301
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Pardo M, Cheng Y, Sitbon YH, Lowell JA, Grieco SF, Worthen RJ, Desse S, Barreda-Diaz A. Insulin growth factor 2 (IGF2) as an emergent target in psychiatric and neurological disorders. Review. Neurosci Res 2018; 149:1-13. [PMID: 30389571 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2018.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) is abundantly expressed in the central nervous system (CNS). Recent evidence highlights the role of IGF2 in the brain, sustained by data showing its alterations as a common feature across a variety of psychiatric and neurological disorders. Previous studies emphasize the potential role of IGF2 in psychiatric and neurological conditions as well as in memory impairments, targeting IGF2 as a pro-cognitive agent. New research on animal models supports that upcoming investigations should explore IGF2's strong promising role as a memory enhancer. The lack of effective treatments for cognitive disturbances as a result of psychiatric diseases lead to further explore IGF2 as a promising target for the development of new pharmacology for the treatment of memory dysfunctions. In this review, we aim at gathering all recent relevant studies and findings on the role of IGF2 in the development of psychiatric diseases that occur with cognitive problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pardo
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Miami, FL, USA.
| | - Y Cheng
- University of California Los Angeles, Neurology Department, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Y H Sitbon
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Miami, FL, USA.
| | - J A Lowell
- University of Miami, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Miami, FL, USA.
| | - S F Grieco
- University of California, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Irvine, CA, USA.
| | - R J Worthen
- University of Miami, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Miami, FL, USA.
| | - S Desse
- University of Miami, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Miami, FL, USA.
| | - A Barreda-Diaz
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Miami, FL, USA.
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302
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Microglia Enhance Synapse Activity to Promote Local Network Synchronization. eNeuro 2018; 5:eN-NWR-0088-18. [PMID: 30406198 PMCID: PMC6220592 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0088-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia are highly motile immunoreactive cells that play integral roles in the response to brain infection and damage, and in the progression of various neurological diseases. During development, microglia also help sculpt neural circuits, via both promoting synapse formation and by targeting specific synapses for elimination and phagocytosis. Microglia are also active surveyors of neural circuits in the mature, healthy brain, although the functional consequences of such microglia-neuron contacts under these conditions is unclear. Using in vivo imaging of neurons and microglia in awake mice, we report here the functional consequences of microglia-synapse contacts. Direct contact between a microglial process and a single synapse results in a specific increase in the activity of that contacted synapse, and a corresponding increase in back-propagating action potentials along the parent dendrite. This increase in activity is not seen for microglia-synapse contacts when microglia are activated by chronic lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment. To probe how this microglia-synapse contact affects neural circuits, we imaged across larger populations of motor cortical neurons. When microglia were again activated by LPS (or partially ablated), there was a decrease in the extent to which neuronal activity was synchronized. Together, our results demonstrate that interactions between physiological or resting microglia and synapses in the mature, healthy brain leads to an increase in neuronal activity and thereby helps to synchronize local populations of neurons. Our novel findings provide a plausible physical basis for understanding how alterations in immune status may impact on neural circuit plasticity and on cognitive behaviors such as learning.
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303
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Osborne BF, Turano A, Caulfield JI, Schwarz JM. Sex- and region-specific differences in microglia phenotype and characterization of the peripheral immune response following early-life infection in neonatal male and female rats. Neurosci Lett 2018; 692:1-9. [PMID: 30367955 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Early-life infection has been shown to have profound effects on the brain and behavior across the lifespan, a phenomenon termed "early-life programming". Indeed, many neuropsychiatric disorders begin or have their origins early in life and have been linked to early-life immune activation (e.g. autism, ADHD, and schizophrenia). Furthermore, many of these disorders show a robust sex bias, with males having a higher risk of developing early-onset neurodevelopmental disorders. The concept of early-life programming is now well established, however, it is still unclear how such effects are initiated and then maintained across time to produce such a phenomenon. To begin to address this question, we examined changes in microglia, the immune cells of the brain, and peripheral immune cells in the hours immediately following early-life infection in male and female rats. We found that males showed a significant decrease in BDNF expression and females showed a significant increase in IL-6 expression in the cerebellum following E.coli infection on postnatal day 4; however, for most cytokines examined in the brain and in the periphery we were unable to identify any sex differences in the immune response, at least at the time points examined. Instead, neonatal infection with E.coli increased the expression of a number of cytokines in the brain of both males and females similarly including TNF-α, IL-1β, and CD11b (a marker of microglia activation) in the hippocampus and, in the spleen, TNF-α and IL-1β. We also found that protein levels of GRO-KC, MIP-1a, MCP1, IP-10, TNF-α, and IL-10 were elevated 8-hours postinfection, but this response was resolved by 24-hours. Lastly, we found that males have more thin microglia than females on P5, however, neonatal infection had no effect on any of the microglia morphologies we examined. These data show that sex differences in the acute immune response to neonatal infection are likely gene, region, and even time dependent. Future research should consider these factors in order to develop a comprehensive understanding of the immune response in males and females as these changes are likely the initiating agents that lead to the long-term, and often sex-specific, effects of early-life infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany F Osborne
- University of Delaware, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, 108 Wolf Hall, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.
| | - Alexandra Turano
- University of Delaware, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, 108 Wolf Hall, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.
| | - Jasmine I Caulfield
- University of Delaware, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, 108 Wolf Hall, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.
| | - Jaclyn M Schwarz
- University of Delaware, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, 108 Wolf Hall, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.
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304
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Wang Y, Wang Z, Wang Y, Li F, Jia J, Song X, Qin S, Wang R, Jin F, Kitazato K, Wang Y. The Gut-Microglia Connection: Implications for Central Nervous System Diseases. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2325. [PMID: 30344525 PMCID: PMC6182051 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of the gut microbiome in central nervous system (CNS) diseases has long been recognized; however, research into this connection is limited, in part, owing to a lack of convincing mechanisms because the brain is a distant target of the gut. Previous studies on the brain revealed that most of the CNS diseases affected by the gut microbiome are closely associated with microglial dysfunction. Microglia, the major CNS-resident macrophages, are crucial for the immune response of the CNS against infection and injury, as well as for brain development and function. However, the current understanding of the mechanisms controlling the maturation and function of microglia is obscure, especially regarding the extrinsic factors affecting microglial function during the developmental process. The gut microflora has been shown to significantly influence microglia from before birth until adulthood, and the metabolites generated by the microbiota regulate the inflammation response mediated by microglia in the CNS; this inspired our hypothesis that microglia act as a critical mediator between the gut microbiome and CNS diseases. Herein, we highlight and discuss current findings that show the influence of host microbiome, as a crucial extrinsic factor, on microglia within the CNS. In addition, we summarize the CNS diseases associated with both the host microbiome and microglia and explore the potential pathways by which the gut bacteria influence the pathogenesis of CNS diseases. Our work is thus a comprehensive theoretical foundation for studies on the gut-microglia connection in the development of CNS diseases; and provides great potential for researchers to target pathways associated with the gut-microglia connection and overcome CNS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiliang Wang
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Virology of Guangzhou, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhaoyang Wang
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Virology of Guangzhou, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feng Li
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Virology of Guangzhou, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaoyan Jia
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Virology of Guangzhou, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaowei Song
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Virology of Guangzhou, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shurong Qin
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Virology of Guangzhou, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rongze Wang
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Virology of Guangzhou, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fujun Jin
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Postdoctoral Research Station, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kaio Kitazato
- Division of Molecular Pharmacology of Infectious Agents, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yifei Wang
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Virology of Guangzhou, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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305
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Taylor S, Mehina E, White E, Reeson P, Yongblah K, Doyle KP, Brown CE. Suppressing Interferon-γ Stimulates Microglial Responses and Repair of Microbleeds in the Diabetic Brain. J Neurosci 2018; 38:8707-8722. [PMID: 30201775 PMCID: PMC6596226 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0734-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Microcirculatory damage is a common complication for those with vascular risk factors, such as diabetes. To resolve vascular insults, the brain's immune cells (microglia) must rapidly envelop the site of injury. Currently, it is unknown whether Type 1 diabetes, a condition associated with chronic immune system dysfunction, alters microglial responses to damage and what mechanisms are responsible. Using in vivo two-photon microscopy in adult male mice, we show that microglial envelopment of laser-induced cerebral microbleeds is diminished in a hyperglycemic mouse model of Type 1 diabetes, which could not be fully rescued with chronic insulin treatment. Microglia were important for vessel repair because reduced microglial accumulation in diabetic mice or near-complete depletion in healthy controls was associated with greater secondary leakage of the damaged vessel. Broadly suppressing inflammation with dexamethasone in diabetic mice but not healthy controls, significantly enhanced microglial responses to microbleeds and attenuated secondary vessel leakage. These enhancements were associated with changes in IFN-γ signaling because dexamethasone suppressed abnormally high levels of IFN-γ protein levels in brain and blood serum of diabetic mice. Further, blocking IFN-γ in diabetic mice with neutralizing antibodies restored normal microglial chemotaxic responses and purinoceptor P2ry12 gene expression, as well as mitigated secondary leakage. These results suggest that abnormal IFN-γ signaling disrupts microglial function in the diabetic brain, and that immunotherapies targeting IFN-γ can stimulate microglial repair of damaged vessels.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Although Type 1 diabetes is an established risk factor for vascular complications, such as microbleeds, and is known to hinder wound healing in the body, no study has examined how diabetes impacts the brain's innate immune reparative response (involving cells called microglia) to vascular injury. Here we show that microglial responses to brain microbleeds were diminished in diabetic animals, which also exacerbated secondary leakage from damaged vessels. These impairments were related to abnormally high levels of the proinflammatory cytokine IFN-γ because reducing IFN-γ with immunosuppressant drugs or blocking antibodies helped restore normal microglial responses and repair of damaged vessels. These data highlight the use of IFN-γ modulating therapeutics to enhance vascular repair in at-risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Taylor
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Eslam Mehina
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Emily White
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Patrick Reeson
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Kevin Yongblah
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Kristian P Doyle
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona 85724, and
| | - Craig E Brown
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada,
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2A1, Canada
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306
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Hui CW, St-Pierre MK, Detuncq J, Aumailley L, Dubois MJ, Couture V, Skuk D, Marette A, Tremblay JP, Lebel M, Tremblay MÈ. Nonfunctional mutant Wrn protein leads to neurological deficits, neuronal stress, microglial alteration, and immune imbalance in a mouse model of Werner syndrome. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 73:450-469. [PMID: 29908963 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Werner syndrome (WS) is a premature aging disorder caused by mutations in a RecQ-family DNA helicase, WRN. Mice lacking part of the helicase domain of the WRN orthologue exhibit many phenotypic features of WS, including metabolic abnormalities and a shorter lifespan. Yet, little is known about the impact of WRN mutations on the central nervous system in both humans and mouse models of WS. In the current study, we have performed a longitudinal behavioral assessment on mice bearing a Wrn helicase deletion. Behavioral tests demonstrated a loss of motor activity and coordination, reduction in perception, increase in repetitive behavior, and deficits in both spatial and social novelty memories in Wrn mutant mice compared to age-matched wild type mice. These neurological deficits were associated with biochemical and histological changes in the brain of aged Wrn mutant mice. Microglia, resident immune cells that regulate neuronal plasticity and function in the brain, were hyper-ramified in multiple regions involved with the behavioral deficits of Wrn mutant mice. Furthermore, western analyses indicated that Wrn mutant mice exhibited an increase of oxidative stress markers in the prefrontal cortex. Supporting these findings, electron microscopy studies revealed increased cellular aging and oxidative stress features, among microglia and neurons respectively, in the prefrontal cortex of aged Wrn mutant mice. In addition, multiplex immunoassay of serum identified significant changes in the expression levels of several pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Taken together, these findings indicate that microglial dysfunction and neuronal oxidative stress, associated with peripheral immune system alterations, might be important driving forces leading to abnormal neurological symptoms in WS thus suggesting potential therapeutic targets for interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin Wai Hui
- Axe neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval (CHUL), 2705 Laurier Blvd., Québec City, Québec G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Marie-Kim St-Pierre
- Axe neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval (CHUL), 2705 Laurier Blvd., Québec City, Québec G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Jérôme Detuncq
- Axe neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval (CHUL), 2705 Laurier Blvd., Québec City, Québec G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Lucie Aumailley
- Axe endocrinologie/néphrologie, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval (CHUL), 2705 Laurier Blvd., Québec City, Québec G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Marie-Julie Dubois
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, 2725 Chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec City, Québec G1V 4G5, Canada
| | - Vanessa Couture
- Axe neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval (CHUL), 2705 Laurier Blvd., Québec City, Québec G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Daniel Skuk
- Axe neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval (CHUL), 2705 Laurier Blvd., Québec City, Québec G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - André Marette
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, 2725 Chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec City, Québec G1V 4G5, Canada
| | - Jacques P Tremblay
- Axe neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval (CHUL), 2705 Laurier Blvd., Québec City, Québec G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Michel Lebel
- Axe endocrinologie/néphrologie, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval (CHUL), 2705 Laurier Blvd., Québec City, Québec G1V 4G2, Canada.
