the treatment of APS.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Meng
- University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor
| | | | - Yogendra Kanthi
- University of Michigan Medical School and Ann Arbor Veterans Administration Healthcare System, Ann Arbor
| | - Levi F Mazza
- University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor
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302
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Kenny EF, Herzig A, Krüger R, Muth A, Mondal S, Thompson PR, Brinkmann V, Bernuth HV, Zychlinsky A. Diverse stimuli engage different neutrophil extracellular trap pathways. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28574339 PMCID: PMC5496738 DOI: 10.7554/elife.24437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 482] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils release neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) which ensnare pathogens and have pathogenic functions in diverse diseases. We examined the NETosis pathways induced by five stimuli; PMA, the calcium ionophore A23187, nigericin, Candida albicans and Group B Streptococcus. We studied NET production in neutrophils from healthy donors with inhibitors of molecules crucial to PMA-induced NETs including protein kinase C, calcium, reactive oxygen species, the enzymes myeloperoxidase (MPO) and neutrophil elastase. Additionally, neutrophils from chronic granulomatous disease patients, carrying mutations in the NADPH oxidase complex or a MPO-deficient patient were examined. We show that PMA, C. albicans and GBS use a related pathway for NET induction, whereas ionophores require an alternative pathway but that NETs produced by all stimuli are proteolytically active, kill bacteria and composed mainly of chromosomal DNA. Thus, we demonstrate that NETosis occurs through several signalling mechanisms, suggesting that extrusion of NETs is important in host defence. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.24437.001 The immune system protects the body against microorganisms that can cause infections and diseases. Neutrophils are a type of immune cell that patrol the blood in search of germs. Once they encounter potentially harmful microbes, neutrophils eradicate them in different ways. One way to catch the germs is by using ‘neutrophil extracellular traps’, or NETs for short, to confine and kill the invaders. NETs are web-like structures made up of anti-microbial proteins and the neutrophil’s own DNA. The process of making NETs kills the neutrophil, as it eventually explodes to release the NETs. NETs play a key role in disease prevention, but producing too many NETs or producing them at the wrong time or in the wrong place can actually make certain diseases worse. Therefore, it is important to fully understand the signaling pathways and molecules the neutrophils use to make NETs. Kenny et al. exposed neutrophils from healthy people to five different compounds known to cause the cells to make NETs, including some harmful molecules, a fungus and a bacterium. Microscopy was then used to count how many neutrophils made NETs in response to each of the five stimuli. Further experiments showed that neutrophils from patients with an immune system disorder produced fewer NETs when stimulated with some of the compounds, while the other stimuli caused neutrophils to produce the same levels of NETs as healthy individuals. Kenny et al. also revealed that neutrophils use several different ways to produce and release NETs, depending on the stimulus used. Some of the ways required reactive oxygen species, such as hydrogen peroxide and enzymes, while others produced NETs without the need for these molecules. Lastly, Kenny et al. showed that the way the cells die after the NET is released is unique from other pathways that are known to kill cells. Future work will aim to identify a single molecule that can block neutrophils from releasing NETs at the wrong time and place, without affecting the important role NETs play in fighting germs. Such a molecule could be developed into a drug for people with diseases like lupus or rheumatoid arthritis, where the release of NETs makes the disease worse not better. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.24437.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine F Kenny
- Department of Cellular Microbiology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alf Herzig
- Department of Cellular Microbiology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Renate Krüger
- Department of Paediatric Pneumology and Immunology, Outpatient Clinic for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Charité Medical School, Berlin, Germany.,Sozialpädiatrisches Zentrum, Charité Medical School, Berlin, Germany
| | - Aaron Muth
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, United States
| | - Santanu Mondal
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, United States
| | - Paul R Thompson
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, United States
| | - Volker Brinkmann
- Microscopy Core Facility, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Horst von Bernuth
- Department of Paediatric Pneumology and Immunology, Outpatient Clinic for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Charité Medical School, Berlin, Germany.,Sozialpädiatrisches Zentrum, Charité Medical School, Berlin, Germany.,Labor Berlin, Section for Immunology, Charité-Vivantes GmbH, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Centre for Regenerative Therapies, Charité Medical School, Berlin, Germany
| | - Arturo Zychlinsky
- Department of Cellular Microbiology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
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303
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Gordon RA, Herter JM, Rosetti F, Campbell AM, Nishi H, Kashgarian M, Bastacky SI, Marinov A, Nickerson KM, Mayadas TN, Shlomchik MJ. Lupus and proliferative nephritis are PAD4 independent in murine models. JCI Insight 2017; 2:92926. [PMID: 28515361 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.92926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Though recent reports suggest that neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are a source of antigenic nucleic acids in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), we recently showed that inhibition of NETs by targeting the NADPH oxidase complex via cytochrome b-245, β polypeptide (cybb) deletion exacerbated disease in the MRL.Faslpr lupus mouse model. While these data challenge the paradigm that NETs promote lupus, it is conceivable that global regulatory properties of cybb and cybb-independent NETs confound these findings. Furthermore, recent reports indicate that inhibitors of peptidyl arginine deiminase, type IV (Padi4), a distal mediator of NET formation, improve lupus in murine models. Here, to clarify the contribution of NETs to SLE, we employed a genetic approach to delete Padi4 in the MRL.Faslpr model and used a pharmacological approach to inhibit PADs in both the anti-glomerular basement membrane model of proliferative nephritis and a human-serum-transfer model of SLE. In contrast to prior inhibitor studies, we found that deletion of Padi4 did not ameliorate any aspect of nephritis, loss of tolerance, or immune activation. Pharmacological inhibition of PAD activity had no effect on end-organ damage in inducible models of glomerulonephritis. These data provide a direct challenge to the concept that NETs promote autoimmunity and target organ injury in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael A Gordon
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jan M Herter
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Florencia Rosetti
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Hiroshi Nishi
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael Kashgarian
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Sheldon I Bastacky
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anthony Marinov
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kevin M Nickerson
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Tanya N Mayadas
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mark J Shlomchik
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Immunobiology.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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304
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Foley JH, Conway EM. Cross Talk Pathways Between Coagulation and Inflammation. Circ Res 2017; 118:1392-408. [PMID: 27126649 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.306853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 378] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Anatomic pathology studies performed over 150 years ago revealed that excessive activation of coagulation occurs in the setting of inflammation. However, it has taken over a century since these seminal observations were made to delineate the molecular mechanisms by which these systems interact and the extent to which they participate in the pathogenesis of multiple diseases. There is, in fact, extensive cross talk between coagulation and inflammation, whereby activation of one system may amplify activation of the other, a situation that, if unopposed, may result in tissue damage or even multiorgan failure. Characterizing the common triggers and pathways are key for the strategic design of effective therapeutic interventions. In this review, we highlight some of the key molecular interactions, some of which are already showing promise as therapeutic targets for inflammatory and thrombotic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan H Foley
- From the Department of Haematology, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom (J.H.F.); Katharine Dormandy Haemophilia Centre and Thrombosis Unit, Royal Free NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom (J.H.F.); and Centre for Blood Research, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (E.M.C.)
| | - Edward M Conway
- From the Department of Haematology, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom (J.H.F.); Katharine Dormandy Haemophilia Centre and Thrombosis Unit, Royal Free NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom (J.H.F.); and Centre for Blood Research, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (E.M.C.).
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305
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Jagadeeswaran P, Cooley BC, Gross PL, Mackman N. Animal Models of Thrombosis From Zebrafish to Nonhuman Primates: Use in the Elucidation of New Pathologic Pathways and the Development of Antithrombotic Drugs. Circ Res 2017; 118:1363-79. [PMID: 27126647 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.115.306823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Thrombosis is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Animal models are used to understand the pathological pathways involved in thrombosis and to test the efficacy and safety of new antithrombotic drugs. In this review, we will first describe the central role a variety of animal models of thrombosis and hemostasis has played in the development of new antiplatelet and anticoagulant drugs. These include the widely used P2Y12 antagonists and the recently developed orally available anticoagulants that directly target factor Xa or thrombin. Next, we will describe the new players, such as polyphosphate, neutrophil extracellular traps, and microparticles, which have been shown to contribute to thrombosis in mouse models, particularly venous thrombosis models. Other mouse studies have demonstrated roles for the factor XIIa and factor XIa in thrombosis. This has spurred the development of strategies to reduce their levels or activities as a new approach for preventing thrombosis. Finally, we will discuss the emergence of zebrafish as a model to study thrombosis and its potential use in the discovery of novel factors involved in thrombosis and hemostasis. Animal models of thrombosis from zebrafish to nonhuman primates are vital in identifying pathological pathways of thrombosis that can be safely targeted with a minimal effect on hemostasis. Future studies should focus on understanding the different triggers of thrombosis and the best drugs to prevent each type of thrombotic event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pudur Jagadeeswaran
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton (P.J.); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.C.C.), and Department of Medicine (N.M.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; and Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (P.L.G.).
| | - Brian C Cooley
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton (P.J.); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.C.C.), and Department of Medicine (N.M.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; and Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (P.L.G.)
| | - Peter L Gross
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton (P.J.); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.C.C.), and Department of Medicine (N.M.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; and Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (P.L.G.)
| | - Nigel Mackman
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton (P.J.); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.C.C.), and Department of Medicine (N.M.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; and Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (P.L.G.)
