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Ku YS, Ng MS, Cheng SS, Lo AWY, Xiao Z, Shin TS, Chung G, Lam HM. Understanding the Composition, Biosynthesis, Accumulation and Transport of Flavonoids in Crops for the Promotion of Crops as Healthy Sources of Flavonoids for Human Consumption. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12061717. [PMID: 32521660 PMCID: PMC7352743 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids are a class of polyphenolic compounds that naturally occur in plants. Sub-groups of flavonoids include flavone, flavonol, flavanone, flavanonol, anthocyanidin, flavanol and isoflavone. The various modifications on flavonoid molecules further increase the diversity of flavonoids. Certain crops are famous for being enriched in specific flavonoids. For example, anthocyanins, which give rise to a purplish color, are the characteristic compounds in berries; flavanols are enriched in teas; and isoflavones are uniquely found in several legumes. It is widely accepted that the antioxidative properties of flavonoids are beneficial for human health. In this review, we summarize the classification of the different sub-groups of flavonoids based on their molecular structures. The health benefits of flavonoids are addressed from the perspective of their molecular structures. The flavonoid biosynthesis pathways are compared among different crops to highlight the mechanisms that lead to the differential accumulation of different sub-groups of flavonoids. In addition, the mechanisms and genes involved in the transport and accumulation of flavonoids in crops are discussed. We hope the understanding of flavonoid accumulation in crops will guide the proper balance in their consumption to improve human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yee-Shan Ku
- Centre for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (Y.-S.K.); (M.-S.N.); (S.-S.C.); (A.W.-Y.L.); (Z.X.)
| | - Ming-Sin Ng
- Centre for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (Y.-S.K.); (M.-S.N.); (S.-S.C.); (A.W.-Y.L.); (Z.X.)
| | - Sau-Shan Cheng
- Centre for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (Y.-S.K.); (M.-S.N.); (S.-S.C.); (A.W.-Y.L.); (Z.X.)
| | - Annie Wing-Yi Lo
- Centre for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (Y.-S.K.); (M.-S.N.); (S.-S.C.); (A.W.-Y.L.); (Z.X.)
| | - Zhixia Xiao
- Centre for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (Y.-S.K.); (M.-S.N.); (S.-S.C.); (A.W.-Y.L.); (Z.X.)
| | - Tai-Sun Shin
- Division of Food and Nutrition, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea;
| | - Gyuhwa Chung
- Department of Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Yeosu 59626, Korea
- Correspondence: (G.C.); (H.-M.L.); Tel.: +82-61-659-7302 (G.C.); +852-3943-6336 (H.-M.L.)
| | - Hon-Ming Lam
- Centre for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (Y.-S.K.); (M.-S.N.); (S.-S.C.); (A.W.-Y.L.); (Z.X.)
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518000, China
- Correspondence: (G.C.); (H.-M.L.); Tel.: +82-61-659-7302 (G.C.); +852-3943-6336 (H.-M.L.)
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302
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Flavonoids in Cancer Metastasis. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061498. [PMID: 32521759 PMCID: PMC7352928 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis represents a serious complication in the treatment of cancer. Flavonoids are plant secondary metabolites exerting various health beneficiary effects. The effects of flavonoids against cancer are associated not only with early stages of the cancer process, but also with cancer progression and spread into distant sites. Flavonoids showed potent anti-cancer effects against various cancer models in vitro and in vivo, mediated via regulation of key signaling pathways involved in the migration and invasion of cancer cells and metastatic progression, including key regulators of epithelial-mesenchymal transition or regulatory molecules such as MMPs, uPA/uPAR, TGF-β and other contributors of the complex process of metastatic spread. Moreover, flavonoids modulated also the expression of genes associated with the progression of cancer and improved inflammatory status, a part of the complex process involved in the development of metastasis. Flavonoids also documented clear potential to improve the anti-cancer effectiveness of conventional chemotherapeutic agents. Most importantly, flavonoids represent environmentally-friendly and cost-effective substances; moreover, a wide spectrum of different flavonoids demonstrated safety and minimal side effects during long-termed administration. In addition, the bioavailability of flavonoids can be improved by their conjugation with metal ions or structural modifications by radiation. In conclusion, anti-cancer effects of flavonoids, targeting all phases of carcinogenesis including metastatic progression, should be implemented into clinical cancer research in order to strengthen their potential use in the future targeted prevention and therapy of cancer in high-risk individuals or patients with aggressive cancer disease with metastatic potential.
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303
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Proanthocyanidin-rich grape seed extract improves bone loss, bone healing, and implant osseointegration in ovariectomized animals. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8812. [PMID: 32483182 PMCID: PMC7264202 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65403-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to confirm if proanthocyanidin-rich grape seed extract (GSE) had the ability to improve bone health such as bone loss, bone healing, and implant osseointegration (defined as the direct connection between bone tissue and an implant) in ovariectomized (OVX) animals. We demonstrated that daily oral administration of GSE prevented bone loss in the lumbar vertebrae and femur in OVX mice. In addition, osteoclastogenesis in the lumbar spine bone of OVX mice, as assessed by histological and histomorphometric analyses, was accelerated but GSE prevented this dynamization, suggesting that GSE could counteract OVX-induced accelerated osteoclastogenic activity. In rats, OVX clearly impaired the healing of defects created on the calvaria, and GSE overcame this OVX-impaired healing. In the same way, osseointegration of a tibial implant in rats was retarded by OVX, and GSE counteracted the OVX-induced poor osseointegration, likely promoting bone healing by preventing imbalanced bone turnover. These results suggest that orally administered GSE improved implant osseointegration by mitigating the impaired bone health induced by OVX as a model of estrogen deficiency.