| | - Marie-Ève Tremblay
- Axe neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval (CHUL), 2705 Laurier Blvd., Québec City, Québec G1V 4G2, Canada.
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307
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Lecours C, Bordeleau M, Cantin L, Parent M, Paolo TD, Tremblay MÈ. Microglial Implication in Parkinson's Disease: Loss of Beneficial Physiological Roles or Gain of Inflammatory Functions? Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:282. [PMID: 30214398 PMCID: PMC6125334 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia, often described as the brain-resident macrophages, play crucial roles in central nervous system development, maintenance, plasticity, and adaptation to the environment. Both aging and chronic stress promote microglial morphological and functional changes, which can lead to the development of brain pathologies including Parkinson's disease (PD). Indeed, aging, and chronic stress represent main environmental risk factors for PD. In these conditions, microglia are known to undergo different morphological and functional changes. Inflammation is an important component of PD and disequilibrium between pro- and anti-inflammatory microglial functions might constitute a crucial component of PD onset and progression. Cumulated data also suggest that, during PD, microglia might lose beneficial functions and gain detrimental ones, in addition to mediating inflammation. In this mini-review, we aim to summarize the literature discussing the functional and morphological changes that microglia undergo in PD pathophysiology and upon exposure to its two main environmental risk factors, aging, and chronic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Lecours
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Maude Bordeleau
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Integrated Program of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Léo Cantin
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Département de Chirurgie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Martin Parent
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Département de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Thérèse Di Paolo
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Ève Tremblay
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Département de Médecine Moléculaire, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
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308
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Dobrachinski F, Gerbatin RR, Sartori G, Golombieski RM, Antoniazzi A, Nogueira CW, Royes LF, Fighera MR, Porciúncula LO, Cunha RA, Soares FAA. Guanosine Attenuates Behavioral Deficits After Traumatic Brain Injury by Modulation of Adenosinergic Receptors. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:3145-3158. [PMID: 30105669 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1296-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of disability worldwide, triggering chronic neurodegeneration underlying cognitive and mood disorder still without therapeutic prospects. Based on our previous observations that guanosine (GUO) attenuates short-term neurochemical alterations caused by TBI, this study investigated the effects of chronical GUO treatment in behavioral, molecular, and morphological disturbances 21 days after trauma. Rats subject to TBI displayed mood (anxiety-like) and memory dysfunction. This was accompanied by a decreased expression of both synaptic (synaptophysin) and plasticity proteins (BDNF and CREB), a loss of cresyl violet-stained neurons, and increased astrogliosis and microgliosis in the hippocampus. Notably, chronic GUO treatment (7.5 mg/kg i.p. daily starting 1 h after TBI) prevented all these TBI-induced long-term behavioral, neurochemical, and morphological modifications. This neuroprotective effect of GUO was abrogated in the presence of the adenosine A1 receptor antagonist DPCPX (1 mg/kg) but unaltered by the adenosine A2A receptor antagonist SCH58261 (0.05 mg/kg). These findings show that a chronic GUO treatment prevents the long-term mood and memory dysfunction triggered by TBI, which involves adenosinergic receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Dobrachinski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Natural and Exact Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
- CNC - Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rogério R Gerbatin
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Gláubia Sartori
- Laboratory of Synthesis, Reactivity and Pharmacological Evaluating and Toxicology of Organochalcogens, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo M Golombieski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Natural and Exact Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Alfredo Antoniazzi
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Animal Reproduction - BioRep Veterinary Hospital, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Cristina W Nogueira
- Laboratory of Synthesis, Reactivity and Pharmacological Evaluating and Toxicology of Organochalcogens, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Luiz F Royes
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Michele R Fighera
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Natural and Exact Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Lisiane O Porciúncula
- Laboratory of Studies on the Purinergic System, Department of Biochemistry / ICBS, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo A Cunha
- CNC - Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Félix A A Soares
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Natural and Exact Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil.
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309
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Hammond TR, Robinton D, Stevens B. Microglia and the Brain: Complementary Partners in Development and Disease. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2018; 34:523-544. [PMID: 30089221 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100616-060509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
An explosion of findings driven by powerful new technologies has expanded our understanding of microglia, the resident immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS). This wave of discoveries has fueled a growing interest in the roles that these cells play in the development of the CNS and in the neuropathology of a diverse array of disorders. In this review, we discuss the crucial roles that microglia play in shaping the brain-from their influence on neurons and glia within the developing CNS to their roles in synaptic maturation and brain wiring-as well as some of the obstacles to overcome when assessing their contributions to normal brain development. Furthermore, we examine how normal developmental functions of microglia are perturbed or remerge in neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy R Hammond
- FM Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA;
| | - Daisy Robinton
- FM Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA;
| | - Beth Stevens
- FM Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; .,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
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310
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Occelli F, Lameth J, Adenis V, Huetz C, Lévêque P, Jay TM, Edeline JM, Mallat M. A Single Exposure to GSM-1800 MHz Signals in the Course of an Acute Neuroinflammatory Reaction can Alter Neuronal Responses and Microglial Morphology in the Rat Primary Auditory Cortex. Neuroscience 2018; 385:11-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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311
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Surinkaew P, Sawaddiruk P, Apaijai N, Chattipakorn N, Chattipakorn SC. Role of microglia under cardiac and cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Metab Brain Dis 2018; 33:1019-1030. [PMID: 29656335 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-018-0232-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Both cerebral and cardiac ischemia causes loss of cerebral blood flow, which may lead to neuronal cell damage, neurocognitive impairment, learning and memory difficulties, neurological deficits, and brain death. Although reperfusion is required immediately to restore the blood supply to the brain, it could lead to several detrimental effects on the brain. Several studies demonstrate that microglia activity increases following cerebral and cardiac ischemic/reperfusion (I/R) injury. However, the effects of microglial activation in the brain following I/R remains unclear. Some reports demonstrated that microglia were involved in neurodegeneration and oxidative stress generation, whilst others showed that microglia did not respond to I/R injury. Moreover, microglia are activated in a time-dependent manner, and in a specific brain region following I/R. Recently, several therapeutic approaches including pharmacological interventions and electroacupuncture showed the beneficial effects, while some interventions such as hyperthermia and hyperoxic resuscitation, demonstrated the deteriorated effects on the microglial activity after I/R. Therefore, the present review summarized and discussed those studies regarding the effects of global and focal cerebral as well as cardiac I/R injury on microglia activation, and the therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poomarin Surinkaew
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
- Department of Anesthesiology, Lamphun Hospital, Lamphun, 51000, Thailand
| | - Passakorn Sawaddiruk
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Nattayaporn Apaijai
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Nipon Chattipakorn
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Siriporn C Chattipakorn
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
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312
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Nadjar A. Role of metabolic programming in the modulation of microglia phagocytosis by lipids. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2018; 135:63-73. [PMID: 30103935 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Microglia phagocytosis is an essential process to maintain lifelong brain homeostasis and clear potential toxic factors from the neuropil. Microglia can engulf cells or part of cells through the expression of specific receptors at their surface and activation of downstream signaling pathways to engulf material. Microglia phagocytosis is finely regulated and is under the dependence of many factors, including environmental cues such as dietary lipids. Yet, the molecular mechanisms implicated are still largely unknown. The present publication is a 'hypothesis review', assessing the possibility that lipid-mediated modulation of phagocytosis occurs by affecting bioenergetic pathways within microglia. I assess our present knowledge and the elements that allow drawing such hypothesis. I also list some of the important gaps in the literature that need to be filled in. I also consider opportunities for future therapeutic target including nutritional interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nadjar
- INRA, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, Bordeaux 33076, France; University Bordeaux, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, Bordeaux 33076, France.
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313
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Collins SM, Galvez R. Neocortical SHANK1 regulation of forebrain dependent associative learning. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2018; 155:173-179. [PMID: 30053575 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2018.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Learning-induced neocortical synaptic plasticity is a well-established mechanism mediating memory consolidation. Classic learning paradigms elicit synaptic changes in various brain regions including the neocortex. Work from our laboratory has further suggested synaptic remodeling in primary somatosensory cortex (S1) during forebrain-dependent associative learning. While this process of synaptic remodeling is largely believed to contribute to memory consolidation, the underlying processes mediating this plasticity are poorly understood. Interestingly, abnormal expression of the synaptic scaffolding protein SHANK1 has been linked with aberrant synaptic plasticity and learning impairments, suggesting that it plays a critical role in these processes. However, a direct analysis of the role for SHANK1 during learning in the neocortex, the most likely site for memory storage, has never been adequately explored. To directly examine SHANK1's potential role during learning and memory, the following study set out to both examine neocortical SHANK1 expression during a learning event and determine the consequences of reducing neocortical SHANK1 expression on learning. The current study found that SHANK1 expression is transiently increased during periods of learning-induced dendritic spine plasticity in the neocortex. Furthermore, shRNA-mediated neocortical SHANK1 knockdown significantly impairs acquisition for the forebrain-dependent associative learning task (whisker-trace-eyeblink conditioning). Consistent with these findings, SHANK1 has been implicated in various neurological disorders. Collectively, these findings suggest a role for SHANK1 in neocortical learning-induced dendritic spine plasticity underlying learning and normal cognition; thus, providing potential insight into neurological mechanisms mediating abnormalities of impaired cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M Collins
- Psychology Department, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 N Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL 61801, United States; Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 N Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - Roberto Galvez
- Psychology Department, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 N Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL 61801, United States; Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 N Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL 61801, United States; Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 N Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL 61801, United States; Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 N Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL 61801, United States.