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306
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Healy LD, Puy C, Fernández JA, Mitrugno A, Keshari RS, Taku NA, Chu TT, Xu X, Gruber A, Lupu F, Griffin JH, McCarty OJT. Activated protein C inhibits neutrophil extracellular trap formation in vitro and activation in vivo. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:8616-8629. [PMID: 28408624 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.768309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Activated protein C (APC) is a multifunctional serine protease with anticoagulant, cytoprotective, and anti-inflammatory activities. In addition to the cytoprotective effects of APC on endothelial cells, podocytes, and neurons, APC cleaves and detoxifies extracellular histones, a major component of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). NETs promote pathogen clearance but also can lead to thrombosis; the pathways that negatively regulate NETosis are largely unknown. Thus, we studied whether APC is capable of directly inhibiting NETosis via receptor-mediated cell signaling mechanisms. Here, by quantifying extracellular DNA or myeloperoxidase, we demonstrate that APC binds human leukocytes and prevents activated platelet supernatant or phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) from inducing NETosis. Of note, APC proteolytic activity was required for inhibiting NETosis. Moreover, antibodies against the neutrophil receptors endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR), protease-activated receptor 3 (PAR3), and macrophage-1 antigen (Mac-1) blocked APC inhibition of NETosis. Select mutations in the Gla and protease domains of recombinant APC caused a loss of NETosis. Interestingly, pretreatment of neutrophils with APC prior to induction of NETosis inhibited platelet adhesion to NETs. Lastly, in a nonhuman primate model of Escherichia coli-induced sepsis, pretreatment of animals with APC abrogated release of myeloperoxidase from neutrophils, a marker of neutrophil activation. These findings suggest that the anti-inflammatory function of APC at therapeutic concentrations may include the inhibition of NETosis in an EPCR-, PAR3-, and Mac-1-dependent manner, providing additional mechanistic insight into the diverse functions of neutrophils and APC in disease states including sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura D Healy
- From the Departments of Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology and
| | - Cristina Puy
- Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97230
| | - José A Fernández
- the Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, and
| | - Annachiara Mitrugno
- Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97230
| | - Ravi S Keshari
- the Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104
| | - Nyiawung A Taku
- Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97230
| | - Tiffany T Chu
- Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97230
| | - Xiao Xu
- the Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, and
| | - András Gruber
- Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97230
| | - Florea Lupu
- the Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104
| | - John H Griffin
- the Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, and
| | - Owen J T McCarty
- From the Departments of Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology and.,Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97230
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307
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Kushnir M, Cohen HW, Billett HH. Persistent neutrophilia is a marker for an increased risk of venous thrombosis. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2017; 42:545-51. [PMID: 27383828 DOI: 10.1007/s11239-016-1398-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In patients with cancer and myeloproliferative disorders, leukocytosis has been associated with an increased venous thromboembolic (VTE) risk. Our goal was to determine whether persistent neutrophilia (PN), not associated with known causes such as malignancies, infections or steroids, is independently associated with VTE. All adult patients with >3 outpatient complete blood counts (CBCs) within 3 years were included. PN was defined as having an absolute neutrophil count >95 % (>2SD) of the population (≥7.8 × 10(9)/L) on at least three CBCs, at least 2 months apart. Separate analyses for neutrophil counts ≥9 × 10(9)/L and ≥10 × 10(9)/L were also performed. Blood counts from inpatients were excluded. Primary outcome was diagnosis of VTE, as determined by ICD-9 codes. Odds ratios were adjusted for diabetes, smoking, obesity, gender, and age. Charlson score was utilized as a morbidity measure. Data on 43,538 outpatients were collected. Although there was no association of VTE with neutrophil counts ≥7.8 × 10(9)/L, patients with ≥9.0 × 10(9)/L neutrophils were twice as likely to be diagnosed with VTE compared to those with normal neutrophil counts (OR 2.0, 95 % CI 1.3, 3.1; p = 0.003). Patients with neutrophil counts ≥10.0 × 10(9)/L were at an even higher risk (OR 2.3, 95 % CI 1.2, 4.8; p = 0.019). Charlson scores significantly modified this risk when incorporated into analysis. Elevated neutrophil counts are associated with an increased risk of venous thrombosis even when they are not due to cancer, infection or steroids. In patients with significant comorbidities, neutrophilia may be a marker of VTE risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Kushnir
- Division of Hematology, Department of Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center and The Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 3411 Wayne Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10467, USA.
| | - Hillel W Cohen
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Henny H Billett
- Division of Hematology, Department of Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center and The Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 3411 Wayne Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10467, USA
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308
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Neutrophil Extracellular Traps and Microcrystals. J Immunol Res 2017; 2017:2896380. [PMID: 28373994 PMCID: PMC5361057 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2896380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps represent a fascinating mechanism by which PMNs entrap extracellular microbes. The primary purpose of this innate immune mechanism is thought to localize the infection at an early stage. Interestingly, the ability of different microcrystals to induce NET formation has been recently described. Microcrystals are insoluble crystals with a size of 1-100 micrometers that have different composition and shape. Microcrystals have it in common that they irritate phagocytes including PMNs and typically trigger an inflammatory response. This review is the first to summarize observations with regard to PMN activation and NET release induced by microcrystals. Gout-causing monosodium urate crystals, pseudogout-causing calcium pyrophosphate dehydrate crystals, cholesterol crystals associated with atherosclerosis, silicosis-causing silica crystals, and adjuvant alum crystals are discussed.
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309
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Koushik S, Joshi N, Nagaraju S, Mahmood S, Mudeenahally K, Padmavathy R, Jegatheesan SK, Mullangi R, Rajagopal S. PAD4: pathophysiology, current therapeutics and future perspective in rheumatoid arthritis. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2017; 21:433-447. [PMID: 28281906 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2017.1294160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Peptidyl arginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) is an enzyme that plays an important role in gene expression, turning out genetic code into functional products in the body. It is involved in a key post translational modification, which involves the conversion of arginine to citrulline. It regulates various processes such as apoptosis, innate immunity and pluripotency, while its dysregulation has a great impact on the genesis of various diseases. Over the last few years PAD4 has emerged as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Areas covered: In this review, we discuss the basic structure and function of PAD4, along with the role of altered PAD4 activity in the onset of RA and other maladies. We also elucidate the role of PAD4 variants in etiology of RA among several ethnic groups and the current pre-clinical inhibitors to regulate PAD4. Expert opinion: Citrullination has a crucial role in RA and several other disorders. Since PAD4 is an initiator of the citrullination, it is an important therapeutic target for inflammatory diseases. Therefore, an in depth knowledge of the roles and activity of PAD4 is required to explore more effective ways to conquer PAD4 related ailments, especially RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sindhu Koushik
- a Bioinformatics , Jubilant Biosys Ltd ., Bangalore , India
| | - Nivedita Joshi
- a Bioinformatics , Jubilant Biosys Ltd ., Bangalore , India
| | | | - Sameer Mahmood
- a Bioinformatics , Jubilant Biosys Ltd ., Bangalore , India
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310
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Distinct contributions of complement factors to platelet activation and fibrin formation in venous thrombus development. Blood 2017; 129:2291-2302. [PMID: 28223279 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-11-749879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Expanding evidence indicates multiple interactions between the hemostatic system and innate immunity, and the coagulation and complement cascades. Here we show in a tissue factor (TF)-dependent model of flow restriction-induced venous thrombosis that complement factors make distinct contributions to platelet activation and fibrin deposition. Complement factor 3 (C3) deficiency causes prolonged bleeding, reduced thrombus incidence, thrombus size, fibrin and platelet deposition in the ligated inferior vena cava, and diminished platelet activation in vitro. Initial fibrin deposition at the vessel wall over 6 hours in this model was dependent on protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) and TF expression by myeloid cells, but did not require neutrophil extracellular trap formation involving peptidyl arginine deiminase 4. In contrast to C3-/- mice, C5-deficient mice had no apparent defect in platelet activation in vitro, and vessel wall platelet deposition and initial hemostasis in vivo. However, fibrin formation, the exposure of negatively charged phosphatidylserine (PS) on adherent leukocytes, and clot burden after 48 hours were significantly reduced in C5-/- mice compared with wild-type controls. These results delineate that C3 plays specific roles in platelet activation independent of formation of the terminal complement complex and provide in vivo evidence for contributions of complement-dependent membrane perturbations to prothrombotic TF activation on myeloid cells.
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311
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De Candia E. NETosis in arterial and venous thrombosis: a one size fits all mechanism? Intern Emerg Med 2017; 12:9-11. [PMID: 28066864 DOI: 10.1007/s11739-016-1600-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erica De Candia
- Servizio Malattie Emorragiche e Trombotiche, Area di Ematologia, Fondazione Policlinico Agostino Gemelli, Istituto di Medicina Interna, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito, 1, 00168, Rome, Italy.