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304
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Sudhakaran M, Doseff AI. The Targeted Impact of Flavones on Obesity-Induced Inflammation and the Potential Synergistic Role in Cancer and the Gut Microbiota. Molecules 2020; 25:E2477. [PMID: 32471061 PMCID: PMC7321129 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25112477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is an inflammatory disease that is approaching pandemic levels, affecting nearly 30% of the world's total population. Obesity increases the risk of diabetes, cardiovascular disorders, and cancer, consequentially impacting the quality of life and imposing a serious socioeconomic burden. Hence, reducing obesity and related life-threatening conditions has become a paramount health challenge. The chronic systemic inflammation characteristic of obesity promotes adipose tissue remodeling and metabolic changes. Macrophages, the major culprits in obesity-induced inflammation, contribute to sustaining a dysregulated immune function, which creates a vicious adipocyte-macrophage crosstalk, leading to insulin resistance and metabolic disorders. Therefore, targeting regulatory inflammatory pathways has attracted great attention to overcome obesity and its related conditions. However, the lack of clinical efficacy and the undesirable side-effects of available therapeutic options for obesity provide compelling reasons for the need to identify additional approaches for the prevention and treatment of obesity-induced inflammation. Plant-based active metabolites or nutraceuticals and diets with an increased content of these compounds are emerging as subjects of intense scientific investigation, due to their ability to ameliorate inflammatory conditions and offer safe and cost-effective opportunities to improve health. Flavones are a class of flavonoids with anti-obesogenic, anti-inflammatory and anti-carcinogenic properties. Preclinical studies have laid foundations by establishing the potential role of flavones in suppressing adipogenesis, inducing browning, modulating immune responses in the adipose tissues, and hindering obesity-induced inflammation. Nonetheless, the understanding of the molecular mechanisms responsible for the anti-obesogenic activity of flavones remains scarce and requires further investigations. This review recapitulates the molecular aspects of obesity-induced inflammation and the crosstalk between adipocytes and macrophages, while focusing on the current evidence on the health benefits of flavones against obesity and chronic inflammation, which has been positively correlated with an enhanced cancer incidence. We conclude the review by highlighting the areas of research warranting a deeper investigation, with an emphasis on flavones and their potential impact on the crosstalk between adipocytes, the immune system, the gut microbiome, and their role in the regulation of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Sudhakaran
- Physiology Graduate Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Andrea I. Doseff
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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305
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Rashmi HB, Negi PS. Phenolic acids from vegetables: A review on processing stability and health benefits. Food Res Int 2020; 136:109298. [PMID: 32846511 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Phenolic acids are the most prominent group of bioactive compounds present in various plant sources. Hydroxybenzoic acids and hydroxycinnamic acids, the aromatic secondary metabolites imparting typical organoleptic characteristics to food are the major phenolic acids, and they are linked to several health benefits. Fruit and beverage crops being the richer sources of phenolic acids have been studied in depth, but phenolic acids from vegetables are largely overlooked. Though lesser in quantity in many vegetables, there is a need to explore the health benefits of the phenolic acids present in them. In this review, the importance of vegetables as a significant source of phenolic acids is emphasized. Vegetables being easily accessible throughout the year and consumed in larger quantities compared to fruits in our daily diet will probably contribute to significant health benefits. Since vegetables are often processed before consumption, the changes in phenolic acids as influenced by processing methods are highlighted. Best processing methods, pre-treatments and storage conditions for higher retention of phenolic acids have been highlighted to minimize their losses. The phenolic acids in vegetables and their health benefits have been cluster mapped, which may facilitate further research for nutraceutical development for specific health concerns. The processing stability of phenolic acids coupled with higher consumption indicates that they may be a potential source of phenolic acids in the diet. It is expected that the popularization of vegetables as a source of phenolic acids in daily diet will help in ameliorating the adverse effect of some of the lifestyle diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Havalli Bommegowda Rashmi
- Department of Fruit and Vegetable Technology, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore 570 020, India
| | - Pradeep Singh Negi
- Department of Fruit and Vegetable Technology, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore 570 020, India.
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306
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Fakhri S, Khodamorady M, Naseri M, Farzaei MH, Khan H. The ameliorating effects of anthocyanins on the cross-linked signaling pathways of cancer dysregulated metabolism. Pharmacol Res 2020; 159:104895. [PMID: 32422342 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells underlie the dysregulated metabolism of carbohydrate, lipid and protein and thereby, employ interconnected cross-linked signaling pathways to supply adequate energy for growth and related biosynthetic procedures. In the present study, a comprehensive review of cancer metabolism and anthocyanin's effect was conducted using the existing electronic databases, including Medline, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, as well as related articles in the field. Such keywords as "cancer", and "cancer metabolism" in the title/abstract/keyword and all the "anthocyanins" in the whole text were used. Data were collected without time restriction until February 2020. The results indicated the involvement of several signaling pathways, including inflammatory PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, Bax/Bcl-2/caspases as apoptosis modulators, and NF-κB/Nrf2 as oxidative stress mediators in the cancer dysregulated metabolism. Compelling studies have shown that targeting these pathways, as critical hallmarks of cancer, plays a critical role in combating cancer dysregulated metabolism. The complexity of cancer metabolism signaling pathways, along with toxicity, high costs, and resistance to conventional drugs urge the need to investigate novel multi-target agents. Increasing evidence has introduced plant-derived secondary metabolites as hopeful anticancer candidates which target multiple dysregulated cross-linked pathways of cancer metabolism. Amongst these metabolites, anthocyanins have demonstrated positive anticancer effects by targeting inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptotic signaling pathways. The current study revealed the cross-linked signaling pathways of cancer metabolism, as well as the promising pharmacological mechanisms of anthocyanins in targeting the aforementioned signaling mediators. To overcome the pharmacokinetic limitations of anthocyanins in cancer treatment, their interactions with gut microbiota and the need to develop related nano-formulations were also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Fakhri
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6734667149, Iran.
| | - Minoo Khodamorady
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Razi University, Kermanshah, 67149-67346, Iran.
| | - Maryam Naseri
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6734667149, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Hosein Farzaei
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6734667149, Iran.
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, 23200, Pakistan.