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314
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Baldy C, Fournier S, Boisjoly-Villeneuve S, Tremblay MÈ, Kinkead R. The influence of sex and neonatal stress on medullary microglia in rat pups. Exp Physiol 2018; 103:1192-1199. [PMID: 29920821 DOI: 10.1113/ep087088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of the study? Does neonatal stress, in the form of neonatal maternal separation, influence the maturation of microglial density, morphology and neuronal signalling in medullary regions regulating cardiorespiratory function in rat pups? What is the main finding and its importance? Using Iba-1 immunohistochemistry, we show that neonatal maternal separation augments microglial density and the proportion of cells with an amoeboid morphology in the medulla. Although the current understanding of the effect of early life stress on medullary development is relatively limited, these data show that within this area, microglia are affected by neonatal stress. Microglia could therefore be important effectors in cardiorespiratory disorders resulting from maternal separation. ABSTRACT Neonatal stress has wide-ranging consequences for the developing brain, including the medullary cardiorespiratory network. In rat pups, the reflexive cardiorespiratory inhibition triggered by the presence of liquids near the larynx is augmented by neonatal maternal separation (NMS), especially in males. Sex-specific enhancement of synaptic connectivity by NMS might explain this cardiorespiratory dysfunction. Microglia influence the formation, maturation, activity and elimination of developing synapses, but their role in the wiring of medullary networks is unknown. Owing to their sensitivity to sex hormones and stress hormones, microglial dysfunction could contribute to the abnormal cardiorespiratory phenotype observed in NMS pups. Here, we first used ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule-1 (Iba-1) immunolabelling to compare the density and morphology of microglia in the medulla of male versus female rat pups (14-15 days old) that were either undisturbed or subjected to NMS (3 h day-1 ; postnatal days 3-12). Neonatal maternal separation augmented the density of Iba-1+ cells (caudal region of the NTS), increased the size of the soma and reduced the arborization area (especially in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus). Sex-based differences were not observed. Given that the actions of microglia are regulated by neuronal fractalkine (CX3 CL1 ), we then used western blot analysis to compare the expression of CX3 CL1 and its microglial receptor (CX3 CR1 ) in medullary homogenates from control and NMS pups. Although CX3 CR1 expression was 59% greater in males versus females, NMS had no effect on CX3 CL1 /CX3 CR1 signalling. Given that an amoeboid morphology reflects an immature phenotype in developing microglia, NMS could interfere with synaptic pruning via a different mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Baldy
- Département de Pédiatrie, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Stéphanie Fournier
- Département de Pédiatrie, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Samuel Boisjoly-Villeneuve
- Département de Pédiatrie, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Département de Médecine Moléculaire, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Ève Tremblay
- Département de Médecine Moléculaire, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Richard Kinkead
- Département de Pédiatrie, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
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315
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Xu C, Li Q, Efimova O, He L, Tatsumoto S, Stepanova V, Oishi T, Udono T, Yamaguchi K, Shigenobu S, Kakita A, Nawa H, Khaitovich P, Go Y. Human-specific features of spatial gene expression and regulation in eight brain regions. Genome Res 2018; 28:1097-1110. [PMID: 29898898 PMCID: PMC6071643 DOI: 10.1101/gr.231357.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Molecular maps of the human brain alone do not inform us of the features unique to humans. Yet, the identification of these features is important for understanding both the evolution and nature of human cognition. Here, we approached this question by analyzing gene expression and H3K27ac chromatin modification data collected in eight brain regions of humans, chimpanzees, gorillas, a gibbon, and macaques. An analysis of spatial transcriptome trajectories across eight brain regions in four primate species revealed 1851 genes showing human-specific transcriptome differences in one or multiple brain regions, in contrast to 240 chimpanzee-specific differences. More than half of these human-specific differences represented elevated expression of genes enriched in neuronal and astrocytic markers in the human hippocampus, whereas the rest were enriched in microglial markers and displayed human-specific expression in several frontal cortical regions and the cerebellum. An analysis of the predicted regulatory interactions driving these differences revealed the role of transcription factors in species-specific transcriptome changes, and epigenetic modifications were linked to spatial expression differences conserved across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Qian Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Olga Efimova
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow 143026, Russia
| | - Liu He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Shoji Tatsumoto
- Cognitive Genomics Research Group, Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 4448585, Japan
| | - Vita Stepanova
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow 143026, Russia
| | - Takao Oishi
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi 4848506, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Udono
- Kumamoto Sanctuary, Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Uki, Kumamoto 8693201, Japan
| | - Katsushi Yamaguchi
- NIBB Core Research Facilities, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi 4448585, Japan
| | - Shuji Shigenobu
- NIBB Core Research Facilities, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi 4448585, Japan.,School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi 4448585, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Kakita
- Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata 9518585, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nawa
- Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata 9518585, Japan
| | - Philipp Khaitovich
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow 143026, Russia.,Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China.,Comparative Biology Laboratory, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yasuhiro Go
- Cognitive Genomics Research Group, Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 4448585, Japan.,School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi 4448585, Japan.,Department of Physiological Sciences, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 4448585, Japan
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316
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Adams KV, Morshead CM. Neural stem cell heterogeneity in the mammalian forebrain. Prog Neurobiol 2018; 170:2-36. [PMID: 29902499 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The brain was long considered an organ that underwent very little change after development. It is now well established that the mammalian central nervous system contains neural stem cells that generate progeny that are capable of making new neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes throughout life. The field has advanced rapidly as it strives to understand the basic biology of these precursor cells, and explore their potential to promote brain repair. The purpose of this review is to present current knowledge about the diversity of neural stem cells in vitro and in vivo, and highlight distinctions between neural stem cell populations, throughout development, and within the niche. A comprehensive understanding of neural stem cell heterogeneity will provide insights into the cellular and molecular regulation of neural development and lifelong neurogenesis, and will guide the development of novel strategies to promote regeneration and neural repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey V Adams
- Institute of Medical Science, Terrence Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto ON, M5S 3E2, Canada.
| | - Cindi M Morshead
- Institute of Medical Science, Terrence Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto ON, M5S 3E2, Canada; Department of Surgery, Division of Anatomy, Canada; Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, Canada; Rehabilitation Science Institute, University of Toronto, Canada.
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317
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Ockleford C, Adriaanse P, Hougaard Bennekou S, Berny P, Brock T, Duquesne S, Grilli S, Hernandez-Jerez AF, Klein M, Kuhl T, Laskowski R, Machera K, Pelkonen O, Pieper S, Smith R, Stemmer M, Sundh I, Teodorovic I, Tiktak A, Topping CJ, Gundert-Remy U, Kersting M, Waalkens-Berendsen I, Chiusolo A, Court Marques D, Dujardin B, Kass GEN, Mohimont L, Nougadère A, Reich H, Wolterink G. Scientific opinion on pesticides in foods for infants and young children. EFSA J 2018; 16:e05286. [PMID: 32625927 PMCID: PMC7009577 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Plant Protection Products and their Residues (PPR Panel) prepared a scientific opinion to provide a comprehensive evaluation of pesticide residues in foods for infants and young children. In its approach to develop this scientific opinion, the EFSA PPR Panel took into account, among the others, (i) the relevant opinions of the Scientific Committee for Food setting a default maximum residue level (MRL) of 0.01 mg/kg for pesticide residues in foods for infants and young children; (ii) the recommendations provided by EFSA Scientific Committee in a guidance on risk assessment of substances present in food intended for infants below 16 weeks of age; (iii) the knowledge on organ/system development in infants and young children. For infants below 16 weeks of age, the EFSA PPR Panel concluded that pesticide residues at the default MRL of 0.01 mg/kg for food for infants and young children are not likely to result in an unacceptable exposure for active substances for which a health-based guidance value (HBGV) of 0.0026 mg/kg body weight (bw) per day or higher applies. Lower MRLs are recommended for active substances with HBGVs below this value. For infants above 16 weeks of age and young children, the established approach for setting HBGVs is considered appropriate. For infants below 16 weeks of age the approach may not be appropriate and the application of the EFSA guidance on risk assessment of substances present in food intended for infants below 16 weeks of age is recommended. The contribution of conventional food to the total exposure to pesticide residues is much higher than that from foods intended for infants and young children. Because of the increased intake of conventional food by young children, these have the highest exposure to pesticide residues, whereas infants 3-6 months of age generally have lower exposure. The impact of cumulative exposure to pesticide residues on infants and young children is not different from the general population and the EFSA cumulative risk assessment methodology is also applicable to these age groups. Residue definitions established under Regulation (EC) No 396/2005 are in general considered appropriate also for foods for infants and young children. However, based on a tier 1 analysis of the hydrolysis potential of pesticides simulating processing, the particular appropriateness of existing residue definitions for monitoring to cover processed food, both intended for infants and young children as well as conventional food, is questionable.