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313
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Mitsios A, Arampatzioglou A, Arelaki S, Mitroulis I, Ritis K. NETopathies? Unraveling the Dark Side of Old Diseases through Neutrophils. Front Immunol 2017; 7:678. [PMID: 28123386 PMCID: PMC5225098 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) were initially described as an antimicrobial mechanism of neutrophils. Over the last decade, several lines of evidence support the involvement of NETs in a plethora of pathological conditions. Clinical and experimental data indicate that NET release constitutes a shared mechanism, which is involved in a different degree in various manifestations of non-infectious diseases. Even though the backbone of NETs is similar, there are differences in their protein load in different diseases, which represent alterations in neutrophil protein expression in distinct disorder-specific microenvironments. The characterization of NET protein load in different NET-driven disorders could be of significant diagnostic and/or therapeutic value. Additionally, it will provide further evidence for the role of NETs in disease pathogenesis, and it will enable the characterization of disorders in which neutrophils and NET-dependent inflammation are of critical importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Mitsios
- Laboratory of Molecular Hematology, Democritus University of Thrace , Alexandroupolis , Greece
| | | | - Stella Arelaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Hematology, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece; Department of Pathology, University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Ioannis Mitroulis
- Department of Clinical Pathobiochemistry, Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Technische Universität Dresden , Dresden , Germany
| | - Konstantinos Ritis
- Laboratory of Molecular Hematology, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece; First Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
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314
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Platelets and neutrophil extracellular traps collaborate to promote intravascular coagulation during sepsis in mice. Blood 2017; 129:1357-1367. [PMID: 28073784 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-09-741298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 415] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs; webs of DNA coated in antimicrobial proteins) are released into the vasculature during sepsis where they contribute to host defense, but also cause tissue damage and organ dysfunction. Various components of NETs have also been implicated as activators of coagulation. Using multicolor confocal intravital microscopy in mouse models of sepsis, we observed profound platelet aggregation, thrombin activation, and fibrin clot formation within (and downstream of) NETs in vivo. NETs were critical for the development of sepsis-induced intravascular coagulation regardless of the inciting bacterial stimulus (gram-negative, gram-positive, or bacterial products). Removal of NETs via DNase infusion, or in peptidylarginine deiminase-4-deficient mice (which have impaired NET production), resulted in significantly lower quantities of intravascular thrombin activity, reduced platelet aggregation, and improved microvascular perfusion. NET-induced intravascular coagulation was dependent on a collaborative interaction between histone H4 in NETs, platelets, and the release of inorganic polyphosphate. Real-time perfusion imaging revealed markedly improved microvascular perfusion in response to the blockade of NET-induced coagulation, which correlated with reduced markers of systemic intravascular coagulation and end-organ damage in septic mice. Together, these data demonstrate, for the first time in an in vivo model of infection, a dynamic NET-platelet-thrombin axis that promotes intravascular coagulation and microvascular dysfunction in sepsis.
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315
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Reiner MF, Stivala S, Limacher A, Bonetti NR, Méan M, Egloff M, Rodondi N, Aujesky D, von Schacky C, Lüscher TF, Camici GG, Beer JH. Omega-3 fatty acids predict recurrent venous thromboembolism or total mortality in elderly patients with acute venous thromboembolism. J Thromb Haemost 2017; 15:47-56. [PMID: 27790827 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Essentials The role of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 FAs) in recurrent venous thromboembolism (VTE) is unknown. Association of n-3 FAs with recurrent VTE or total mortality was investigated in 826 patients. Whole blood n-3 FAs were inversely correlated with recurrent VTE or total mortality. Major and non-major bleeding was not increased in patients with higher levels of n-3 FAs. SUMMARY Background The role of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 FAs) in recurrent venous thromboembolism (VTE) remains unknown. Objectives To investigate the association of n-3 FAs with recurrent VTE or total mortality at 6 months and 3 years. Methods N-3 FAs were assessed in 826 patients aged ≥ 65 years, categorized into low, medium and high based on the 25th and 75th percentile. Mean follow-up was 29 months. Results At 6 months, subjects with medium (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 0.37; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.22-0.62) and high n-3 FA levels (adjusted HR, 0.36; 95% CI, 0.20-0.67) were less likely to develop recurrent VTE or total mortality, compared with those with low n-3 FAs. At 3 years, medium levels (adjusted HR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.47-0.96) were associated with lower risk of recurrent VTE or total mortality. As compared with low n-3 FAs, the adjusted sub-hazard ratio [SHR] of recurrent VTE was 0.39 (95% CI, 0.15-0.99) in patients with medium and 0.17 (95% CI, 0.03-0.82) in patients with high n-3 FAs. The cumulative incidence of recurrent VTE was lower in the medium and high n-3 FA groups as compared with the low n-3 FA groups, but seems to have worn off after 3 years. The incidence of major and non-major bleeding was not greater in the high n-3 FA group. Conclusion Higher levels of n-3 FAs were associated with a lower risk of recurrent VTE or total mortality in elderly patients with VTE, but not with greater bleeding risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Reiner
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, Laboratory for Platelet Research, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cantonal Hospital of Baden, Baden, Switzerland
| | - S Stivala
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, Laboratory for Platelet Research, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cantonal Hospital of Baden, Baden, Switzerland
| | - A Limacher
- Clinical Trials Unit Bern, Department of Clinical Research, and Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - N R Bonetti
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, Laboratory for Platelet Research, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cantonal Hospital of Baden, Baden, Switzerland
| | - M Méan
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - M Egloff
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cantonal Hospital of Baden, Baden, Switzerland
| | - N Rodondi
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Institute of Primary Health Care (BIHAM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - D Aujesky
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - C von Schacky
- Department of Preventive Cardiology, Ludwig-Maximilian University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - T F Lüscher
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - G G Camici
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - J H Beer
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, Laboratory for Platelet Research, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cantonal Hospital of Baden, Baden, Switzerland
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316
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Martinod K, Witsch T, Erpenbeck L, Savchenko A, Hayashi H, Cherpokova D, Gallant M, Mauler M, Cifuni SM, Wagner DD. Peptidylarginine deiminase 4 promotes age-related organ fibrosis. J Exp Med 2016; 214:439-458. [PMID: 28031479 PMCID: PMC5294849 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20160530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) citrullinates proteins. In neutrophils, it causes chromatin decondensation and release of NETs, which are injurious. Martinod et al. show in this study that NETs promote fibrosis in a cardiac model and that PAD4-deficient mice have reduced age-related organ fibrosis. Aging promotes inflammation, a process contributing to fibrosis and decline in organ function. The release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs [NETosis]), orchestrated by peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PAD4), damages organs in acute inflammatory models. We determined that NETosis is more prevalent in aged mice and investigated the role of PAD4/NETs in age-related organ fibrosis. Reduction in fibrosis was seen in the hearts and lungs of aged PAD4−/− mice compared with wild-type (WT) mice. An increase in left ventricular interstitial collagen deposition and a decline in systolic and diastolic function were present only in WT mice, and not in PAD4−/− mice. In an experimental model of cardiac fibrosis, cardiac pressure overload induced NETosis and significant platelet recruitment in WT but not PAD4−/− myocardium. DNase 1 was given to assess the effects of extracellular chromatin. PAD4 deficiency or DNase 1 similarly protected hearts from fibrosis. We propose a role for NETs in cardiac fibrosis and conclude that PAD4 regulates age-related organ fibrosis and dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Martinod
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Thilo Witsch
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Luise Erpenbeck
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Alexander Savchenko
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Hideki Hayashi
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Deya Cherpokova
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Maureen Gallant
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Maximilian Mauler
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stephen M Cifuni
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Denisa D Wagner
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115 .,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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317
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Neutrophil extracellular traps: protagonists of cancer progression? Oncogene 2016; 36:2483-2490. [PMID: 27941879 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are a defense mechanism first described to trap and kill bacteria and other pathogens. Increasingly, however, their involvement in the pathogenesis of inflammatory and malignant diseases is being recognized. Several recent studies have suggested important roles of NETs in tumor progression, metastasis and tumor-associated thrombosis. Although systematic studies to address the role of NETs in tumor development are still scarce, we will explore the emerging evidence for NETs as potential protagonists in malignant disease and highlight the mechanisms through which these effects may be exerted. Future questions arising from our current knowledge of direct and indirect interactions between NETs and cancer cells will be outlined and we will explore NETs as candidate pharmaceutical targets in cancer patients.