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307
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Bioavailability of Tannins and Other Oligomeric Polyphenols: a Still to Be Studied Phenomenon. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40495-020-00217-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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308
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Wang M, Huang H, Hu Y, Huang J, Yang H, Wang L, Chen S, Chen C, He S. Effects of dietary microencapsulated tannic acid supplementation on the growth performance, intestinal morphology, and intestinal microbiota in weaning piglets. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:skaa112. [PMID: 32255185 PMCID: PMC7199885 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics are commonly overused to reduce weaning stress that leads to economic loss in swine production. As potential substitutes of antibiotics, plant extracts have attracted the attention of researchers. However, one of the plant extracts, tannic acid (TA), has an adverse effect on the growth performance, palatability, and intestinal absorption in weaning piglets when used at a large amount. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the effects of a proper dose of microencapsulated TA on the growth performance, organ and intestinal development, intestinal morphology, intestinal nutrient transporters, and colonic microbiota in weaning piglets. Forty-five Duroc × [Landrace × Yorkshire] (initial body weight = 5.99 ± 0.13 kg, weaned days = 21 d) piglets were randomly divided into five treatment groups (n = 9) and raised in 14 d. The piglets in the control group were raised on a basal diet; the piglets in the antibiotic test group were raised on a basal diet with three antibiotics (375 mg/kg Chlortetracycline 20%, 500 mg/kg Enramycin 4%, 1,500 mg/kg Oxytetracycline calcium 20%); and the other three groups were raised on a basal diet with three doses of microencapsulated TA (TA1, 500 mg/kg; TA2, 1,000 mg/kg; TA3, 1,500 mg/kg). All the piglets were raised in the same environment and given the same amount of nutrients for 2 wk. The results showed that both TA1 and TA2 groups had no adverse effect on the growth performance, organ weight and intestinal growth, and the pH value of gastrointestinal content. TA2 treatment improved the duodenal morphology (P < 0.05), increased the gene expression level of solute carrier family 6, member 19 and solute carrier family 15, member 1 (P < 0.05) in the ileum, and modulated the colonic bacteria composition (P < 0.05), but inhibited the activity of maltase in the ileum (P < 0.05) and the jejunal gene expression level of solute carrier family 5, member 1 (P < 0.05). In conclusion, our study suggests that a dosage between 500 and 1,000 mg/kg of microencapsulated TA is safe to be included in the swine diet and that 1,000 mg/kg of microencapsulated TA has beneficial effects on intestinal morphology, intestinal nutrient transporter, and intestinal microbiota in weaning piglets. These findings provide new insights into suitable alternatives to antibiotics for improving growth performance and colonic microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, School of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Huijun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, School of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yangping Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, School of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, School of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Huansheng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, School of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, School of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shuai Chen
- Chinese Academy of Science, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Research Center for Healthy Breeding of Livestock and Poultry, Hunan Engineering and Research Center of Animal and Poultry Science and Key Laboratory for Agroecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Scientific Observation and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chiqing Chen
- Wufeng Chicheng Biotechnology Company Limited, Yichang, Hubei, China
| | - Shanping He
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, School of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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309
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Sorrenti V, Fortinguerra S, Caudullo G, Buriani A. Deciphering the Role of Polyphenols in Sports Performance: From Nutritional Genomics to the Gut Microbiota toward Phytonutritional Epigenomics. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12051265. [PMID: 32365576 PMCID: PMC7281972 DOI: 10.3390/nu12051265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The individual response to nutrients and non-nutrient molecules can be largely affected by three important biological layers. The gut microbiome can alter the bioavailability of nutrients and other substances, the genome can influence molecule kinetics and dynamics, while the epigenome can modulate or amplify the properties of the genome. Today the use of omic techniques and bioinformatics, allow the construction of individual multilayer networks and thus the identification of personalized strategies that have recently been considered in all medical fields, including sports medicine. The composition of each athlete’s microbiome influences sports performance both directly by acting on energy metabolism and indirectly through the modulation of nutrient or non-nutrient molecule availability that ultimately affects the individual epigenome and the genome. Among non-nutrient molecules polyphenols can potentiate physical performances through different epigenetic mechanisms. Polyphenols interact with the gut microbiota, undergoing extensive metabolism to produce bioactive molecules, which act on transcription factors involved in mitochondrial biogenesis, antioxidant systems, glucose and lipid homeostasis, and DNA repair. This review focuses on polyphenols effects in sports performance considering the individual microbiota, epigenomic asset, and the genomic characteristics of athletes to understand how their supplementation could potentially help to modulate muscle inflammation and improve recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Sorrenti
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Bendessere™ Study Center, Solgar Italia Multinutrient S.p.A., 35131 Padova, Italy; (S.F.); (G.C.); (A.B.)
- Maria Paola Belloni Center for Personalized Medicine, Data Medica Group (Synlab Limited), 35100 Padova, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Stefano Fortinguerra
- Bendessere™ Study Center, Solgar Italia Multinutrient S.p.A., 35131 Padova, Italy; (S.F.); (G.C.); (A.B.)
- Maria Paola Belloni Center for Personalized Medicine, Data Medica Group (Synlab Limited), 35100 Padova, Italy
| | - Giada Caudullo
- Bendessere™ Study Center, Solgar Italia Multinutrient S.p.A., 35131 Padova, Italy; (S.F.); (G.C.); (A.B.)
| | - Alessandro Buriani
- Bendessere™ Study Center, Solgar Italia Multinutrient S.p.A., 35131 Padova, Italy; (S.F.); (G.C.); (A.B.)
- Maria Paola Belloni Center for Personalized Medicine, Data Medica Group (Synlab Limited), 35100 Padova, Italy
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310
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Speer H, D’Cunha NM, Alexopoulos NI, McKune AJ, Naumovski N. Anthocyanins and Human Health-A Focus on Oxidative Stress, Inflammation and Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9050366. [PMID: 32353990 PMCID: PMC7278778 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9050366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumption of anthocyanins (ACNs), due to their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects, has been proposed for the prevention and treatment of several different diseases and conditions. ACNs are recognized as one of the leading nutraceuticals for prolonging health benefits through the attenuation of oxidative stress, and inflammatory or age-related diseases. Increased consumption of ACNs has the potential to attenuate the damage ensuing from oxidative stress, inflammation, enhance cardiometabolic health, and delay symptoms in predisposed neuropathology. A myriad of evidence supports ACN consumption as complementary or standalone treatment strategies for non-communicable diseases (NCDs) including obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease (CVD), neurodegenerative diseases, as well as, more recently, for the modulation of gut bacteria and bone metabolism. While these findings indicate the beneficial effects of ACN consumption, their food sources differ vastly in ACN composition and thus potentially in their physiological effects. Consumption of foods high in ACNs can be recommended for their potential beneficial health effects due to their relatively easy and accessible addition to the everyday diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hollie Speer
- Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT 2617, Australia; (H.S.); (N.M.D.); (A.J.M.)
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT 2617, Australia
- University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise (UC-RISE), University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT 2617, Australia
| | - Nathan M. D’Cunha
- Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT 2617, Australia; (H.S.); (N.M.D.); (A.J.M.)
| | | | - Andrew J. McKune
- Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT 2617, Australia; (H.S.); (N.M.D.); (A.J.M.)
- University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise (UC-RISE), University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT 2617, Australia
- Discipline of Biokinetics, Exercise and Leisure Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal 4000, South Africa
| | - Nenad Naumovski
- Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT 2617, Australia; (H.S.); (N.M.D.); (A.J.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +612-6206-8719
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311
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Fu J, Zhang Y, Hu Y, Zhao G, Tang Y, Zou L. Concise review: Coarse cereals exert multiple beneficial effects on human health. Food Chem 2020; 325:126761. [PMID: 32387947 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Coarse cereals (CC) refer to cereal grains except for rice and wheat which are highly-valued as functional foods with nutritional and pharmacological properties. Owing to their diverse positive effect on chronic diseases, coarse cereals exert a vital role in food industry. CC and the main contents prevent tumor pathogenesis through promoting apoptosis, inducing cell cycle arrest as well as modulating metastasis initiation. Meanwhile, CC ameliorates cardiovascular diseases through affecting multiple pathways, such as CaMKII/p-BFAF-3, NF-κB, MAPK, PI3K/Akt, etc. Besides, CC and the main contents have potential as prebiotics which facilitating the activities and growth of probiotics such as Bifidobacteria and Lactobacillus. However, there's a lack of report on CC' beneficial properties and the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Here this article explains in detail, the effect and mechanism of CC on chronic diseases like tumor, inflammation and cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Fu
- School of Medicine, Chengdu University, No. 2025, Cheng Luo Road, Chengdu 610106, Sichuan, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- School of Medicine, Chengdu University, No. 2025, Cheng Luo Road, Chengdu 610106, Sichuan, China
| | - Yichen Hu
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu University, No. 2025, Cheng Luo Road, Chengdu 610106, Sichuan, China
| | - Gang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu University, No. 2025, Cheng Luo Road, Chengdu 610106, Sichuan, China
| | - Yong Tang
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.1166, Liutai Avenue, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611137, Sichuan, China.
| | - Liang Zou
- School of Medicine, Chengdu University, No. 2025, Cheng Luo Road, Chengdu 610106, Sichuan, China.