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318
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Mohamet L, Jones VC, Dayanithi G, Verkhratsky A. Pathological human astroglia in Alzheimer's disease: opening new horizons with stem cell technology. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.2217/fnl-2017-0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Pathological remodeling, degeneration and reactivity of astrocytes are fundamental astrogliopathies contributing to all neurological diseases. In neurodegenerative disorders (including Alzheimer's disease [AD]) astroglia undergo complex changes that range from atrophy with loss of function to accumulation of reactive cells around disease-specific lesions (senile plaques in the case of AD). The cellular pathology of astroglia in the context of human AD remains enigmatic; mainly because of the severe limitations of animal models, which, although reproducing some pathological features of the disease, do not mimic its progression in full. Human-induced pluripotent stem cells technology creates a novel and potentially revolutionizing platform for studying fundamental mechanisms of the disease and for screening to identify new therapeutic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Mohamet
- StrataStem Ltd, Suite 112, 4a Rylands Street, Warrington, WA1 1EN, UK
| | - Vicky C Jones
- School of Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences, The University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK
| | - Govindan Dayanithi
- Centre Nationale de la Recherche Scientifique Institut des Sciences Biologiques (INSB)3, rue Michel-Ange 75794 Paris cedex 16, France
- INSERM U1198, École Pratique des Hautes Études-Sorbonne, Université Montpellier34095 Montpellier, France
- Deptartment of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University in Plzen, alej Svobody 76, 323 00 Plzeň-Czech Republic
| | - Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48011, Bilbao, Spain & Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940, Leioa, Spain
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319
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Ayana R, Singh S, Pati S. Deconvolution of Human Brain Cell Type Transcriptomes Unraveled Microglia-Specific Potential Biomarkers. Front Neurol 2018; 9:266. [PMID: 29755398 PMCID: PMC5932158 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglial cells form a context-dependent network of brain immunoeffector cells. Despite their indispensable roles, unresolved questions exist around biomarker discovery relevant to their cellular localization, self-renewing potential, and brain developmental dynamics. To resolve the existent gap in the annotation of candidate biomarkers, we conducted a meta-analysis of brain cells using available high-throughput data sets for deciphering microglia-specific expression profiles. We have identified 3,290 significant genes specific to microglia and further selected the top 20 dysregulated genes on the basis of p-value and log2FC. To this list, we added 7 known microglia-specific markers making the candidate list comprising 27 genes for further downstream analyses. Next, we established a connectome of these potential markers with their putative protein partners, which demonstrated strong associations of upregulated genes like Dedicator of cytokinesis 2 (DOCK2) with early/mature microglial markers such as Sphingosine kinase 1 (SPHK1), CD68, and CD45. To elucidate their respective brain anatomical location, we deconvoluted the BrainSpan Atlas expression data. This analysis showed high expression of the majority of candidate genes in microglia-dense regions (Amygdala, Hippocampus, Striatum) in the postnatal brain. Furthermore, to decipher their localized expression across brain ages, we constructed a developmental dynamics map (DDM) comprising extensive gene expression profiles throughout prenatal to postnatal stages, which resulted in the discovery of novel microglia-specific gene signatures. One of the interesting readout from DDM is that all the microglia-dense regions exhibit dynamic regulation of few genes at 37 post conception week (pcw), the transition period between pre- and postnatal stages. To validate these findings and correlate them as potential biomarkers, we analyzed the expression of corresponding proteins in hESC-derived human microglia precursors. The cultured microglial precursors showed expression of Pentraxin 3 (PTX3) and SPHK1 as well as several known markers like CD68, Allograft inflammatory factor 1 (AIF1/IBA1). In summary, this study has furnished critical insights into microglia dynamics across human brain ages and cataloged potential transcriptomic fingerprints that can be further exploited for designing novel neurotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ayana
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Lucknow, India
| | - Shailja Singh
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Lucknow, India.,Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Soumya Pati
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Lucknow, India
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320
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Savage JC, Picard K, González-Ibáñez F, Tremblay MÈ. A Brief History of Microglial Ultrastructure: Distinctive Features, Phenotypes, and Functions Discovered Over the Past 60 Years by Electron Microscopy. Front Immunol 2018; 9:803. [PMID: 29922276 PMCID: PMC5996933 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The first electron microscope was constructed in 1931. Several decades later, techniques were developed to allow the first ultrastructural analysis of microglia by transmission electron microscopy (EM). In the 50 years that followed, important roles of microglia have been identified, specifically due to the ultrastructural resolution currently available only with EM. In particular, the addition of electron-dense staining using immunohistochemical EM methods has allowed the identification of microglial cell bodies, as well as processes, which are difficult to recognize in EM, and to uncover their complex interactions with neurons and synapses. The ability to recognize neuronal, astrocytic, and oligodendrocytic compartments in the neuropil without any staining is another invaluable advantage of EM over light microscopy for studying intimate cell-cell contacts. The technique has been essential in defining microglial interactions with neurons and synapses, thus providing, among other discoveries, important insights into their roles in synaptic stripping and pruning via phagocytosis of extraneous synapses. Recent technological advances in EM including serial block-face imaging and focused-ion beam scanning EM have also facilitated automated acquisition of large tissue volumes required to reconstruct neuronal circuits in 3D at nanometer-resolution. These cutting-edge techniques which are now becoming increasingly available will further revolutionize the study of microglia across stages of the lifespan, brain regions, and contexts of health and disease. In this mini-review, we will focus on defining the distinctive ultrastructural features of microglia and the unique insights into their function that were provided by EM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie C. Savage
- Axe neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec – Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Département de médecine moléculaire, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Katherine Picard
- Axe neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec – Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Département de médecine moléculaire, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Fernando González-Ibáñez
- Axe neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec – Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Département de médecine moléculaire, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Ève Tremblay
- Axe neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec – Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Département de médecine moléculaire, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
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321
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Gussenhoven R, Westerlaken RJJ, Ophelders DRMG, Jobe AH, Kemp MW, Kallapur SG, Zimmermann LJ, Sangild PT, Pankratova S, Gressens P, Kramer BW, Fleiss B, Wolfs TGAM. Chorioamnionitis, neuroinflammation, and injury: timing is key in the preterm ovine fetus. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:113. [PMID: 29673373 PMCID: PMC5907370 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1149-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Antenatal infection (i.e., chorioamnionitis) is an important risk factor for adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes after preterm birth. Destructive and developmental disturbances of the white matter are hallmarks of preterm brain injury. Understanding the temporal effects of antenatal infection in relation to the onset of neurological injury is crucial for the development of neurotherapeutics for preterm infants. However, these dynamics remain unstudied. Methods Time-mated ewes were intra-amniotically injected with lipopolysaccharide at 5, 12, or 24 h or 2, 4, 8, or 15 days before preterm delivery at 125 days gestational age (term ~ 150 days). Post mortem analyses for peripheral immune activation, neuroinflammation, and white matter/neuronal injury were performed. Moreover, considering the neuroprotective potential of erythropoietin (EPO) for perinatal brain injury, we evaluated (phosphorylated) EPO receptor (pEPOR) expression in the fetal brain following LPS exposure. Results Intra-amniotic exposure to this single bolus of LPS resulted in a biphasic systemic IL-6 and IL-8 response. In the developing brain, intra-amniotic LPS exposure induces a persistent microgliosis (IBA-1 immunoreactivity) but a shorter-lived increase in the pro-inflammatory marker COX-2. Cell death (caspase-3 immunoreactivity) was only observed when LPS exposure was greater than 8 days in the white matter, and there was a reduction in the number of (pre) oligodendrocytes (Olig2- and PDGFRα-positive cells) within the white matter at 15 days post LPS exposure only. pEPOR expression displayed a striking biphasic regulation following LPS exposure which may help explain contradicting results among clinical trials that tested EPO for the prevention of preterm brain injury. Conclusion We provide increased understanding of the spatiotemporal pathophysiological changes in the preterm brain following intra-amniotic inflammation which may aid development of new interventions or implement interventions more effectively to prevent perinatal brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Gussenhoven
- Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6202, AZ, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University Medical Center, 6229, ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Rob J J Westerlaken
- Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6202, AZ, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Daan R M G Ophelders
- Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6202, AZ, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,School of Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht University Medical Center, 6229, ER, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Alan H Jobe
- Division of Neonatology/Pulmonary Biology, The Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45208, USA
| | - Matthew W Kemp
- School of Women's and Infants' Health, The University of Western Australia (M550), Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Suhas G Kallapur
- Division of Neonatology/Pulmonary Biology, The Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45208, USA
| | - Luc J Zimmermann
- Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6202, AZ, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,School of Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht University Medical Center, 6229, ER, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Per T Sangild
- Department of Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg DK 1870 C, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Departments of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Stanislava Pankratova
- Department of Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg DK 1870 C, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Departments of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Pierre Gressens
- Department of Perinatal Imaging and Health, Department of Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK.,PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,PremUP, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Paris, France
| | - Boris W Kramer
- Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6202, AZ, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University Medical Center, 6229, ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,School of Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht University Medical Center, 6229, ER, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Bobbi Fleiss
- Department of Perinatal Imaging and Health, Department of Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK.,PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,PremUP, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Paris, France
| | - Tim G A M Wolfs
- Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6202, AZ, Maastricht, The Netherlands. .,School of Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht University Medical Center, 6229, ER, Maastricht, the Netherlands. .,Department of BioMedical Engineering, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6229, ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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322
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Abstract
The brain is both the orchestrator as well as the target of the innate immune system's response to the aseptic trauma of surgery. When trauma-induced inflammation is not appropriately regulated persistent neuro-inflammation interferes with the synaptic plasticity that underlies the learning and memory aspects of cognition. The complications that ensue, include postoperative delirium (POD) and postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) at two poles of a constellation that is now termed perioperative neurocognitive disorders. While the relationship of acute POD to the more indolent POCD is not completely understood both can be further complicated by earlier-onset of dementia and higher mortality. How and why these disorders occur is the focus of this report. The innate immune system response to peripheral trauma signals to the brain through a regulated cascade of cellular and molecular actors producing a teleological defense mechanism, "sickness behavior," to curtail further injury and initiate repair. Sickness behavior, including disordered cognition, is terminated by neural and humoral pathways that restore homeostasis and launch the organism on a path to good health. With so many "moving parts" the innate immune system is vulnerable in clinical settings that include advanced age and lifestyle-induced diseases such as "unhealthy" obesity and the inevitable insulin resistance. Under these conditions, inflammation may become exaggerated and long-lived. Consideration is provided how to identify the high-risk surgical patient and both pharmacological (including biological compounds) and non-pharmacological strategies to customize care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Saxena
- Center for Cerebrovascular Research, Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, UCSF; Department of anesthesia, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Mervyn Maze
- Center for Cerebrovascular Research, Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, UCSF.