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318
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Pfeiler S, Stark K, Massberg S, Engelmann B. Propagation of thrombosis by neutrophils and extracellular nucleosome networks. Haematologica 2016; 102:206-213. [PMID: 27927771 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2016.142471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils, early mediators of the innate immune defense, are recruited to developing thrombi in different types of thrombosis. They amplify intravascular coagulation by stimulating the tissue factor-dependent extrinsic pathway via inactivation of endogenous anticoagulants, enhancing factor XII activation or decreasing plasmin generation. Neutrophil-dependent prothrombotic mechanisms are supported by the externalization of decondensed nucleosomes and granule proteins that together form neutrophil extracellular traps. These traps, either in intact or fragmented form, are causally involved in various forms of experimental thrombosis as first indicated by their role in the enhancement of both microvascular thrombosis during bacterial infection and carotid artery thrombosis. Neutrophil extracellular traps can be induced by interactions of neutrophils with activated platelets; vice versa, these traps enhance adhesion of platelets via von Willebrand factor. Neutrophil-induced microvascular thrombus formation can restrict the dissemination and survival of blood-borne bacteria and thereby sustain intravascular immunity. Dysregulation of this innate immune pathway may support sepsis-associated coagulopathies. Notably, neutrophils and extracellular nucleosomes, together with platelets, critically promote fibrin formation during flow restriction-induced deep vein thrombosis. Neutrophil extracellular traps/extracellular nucleosomes are increased in thrombi and in the blood of patients with different vaso-occlusive pathologies and could be therapeutically targeted for the prevention of thrombosis. Thus, during infections and in response to blood vessel damage, neutrophils and externalized nucleosomes are major promoters of intravascular blood coagulation and thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Pfeiler
- Institut für Laboratoriumsmedizin, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Konstantin Stark
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Steffen Massberg
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Bernd Engelmann
- Institut für Laboratoriumsmedizin, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
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319
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Giaglis S, Stoikou M, Sur Chowdhury C, Schaefer G, Grimolizzi F, Rossi SW, Hoesli IM, Lapaire O, Hasler P, Hahn S. Multimodal Regulation of NET Formation in Pregnancy: Progesterone Antagonizes the Pro-NETotic Effect of Estrogen and G-CSF. Front Immunol 2016; 7:565. [PMID: 27994595 PMCID: PMC5136684 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pregnancy is associated with a mild pro-inflammatory state, characterized by circulatory neutrophil activation. In order to explore the mechanism underlying this alteration, we examined NETosis during normal gestation. Our data indicate that neutrophils exhibit a pro-NETotic state, modulated in a multimodal manner during pregnancy. In general, circulatory granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, the levels of which increase during gestation, promotes neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation. Early in pregnancy, NETosis is enhanced by chorionic gonadotropin, whereas toward term is stimulated by estrogen. A complex interaction between estrogen and progesterone arises, wherein progesterone restrains the NETotic process. In this state, extensive histone citrullination is evident, yet full NETosis is inhibited. This coincides with the inability of neutrophil elastase to translocate from the cytoplasm to the nucleus and is regulated by progesterone. Our findings provide new insight concerning gestational and hormone-driven pathologies, since neutrophil recruitment, activation, and NET release could be associated with excessive endothelial and placental injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stavros Giaglis
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Rheumatology, Cantonal Hospital Aarau, Aarau, Switzerland
| | - Maria Stoikou
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel , Basel , Switzerland
| | | | - Guenther Schaefer
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel , Basel , Switzerland
| | - Franco Grimolizzi
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Simona W Rossi
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel , Basel , Switzerland
| | | | - Olav Lapaire
- University Women's Hospital, University Hospital Basel , Basel , Switzerland
| | - Paul Hasler
- Department of Rheumatology, Cantonal Hospital Aarau , Aarau , Switzerland
| | - Sinuhe Hahn
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel , Basel , Switzerland
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320
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Erpenbeck L, Chowdhury CS, Zsengellér ZK, Gallant M, Burke SD, Cifuni S, Hahn S, Wagner DD, Karumanchi SA. PAD4 Deficiency Decreases Inflammation and Susceptibility to Pregnancy Loss in a Mouse Model. Biol Reprod 2016; 95:132. [PMID: 28007693 PMCID: PMC5315429 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.116.140293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is thought to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of placentation disorders such as recurrent miscarriages, growth restriction, and preeclampsia. Recently, neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) have emerged as a potential mechanism for promoting inflammation in both infectious and noninfectious disorders. To investigate a pathogenic role for NETs in placentation disorders, we studied a model of antiangiogenic factor-mediated pregnancy loss in wild-type (WT) mice and in mice deficient in peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (Padi4-/-) that are unable to form NETs. Overexpression of soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (sFlt-1), an antiangiogenic protein that is pathogenically linked with abnormal placentation disorders during early gestation, resulted in pregnancy loss and large accumulation of neutrophils and NETs in WT placentas. Interestingly, sFlt-1 overexpression in Padi4-/- mice resulted in dramatically lower inflammatory and thrombotic response, which was accompanied by significant reduction in pregnancy losses. Inhibition of NETosis may serve as a novel target in disorders of impaired placentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luise Erpenbeck
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Chanchal Sur Chowdhury
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Laboratory for Prenatal Medicine, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Zsuzsanna K Zsengellér
- Departments of Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Maureen Gallant
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Suzanne D Burke
- Departments of Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Stephen Cifuni
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sinuhe Hahn
- Laboratory for Prenatal Medicine, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Denisa D Wagner
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - S Ananth Karumanchi
- Departments of Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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321
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Bliss-Moreau M, Chen AA, D'Cruz AA, Croker BA. A motive for killing: effector functions of regulated lytic cell death. Immunol Cell Biol 2016; 95:146-151. [PMID: 27826146 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2016.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Immunological responses activated by pathogen recognition come in many guises. The proliferation, differentiation and recruitment of immune cells, and the production of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines are central to lifelong immunity. Cell death serves as a key function in the resolution of innate and adaptive immune responses. It also coordinates cell-intrinsic effector functions to restrict infection. Necrosis was formally considered a passive form of cell death or a consequence of pathogen virulence factor expression, and necrotic tissue is frequently associated with infection. However, there is now emerging evidence that points to a role for regulated forms of necrosis, such as pyroptosis and necroptosis, driving inflammation and shaping the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan Bliss-Moreau
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alyce A Chen
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Akshay A D'Cruz
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ben A Croker
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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322
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Obi AT, Andraska E, Kanthi Y, Luke CE, Elfline M, Madathilparambil S, Siahaan TJ, Jaffer FA, Wakefield TW, Raghavendran K, Henke PK. Gram-Negative Pneumonia Alters Large-Vein Cell-Adhesion Molecule Profile and Potentiates Experimental Stasis Venous Thrombosis. J Vasc Res 2016; 53:186-195. [PMID: 27771726 DOI: 10.1159/000447299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Pneumonia is a significant risk factor for the development of venous thrombosis (VT). Cell-adhesion molecules (CAMs) are linked to the pathogenesis of both pneumonia and VT. We hypothesized that remote infection would confer a prothrombogenic milieu via systemic elevation of CAMs. METHODS Lung injury was induced in wild-type (C57BL/6) mice by lung contusion or intratracheal inoculation with Klebsiella pneumoniae or saline controls. K. pneumoniae-treated mice and controls additionally underwent inferior vena cava (IVC) ligation to generate VT. RESULTS Lung-contusion mice demonstrated no increase in E-selectin or P-selectin whereas mice infected with K. pneumoniae demonstrated increased circulating P-selectin, ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and thrombin-antithrombin (TAT) complexes. Mice with pneumonia formed VT 3 times larger than controls, demonstrated significantly more upregulation of vein-wall and systemic CAMs, and formed erythrocyte-rich thrombi. CONCLUSION Elevated CAM expression was identified in mice with pneumonia, but not lung contusion, indicating that the type of inflammatory stimulus and the presence of infection drive the vein-wall response. Elevation of CAMs was associated with amplified VT and may represent an alternate mechanism by which to target the prevention of VT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea T Obi
- Conrad Jobst Vascular Research Laboratory, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Mich., USA
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323
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Biron BM, Chung CS, O'Brien XM, Chen Y, Reichner JS, Ayala A. Cl-Amidine Prevents Histone 3 Citrullination and Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Formation, and Improves Survival in a Murine Sepsis Model. J Innate Immun 2016; 9:22-32. [PMID: 27622642 DOI: 10.1159/000448808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis refers to the presence of a serious infection that correlates with systemic and uncontrolled immune activation. Posttranslational histone modification plays an important role in chromatin decondensation, which is regulated by citrullination. Citrullinated histone H3 (H3cit) has been identified as a component of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), which are released into the extracellular space as part of the neutrophil response to infection. The conversion of arginine to citrulline residues on histones is catalyzed by peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PAD4). This study's goals were to characterize the presence of PAD4-catalyzed H3cit and NET formation during the onset of sepsis and elucidate the effects on the immune response when this mechanism of action is blocked. Adult C57BL/6 male mice were treated with Cl-amidine, an inhibitor of PAD4, 1 h prior to sepsis induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Twenty-four hours after CLP, cytokine levels, H3cit protein expression, neutrophil counts, and NET production were evaluated in the peritoneal cavity. Survival studies were also performed. Here we demonstrate that Cl-amidine treatment prior to CLP improves overall survival in sepsis and the abrogation of PAD4 has minimal effects on the proinflammatory immune response to sepsis, while it has no effect on overall neutrophil migration to the peritoneum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany M Biron