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312
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Blanton C. Relative Validity of an Online Herb and Spice Consumption Questionnaire. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E2757. [PMID: 32316288 PMCID: PMC7215708 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17082757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Culinary herbs and spices contribute bioactives to the diet, which act to reduce systemic inflammation and associated disease. Investigating the health effects of herb/spice consumption is hampered, however, by a scarcity of dietary assessment tools designed to collect herb/spice data. The objective of this study was to determine the relative validity of an online 28-item herb/spices intake questionnaire (HSQ). In randomized order, 62 volunteers residing in Idaho, USA, completed the online Diet History Questionnaire III + the HSQ followed one week later by one of two comparative methods: 7-day food records or three telephone-administered 24-h dietary recalls. Relative validity of the HSQ was tested two ways: (1) by comparing herb/spice intakes between the HSQ and comparator, and (2) by determining the correlation between herb/spice data and Healthy Eating Index 2015 score. The HSQ and both comparators identified black pepper, cinnamon and garlic powder as the three most commonly used herbs/spices. The HSQ captured significantly higher measures of the number and amount of herbs/spices consumed than the comparators. The number of herbs/spices consumed was significantly directly correlated with diet quality for the HSQ. These results support the ability of the HSQ to record general herb/spice use, yet suggest that further validation testing is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Blanton
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID 83201-8117, USA
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313
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Guarino MPL, Altomare A, Emerenziani S, Di Rosa C, Ribolsi M, Balestrieri P, Iovino P, Rocchi G, Cicala M. Mechanisms of Action of Prebiotics and Their Effects on Gastro-Intestinal Disorders in Adults. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12041037. [PMID: 32283802 PMCID: PMC7231265 DOI: 10.3390/nu12041037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, research has focused on the use of dietary fibers and prebiotics, since many of these polysaccharides can be metabolized by intestinal microbiota, leading to the production of short-chain fatty acids. The metabolites of prebiotic fermentation also show anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory capabilities, suggesting an interesting role in the treatment of several pathological conditions. Galacto-oligosaccharide and short- and long-chain fructans (Fructo-oligosaccharides and inulin) are the most studied prebiotics, even if other dietary compounds seem to show the same features. There is an increasing interest in dietary strategies to modulate microbiota. The aim of this review is to explore the mechanisms of action of prebiotics and their effects on the principal gastro-intestinal disorders in adults, with a special focus on Galacto-oligosaccharides, Fructo-oligosaccharides, lactulose and new emerging substances which currently have evidence of prebiotics effects, such as xilooligosaccharides, soybean oligosaccharides, isomaltooligosaccharides, lactobionic acid, resistant starch and polyphenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Pier Luca Guarino
- Gastroenterology Unit, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, via Álvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; (M.P.L.G.); (S.E.); (M.R.); (P.B.); (G.R.); (M.C.)
| | - Annamaria Altomare
- Gastroenterology Unit, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, via Álvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; (M.P.L.G.); (S.E.); (M.R.); (P.B.); (G.R.); (M.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-06-22541-606; Fax: +39-06-22541-456
| | - Sara Emerenziani
- Gastroenterology Unit, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, via Álvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; (M.P.L.G.); (S.E.); (M.R.); (P.B.); (G.R.); (M.C.)
| | - Claudia Di Rosa
- Unit of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Via Álvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy;
| | - Mentore Ribolsi
- Gastroenterology Unit, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, via Álvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; (M.P.L.G.); (S.E.); (M.R.); (P.B.); (G.R.); (M.C.)
| | - Paola Balestrieri
- Gastroenterology Unit, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, via Álvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; (M.P.L.G.); (S.E.); (M.R.); (P.B.); (G.R.); (M.C.)
| | - Paola Iovino
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry Scuola Medica Salernitana, Università di Salerno, Via Allende, 84081 Salerno, Italy;
| | - Giulia Rocchi
- Gastroenterology Unit, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, via Álvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; (M.P.L.G.); (S.E.); (M.R.); (P.B.); (G.R.); (M.C.)
| | - Michele Cicala
- Gastroenterology Unit, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, via Álvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; (M.P.L.G.); (S.E.); (M.R.); (P.B.); (G.R.); (M.C.)
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314
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Mechanisms of Action of Prebiotics and Their Effects on Gastro-Intestinal Disorders in Adults. Nutrients 2020. [PMID: 32283802 DOI: 10.3390/nu12041037.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, research has focused on the use of dietary fibers and prebiotics, since many of these polysaccharides can be metabolized by intestinal microbiota, leading to the production of short-chain fatty acids. The metabolites of prebiotic fermentation also show anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory capabilities, suggesting an interesting role in the treatment of several pathological conditions. Galacto-oligosaccharide and short- and long-chain fructans (Fructo-oligosaccharides and inulin) are the most studied prebiotics, even if other dietary compounds seem to show the same features. There is an increasing interest in dietary strategies to modulate microbiota. The aim of this review is to explore the mechanisms of action of prebiotics and their effects on the principal gastro-intestinal disorders in adults, with a special focus on Galacto-oligosaccharides, Fructo-oligosaccharides, lactulose and new emerging substances which currently have evidence of prebiotics effects, such as xilooligosaccharides, soybean oligosaccharides, isomaltooligosaccharides, lactobionic acid, resistant starch and polyphenols.