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323
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Calvani R, Picca A, Lo Monaco MR, Landi F, Bernabei R, Marzetti E. Of Microbes and Minds: A Narrative Review on the Second Brain Aging. Front Med (Lausanne) 2018; 5:53. [PMID: 29552561 PMCID: PMC5840854 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2018.00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, an extensive body of literature focused on the gut-brain axis and the possible role played by the gut microbiota in modulating brain morphology and function from birth to old age. Gut microbiota has been proposed as a relevant player during the early phases of neurodevelopment, with possible long-standing effects in later life. The reduction in gut microbiota diversity has also become one of the hallmarks of aging, and disturbances in its composition are associated with several (age-related) neurological conditions, including depression, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. Several pathways have been evoked for gut microbiota-brain communication, including neural connections (vagus nerve), circulating mediators derived by host-bacteria cometabolism, as well as the influence exerted by gut microbiota on host gut function, metabolism, and immune system. Although the most provoking data emerged from animal studies and despite the huge debate around the possible epiphenomenal nature of those findings, the gut microbiota-brain axis still remains a fascinating target to be exploited to attenuate some of the most burdensome consequences of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Calvani
- Department of Geriatrics, Neurosciences and Orthopedics, Agostino Gemelli University Polyclinic, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Picca
- Department of Geriatrics, Neurosciences and Orthopedics, Agostino Gemelli University Polyclinic, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Rita Lo Monaco
- Department of Geriatrics, Neurosciences and Orthopedics, Agostino Gemelli University Polyclinic, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Landi
- Department of Geriatrics, Neurosciences and Orthopedics, Agostino Gemelli University Polyclinic, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Bernabei
- Department of Geriatrics, Neurosciences and Orthopedics, Agostino Gemelli University Polyclinic, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuele Marzetti
- Department of Geriatrics, Neurosciences and Orthopedics, Agostino Gemelli University Polyclinic, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
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324
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Alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor-specific agonist DMXBA (GTS-21) attenuates Aβ accumulation through suppression of neuronal γ-secretase activity and promotion of microglial amyloid-β phagocytosis and ameliorates cognitive impairment in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2018; 62:197-209. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Revised: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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325
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Tay TL, Béchade C, D'Andrea I, St-Pierre MK, Henry MS, Roumier A, Tremblay ME. Microglia Gone Rogue: Impacts on Psychiatric Disorders across the Lifespan. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 10:421. [PMID: 29354029 PMCID: PMC5758507 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the predominant immune response cells and professional phagocytes of the central nervous system (CNS) that have been shown to be important for brain development and homeostasis. These cells present a broad spectrum of phenotypes across stages of the lifespan and especially in CNS diseases. Their prevalence in all neurological pathologies makes it pertinent to reexamine their distinct roles during steady-state and disease conditions. A major question in the field is determining whether the clustering and phenotypical transformation of microglial cells are leading causes of pathogenesis, or potentially neuroprotective responses to the onset of disease. The recent explosive growth in our understanding of the origin and homeostasis of microglia, uncovering their roles in shaping of the neural circuitry and synaptic plasticity, allows us to discuss their emerging functions in the contexts of cognitive control and psychiatric disorders. The distinct mesodermal origin and genetic signature of microglia in contrast to other neuroglial cells also make them an interesting target for the development of therapeutics. Here, we review the physiological roles of microglia, their contribution to the effects of environmental risk factors (e.g., maternal infection, early-life stress, dietary imbalance), and their impact on psychiatric disorders initiated during development (e.g., Nasu-Hakola disease (NHD), hereditary diffuse leukoencephaly with spheroids, Rett syndrome, autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)) or adulthood (e.g., alcohol and drug abuse, major depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar disorder (BD), schizophrenia, eating disorders and sleep disorders). Furthermore, we discuss the changes in microglial functions in the context of cognitive aging, and review their implication in neurodegenerative diseases of the aged adult (e.g., Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s). Taking into account the recent identification of microglia-specific markers, and the availability of compounds that target these cells selectively in vivo, we consider the prospect of disease intervention via the microglial route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuan Leng Tay
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Catherine Béchade
- INSERM UMR-S 839, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), Paris, France.,Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France
| | - Ivana D'Andrea
- INSERM UMR-S 839, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), Paris, France.,Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France
| | | | - Mathilde S Henry
- Axe Neurosciences, CRCHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Anne Roumier
- INSERM UMR-S 839, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), Paris, France.,Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Eve Tremblay
- Axe Neurosciences, CRCHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Département de Médecine Moléculaire, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
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326
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Weinhard L, d'Errico P, Leng Tay T. Headmasters: Microglial regulation of learning and memory in health and disease. AIMS MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.3934/molsci.2018.1.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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327
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Astrocytes decrease adult neurogenesis during virus-induced memory dysfunction via IL-1. Nat Immunol 2018; 19:151-161. [PMID: 29292385 PMCID: PMC5786497 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-017-0021-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Memory impairment following West Nile virus neuroinvasive disease (WNND) is associated with loss of hippocampal synapses with lack of recovery. Adult neurogenesis and synaptogenesis are fundamental features of hippocampal repair, suggesting viruses impact these processes. Here, using an established model of WNND-induced cognitive dysfunction, transcriptional profiling revealed alterations in gene expression that limit adult neurogenesis, including interleukin (IL)-1. WNND-recovered animals exhibit decreased neuroblasts and increased astrogenesis, without recovery of hippocampal neurogenesis at thirty days. Analysis of cytokine production in ex vivo isolated microglia and astrocytes revealed the latter to be the predominant source of IL-1. IL-1R1-deficient, WNND-recovered mice exhibit normal neurogenesis, recovery of presynaptic termini, and resistance to spatial learning defects, the latter of which likewise occurred after treatment with IL-1R1 antagonist. Thus, preferential generation of proinflammatory astrocytes impairs neuronal progenitor cell homeostasis via expression of IL-1, which may underlie long-term cognitive consequences of WNND, but provides a therapeutic target.
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328
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Maduna T, Audouard E, Dembélé D, Mouzaoui N, Reiss D, Massotte D, Gaveriaux-Ruff C. Microglia Express Mu Opioid Receptor: Insights From Transcriptomics and Fluorescent Reporter Mice. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:726. [PMID: 30662412 PMCID: PMC6328486 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Microglia activation contributes to chronic pain and to the adverse effects of opiate use such as analgesic tolerance and opioid-induced hyperalgesia. Both mu opioid receptor (MOR) encoded by Oprm1/OPRM1 gene and toll like receptor 4 (TLR4) have been reported to mediate these morphine effects and a current question is whether microglia express the Oprm1 transcript and MOR protein. The aim of this study was to characterize Oprm1-MOR expression in naive murine and human microglia, combining transcriptomics datasets previously published by other groups with our own imaging study using the Cx3cr1-eGFP-MOR-mCherry reporter mouse line. Methods: We analyzed microglial Oprm1/OPRM1 expression obtained from transcriptomics datasets, focusing on ex vivo studies from adult wild-type animals and adult post-mortem human cerebral cortex. Oprm1, as well as co-regulated gene sets were examined. The expression of MOR in microglia was also investigated using our novel fluorescent Cx3cr1-eGFP-MOR-mcherry reporter mouse line. We determined whether CX3cR1-eGFP positive microglial cells expressed MOR-mCherry protein by imaging various brain areas including the Frontal Cortex, Nucleus Accumbens, Ventral Tegmental Area, Central Amygdala, and Periaqueductal Gray matter, as well as spinal cord. Results: Oprm1 expression was found in all 12 microglia datasets from mouse whole brain, in 7 out of 8 from cerebral cortex, 3 out of 4 from hippocampus, 1 out of 1 from striatum, and 4 out of 5 from mouse or rat spinal cord. OPRM1 was expressed in 16 out of 17 microglia transcriptomes from human cerebral cortex. In Cx3cr1-eGFP-MOR-mCherry mice, the percentage of MOR-positive microglial cells ranged between 35.4 and 51.6% in the different brain areas, and between 36.8 and 42.4% in the spinal cord. Conclusion: The comparative analysis of the microglia transcriptomes indicates that Oprm1/OPRM1 transcripts are expressed in microglia. The investigation of Cx3cr1-eGFP-MOR-mCherry mice also shows microglial expression of MOR proteinin the brain and spine. These results corroborate functional studies showing the actions of MOR agonists on microglia and suppression of these effects by MOR-selective antagonists or MOR knockdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tando Maduna
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Illkirch, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Illkirch, France
| | - Emilie Audouard
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Illkirch, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Illkirch, France
| | - Doulaye Dembélé
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Illkirch, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Illkirch, France
| | - Nejma Mouzaoui
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Illkirch, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Illkirch, France.,Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - David Reiss
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Illkirch, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Illkirch, France
| | - Dominique Massotte
- CNRS UPR3212, Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Claire Gaveriaux-Ruff
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Illkirch, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Illkirch, France.,Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
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329
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Culmsee C, Michels S, Scheu S, Arolt V, Dannlowski U, Alferink J. Mitochondria, Microglia, and the Immune System-How Are They Linked in Affective Disorders? Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:739. [PMID: 30687139 PMCID: PMC6333629 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a severe mood disorder and frequently associated with alterations of the immune system characterized by enhanced levels of circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines and microglia activation in the brain. Increasing evidence suggests that dysfunction of mitochondria may play a key role in the pathogenesis of MDD. Mitochondria are regulators of numerous cellular functions including energy metabolism, maintenance of redox and calcium homeostasis, and cell death and therefore modulate many facets of the innate immune response. In depression-like behavior of rodents, mitochondrial perturbation and release of mitochondrial components have been shown to boost cytokine production and neuroinflammation. On the other hand, pro-inflammatory cytokines may influence mitochondrial functions such as oxidative phosphorylation, production of adenosine triphosphate, and reactive oxygen species, thereby aggravating inflammation. There is strong interest in a better understanding of immunometabolic pathways in MDD that may serve as diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets. Here, we review the interaction between mitochondrial metabolism and innate immunity in the pathophysiology of MDD. We specifically focus on immunometabolic processes that govern microglial and peripheral myeloid cell functions, both cellular components involved in neuroinflammation in depression-like behavior. We finally discuss microglial polarization and associated metabolic states in depression-associated behavior and in MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Culmsee
- Institute of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior - CMBB, Marburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Michels
- Institute of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior - CMBB, Marburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Scheu
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Volker Arolt
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Udo Dannlowski
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Judith Alferink
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.,Cells in Motion, Cluster of Excellence, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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330
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Safavynia SA, Goldstein PA. The Role of Neuroinflammation in Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction: Moving From Hypothesis to Treatment. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:752. [PMID: 30705643 PMCID: PMC6345198 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is a common complication of the surgical experience and is common in the elderly and patients with preexisting neurocognitive disorders. Animal and human studies suggest that neuroinflammation from either surgery or anesthesia is a major contributor to the development of POCD. Moreover, a large and growing body of literature has focused on identifying potential risk factors for the development of POCD, as well as identifying candidate treatments based on the neuroinflammatory hypothesis. However, variability in animal models and clinical cohorts makes it difficult to interpret the results of such studies, and represents a barrier for the development of treatment options for POCD. Here, we present a broad topical review of the literature supporting the role of neuroinflammation in POCD. We provide an overview of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of POCD from pre-clinical and human studies. We offer a brief discussion of the ongoing debate on the root cause of POCD. We conclude with a list of current and hypothesized treatments for POCD, with a focus on recent and current human randomized clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed A Safavynia
- Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Peter A Goldstein
- Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
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331
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Thion MS, Low D, Silvin A, Chen J, Grisel P, Schulte-Schrepping J, Blecher R, Ulas T, Squarzoni P, Hoeffel G, Coulpier F, Siopi E, David FS, Scholz C, Shihui F, Lum J, Amoyo AA, Larbi A, Poidinger M, Buttgereit A, Lledo PM, Greter M, Chan JKY, Amit I, Beyer M, Schultze JL, Schlitzer A, Pettersson S, Ginhoux F, Garel S. Microbiome Influences Prenatal and Adult Microglia in a Sex-Specific Manner. Cell 2017; 172:500-516.e16. [PMID: 29275859 PMCID: PMC5786503 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 501] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Microglia are embryonically seeded macrophages that contribute to brain development, homeostasis, and pathologies. It is thus essential to decipher how microglial properties are temporally regulated by intrinsic and extrinsic factors, such as sexual identity and the microbiome. Here, we found that microglia undergo differentiation phases, discernable by transcriptomic signatures and chromatin accessibility landscapes, which can diverge in adult males and females. Remarkably, the absence of microbiome in germ-free mice had a time and sexually dimorphic impact both prenatally and postnatally: microglia were more profoundly perturbed in male embryos and female adults. Antibiotic treatment of adult mice triggered sexually biased microglial responses revealing both acute and long-term effects of microbiota depletion. Finally, human fetal microglia exhibited significant overlap with the murine transcriptomic signature. Our study shows that microglia respond to environmental challenges in a sex- and time-dependent manner from prenatal stages, with major implications for our understanding of microglial contributions to health and disease. Microglia undergo sequential phases of differentiation during development The maternal microbiome influences microglial properties during prenatal stages The absence of the microbiome has a sex- and time-specific impact on microglia Microbiome depletions have acute and long-term effects on microglial properties
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Sonia Thion
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole normale supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Donovan Low
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Aymeric Silvin
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Jinmiao Chen
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Pauline Grisel
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole normale supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jonas Schulte-Schrepping
- Genomics and Immunoregulation, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Ronnie Blecher
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Thomas Ulas
- Genomics and Immunoregulation, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Paola Squarzoni
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole normale supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Hoeffel
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), Singapore 138648, Singapore; Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Fanny Coulpier
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole normale supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Eleni Siopi
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Perception et Mémoire, CNRS, UMR 3571, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Friederike Sophie David
- Genomics and Immunoregulation, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Claus Scholz
- Genomics and Immunoregulation, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Foo Shihui
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Josephine Lum
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | | | - Anis Larbi
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Michael Poidinger
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Anne Buttgereit
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Pierre-Marie Lledo
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Perception et Mémoire, CNRS, UMR 3571, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Melanie Greter
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jerry Kok Yen Chan
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore 229899, Singapore; KK Research Centre, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, 100 Bukit Timah Road, Singapore 229899, Singapore
| | - Ido Amit
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Marc Beyer
- Genomics and Immunoregulation, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany; Molecular Immunology in Neurodegeneration, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Joachim Ludwig Schultze
- Genomics and Immunoregulation, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany; Platform of Single Cell Genomics and Epigenomics at the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases and the University of Bonn, 53175 Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas Schlitzer
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), Singapore 138648, Singapore; Myeloid Cell Biology, LIMES-Institute, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Sven Pettersson
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine and School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore; Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 17165, Sweden
| | - Florent Ginhoux
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), Singapore 138648, Singapore.
| | - Sonia Garel
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole normale supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France.