- Division of Surgical Research, Department of Surgery, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, R.I., USA
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324
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Singel KL, Segal BH. Neutrophils in the tumor microenvironment: trying to heal the wound that cannot heal. Immunol Rev 2016; 273:329-43. [PMID: 27558344 PMCID: PMC5477672 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils are the first responders to infection and injury and are critical for antimicrobial host defense. Through the generation of reactive oxidants, activation of granular constituents and neutrophil extracellular traps, neutrophils target microbes and prevent their dissemination. While these pathways are beneficial in the context of trauma and infection, their off-target effects in the context of tumor are variable. Tumor-derived factors have been shown to reprogram the marrow, skewing toward the expansion of myelopoiesis. This can result in stimulation of both neutrophilic leukocytosis and the release of immature granulocytic populations that accumulate in circulation and in the tumor microenvironment. While activated neutrophils have been shown to kill tumor cells, there is growing evidence for neutrophil activation driving tumor progression and metastasis through a number of pathways, including stimulation of thrombosis and angiogenesis, stromal remodeling, and impairment of T cell-dependent anti-tumor immunity. There is also growing appreciation of neutrophil heterogeneity in cancer, with distinct neutrophil populations promoting cancer control or progression. In addition to the effects of tumor on neutrophil responses, anti-neoplastic treatment, including surgery, chemotherapy, and growth factors, can influence neutrophil responses. Future directions for research are expected to result in more mechanistic knowledge of neutrophil biology in the tumor microenvironment that may be exploited as prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly L. Singel
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Brahm H. Segal
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY, USA
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325
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Muller S, Radic M. Citrullinated Autoantigens: From Diagnostic Markers to Pathogenetic Mechanisms. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2016; 49:232-9. [PMID: 25355199 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-014-8459-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The conversion of an arginine residue in a protein to a citrulline residue, a reaction carried out by enzymes called peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs), is rather subtle. One of the terminal imide groups in arginine is replaced by oxygen in citrulline, thus resulting in the loss of positive charge and the gain of 1 dalton. This post-translational modification by PAD enzymes is conserved in vertebrates and affects specific substrates during development and in various mature cell lineages. Citrullination offers a unique perspective on autoimmunity because PAD activity is stringently regulated, yet autoantibodies to citrullinated proteins predictably arise. Autoantigens recognized by anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA) include extracellular proteins such as filaggrin, collagen II, fibrinogen, and calreticulin; membrane-associated proteins such as myelin basic protein; cytoplasmic proteins such as vimentin and enolase; and even nuclear proteins such as histones. Some ACPA are remarkably effective as diagnostics in autoimmune disorders, most notably rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Several ACPA can be observed before other clinical RA manifestations are apparent. In patients with RA, ACPA may attain a sensitivity that exceeds 70 % and specificity that approaches 96-98 %. The biological context that may account for the induction of ACPA emerges from studies of the cellular response of the innate immune system to acute or chronic stimuli. In response to infections or inflammation, neutrophil granulocytes activate PAD, citrullinate multiple autoantigens, and expel chromatin from the cell. The externalized chromatin is called a neutrophil extracellular "trap" (NET). Citrullination of core and linker histones occurs prior to the release of chromatin from neutrophils, thus implicating the regulation of citrullinated chromatin release in the development of autoreactivity. The citrullination of extracellular autoantigens likely follows the release of NETs and associated PADs. Autoantibodies to citrullinated histones arise in RA, systemic lupus erythematosus, and Felty's syndrome patients. The citrullination of linker histone H1 may play a key role in NET release because the H1 histone regulates the entry and exit of DNA from the nucleosome. Juxtaposition of citrullinated histones with infectious pathogens and complement and immune complexes may compromise tolerance of nuclear autoantigens and promote autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylviane Muller
- Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry/Laboratory of Excellence MEDALIS, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Strasbourg, France
| | - Marko Radic
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
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326
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Protein cross-linking by chlorinated polyamines and transglutamylation stabilizes neutrophil extracellular traps. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2332. [PMID: 27512953 PMCID: PMC5108309 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) ejected from activated dying neutrophils is a highly ordered structure of DNA and selected proteins capable to eliminate pathogenic microorganisms. Biochemical determinants of the non-randomly formed stable NETs have not been revealed so far. Studying the formation of human NETs we have observed that polyamines were incorporated into the NET. Inhibition of myeloperoxidase, which is essential for NET formation and can generate reactive chlorinated polyamines through hypochlorous acid, decreased polyamine incorporation. Addition of exogenous primary amines that similarly to polyamines inhibit reactions catalyzed by the protein cross-linker transglutaminases (TGases) has similar effect. Proteomic analysis of the highly reproducible pattern of NET components revealed cross-linking of NET proteins through chlorinated polyamines and ɛ(γ-glutamyl)lysine as well as bis-γ-glutamyl polyamine bonds catalyzed by the TGases detected in neutrophils. Competitive inhibition of protein cross-linking by monoamines disturbed the cross-linking pattern of NET proteins, which resulted in the loss of the ordered structure of the NET and significantly reduced capacity to trap bacteria. Our findings provide explanation of how NETs are formed in a reproducible and ordered manner to efficiently neutralize microorganisms at the first defense line of the innate immune system.
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327
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Carestia A, Kaufman T, Schattner M. Platelets: New Bricks in the Building of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps. Front Immunol 2016; 7:271. [PMID: 27458459 PMCID: PMC4933697 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to being key elements in hemostasis and thrombosis, platelets have an important role in the inflammatory and innate immune response. This activity is associated with their capability to recognize pathogens through the expression of toll-like receptors, the secretion of various cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors stored within their granules, and the expression of cell adhesion molecules that allows interaction with other immune cells, mainly neutrophils and monocytes. As part of the first line of defense, neutrophils control invading pathogens by phagocytosis, the release of antimicrobial proteins during degranulation, or through the formation of web-like structures named neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). NETs are formed by chromatin, proteases, and antimicrobial proteins, and their main function is to trap and kill bacteria, virus, and fungi, avoiding their dissemination. Besides microorganisms, NET formation is also triggered by proinflammatory molecules and platelets. The uncontrolled formation of NETs might exert tissue damage and has been involved in a pathogenic mechanism of autoimmune and prothrombotic clinical conditions. In this review, we discuss the role of platelets in NET generation highlighting the mediators, stimuli, and molecular mechanisms involved in this phenomenon, both in human and murine models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agostina Carestia
- Laboratory of Experimental Thrombosis, Institute of Experimental Medicine-CONICET, National Academy of Medicine , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Tomas Kaufman
- Laboratory of Experimental Thrombosis, Institute of Experimental Medicine-CONICET, National Academy of Medicine , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Mirta Schattner
- Laboratory of Experimental Thrombosis, Institute of Experimental Medicine-CONICET, National Academy of Medicine , Buenos Aires , Argentina
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328
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DAMP and DIC: The role of extracellular DNA and DNA-binding proteins in the pathogenesis of DIC. Blood Rev 2016; 30:257-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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329
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iPAD or PADi-'tablets' with therapeutic disease potential? Curr Opin Chem Biol 2016; 33:169-78. [PMID: 27372273 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Over the last five years, a growing body of literature has strengthened the rationale for the involvement of PAD (protein arginine deiminase) enzymes in diverse diseases, through direct roles of citrullination in mechanisms such as neutrophil extracellular trap formation and immune complex formation. The recent development of inhibitors of the PAD family, coupled with the availability of mice genetically deficient in PAD2 or PAD4, has accelerated understanding of the role of these targets in varied disease models. This review surveys the recent literature to confirm the therapeutic potential of PAD inhibitors as a new class of drugs to treat human autoimmune disease.
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330
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Abstract
In recent years, the traditional view of the hemostatic system as being regulated by a coagulation factor cascade coupled with platelet activation has been increasingly challenged by new evidence that activation of the immune system strongly influences blood coagulation and pathological thrombus formation. Leukocytes can be induced to express tissue factor and release proinflammatory and procoagulant molecules such as granular enzymes, cytokines, and damage-associated molecular patterns. These mediators can influence all aspects of thrombus formation, including platelet activation and adhesion, and activation of the intrinsic and extrinsic coagulation pathways. Leukocyte-released procoagulant mediators increase systemic thrombogenicity, and leukocytes are actively recruited to the site of thrombus formation through interactions with platelets and endothelial cell adhesion molecules. Additionally, phagocytic leukocytes are involved in fibrinolysis and thrombus resolution, and can regulate clearance of platelets and coagulation factors. Dysregulated activation of leukocyte innate immune functions thus plays a role in pathological thrombus formation. Modulation of the interactions between leukocytes or leukocyte-derived procoagulant materials and the traditional hemostatic system is an attractive target for the development of novel antithrombotic strategies.