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315
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Cortés-Martín A, Selma MV, Tomás-Barberán FA, González-Sarrías A, Espín JC. Where to Look into the Puzzle of Polyphenols and Health? The Postbiotics and Gut Microbiota Associated with Human Metabotypes. Mol Nutr Food Res 2020; 64:e1900952. [PMID: 32196920 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201900952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The full consensus on the role of dietary polyphenols as human-health-promoting compounds remains elusive. The two-way interaction between polyphenols and gut microbiota (GM) (i.e., modulation of GM by polyphenols and their catabolism by the GM) is determinant in polyphenols' effects. The identification of human metabotypes associated with a differential gut microbial metabolism of polyphenols has opened new research scenarios to explain the inter-individual variability upon polyphenols consumption. The metabotypes unequivocally identified so far are those involved in the metabolism of isoflavones (equol and(or) O-desmethylangolesin producers versus non-producers) and ellagic acid (urolithin metabotypes, including producers of only urolithin-A (UM-A), producers of urolithin-A, isourolithin-A, and urolithin-B (UM-B), and non-producers (UM-0)). In addition, the microbial metabolites (phenolic-derived postbiotics) such as equol, urolithins, valerolactones, enterolactone, and enterodiol, and 8-prenylnaringenin, among others, can exert differential health effects. The knowledge is updated and position is taken here on i) the two-way interaction between GM and polyphenols, ii) the evidence between phenolic-derived postbiotics and health, iii) the role of metabotypes as biomarkers of GM and the clustering of individuals depending on their metabotypes (metabotyping) to explain polyphenols' effects, and iv) the gut microbial metabolism of catecholamines to illustrate the intersection between personalized nutrition and precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Cortés-Martín
- Laboratory of Food & Health, Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, 30100, Spain
| | - María Victoria Selma
- Laboratory of Food & Health, Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, 30100, Spain
| | - Francisco Abraham Tomás-Barberán
- Laboratory of Food & Health, Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, 30100, Spain
| | - Antonio González-Sarrías
- Laboratory of Food & Health, Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, 30100, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Espín
- Laboratory of Food & Health, Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, 30100, Spain
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316
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Alcántara C, Žugčić T, Abdelkebir R, García-Pérez JV, Jambrak AR, Lorenzo JM, Collado MC, Granato D, Barba FJ. Effects of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction and Solvent on the Phenolic Profile, Bacterial Growth, and Anti-Inflammatory/Antioxidant Activities of Mediterranean Olive and Fig Leaves Extracts. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25071718. [PMID: 32283592 PMCID: PMC7180590 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25071718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mediterranean plants, such as fig and olive leaves, are well-known to exert beneficial effects in humans because of the presence of a wide range of bioactive compounds. However, scarce information regarding the impact of extraction methods, such as ultrasound and types of solvents, on their profile of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds is provided. In addition, no information is available on the effects of extraction methods and solvents on the inhibition of pathogenic bacteria or promoting probiotic growth. In this scenario, this study was aimed to study the effects of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and solvent on the phenolic profile (Triple TOF-LC-MS/MS), antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds of olive and fig leaves. Results showed that UAE extracted more carotenoids compared to conventional extraction, while the conventional extraction impacted on higher flavonoids (olive leaves) and total phenolics (fig leaves). The antioxidant capacity of aqueous extract of fig leaves was three times higher than the extract obtained with ethanol for conventional extraction and four times higher for UAE. In general terms, hydroethanolic extracts presented the highest bacterial growth inhibition, and showed the highest anti-inflammatory activity. In conclusion, these side streams can be used as sources of bioactive compounds for further development of high-added-value products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Alcántara
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, Spanish National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), Av. Agustin Escardino 7, 46980 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Tihana Žugčić
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (T.Ž.); (A.R.J.)
- Nutrition and Food Science Area, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Food Science, Toxicology and Forensic Medicine Department, Universitat de València, Avda. Vicent Andrés Estellés, 46100 València, Spain;
| | - Radhia Abdelkebir
- Nutrition and Food Science Area, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Food Science, Toxicology and Forensic Medicine Department, Universitat de València, Avda. Vicent Andrés Estellés, 46100 València, Spain;
- Range Ecology Laboratory in the Institute of Arid Regions (IRA) of Medenine, 4100 Medenine, Tunisia
| | - Jose V. García-Pérez
- Grupo de Análisis y Simulación de Procesos Agroalimentarios (ASPA), Departamento de Tecnología de Alimentos, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Anet Režek Jambrak
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (T.Ž.); (A.R.J.)
| | - José M. Lorenzo
- Centro Tecnológico de la Carne de Galicia, Adva. Galicia n° 4, Parque Tecnológico de Galicia, San Cibrao das Viñas, 32900 Ourense, Spain;
| | - María Carmen Collado
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, Spanish National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), Av. Agustin Escardino 7, 46980 Valencia, Spain;
- Correspondence: (M.C.C.); (D.G.); (F.J.B.)
| | - Daniel Granato
- Food Processing and Quality, Production Systems Unit-Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke)-Tietotie 2, FI-02150 Espoo, Finland
- Correspondence: (M.C.C.); (D.G.); (F.J.B.)
| | - Francisco J. Barba
- Nutrition and Food Science Area, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Food Science, Toxicology and Forensic Medicine Department, Universitat de València, Avda. Vicent Andrés Estellés, 46100 València, Spain;
- Correspondence: (M.C.C.); (D.G.); (F.J.B.)
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317
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Dabetic NM, Todorovic VM, Djuricic ID, Antic Stankovic JA, Basic ZN, Vujovic DS, Sobajic SS. Grape Seed Oil Characterization: A Novel Approach for Oil Quality Assessment. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201900447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nevena M. Dabetic
- Department of Bromatology, Faculty of PharmacyUniversity of Belgrade Vojvode Stepe 450 Belgrade 11221 Serbia
| | - Vanja M. Todorovic
- Department of Bromatology, Faculty of PharmacyUniversity of Belgrade Vojvode Stepe 450 Belgrade 11221 Serbia
| | - Ivana D. Djuricic
- Department of Bromatology, Faculty of PharmacyUniversity of Belgrade Vojvode Stepe 450 Belgrade 11221 Serbia
| | - Jelena A. Antic Stankovic
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of PharmacyUniversity of Belgrade Vojvode Stepe 450 Belgrade 11221 Serbia
| | - Zorica N. Basic
- Institute of HygieneMilitary Medical Academy Crnotravska 17 Belgrade 11040 Serbia
| | - Dragan S. Vujovic
- Department of Viticulture, Faculty of AgricultureUniversity of Belgrade Nemanjina 6 Belgrade 11080 Serbia
| | - Sladjana S. Sobajic
- Department of Bromatology, Faculty of PharmacyUniversity of Belgrade Vojvode Stepe 450 Belgrade 11221 Serbia
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318
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Inada KOP, Silva TBR, Lobo LA, Domingues RMCP, Perrone D, Monteiro M. Bioaccessibility of phenolic compounds of jaboticaba (Plinia jaboticaba) peel and seed after simulated gastrointestinal digestion and gut microbiota fermentation. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2020.103851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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319
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Increase of Akkermansia muciniphila by a Diet Containing Japanese Traditional Medicine Bofutsushosan in a Mouse Model of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12030839. [PMID: 32245128 PMCID: PMC7146306 DOI: 10.3390/nu12030839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is considered a worldwide healthcare problem that mirrors the increased prevalence of obesity. Gut microbiota plays a crucial role in the progression and treatment of NAFLD. Bofutsushosan (BTS), a pharmaceutical-grade Japanese traditional medicine, has long been prescribed in Japan for obesity and obesity-related syndrome. Although BTS has been reported to exert an anti-obesity effect in obese patients as well as various obesity-model animals, its effect on gut microbiota is unknown. Here, the effects of BTS on obesity, liver damage, and the gut microbiome in genetically obese mice, ob/ob, were studied. Seven-week-old ob/ob mice were fed a standard diet with (BTS group) or without (CONT group) 5% BTS for 4 weeks. By comparison to the CONT group, the BTS group showed reduced body weight gain and hyperlipidemia as well as improved liver function. Moreover, gut microbiota in the CONT and BTS group formed a significantly different cluster. Specifically, the genera Akkermansia, Bacteroides and an unknown genus of the family Enterobacteriaceae expanded dramatically in the BTS group. Noteworthy, the population of Akkermansia muciniphila, which is reported to elicit an anti-obesity effect and improve various metabolic abnormalities, was markedly increased (93-fold) compared with the CONT group. These results imply that BTS may be a promising agent for treating NAFLD.