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332
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Wyatt-Johnson SK, Herr SA, Brewster AL. Status Epilepticus Triggers Time-Dependent Alterations in Microglia Abundance and Morphological Phenotypes in the Hippocampus. Front Neurol 2017; 8:700. [PMID: 29326654 PMCID: PMC5741821 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Status epilepticus (SE) is defined by the occurrence of prolonged “non-stop” seizures that last for at least 5 min. SE provokes inflammatory responses including the activation of microglial cells, the brain’s resident immune cells, which are thought to contribute to the neuropathology and pathophysiology of epilepsy. Microglia are professional phagocytes that resemble peripheral macrophages. Upon sensing immune disturbances, including SE, microglia become reactive, produce inflammatory cytokines, and alter their actin cytoskeleton to transform from ramified to amoeboid shapes. It is widely known that SE triggers time-dependent microglial expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines that include TNFα and IL-1β. However, less is known in regards to the spatiotemporal progression of the morphological changes, which may help define the extent of microglia reactivity after SE and potential function (surveillance, inflammatory, phagocytic). Therefore, in this study, we used the microglia/macrophage IBA1 marker to identify and count these cells in hippocampi from control rats and at 4 h, 3 days, and 2 weeks after a single episode of pilocarpine-induced SE. We identified, categorized, and counted the IBA1-positive cells with the different morphologies observed after SE in the hippocampal areas CA1, CA3, and dentate gyrus. These included ramified, hypertrophic, bushy, amoeboid, and rod. We found that the ramified phenotype was the most abundant in control hippocampi. In contrast, SE provoked time-dependent changes in the microglial morphology that was characterized by significant increases in the abundance of bushy-shaped cells at 4 h and amoeboid-shaped cells at 3 days and 2 weeks. Interestingly, a significant increase in the number of rod-shaped cells was only evident in the CA1 region at 2 weeks after SE. Taken together, these data suggest that SE triggers time-dependent alterations in the morphology of microglial cells. This detailed description of the spatiotemporal profile of SE-induced microglial morphological changes may help provide insight into their contribution to epileptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Season K Wyatt-Johnson
- Department of Psychological Sciences, College of Health and Human Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Seth A Herr
- Department of Psychological Sciences, College of Health and Human Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Amy L Brewster
- Department of Psychological Sciences, College of Health and Human Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States.,Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, West Lafayette, IN, United States
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333
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Layé S, Nadjar A, Joffre C, Bazinet RP. Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in the Brain: Physiological Mechanisms and Relevance to Pharmacology. Pharmacol Rev 2017; 70:12-38. [PMID: 29217656 DOI: 10.1124/pr.117.014092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Classically, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were largely thought to be relatively inert structural components of brain, largely important for the formation of cellular membranes. Over the past 10 years, a host of bioactive lipid mediators that are enzymatically derived from arachidonic acid, the main n-6 PUFA, and docosahexaenoic acid, the main n-3 PUFA in the brain, known to regulate peripheral immune function, have been detected in the brain and shown to regulate microglia activation. Recent advances have focused on how PUFA regulate the molecular signaling of microglia, especially in the context of neuroinflammation and behavior. Several active drugs regulate brain lipid signaling and provide proof of concept for targeting the brain. Because brain lipid metabolism relies on a complex integration of diet, peripheral metabolism, including the liver and blood, which supply the brain with PUFAs that can be altered by genetics, sex, and aging, there are many pathways that can be disrupted, leading to altered brain lipid homeostasis. Brain lipid signaling pathways are altered in neurologic disorders and may be viable targets for the development of novel therapeutics. In this study, we discuss in particular how n-3 PUFAs and their metabolites regulate microglia phenotype and function to exert their anti-inflammatory and proresolving activities in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Layé
- Institut National pour la Recherche Agronomique and Bordeaux University, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, Bordeaux, France (S.L., A.N., C.J.); and Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (R.P.B.)
| | - Agnès Nadjar
- Institut National pour la Recherche Agronomique and Bordeaux University, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, Bordeaux, France (S.L., A.N., C.J.); and Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (R.P.B.)
| | - Corinne Joffre
- Institut National pour la Recherche Agronomique and Bordeaux University, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, Bordeaux, France (S.L., A.N., C.J.); and Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (R.P.B.)
| | - Richard P Bazinet
- Institut National pour la Recherche Agronomique and Bordeaux University, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, Bordeaux, France (S.L., A.N., C.J.); and Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (R.P.B.)
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334
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Lannes N, Eppler E, Etemad S, Yotovski P, Filgueira L. Microglia at center stage: a comprehensive review about the versatile and unique residential macrophages of the central nervous system. Oncotarget 2017; 8:114393-114413. [PMID: 29371994 PMCID: PMC5768411 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia cells are the unique residential macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS). They have a special origin, as they derive from the embryonic yolk sac and enter the developing CNS at a very early stage. They play an important role during CNS development and adult homeostasis. They have a major contribution to adult neurogenesis and neuroinflammation. Thus, they participate in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases and contribute to aging. They play an important role in sustaining and breaking the blood-brain barrier. As innate immune cells, they contribute substantially to the immune response against infectious agents affecting the CNS. They play also a major role in the growth of tumours of the CNS. Microglia are consequently the key cell population linking the nervous and the immune system. This review covers all different aspects of microglia biology and pathology in a comprehensive way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Lannes
- Albert Gockel, Anatomy, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Elisabeth Eppler
- Pestalozzistrasse Zo, Department of BioMedicine, University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Samar Etemad
- Building 71/218 RBWH Herston, Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, QLD 4029 Brisbane, Australia
| | - Peter Yotovski
- Albert Gockel, Anatomy, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Luis Filgueira
- Albert Gockel, Anatomy, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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335
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Capotondo A, Milazzo R, Garcia-Manteiga JM, Cavalca E, Montepeloso A, Garrison BS, Peviani M, Rossi DJ, Biffi A. Intracerebroventricular delivery of hematopoietic progenitors results in rapid and robust engraftment of microglia-like cells. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:e1701211. [PMID: 29226242 PMCID: PMC5721728 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1701211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence indicates that hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) can serve as vehicles for therapeutic molecular delivery to the brain by contributing to the turnover of resident myeloid cell populations. However, such engraftment needs to be fast and efficient to exert its therapeutic potential for diseases affecting the central nervous system. Moreover, the nature of the cells reconstituted after transplantation and whether they could comprise bona fide microglia remain to be assessed. We demonstrate that transplantation of HSPCs in the cerebral lateral ventricles provides rapid engraftment of morphologically, antigenically, and transcriptionally dependable microglia-like cells. We show that the cells comprised within the hematopoietic stem cell compartment and enriched early progenitor fractions generate this microglia-like population when injected in the brain ventricles in the absence of engraftment in the bone marrow. This delivery route has therapeutic relevance because it increases the delivery of therapeutic molecules to the brain, as shown in a humanized animal model of a prototypical lysosomal storage disease affecting the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Capotondo
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cell and Gene Therapy, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Rita Milazzo
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cell and Gene Therapy, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Jose M. Garcia-Manteiga
- Centre for Translational Genomics and Bioinformatics, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Eleonora Cavalca
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cell and Gene Therapy, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
- Gene Therapy Program, Dana-Farber/Boston Children’s Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Annita Montepeloso
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cell and Gene Therapy, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
- Gene Therapy Program, Dana-Farber/Boston Children’s Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Brian S. Garrison
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Marco Peviani
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cell and Gene Therapy, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
- Gene Therapy Program, Dana-Farber/Boston Children’s Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Derrick J. Rossi
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alessandra Biffi
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cell and Gene Therapy, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
- Gene Therapy Program, Dana-Farber/Boston Children’s Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Corresponding author.
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336
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Alawieyah Syed Mortadza S, Sim JA, Neubrand VE, Jiang LH. A critical role of TRPM2 channel in Aβ42
-induced microglial activation and generation of tumor necrosis factor-α. Glia 2017; 66:562-575. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.23265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sharifah Alawieyah Syed Mortadza
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences; University of Leeds; Leeds UK
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Science; University Putra Malaysia; Selangor Malaysia
| | - Joan A. Sim
- School of Medicine; University of Manchester; Manchester UK
| | - Veronika E. Neubrand
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, IPBLN-CSIC, Avda Conocimiento, PT Ciencias de La Salud; Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine López-Neyra; Granada Spain
| | - Lin-Hua Jiang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences; University of Leeds; Leeds UK
- Sino-UK Joint Laboratory of Brain Function and Injury of Henan Province and Department of Physiology and Neurobiology; Xinxiang Medical University; Xinxiang China
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337
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Cognitive Effects of Air Pollution Exposures and Potential Mechanistic Underpinnings. Curr Environ Health Rep 2017; 4:180-191. [PMID: 28435996 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-017-0134-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review sought to address the potential for air pollutants to impair cognition and mechanisms by which that might occur. RECENT FINDINGS Air pollution has been associated with deficits in cognitive functions across a wide range of epidemiological studies, both with developmental and adult exposures. Studies in animal models are significantly more limited in number, with somewhat inconsistent findings to date for measures of learning, but show more consistent impairments for short-term memory. Potential contributory mechanisms include oxidative stress/inflammation, altered levels of dopamine and/or glutamate, and changes in synaptic plasticity/structure. Epidemiological studies are consistent with adverse effects of air pollutants on cognition, but additional studies and better phenotypic characterization are needed for animal models, including more precise delineation of specific components of cognition that are affected, as well as definitions of critical exposure periods for such effects and the components of air pollution responsible. This would permit development of more circumscribed hypotheses as to potential behavioral and neurobiological mechanisms.