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331
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Kimball AS, Obi AT, Diaz JA, Henke PK. The Emerging Role of NETs in Venous Thrombosis and Immunothrombosis. Front Immunol 2016; 7:236. [PMID: 27446071 PMCID: PMC4921471 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Venous thrombosis (VT), a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, has recently been linked to neutrophil activation and release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) via a process called NETosis. The use of various in vivo thrombosis models and genetically modified mice has more precisely defined the exact role of NETosis in the pathogenesis of VT. Translational large animal VT models and human studies have confirmed the presence of NETs in pathologic VT. Activation of neutrophils, with subsequent NETosis, has also been linked to acute infection. This innate immune response, while effective for bacterial clearance from the host by formation of an intravascular bactericidal "net," also triggers thrombosis. Intravascular thrombosis related to such innate immune mechanisms has been coined immunothrombosis. Dysregulated immunothrombosis has been proposed as a mechanism of pathologic micro- and macrovascular thrombosis in sepsis and autoimmune disease. In this focused review, we will address the dual role of NETs in the pathogenesis of VT and immunothrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Kimball
- Section of Vascular Surgery, Conrad Jobst Vascular Research Laboratories, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI , USA
| | - Andrea T Obi
- Section of Vascular Surgery, Conrad Jobst Vascular Research Laboratories, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI , USA
| | - Jose A Diaz
- Section of Vascular Surgery, Conrad Jobst Vascular Research Laboratories, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI , USA
| | - Peter K Henke
- Section of Vascular Surgery, Conrad Jobst Vascular Research Laboratories, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI , USA
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332
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Rabadi M, Kim M, D'Agati V, Lee HT. Peptidyl arginine deiminase-4-deficient mice are protected against kidney and liver injury after renal ischemia and reperfusion. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2016; 311:F437-49. [PMID: 27335376 PMCID: PMC5008675 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00254.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that renal peptidyl arginine deiminase-4 (PAD4) is induced after renal ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury and exacerbates acute kidney injury (AKI) by increasing the renal tubular inflammatory response. Here, we tested whether genetic ablation of PAD4 attenuates renal injury and inflammation after I/R in mice. After renal I/R, PAD4 wild-type mice develop severe AKI with large increases in plasma creatinine, neutrophil infiltration, as well as significant renal tubular necrosis, apoptosis, and proinflammatory cytokine generation. In contrast, PAD4-deficient mice are protected against ischemic AKI with reduced real tubular neutrophil infiltration, renal tubular necrosis, and apoptosis. In addition, hepatic injury and inflammation observed in PAD4 wild-type mice after renal I/R are significantly attenuated in PAD4-deficient mice. We also show that increased renal tubular PAD4 expression after renal I/R is associated with translocation of PAD4 from the nucleus to the cytosol. Consistent with PAD4 cytosolic translocation, we show increased renal tubular cytosolic peptidyl-citrullination after ischemic AKI. Mechanistically, recombinant PAD4 treatment increased nuclear translocation of NF-κB in cultured human as well as murine proximal tubule cells that is inhibited by a PAD4 inhibitor (2-chloroamidine). Taken together, our studies further support the hypothesis that renal tubular PAD4 plays a critical role in renal I/R injury by increasing the renal tubular inflammatory response and neutrophil infiltration after renal I/R perhaps by interacting with the proinflammatory transcription factor NF-κB in the cytosol and promoting its nuclear translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- May Rabadi
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, New York; and
| | - Mihwa Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, New York; and
| | - Vivette D'Agati
- Department of Pathology, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - H Thomas Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, New York; and
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333
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Sugimoto MA, Sousa LP, Pinho V, Perretti M, Teixeira MM. Resolution of Inflammation: What Controls Its Onset? Front Immunol 2016. [PMID: 27199985 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00.00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
An effective resolution program may be able to prevent the progression from non-resolving acute inflammation to persistent chronic inflammation. It has now become evident that coordinated resolution programs initiate shortly after inflammatory responses begin. In this context, several mechanisms provide the fine-tuning of inflammation and create a favorable environment for the resolution phase to take place and for homeostasis to return. In this review, we focus on the events required for an effective transition from the proinflammatory phase to the onset and establishment of resolution. We suggest that several mediators that promote the inflammatory phase of inflammation can simultaneously initiate a program for active resolution. Indeed, several events enact a decrease in the local chemokine concentration, a reduction which is essential to inhibit further infiltration of neutrophils into the tissue. Interestingly, although neutrophils are cells that characteristically participate in the active phase of inflammation, they also contribute to the onset of resolution. Further understanding of the molecular mechanisms that initiate resolution may be instrumental to develop pro-resolution strategies to treat complex chronic inflammatory diseases, in humans. The efforts to develop strategies based on resolution of inflammation have shaped a new area of pharmacology referred to as "resolution pharmacology."
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Sugimoto
- Laboratório de Sinalização Inflamação, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Lirlândia P Sousa
- Laboratório de Sinalização Inflamação, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Pinho
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Laboratório de Resolução da Resposta Inflamatória, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Mauro Perretti
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London , London , UK
| | - Mauro M Teixeira
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil
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334
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Sørensen OE, Borregaard N. Neutrophil extracellular traps - the dark side of neutrophils. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:1612-20. [PMID: 27135878 DOI: 10.1172/jci84538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 318] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) were discovered as extracellular strands of decondensed DNA in complex with histones and granule proteins, which were expelled from dying neutrophils to ensnare and kill microbes. NETs are formed during infection in vivo by mechanisms different from those originally described in vitro. Citrullination of histones by peptidyl arginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) is central for NET formation in vivo. NETs may spur formation of autoantibodies and may also serve as scaffolds for thrombosis, thereby providing a link among infection, autoimmunity, and thrombosis. In this review, we present the mechanisms by which NETs are formed and discuss the physiological and pathophysiological consequences of NET formation. We conclude that NETs may be of more importance in autoimmunity and thrombosis than in innate immune defense.
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335
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Sugimoto MA, Sousa LP, Pinho V, Perretti M, Teixeira MM. Resolution of Inflammation: What Controls Its Onset? Front Immunol 2016; 7:160. [PMID: 27199985 PMCID: PMC4845539 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 395] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
An effective resolution program may be able to prevent the progression from non-resolving acute inflammation to persistent chronic inflammation. It has now become evident that coordinated resolution programs initiate shortly after inflammatory responses begin. In this context, several mechanisms provide the fine-tuning of inflammation and create a favorable environment for the resolution phase to take place and for homeostasis to return. In this review, we focus on the events required for an effective transition from the proinflammatory phase to the onset and establishment of resolution. We suggest that several mediators that promote the inflammatory phase of inflammation can simultaneously initiate a program for active resolution. Indeed, several events enact a decrease in the local chemokine concentration, a reduction which is essential to inhibit further infiltration of neutrophils into the tissue. Interestingly, although neutrophils are cells that characteristically participate in the active phase of inflammation, they also contribute to the onset of resolution. Further understanding of the molecular mechanisms that initiate resolution may be instrumental to develop pro-resolution strategies to treat complex chronic inflammatory diseases, in humans. The efforts to develop strategies based on resolution of inflammation have shaped a new area of pharmacology referred to as “resolution pharmacology.”