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320
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Molino S, Casanova NA, Rufián Henares JÁ, Fernandez Miyakawa ME. Natural Tannin Wood Extracts as a Potential Food Ingredient in the Food Industry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:2836-2848. [PMID: 31117489 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b00590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Wood extracts are one of the most important natural sources of industrially obtained tannins. Their use in the food industry could be one of the biggest (most important) recent innovations in food science as a result of their multiple (many) possible applications. The use of tannin wood extracts (TWEs) as additives directly added in foods or in their packaging meets an ever-increasing consumer demand for innovative approaches to sustainability. The latest research is focusing on new ways to include them directly in food, to take advantage of their specific actions to prevent individual pathological conditions. The present review begins with the biology of TWEs and then explores their chemistry, specific sensorial properties, and current application in food production. Moreover, this review is intended to cover recent studies dealing with the potential use of TWEs as a starting point for novel food ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Molino
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bromatología, Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Natalia Andrea Casanova
- Instituto de Patobiología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Buenos Aires C1033AAE, Argentina
| | - José Ángel Rufián Henares
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bromatología, Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.GRANADA), Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Mariano Enrique Fernandez Miyakawa
- Instituto de Patobiología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Buenos Aires C1033AAE, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires C1425FQB, Argentina
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321
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Microencapsulation as a tool to counteract the typical low bioavailability of polyphenols in the management of diabetes. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 139:111248. [PMID: 32156568 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Polyphenols are secondary metabolites widely distributed in many plant foods, such a tea, coffee, chocolate and fruits. The consumption of these compounds is related to the improvement or amelioration of many diseases, including diabetes. Nevertheless, the great barrier to the therapeutic use of polyphenols is the low bioavailability of these compounds once ingested. For that reason, the encapsulation of polyphenols in different matrices may protect them from digestion and improve their release and subsequent absorption to obtain target-specific health effects. Some studies have reported the beneficial effect of encapsulation to increase both bioavailability and bioaccessibility. However, these works have mostly been carried out in vitro and few studies are specifically addressed at improving diabetes. In the current work, an overview of the knowledge related to nanoparticles and their use in the diabetic condition has been reviewed.
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322
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González I, Morales MA, Rojas A. Polyphenols and AGEs/RAGE axis. Trends and challenges. Food Res Int 2020; 129:108843. [PMID: 32036875 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.108843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) is a key pathophysiological event linked not only to the onset and progression of diabetic complications, but also to neurodegeneration, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and others important human diseases. AGEs contributions to pathophysiology are mainly through the formation of cross-links and by engaging the receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE). Polyphenols are secondary metabolites found largely in fruits, vegetables, cereals, and beverages, and during many years, important efforts have been made to elucidate their beneficial effects on human health, mainly ascribed to their antioxidant activities. In the present review, we highlighted the beneficial actions of polyphenols aimed to diminish the harmful consequences of advanced glycation, mainly by the inhibition of ROS formation during glycation, the inhibition of Schiff base, Amadori products, and subsequent dicarbonyls group formation, the activation of the glyoxalase system, as well as by blocking either AGEs-RAGE interaction or cell signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ileana González
- Biomedical Research Laboratories, Medicine Faculty, Catholic University of Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Miguel A Morales
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chil
| | - Armando Rojas
- Biomedical Research Laboratories, Medicine Faculty, Catholic University of Maule, Talca, Chile.
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323
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Conlon MA, Sambanthamurthi R, Tan YA, Sundram K, Fairus S, Abeywardena MY. Consumption of an Oil Palm Fruit Extract Promotes Large Bowel Health in Rats. Nutrients 2020; 12:E644. [PMID: 32121179 PMCID: PMC7146302 DOI: 10.3390/nu12030644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oil palm fruit is widely used for edible oils, but the health benefits of other components are relatively unknown. We examined if consuming a polyphenol-rich extract of the fruit, from a vegetation by-product of oil processing, which also contains fibre, has gastro-intestinal benefits in rats on a Western-type diet (WD). The oil palm preparation (OPP) was added to food (OPP-F) or drinking water (OPP-D) to provide 50 mg of gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/d and compared to effects of high amylose maize starch (HAMS; 30%) in the diet or green tea extract (GT; 50 mg GAE/d) in drinking water over 4 wk. OPP treatments induced some significant effects (P < 0.05) compared to WD. OPP-D increased caecal digesta mass, caecal digesta concentrations of total SCFA, acetate and propionate (OPP-F increased caecal butyrate concentration), the numbers of mucus-producing goblet cells per colonic crypt, and caecal digesta abundance of some bacteria which may provide benefit to the host (Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Akkermansia muciniphila and Ruminococcus gnavus). HAMS induced similar effects but with greater potency and had a broader impact on microbe populations, whereas GT had minimal impacts. These results suggest dietary OPP may benefit the large bowel.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ravigadevi Sambanthamurthi
- Malaysian Palm Oil Board, 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, Kajang Selangor 43000, Malaysia; (R.S.); (S.F.)
| | - Yew Ai Tan
- Malaysian Palm Oil Board, 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, Kajang Selangor 43000, Malaysia; (R.S.); (S.F.)
| | - Kalyana Sundram
- Malaysian Palm Oil Council, 2nd Floor, Wisma Sawit, Jalan Perbandaran, Kelana Jaya 47301, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Syed Fairus
- Malaysian Palm Oil Board, 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, Kajang Selangor 43000, Malaysia; (R.S.); (S.F.)