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338
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Microglia emerge as central players in brain disease. Nat Med 2017; 23:1018-1027. [PMID: 28886007 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1053] [Impact Index Per Article: 150.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There has been an explosion of new findings recently giving us insights into the involvement of microglia in central nervous system (CNS) disorders. A host of new molecular tools and mouse models of disease are increasingly implicating this enigmatic type of nervous system cell as a key player in conditions ranging from neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism to neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease and chronic pain. Contemporaneously, diverse roles are emerging for microglia in the healthy brain, from sculpting developing neuronal circuits to guiding learning-associated plasticity. Understanding the physiological functions of these cells is crucial to determining their roles in disease. Here we focus on recent developments in our rapidly expanding understanding of the function, as well as the dysfunction, of microglia in disorders of the CNS.
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339
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Asatryan L, Ostrovskaya O, Lieu D, Davies DL. Ethanol differentially modulates P2X4 and P2X7 receptor activity and function in BV2 microglial cells. Neuropharmacology 2017; 128:11-21. [PMID: 28943285 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is one of the mechanisms leading to neurodegenerative brain damage induced by chronic alcohol (ethanol) exposure. Microglia play a major role in the development of innate immune responses to environmental injuries including ethanol. Adenosine 5″-triphosphate (ATP)-activated purinergic P2X receptor (P2XR) subtypes, P2X4Rs and P2X7Rs, are endogenously expressed in microglia and can modulate their activity. These 2 P2XR subtypes differ pharmacologically and functionally: 1) P2X4Rs are activated at lower (≤0.1 mM) whereas P2X7Rs - at higher (≥1.0 mM) ATP concentrations; 2) P2X4R activation contributes to the release of brain derived neurotrophic factor and its role in tactile allodynia and neuropathic pain is demonstrated; 3) Due to its role in the secretion of pro-inflammatory IL-1β, P2X7Rs have been implicated in the development of neurodegenerative pathologies, pain and morphine tolerance. To date, the roles of individual P2XR subtypes in ethanol effects on microglia and the functional consequences are not completely understood. Based on the existing knowledge on the pharmacological and functional differences between P2X4Rs and P2X7Rs, the present work tested the hypothesis that P2X4Rs and P2X7Rs play differential roles in ethanol action in microglia. Effects of ethanol on P2X4R and P2X7R activity, expression and functional consequences were determined using murine BV2 microglial cells. Ethanol (≥100 mM) inhibited P2X4Rs but was inactive on P2X7 channel activity. Ethanol (25, 100 mM) inhibited P2X4R-mediated microglia migration whereas it potentiated pore formation in P2X7Rs. Furthermore, ethanol (25, 100 mM) potentiated P2X7R-mediated IL-1β secretion from BV2 microglia. Ethanol also induced protein expression for both P2XR subtypes. Overall, the findings identify differential roles for P2X4Rs and P2X7Rs in regards to ethanol effects on microglia which may be linked to different stages of ethanol exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liana Asatryan
- Titus Family Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States.
| | - Olga Ostrovskaya
- Center for Learning and Memory, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States
| | - Dustin Lieu
- Titus Family Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States
| | - Daryl L Davies
- Titus Family Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States
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340
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Kelly JR, Minuto C, Cryan JF, Clarke G, Dinan TG. Cross Talk: The Microbiota and Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:490. [PMID: 28966571 PMCID: PMC5605633 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans evolved within a microbial ecosystem resulting in an interlinked physiology. The gut microbiota can signal to the brain via the immune system, the vagus nerve or other host-microbe interactions facilitated by gut hormones, regulation of tryptophan metabolism and microbial metabolites such as short chain fatty acids (SCFA), to influence brain development, function and behavior. Emerging evidence suggests that the gut microbiota may play a role in shaping cognitive networks encompassing emotional and social domains in neurodevelopmental disorders. Drawing upon pre-clinical and clinical evidence, we review the potential role of the gut microbiota in the origins and development of social and emotional domains related to Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and schizophrenia. Small preliminary clinical studies have demonstrated gut microbiota alterations in both ASD and schizophrenia compared to healthy controls. However, we await the further development of mechanistic insights, together with large scale longitudinal clinical trials, that encompass a systems level dimensional approach, to investigate whether promising pre-clinical and initial clinical findings lead to clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Kelly
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College CorkCork, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Institute, University College CorkCork, Ireland
| | - Chiara Minuto
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College CorkCork, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Institute, University College CorkCork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College CorkCork, Ireland.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College CorkCork, Ireland
| | - Gerard Clarke
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College CorkCork, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Institute, University College CorkCork, Ireland
| | - Timothy G Dinan
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College CorkCork, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Institute, University College CorkCork, Ireland
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341
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Microglia in Health and Disease: A Double-Edged Sword. Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:7034143. [PMID: 29081602 PMCID: PMC5610790 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7034143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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342
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Nadjar A, Wigren HKM, Tremblay ME. Roles of Microglial Phagocytosis and Inflammatory Mediators in the Pathophysiology of Sleep Disorders. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:250. [PMID: 28912686 PMCID: PMC5582207 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep serves crucial learning and memory functions in both nervous and immune systems. Microglia are brain immune cells that actively maintain health through their crucial physiological roles exerted across the lifespan, including phagocytosis of cellular debris and orchestration of neuroinflammation. The past decade has witnessed an explosive growth of microglial research. Considering the recent developments in the field of microglia and sleep, we examine their possible impact on various pathological conditions associated with a gain, disruption, or loss of sleep in this focused mini-review. While there are extensive studies of microglial implication in a variety of neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases, less is known regarding their roles in sleep disorders. It is timely to stimulate new research in this emergent and rapidly growing field of investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Nadjar
- Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, Institut National de la Recherche AgronomiqueBordeaux, France.,Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, Bordeaux UniversityBordeaux, France.,OptiNutriBrain International Associated Laboratory (NutriNeuro France-INAF Canada)Québec, QC, Canada
| | | | - Marie-Eve Tremblay
- Axe Neurosciences, CRCHU de Québec-Université LavalQuébec, QC, Canada.,Département de médecine moléculaire, Université LavalQuébec, QC, Canada
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343
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Lee CT, Bendriem RM, Wu WW, Shen RF. 3D brain Organoids derived from pluripotent stem cells: promising experimental models for brain development and neurodegenerative disorders. J Biomed Sci 2017; 24:59. [PMID: 28822354 PMCID: PMC5563385 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-017-0362-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) brain organoids derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), including embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), appear to recapitulate the brain's 3D cytoarchitectural arrangement and provide new opportunities to explore disease pathogenesis in the human brain. Human iPSC (hiPSC) reprogramming methods, combined with 3D brain organoid tools, may allow patient-derived organoids to serve as a preclinical platform to bridge the translational gap between animal models and human clinical trials. Studies using patient-derived brain organoids have already revealed novel insights into molecular and genetic mechanisms of certain complex human neurological disorders such as microcephaly, autism, and Alzheimer's disease. Furthermore, the combination of hiPSC technology and small-molecule high-throughput screening (HTS) facilitates the development of novel pharmacotherapeutic strategies, while transcriptome sequencing enables the transcriptional profiling of patient-derived brain organoids. Finally, the addition of CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing provides incredible potential for personalized cell replacement therapy with genetically corrected hiPSCs. This review describes the history and current state of 3D brain organoid differentiation strategies, a survey of applications of organoids towards studies of neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders, and the challenges associated with their use as in vitro models of neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ting Lee
- Facility for Biotechnology Resources, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, FDA, Silver Spring, MD 20993 USA
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Building 52, Rm 1121, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993 USA
| | - Raphael M. Bendriem
- Center for Neurogenetics, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021 USA
| | - Wells W. Wu
- Facility for Biotechnology Resources, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, FDA, Silver Spring, MD 20993 USA
| | - Rong-Fong Shen
- Facility for Biotechnology Resources, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, FDA, Silver Spring, MD 20993 USA
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344
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Ma W, Zhang Y, Gao C, Fariss RN, Tam J, Wong WT. Monocyte infiltration and proliferation reestablish myeloid cell homeostasis in the mouse retina following retinal pigment epithelial cell injury. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8433. [PMID: 28814744 PMCID: PMC5559448 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08702-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a leading contributor of vision loss, currently lacks comprehensive treatment. While AMD histopathology involves retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) injury associated with immune cell infiltration, the nature of immune cell responses to RPE injury remains undefined. We induced RPE injury pharmacologically and genetically in transgenic mouse models in which microglia and systemic monocytes were separately tagged, enabling a spatial and temporal dissection of the relative contributions of microglia vs. monocytes to post-injury changes. We found that myeloid cell responses to RPE injury occur in stages: (1) an early mobilization of endogenous microglia from the inner retina to the RPE layer, followed by (2) subsequent monocyte infiltration from the retinal vasculature into the inner retina that replenishes the local myeloid cell population in a CCR2-regulated manner. These altered distributions of myeloid cells post-injury were long-lived, with recruited monocytes acquiring the distribution, markers, and morphologies of neighboring endogenous microglia in a durable manner. These findings indicate the role played by infiltrating monocytes in maintaining myeloid cell homeostasis in the retina following AMD-relevant RPE injury and provide a foundation for understanding and therapeutically modulating immune aspects in retinal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxin Ma
- Unit on Neuron-Glia Interactions in Retinal Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Yikui Zhang
- Unit on Neuron-Glia Interactions in Retinal Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Chun Gao
- Biological Imaging Core, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Robert N Fariss
- Biological Imaging Core, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Johnny Tam
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Wai T Wong
- Unit on Neuron-Glia Interactions in Retinal Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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345
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Martín-Estebané M, Navascués J, Sierra-Martín A, Martín-Guerrero SM, Cuadros MA, Carrasco MC, Marín-Teva JL. Onset of microglial entry into developing quail retina coincides with increased expression of active caspase-3 and is mediated by extracellular ATP and UDP. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182450. [PMID: 28763502 PMCID: PMC5538646 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglial cell precursors located in the area of the base of the pecten and the optic nerve head (BP/ONH) start to enter the retina of quail embryos at the 7th day of incubation (E7), subsequently colonizing the entire retina by central-to-peripheral tangential migration, as previously shown by our group. The present study demonstrates a precise chronological coincidence of the onset of microglial cell entry into the retina with a striking increase in death of retinal cells, as revealed by their active caspase-3 expression and TUNEL staining, in regions dorsal to the BP/ONH area, suggesting that dying retinal cells would contribute to the microglial cell inflow into the retina. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in this inflow are currently unclear. Extracellular nucleotides, such as ATP and UDP, have previously been shown to favor migration of microglia towards brain injuries because they are released by apoptotic cells and stimulate both chemotaxis and chemokinesis in microglial cells via signaling through purinergic receptors. Hence, we tested here the hypothesis that ATP and UDP play a role in the entry and migration of microglial precursors into the developing retina. For this purpose, we used an experimental model system based on organotypic cultures of E6.5 quail embryo retina explants, which mimics the entry and migration of microglial precursors in the in situ developing retina. Inhibition of purinergic signaling by treating retina explants with either apyrase, a nucleotide-hydrolyzing enzyme, or suramin, a broad spectrum antagonist of purinergic receptors, significantly prevents the entry of microglial cells into the retina. In addition, treatment of retina explants with either exogenous ATP or UDP results in significantly increased numbers of microglial cells entering the retina. In light of these findings, we conclude that purinergic signaling by extracellular ATP and UDP is necessary for the entry and migration of microglial cells into the embryonic retina by inducing chemokinesis in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Martín-Estebané
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Julio Navascués
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Ana Sierra-Martín
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Fisiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Biociencias, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Miguel A. Cuadros
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - María-Carmen Carrasco
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - José L. Marín-Teva
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
- * E-mail:
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346
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De La Zerda DJ, Stokes JA, Do J, Go A, Fu Z, Powell FL. Ibuprofen does not reverse ventilatory acclimatization to chronic hypoxia. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2017; 256:29-35. [PMID: 28757366 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2017.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Ventilatory acclimatization to hypoxia involves an increase in the acute hypoxic ventilatory response that is blocked by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs administered during sustained hypoxia. We tested the hypothesis that inflammatory signals are necessary to sustain ventilatory acclimatization to hypoxia once it is established. Adult, rats were acclimatized to normoxia or chronic hypoxia (CH, [Formula: see text] =70Torr) for 11-12days and treated with ibuprofen or saline for the last 2days of hypoxia. Ventilation, metabolic rate, and arterial blood gas responses to O2 and CO2 were not affected by ibuprofen after acclimatization had been established. Immunohistochemistry and image analysis showed acute (1h) hypoxia activated microglia in a medullary respiratory center (nucleus tractus solitarius, NTS) and this was blocked by ibuprofen administered from the beginning of hypoxic exposure. Microglia returned to the control state after 7days of CH and were not affected by ibuprofen administered for 2 more days of CH. In contrast, NTS astrocytes were activated by CH but not acute hypoxia and activation was not reversed by administering ibuprofen for the last 2days of CH. Hence, ibuprofen cannot reverse ventilatory acclimatization or astrocyte activation after they have been established by sustained hypoxia. The results are consistent with a model for microglia activation or other ibuprofen-sensitive processes being necessary for the induction but not maintenance of ventilatory acclimatization to hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J De La Zerda
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicinea, Department of Medicine, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla, Medicine San Diego, CA 92093, United States; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, 1600 NW 10th Ave RMSB, Suite 7063, Miami, FL 33136, United States.