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Sugimoto
- Laboratório de Sinalização Inflamação, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Lirlândia P Sousa
- Laboratório de Sinalização Inflamação, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Pinho
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Laboratório de Resolução da Resposta Inflamatória, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Mauro Perretti
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London , London , UK
| | - Mauro M Teixeira
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil
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336
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Van Avondt K, van der Linden M, Naccache PH, Egan DA, Meyaard L. Signal Inhibitory Receptor on Leukocytes-1 Limits the Formation of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps, but Preserves Intracellular Bacterial Killing. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:3686-94. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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337
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Lam FW, Cruz MA, Parikh K, Rumbaut RE. Histones stimulate von Willebrand factor release in vitro and in vivo. Haematologica 2016; 101:e277-9. [PMID: 27013650 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2015.140632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fong W Lam
- Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases (CTRID), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Miguel A Cruz
- Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases (CTRID), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA Baylor College of Medicine Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kathan Parikh
- Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases (CTRID), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rolando E Rumbaut
- Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases (CTRID), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA Baylor College of Medicine Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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338
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Allende M, Molina E, Guruceaga E, Tamayo I, González-Porras JR, Gonzalez-López TJ, Toledo E, Rabal O, Ugarte A, Roldán V, Rivera J, Oyarzabal J, Montes R, Hermida J. Hsp70 protects from stroke in atrial fibrillation patients by preventing thrombosis without increased bleeding risk. Cardiovasc Res 2016; 110:309-18. [PMID: 26976620 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvw049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a major risk factor for cardio-embolic stroke. Anticoagulant drugs are effective in preventing AF-related stroke. However, the high frequency of anticoagulant-associated major bleeding is a major concern. This study sought to identify new targets to develop safer antithrombotic therapies. METHODS AND RESULTS Here, microarray analysis in peripheral blood cells in eight patients with AF and stroke and eight AF subjects without stroke brought to light a stroke-related gene expression pattern. HSPA1B, which encodes for heat-shock protein 70 kDa (Hsp70), was the most differentially expressed gene. This gene was down-regulated in stroke subjects, a finding confirmed further in an independent AF cohort of 200 individuals. Hsp70 knock-out mice subjected to different thrombotic challenges developed thrombosis significantly earlier than their wild-type (WT) counterparts. Remarkably, the tail bleeding time was unchanged. Accordingly, both TRC051384 and tubastatin A, i.e. two Hsp70 inducers via different pathways, delayed thrombus formation in WT mice, the tail bleeding time still being unaltered. Most interestingly, Hsp70 inducers did not increase the bleeding risk even when aspirin was concomitantly administered. Hsp70 induction was associated with an increased vascular thrombomodulin expression and higher circulating levels of activated protein C upon thrombotic stimulus. CONCLUSIONS Hsp70 induction is a novel approach to delay thrombus formation with minimal bleeding risk, and is especially promising for treating AF patients and in other situations where there is also a major bleeding hazard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikel Allende
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Laboratory of Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), IdiSNA, Navarra's Health Research Institute, University of Navarra, Pío XII, 55, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Eva Molina
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Laboratory of Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), IdiSNA, Navarra's Health Research Institute, University of Navarra, Pío XII, 55, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Elisabet Guruceaga
- Proteomics, Genomics & Bioinformatics Unit, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), IdiSNA, Navarra's Health Research Institute, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ibai Tamayo
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Laboratory of Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), IdiSNA, Navarra's Health Research Institute, University of Navarra, Pío XII, 55, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | | | - Estefanía Toledo
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, IdiSNA, Navarra's Health Research Institute, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Obdulia Rabal
- Small Molecule Discovery Platform, Molecular Therapeutics Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), IdiSNA, Navarra's Health Research Institute, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ana Ugarte
- Small Molecule Discovery Platform, Molecular Therapeutics Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), IdiSNA, Navarra's Health Research Institute, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Vanesa Roldán
- Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Servicio de Hematología y Oncología Médica, Hospital Universitario Morales Meseguer, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - José Rivera
- Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Servicio de Hematología y Oncología Médica, Hospital Universitario Morales Meseguer, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Julen Oyarzabal
- Small Molecule Discovery Platform, Molecular Therapeutics Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), IdiSNA, Navarra's Health Research Institute, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ramón Montes
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Laboratory of Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), IdiSNA, Navarra's Health Research Institute, University of Navarra, Pío XII, 55, Pamplona, Spain
| | - José Hermida
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Laboratory of Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), IdiSNA, Navarra's Health Research Institute, University of Navarra, Pío XII, 55, Pamplona, Spain
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339
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Hoeksema M, van Eijk M, Haagsman HP, Hartshorn KL. Histones as mediators of host defense, inflammation and thrombosis. Future Microbiol 2016; 11:441-53. [PMID: 26939619 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.15.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Histones are known for their ability to bind to and regulate expression of DNA. However, histones are also present in cytoplasm and extracellular fluids where they serve host defense functions and promote inflammatory responses. Histones are a major component of neutrophil extracellular traps that contribute to bacterial killing but also to inflammatory injury. Histones can act as antimicrobial peptides and directly kill bacteria, fungi, parasites and viruses, in vitro and in a variety of animal hosts. In addition, histones can trigger inflammatory responses in some cases acting through Toll-like receptors or inflammasome pathways. Extracellular histones mediate organ injury (lung, liver), sepsis physiology, thrombocytopenia and thrombin generation and some proteins can bind histones and reduce these potentially harmful effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marloes Hoeksema
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Martin van Eijk
- Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Henk P Haagsman
- Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Kevan L Hartshorn
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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340
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Martinod K, Witsch T, Farley K, Gallant M, Remold-O’Donnell E, Wagner DD. Neutrophil elastase-deficient mice form neutrophil extracellular traps in an experimental model of deep vein thrombosis. J Thromb Haemost 2016; 14:551-8. [PMID: 26712312 PMCID: PMC4785059 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED ESSENTIALS: Neutrophil elastase (NE) plays a role in extracellular trap formation (NETosis) triggered by microbes. The contribution of NE was evaluated in mouse NETosis models of sterile inflammation and thrombosis. NE is not required for mouse neutrophil NET production in vitro with non-infectious stimuli. NE deficiency had no significant effect on thrombosis in the inferior vena cava stenosis model. SUMMARY BACKGROUND Neutrophil serine proteases have been implicated in coagulation and neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation. In human neutrophils, neutrophil elastase (NE) translocates to the nucleus during NETosis and cleaves histones, thus aiding in chromatin decondensation. NE(-/-) mice were shown not to release NETs in response to microbes. However, mouse studies evaluating the role of NE in NET formation in sterile inflammation and thrombosis are lacking. OBJECTIVE We wished to establish if neutrophils from NE(-/-) mice have a defect in NETosis, similar to peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PAD4(-/-)) mice, and how this might have an impact on venous thrombosis, a model where NETs are produced and are crucial to thrombus development. METHODS We performed in vitro NET assays using neutrophils from wild-type (WT), NE(-/-), SerpinB1 (SB1)(-/-) and NE(-/-) SB1(-/-) mice. We compared WT and NE(-/-) animals using the inferior vena cava stenosis model of deep vein thrombosis (DVT). RESULTS Neutrophil elastase deficiency resulted in a small reduction in ionomycin-induced NET formation in vitro without affecting histone citrullination. However, NET production in response to phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate or platelet activating factor was normal in neutrophils from two independent NE-deficient mouse lines, and in NE(-/-) SB1(-/-) as compared with SB1(-/-) neutrophils. NE deficiency or inhibition did not prevent NETosis in vivo or DVT outcome. CONCLUSIONS Neutrophil elastase is not required for NET formation in mice. NE(-/-) mice, which form pathological venous thrombi containing NETs, do not phenocopy PAD4(-/-) mice in in vitro NETosis assays or experimental venous thrombosis. Our study suggests that NET-targeted therapies need to be highly effective to have an impact on DVT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Martinod
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Thilo Witsch
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kalamo Farley
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Maureen Gallant
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eileen Remold-O’Donnell
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Denisa D. Wagner
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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341
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Saghazadeh A, Rezaei N. Inflammation as a cause of venous thromboembolism. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2016; 99:272-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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342
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Williams DA, Gavillet M. Response to correspondence: Flow cytometric quantification of neutrophil extracellular traps: Limitations of the methodological approach by Ciepiela et al. Am J Hematol 2016; 91:E10. [PMID: 26749259 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.24292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David A. Williams
- Division of Hematology/Oncology; Boston Children's Hospital; Boston Massachusetts
- Department of Pediatric Oncology; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Boston Massachusetts
- Department of Pediatrics; Harvard Medical School; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Mathilde Gavillet
- Division of Hematology/Oncology; Boston Children's Hospital; Boston Massachusetts
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343
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Demers M, Wong SL, Martinod K, Gallant M, Cabral JE, Wang Y, Wagner DD. Priming of neutrophils toward NETosis promotes tumor growth. Oncoimmunology 2016; 5:e1134073. [PMID: 27467952 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1134073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils play a major role in cancer biology and both pro- and antitumoral functions of tumor-infiltrating neutrophils have been described. We have shown that tumors, by releasing G-CSF into the bloodstream, prime circulating neutrophils to form neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and we have detected the presence of NETs within the tumor microenvironment. Here, we report, using PAD4-deficient mice with a defect in neutrophil chromatin decondensation and NET formation, that the priming of neutrophils toward NETosis favors tumor growth. Interestingly, in a tumor model that does not release G-CSF and in which neutrophils are not primed for NETosis, PAD4-deficiency did not reduce tumor growth. However, supplying exogenous G-CSF to the wild-type (WT) host promoted intratumoral NETosis and tumor growth. Taken together, our results suggest that the priming of neutrophils for NETosis by the tumor or its environment leads to the accumulation of intratumoral NETs and a growth advantage to the tumor. Our work unveiled a pro-tumoral role for NETs which strengthens their potential as a new target in the fight against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Demers
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Siu Ling Wong
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kimberly Martinod
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maureen Gallant
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital , Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jessica E Cabral
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital , Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yanming Wang
- Center for Eukaryotic Gene Regulation, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University , University Park, PA, USA
| | - Denisa D Wagner
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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344
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Rao AN, Kazzaz NM, Knight JS. Do neutrophil extracellular traps contribute to the heightened risk of thrombosis in inflammatory diseases? World J Cardiol 2015; 7:829-842. [PMID: 26730289 PMCID: PMC4691810 DOI: 10.4330/wjc.v7.i12.829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Thrombotic events, both arterial and venous, are a major health concern worldwide. Further, autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis, and antiphospholipid syndrome, predispose to thrombosis, and thereby push the risk for these morbid events even higher. In recent years, neutrophils have been identified as important players in both arterial and venous thrombosis. Specifically, chromatin-based structures called neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) play a key role in activating the coagulation cascade, recruiting platelets, and serving as scaffolding upon which the thrombus can be assembled. At the same time, neutrophils and NETs are emerging as important mediators of pathogenic inflammation in the aforementioned autoimmune diseases. Here, we first review the general role of NETs in thrombosis. We then posit that exaggerated NET release contributes to the prothrombotic diatheses of systemic lupus erythematosus, ANCA-associated vasculitis, and antiphospholipid syndrome.