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324
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Volpp L, Ferianec V, Ježovičová M, Ďuračková Z, Scherf-Clavel O, Högger P. Constituents and Metabolites of a French Oak Wood Extract (Robuvit ®) in Serum and Blood Cell Samples of Women Undergoing Hysterectomy. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:74. [PMID: 32174825 PMCID: PMC7054277 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ellagitannins are signature constituents of oak wood and their consumption has been associated with various health benefits. In vivo, they undergo metabolic degradation including gut microbial metabolism yielding urolithins. Only limited data is available about compounds being present in blood after intake of an extract from French oak wood, Robuvit®. In the course of a randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical investigation, 66 patients undergoing hysterectomy received placebo or 300 mg Robuvit® per day before and over 8 weeks after surgery. Serum and blood cell samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). The number of urolithin producers and the urolithin levels increased after intake of Robuvit®. In serum samples, the median concentration of urolithin A was 14.0 ng/ml [interquartile range (IQR) 57.4] after 8 weeks. Urolithin B was determined at 22.3 ng/ml (IQR 12.6), urolithin C at 2.66 ng/ml (IQR 2.08). In blood cells, lower concentrations and only urolithins A and B were detected. A statistically significant association of lower post-surgical pain scores with metabotype A was detected (p < 0.05). To conclude, supplementation with French oak wood extract raised urolithin generation in patients and suggested health advantages for urolithin-producers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Volpp
- Institut für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Vladimír Ferianec
- 2nd Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Miriam Ježovičová
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Zdeňka Ďuračková
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Oliver Scherf-Clavel
- Institut für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Petra Högger
- Institut für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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325
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Rathaur P, SR KJ. Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics of Phytochemicals in the Human Body. Curr Drug Metab 2020; 20:1085-1102. [DOI: 10.2174/1389200221666200103090757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background:Phytochemicals are obtained from various plants and used for the treatment of diseases as both traditional and modern medicines. Poor bioavailability of phytochemicals is a major concern in applying phytochemicals as a therapeutic agent. It is, therefore, necessary to understand the metabolism and pharmacokinetics of phytochemicals for its implication as a therapeutic agent.Methods:Articles on the metabolism of phytochemicals from the PubMed database. The articles were classified into the digestion, absorption, metabolism, excretion, toxicity, and bioavailability of phytochemicals and the effect of gut microbiota on the metabolism of phytochemicals.Results:The metabolism of each phytochemical is largely dependent on the individual's digestive ability, membrane transporters, metabolizing enzymes and gut microbiota. Further, the form of the phytochemical and genetic make-up of the individual greatly influences the metabolism of phytochemicals.Conclusion:The metabolism of phytochemicals is mostly depended on the form of phytochemicals and individualspecific variations in the metabolism of phytochemicals. Understanding the metabolism and pharmacokinetics of phytochemicals might help in applying plant-based medicines for the treatment of various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Rathaur
- Department of Life Science, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Kaid Johar SR
- Department of Zoology, Biomedical Technology and Human Genetics, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, India
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326
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Correlations between Microbiota Bioactivity and Bioavailability of Functional Compounds: A Mini-Review. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8020039. [PMID: 32093399 PMCID: PMC7167868 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8020039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have demonstrated the role of the microbiota in supporting the physiological functions, owing to its metabolomic component. The presence of biocomponents generally leads to the correction of the microbial pattern correlated with the reduction of oxidative pressure. This study aims to present the main processes that correlate the bioavailability and bioactivity of some functional components through the action of the human microbiota. The use of probiotics and prebiotics is an innovative manner involving alternatives that increase the bioavailability of certain natural or metabolic components has been proposed. Probiotic strains (Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Lactobacillus (L.) plantarum) may represent an intermediary for increasing the antioxidant bioactivity, and they may be administered in the form of a biomass enriched with functional compounds, such as phenolic acids. The limiting effect of gastrointestinal transit is, in several cases, the key to the biopharmaceutical value of new products (or supplements). The identification of newer ways of formulating supplements also involves the compatibility of different types of products, the testing of bioaccessibility, and the elimination of biotransformations.
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327
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Eran Nagar E, Okun Z, Shpigelman A. Digestive fate of polyphenols: updated view of the influence of chemical structure and the presence of cell wall material. Curr Opin Food Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2019.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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328
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Álvarez-Cilleros D, Ramos S, López-Oliva ME, Escrivá F, Álvarez C, Fernández-Millán E, Martín MÁ. Cocoa diet modulates gut microbiota composition and improves intestinal health in Zucker diabetic rats. Food Res Int 2020; 132:109058. [PMID: 32331673 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cocoa supplementation improves glucose metabolism in Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats via multiple mechanisms. Furthermore, cocoa rich-diets modify the intestinal microbiota composition both in humans and rats in healthy conditions. Accordingly, we hypothesized that cocoa could interact with the gut microbiota (GM) in ZDF rats, contributing to their antidiabetic effects. Therefore, here we investigate the effect of cocoa intake on gut health and GM in ZDF diabetic rats. Male ZDF rats were fed with standard (ZDF-C) or 10% cocoa-rich diet (ZDF-Co) during 10 weeks. Zucker Lean animals (ZL) received the standard diet. Colon tissues were obtained to determine the barrier integrity and the inflammatory status of the intestine and faeces were analysed for microbial composition, short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and lactate levels. We found that cocoa supplementation up-regulated the levels of the tight junction protein Zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) and the mucin glycoprotein and reduced the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) in the colon of ZDF diabetic animals. Additionally, cocoa modulated the microbial composition of the ZDF rats to values similar to those of the lean group. Importantly, cocoa treatment increased the relative abundance of acetate-producing bacteria such as Blautia and prevented the increase in the relative amount of lactate-producing bacteria (mainly Enterococcus and Lactobacillus genera) in ZDF diabetic animals. Accordingly, the total levels of SCFA (mainly acetate) increased significantly in the faeces of ZDF-Co diabetic rats. Finally, modified GM was closely associated with improved biochemical parameters related to glucose homeostasis and intestinal integrity and inflammation. These findings demonstrate for the first time that cocoa intake modifies intestinal bacteria composition towards a healthier microbial profile in diabetic animals and suggest that these changes could be associated with the improved glucose homeostasis and gut health induced by cocoa in ZDF diabetic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sonia Ramos
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición (ICTAN-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - María Elvira López-Oliva
- Departamento de Fisiología. Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Escrivá
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Álvarez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elisa Fernández-Millán
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.
| | - María Ángeles Martín
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición (ICTAN-CSIC), Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.
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329
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Insights into the Role of Human Gut Microbiota in Clostridioides difficile Infection. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8020200. [PMID: 32023967 PMCID: PMC7074861 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8020200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) has emerged as a major health problem worldwide. A major risk factor for disease development is prior antibiotic use, which disrupts the normal gut microbiota by altering its composition and the gut’s metabolic functions, leading to the loss of colonization resistance and subsequent CDI. Data from human studies have shown that the presence of C. difficile, either as a colonizer or as a pathogen, is associated with a decreased level of gut microbiota diversity. The investigation of the gut’s microbial communities, in both healthy subjects and patients with CDI, elucidate the role of microbiota and improve the current biotherapeutics for patients with CDI. Fecal microbiota transplantation has a major role in managing CDI, aiming at re-establishing colonization resistance in the host gastrointestinal tract by replenishing the gut microbiota. New techniques, such as post-genomics, proteomics and metabolomics analyses, can possibly determine in the future the way in which C. difficile eradicates colonization resistance, paving the way for the development of new, more successful treatments and prevention. The aim of the present review is to present recent data concerning the human gut microbiota with a focus on its important role in health and disease.