| | - J A Stokes
- Division of Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, United States.
| | - J Do
- Division of Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, United States
| | - A Go
- Division of Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, United States.
| | - Z Fu
- Division of Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, United States.
| | - F L Powell
- Division of Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, United States.
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347
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Sleep Loss Promotes Astrocytic Phagocytosis and Microglial Activation in Mouse Cerebral Cortex. J Neurosci 2017; 37:5263-5273. [PMID: 28539349 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3981-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously found that Mertk and its ligand Gas6, astrocytic genes involved in phagocytosis, are upregulated after acute sleep deprivation. These results suggested that astrocytes may engage in phagocytic activity during extended wake, but direct evidence was lacking. Studies in humans and rodents also found that sleep loss increases peripheral markers of inflammation, but whether these changes are associated with neuroinflammation and/or activation of microglia, the brain's resident innate immune cells, was unknown. Here we used serial block-face scanning electron microscopy to obtain 3D volume measurements of synapses and surrounding astrocytic processes in mouse frontal cortex after 6-8 h of sleep, spontaneous wake, or sleep deprivation (SD) and after chronic (∼5 d) sleep restriction (CSR). Astrocytic phagocytosis, mainly of presynaptic components of large synapses, increased after both acute and chronic sleep loss relative to sleep and wake. MERTK expression and lipid peroxidation in synaptoneurosomes also increased to a similar extent after short and long sleep loss, suggesting that astrocytic phagocytosis may represent the brain's response to the increase in synaptic activity associated with prolonged wake, clearing worn components of heavily used synapses. Using confocal microscopy, we then found that CSR but not SD mice show morphological signs of microglial activation and enhanced microglial phagocytosis of synaptic elements, without obvious signs of neuroinflammation in the CSF. Because low-level sustained microglia activation can lead to abnormal responses to a secondary insult, these results suggest that chronic sleep loss, through microglia priming, may predispose the brain to further damage.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT We find that astrocytic phagocytosis of synaptic elements, mostly of presynaptic origin and in large synapses, is upregulated already after a few hours of sleep deprivation and shows a further significant increase after prolonged and severe sleep loss, suggesting that it may promote the housekeeping of heavily used and strong synapses in response to the increased neuronal activity of extended wake. By contrast, chronic sleep restriction but not acute sleep loss activates microglia, promotes their phagocytic activity, and does so in the absence of overt signs of neuroinflammation, suggesting that like many other stressors, extended sleep disruption may lead to a state of sustained microglia activation, perhaps increasing the brain's susceptibility to other forms of damage.
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348
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Lameth J, Gervais A, Colin C, Lévêque P, Jay TM, Edeline JM, Mallat M. Acute Neuroinflammation Promotes Cell Responses to 1800 MHz GSM Electromagnetic Fields in the Rat Cerebral Cortex. Neurotox Res 2017; 32:444-459. [PMID: 28578480 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-017-9756-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Mobile phone communications are conveyed by radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic fields, including pulse-modulated global system for mobile communications (GSM)-1800 MHz, whose effects on the CNS affected by pathological states remain to be specified. Here, we investigated whether a 2-h head-only exposure to GSM-1800 MHz could impact on a neuroinflammatory reaction triggered by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in 2-week-old or adult rats. We focused on the cerebral cortex in which the specific absorption rate (SAR) of RF averaged 2.9 W/kg. In developing rats, 24 h after GSM exposure, the levels of cortical interleukin-1ß (IL1ß) or NOX2 NADPH oxidase transcripts were reduced by 50 to 60%, in comparison with sham-exposed animals (SAR = 0), as assessed by RT-qPCR. Adult rats exposed to GSM also showed a 50% reduction in the level of IL1ß mRNA, but they differed from developing rats by the lack of NOX2 gene suppression and by displaying a significant growth response of microglial cell processes imaged in anti-Iba1-stained cortical sections. As neuroinflammation is often associated with changes in excitatory neurotransmission, we evaluated changes in expression and phosphorylation of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors in the adult cerebral cortex by Western blot analyses. We found that GSM exposure decreased phosphorylation at two residues on the GluA1 AMPAR subunit (serine 831 and 845). The GSM-induced changes in gene expressions, microglia, and GluA1 phosphorylation did not persist 72 h after RF exposure and were not observed in the absence of LPS pretreatment. Together, our data provide evidence that GSM-1800 MHz can modulate CNS cell responses triggered by an acute neuroinflammatory state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Lameth
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM U.1127, CNRS, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Bat. ICM, 47 boulevard de l'Hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Annie Gervais
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM U.1127, CNRS, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Bat. ICM, 47 boulevard de l'Hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Colin
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM U.1127, CNRS, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Bat. ICM, 47 boulevard de l'Hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Lévêque
- Université de Limoges, CNRS, XLIM, UMR 7252, 123 avenue Albert Thomas, F-87000, Limoges, France
| | - Thérèse M Jay
- Physiopathologie des Maladies Psychiatriques, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, UMR_S894 INSERM, Université Paris Descartes, 102-108 rue de la Santé, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Marc Edeline
- Paris Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, Neuro-PSI, UMR 9197 CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, 91405, Orsay cedex, France
| | - Michel Mallat
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM U.1127, CNRS, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Bat. ICM, 47 boulevard de l'Hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France.
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349
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Tegelberg S, Tomašić N, Kallijärvi J, Purhonen J, Elmér E, Lindberg E, Nord DG, Soller M, Lesko N, Wedell A, Bruhn H, Freyer C, Stranneheim H, Wibom R, Nennesmo I, Wredenberg A, Eklund EA, Fellman V. Respiratory chain complex III deficiency due to mutated BCS1L: a novel phenotype with encephalomyopathy, partially phenocopied in a Bcs1l mutant mouse model. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2017; 12:73. [PMID: 28427446 PMCID: PMC5399415 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-017-0624-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitochondrial diseases due to defective respiratory chain complex III (CIII) are relatively uncommon. The assembly of the eleven-subunit CIII is completed by the insertion of the Rieske iron-sulfur protein, a process for which BCS1L protein is indispensable. Mutations in the BCS1L gene constitute the most common diagnosed cause of CIII deficiency, and the phenotypic spectrum arising from mutations in this gene is wide. RESULTS A case of CIII deficiency was investigated in depth to assess respiratory chain function and assembly, and brain, skeletal muscle and liver histology. Exome sequencing was performed to search for the causative mutation(s). The patient's platelets and muscle mitochondria showed respiration defects and defective assembly of CIII was detected in fibroblast mitochondria. The patient was compound heterozygous for two novel mutations in BCS1L, c.306A > T and c.399delA. In the cerebral cortex a specific pattern of astrogliosis and widespread loss of microglia was observed. Further analysis showed loss of Kupffer cells in the liver. These changes were not found in infants suffering from GRACILE syndrome, the most severe BCS1L-related disorder causing early postnatal mortality, but were partially corroborated in a knock-in mouse model of BCS1L deficiency. CONCLUSIONS We describe two novel compound heterozygous mutations in BCS1L causing CIII deficiency. The pathogenicity of one of the mutations was unexpected and points to the importance of combining next generation sequencing with a biochemical approach when investigating these patients. We further show novel manifestations in brain, skeletal muscle and liver, including abnormality in specialized resident macrophages (microglia and Kupffer cells). These novel phenotypes forward our understanding of CIII deficiencies caused by BCS1L mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saara Tegelberg
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, 221 84, Lund, Sweden.,Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nikica Tomašić
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, 221 84, Lund, Sweden.,Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Janne Purhonen
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eskil Elmér
- Mitochondrial Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Eva Lindberg
- Department of Pathology, Regional Laboratories, Region Skåne, Lund, Sweden
| | - David Gisselsson Nord
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Maria Soller
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Nicole Lesko
- Centre for inherited Metabolic Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Wedell
- Centre for inherited Metabolic Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Helene Bruhn
- Centre for inherited Metabolic Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christoph Freyer
- Centre for inherited Metabolic Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Max Planck Institute Biology of Ageing-Karolinska Institutet Laboratory, Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Henrik Stranneheim
- Centre for inherited Metabolic Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Science for Life Laboratory, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rolf Wibom
- Centre for inherited Metabolic Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Inger Nennesmo
- Department of Pathology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Wredenberg
- Centre for inherited Metabolic Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Max Planck Institute Biology of Ageing-Karolinska Institutet Laboratory, Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erik A Eklund
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, 221 84, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Vineta Fellman
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, 221 84, Lund, Sweden.,Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
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350
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Bains JS. Glia: emerging from the shadows. J Physiol 2017; 595:1883. [PMID: 28295366 DOI: 10.1113/jp273286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jaideep S Bains
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive, NW, Calgary, Canada, AB, T2N 4N1
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