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345
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Fattahi F, Grailer JJ, Jajou L, Zetoune FS, Andjelkovic AV, Ward PA. Organ distribution of histones after intravenous infusion of FITC histones or after sepsis. Immunol Res 2015; 61:177-86. [PMID: 25680340 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-015-8628-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Histones appear in plasma during infectious or non-infectious sepsis and are associated with multiorgan injury. In the current studies, intravenous infusion of histones resulted in their localization in major organs. In vitro exposure of mouse macrophages to histones caused a buildup of histones on cell membranes followed by localization into cytosol and into the nucleus. After polymicrobial sepsis (cecal ligation and puncture), histones appeared in plasma as well as in a multiorgan pattern, peaking at 8 h followed by decline. In lungs, histones and neutrophils appeared together, with evidence for formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), which represent an innate immune response to trap and kill bacteria and other infectious agents. In liver, there was intense NET formation, featuring linear patterns containing histones and strands of DNA. When neutrophils were activated in vitro with C5a or phorbol myristate acetate, NET formation ensued. While formation of NETs represents entrapment and killing of infectious agents, the simultaneous release from neutrophils of histones often results in tissue/organ damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Fattahi
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, 7520 MSRB I, 1301 Catherine Rd, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5602, USA
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346
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Albadawi H, Oklu R, Raacke Malley RE, O'Keefe RM, Uong TP, Cormier NR, Watkins MT. Effect of DNase I treatment and neutrophil depletion on acute limb ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice. J Vasc Surg 2015; 64:484-493. [PMID: 26704988 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2015.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Extracellular traps (ETs) consisting of DNA-protein complexes formed after tissue injury contribute to the inflammatory and thrombosis cascades, thereby exacerbating injury. Exogenous DNase I has been suggested as a therapeutic strategy to limit injury in the brain and myocardium. These studies were designed to evaluate the effects of exogenous DNase I treatment on skeletal muscle injury after acute hindlimb ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury in mice and to determine whether neutrophils are a major source of ETs in postischemic muscle tissue. METHODS C57BL6 mice were subjected to 1.5 hours of tourniquet ischemia and 24 hours of reperfusion with and without human recombinant DNase I treatment. A separate set of mice was subjected to neutrophil depletion (ND), followed by the same intervals of IR. Laser Doppler imaging and tissue harvesting were done at 24 hours for assessment of limb perfusion, muscle fiber injury, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) level, markers of inflammation, thrombosis, and formation of ETs. RESULTS DNase I treatment significantly reduced detection of ETs in postischemic muscle but did not alter skeletal muscle fiber injury, levels of proinflammatory molecules, or ATP level. DNase I treatment did enhance postischemic hindlimb perfusion, decreased infiltrating inflammatory cells, and reduced the expression of thrombin-antithrombin III. ND resulted in a significant yet small reduction in ETs in the postischemic muscle. ND did not alter skeletal muscle fiber injury, hindlimb perfusion, or ATP levels. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that neither DNase I treatment nor ND was protective against IR injury, even though both decreased detection of ETs in skeletal muscle after IR. Neutrophils are not the only source of ETs after IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Albadawi
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.
| | - Rahmi Oklu
- Department of Radiology, Division of Vascular Imaging and Intervention, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Rita Elise Raacke Malley
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Ryan M O'Keefe
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Thuy P Uong
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Nicholas R Cormier
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Michael T Watkins
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
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347
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Zhang LM, Chen JH. Progression of NETs Correlating with Tumor-Related Diseases. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 16:7431-4. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.17.7431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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348
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Gavillet M, Martinod K, Renella R, Harris C, Shapiro NI, Wagner DD, Williams DA. Flow cytometric assay for direct quantification of neutrophil extracellular traps in blood samples. Am J Hematol 2015; 90:1155-8. [PMID: 26347989 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.24185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) contribute to innate immunity as well as numerous diseases processes such as deep vein thrombosis, myocardial ischemia, and autoimmune disease. To date, most knowledge on NETs formation has been gathered via the qualitative microscopic examination of individual neutrophils in vitro, or aggregate structures in vivo. Here we describe a novel flow cytometry (FLOW)-based assay to identify and quantify NETs using antibodies against key NETs constituents, specifically DNA, modified histones, and granular enzymes. This method is applicable to both murine and human samples for the assessment of induced NETs in vitro, or detection of NETosis in vivo in blood samples. This FLOW-based method was validated by comparison with the well-established microscopy assay using two genetic mouse models previously demonstrated to show defective NETosis. It was then used on healthy human neutrophils for detection of ex vivo induced NETs and on blood samples from patients with sepsis for direct assessment of in vivo NET-forming neutrophils. This new methodology allows rapid and robust assessment of several thousand cells per sample and is independent of potential observer-bias, the two main limitations of the microscopic quantification. Using this new technology facilitates the direct detection of in vivo circulating NETs in blood samples and purification of NETting neutrophils by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) for further analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Gavillet
- Division of Hematology/Oncology; Boston Children's Hospital; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Kimberly Martinod
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine; Boston Children's Hospital; Boston Massachusetts
- Department of Pediatrics; Harvard Medical School; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Raffaele Renella
- Division of Hematology/Oncology; Boston Children's Hospital; Boston Massachusetts
- Department of Pediatrics; Harvard Medical School; Boston Massachusetts
- Department of Pediatric Oncology; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Chad Harris
- Division of Hematology/Oncology; Boston Children's Hospital; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Nate I. Shapiro
- Program of Translational Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Harvard Medical School; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Denisa D. Wagner
- Division of Hematology/Oncology; Boston Children's Hospital; Boston Massachusetts
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine; Boston Children's Hospital; Boston Massachusetts
- Department of Pediatrics; Harvard Medical School; Boston Massachusetts
| | - David A. Williams
- Division of Hematology/Oncology; Boston Children's Hospital; Boston Massachusetts
- Department of Pediatrics; Harvard Medical School; Boston Massachusetts
- Department of Pediatric Oncology; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Boston Massachusetts
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349
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Sepsis and ARDS: The Dark Side of Histones. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:205054. [PMID: 26609197 PMCID: PMC4644547 DOI: 10.1155/2015/205054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in management over the last several decades, sepsis and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) still remain major clinical challenges and the leading causes of death for patients in intensive care units (ICUs) due to insufficient understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of these diseases. However, recent studies have shown that histones, also known as chromatin-basic structure proteins, could be released into the extracellular space during severe stress and physical challenges to the body (e.g., sepsis and ARDS). Due to their cytotoxic and proinflammatory effects, extracellular histones can lead to excessive and overwhelming cell damage and death, thus contributing to the pathogenesis of both sepsis and ARDS. In addition, antihistone-based treatments (e.g., neutralizing antibodies, activated protein C, and heparin) have shown protective effects and have significantly improved the outcomes of mice suffering from sepsis and ARDS. Here, we review researches related to the pathological role of histone in context of sepsis and ARDS and evaluate the potential value of histones as biomarkers and therapeutic targets of these diseases.
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350
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Yang C, Sun W, Cui W, Li X, Yao J, Jia X, Li C, Wu H, Hu Z, Zou X. Procoagulant role of neutrophil extracellular traps in patients with gastric cancer. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2015; 8:14075-14086. [PMID: 26823721 PMCID: PMC4713507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with gastric cancer (GC) commonly exhibit a hypercoagulable state that results in significant morbidity and mortality. Recent studies have shown that neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) trigger coagulation through an intrinsic pathway and contribute to thrombus initiation and progression. In this study, we aimed to determine the procoagulant activity (PCA) of NETs in patients with GC. METHODS NET formation and their PCAs were assessed in 48 patients with GC and 36 healthy controls using immunofluorescence microscopy of neutrophil markers and extracellular DNA as well as a modified capture ELISA technique, and thrombin-antithrombin complex and clot (fibrin) spectroscopic detection, respectively. RESULTS Here we showed that neutrophils isolated from patients with GC displayed significantly enhanced NET formation compared with those from healthy controls; furthermore, plasma or platelets obtained from patients with GC induced control neutrophils to release NETs. In addition, NETs released by GC neutrophils significantly increased the potency of control plasma to generate thrombin and fibrin. Notably, these procoagulant effects were dramatically attenuated by application of DNase I. We further found that spontaneous NET formation in patients with GC was significantly higher than that in controls, increased with tumor- node-metastasis stage elevation, and positively correlated with thrombin-antithrombin complex levels and D-dimers. Additionally, the effect of DNase I on cell-free plasma generation of fibrin was dependent on the concentration of NET formation. CONCLUSION These results suggest that GC creates a systemic environment that primes neutrophils to release procoagulant NETs. Thus, targeting NETs might improve the coagulopathy of patients with GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunfa Yang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical UniversityHarbin, China
| | - Wenying Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Services, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical UniversityHarbin, China
| | - Wu Cui
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical UniversityHarbin, China
| | - Xingku Li
- Department of Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical UniversityHarbin, China
| | - Jialin Yao
- Department of General Surgery of The First Hospital of HarbinHarbin, China
| | - Xuanye Jia
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical UniversityHarbin, China
| | - Changjian Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical UniversityHarbin, China
| | - Hongjie Wu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical UniversityHarbin, China
| | - Zhaoyang Hu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical UniversityHarbin, China
| | - Xiaoming Zou
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical UniversityHarbin, China
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