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330
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Furman BL, Candasamy M, Bhattamisra SK, Veettil SK. Reduction of blood glucose by plant extracts and their use in the treatment of diabetes mellitus; discrepancies in effectiveness between animal and human studies. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 247:112264. [PMID: 31600561 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The global problem of diabetes, together with the limited access of large numbers of patients to conventional antidiabetic medicines, continues to drive the search for new agents. Ancient Asian systems such as traditional Chinese medicine, Japanese Kampo medicine, and Indian Ayurvedic medicine, as well as African traditional medicine and many others have identified numerous plants reported anecdotally to treat diabetes; there are probably more than 800 such plants for which there is scientific evidence for their activity, mostly from studies using various models of diabetes in experimental animals. AIM OF THE REVIEW Rather than a comprehensive coverage of the literature, this article aims to identify discrepancies between findings in animal and human studies, and to highlight some of the problems in developing plant extract-based medicines that lower blood glucose in patients with diabetes, as well as to suggest potential ways forward. METHODS In addition to searching the 2018 PubMed literature using the terms 'extract AND blood glucose, a search of the whole literature was conducted using the terms 'plant extracts' AND 'blood glucose' AND 'diabetes' AND 'double blind' with 'clinical trials' as a filter. A third search using PubMed and Medline was undertaken for systematic reviews and meta-analyses investigating the effects of plant extracts on blood glucose/glycosylated haemoglobin in patients with relevant metabolic pathologies. FINDINGS Despite numerous animal studies demonstrating the effects of plant extracts on blood glucose, few randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials have been conducted to confirm efficacy in treating humans with diabetes; there have been only a small number of systematic reviews with meta-analyses of clinical studies. Qualitative and quantitative discrepancies between animal and human clinical studies in some cases were marked; the factors contributing to this included variations in the products among different studies, the doses used, differences between animal models and the human disease, and the impact of concomitant therapy in patients, as well as differences in the duration of treatment, and the fact that treatment in animals may begin before or very soon after the induction of diabetes. CONCLUSION The potential afforded by natural products has not yet been realised in the context of treating diabetes mellitus. A systematic, coordinated, international effort is required to achieve the goal of providing anti-diabetic treatments derived from medicinal plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian L Furman
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences, 161, Cathedral Street Glasgow, G4 ORE, Scotland, UK.
| | - Mayuren Candasamy
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Subrat Kumar Bhattamisra
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Sajesh K Veettil
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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331
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Buffa G, Tsiplakou E, Mitsiopoulou C, Pulina G, Nudda A. Supplementation of by-products from grape, tomato and myrtle affects antioxidant status of dairy ewes and milk fatty acid profile. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2020; 104:493-506. [PMID: 31989701 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of diets containing different dried by-products on milk and blood plasma antioxidant capacity of dairy ewes. Thirty-six Sarda ewes were assigned to four treatments: control (CON; no by-product), 100 g/day of grape marc (GM), 100 g/day tomato pomace (TP) and 75 g/day of exhausted myrtle berries (EMBs). The superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione transferase (GST) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in blood, and SOD, GR and lactoperoxidase (LPO) in milk were determined. Total antioxidant capacity (FRAP and ABTS assays), malondialdehyde (MDA) and protein carbonyls (PCs) were also measured. Milk fatty acid profile was investigated by gas chromatography. The results showed higher antioxidant capacity measured by FRAP or ABTS assays and a reduction in MDA in GM plasma than CON. All by-products enhanced the protection of milk proteins by oxidation, as evidenced by lower values of PCs compared with CON. GM supplementation increased PUFAn-6, due to increase in C18:2n-6, the main component of GM compared with CON. All by-products did not modify the nutritional indexes of milk fat. In conclusion, dietary GM may enhance protection against oxidative condition of dairy ewes, whereas TP and EMB need further research to define the optimum inclusion level in sheep diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Buffa
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Sezione di Scienze Zootecniche, Università degli studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Eleni Tsiplakou
- Department of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Christina Mitsiopoulou
- Department of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Giuseppe Pulina
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Sezione di Scienze Zootecniche, Università degli studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Anna Nudda
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Sezione di Scienze Zootecniche, Università degli studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
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332
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Pei R, Liu X, Bolling B. Flavonoids and gut health. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2020; 61:153-159. [PMID: 31954357 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2019.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids are dietary non-nutrient bioactives with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Fruits, vegetables, nuts, legumes, and tea are rich in flavonoids. After consumption, flavonoids are extensively metabolized by the gut microbiota and host tissues. Flavonoid metabolism exhibits extensive variation between individuals. It is plausible that inter-individual differences in flavonoid metabolism impact the immune system. Pre-clinical studies have characterized direct and indirect mechanisms by which flavonoids modulate intestinal immune function. This includes modulation of T cell differentiation, alteration of gut microbiota, and modulation of cytokines. Defining the importance of these mechanisms to human chronic disease will improve dietary recommendations for the anti-inflammatory uses of flavonoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruisong Pei
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Food Science, 1605 Linden Dr., Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Xiaocao Liu
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Food Science, 1605 Linden Dr., Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Bradley Bolling
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Food Science, 1605 Linden Dr., Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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333
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Zhao C, Wan X, Zhou S, Cao H. Natural Polyphenols: A Potential Therapeutic Approach to Hypoglycemia. EFOOD 2020. [DOI: 10.2991/efood.k.200302.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
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334
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Lu J, Zhao W, Wang L, Fan Z, Zhu R, Wu Y, Zhou Y. Apple Preload Halved the Postprandial Glycaemic Response of Rice Meal on in Healthy Subjects. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11122912. [PMID: 31810219 PMCID: PMC6950014 DOI: 10.3390/nu11122912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the possible glycemic effect of apple preload on acute postprandial glycemic responses (GRs) of a following rice meal, comparing with its co-ingestion counterpart and an apple sugar solution preload, based on equal carbohydrates intake. In a randomized crossover trial, 18 healthy female subjects consumed (1) rice, (2) co-ingestion of apple and rice (A+R), (3) apple preload and rice (PA+R), and (4) rice with sugar solution preload (same sugar profile as in apple) (PSS+R). Acute postprandial GR tests and subjective satiety tests were carried out for each test food. Compared with rice reference, the PA+R achieved a 50% reduction of the iAUC0-120, a 51.4% reduction of the average peak value, and a 52.6% reduction of glycemic excursion in 240 min, while the PSS+R showed 29.7% and 31.6% reduction of peak value and glycemic excursion, respectively. No significant differences were found between R and PA+R in any of the satiety characteristics. Compared with rice control, apple preload of 15 g available carbohydrates remarkably lowered the acute postprandial GR without negative effect on satiety. The sugar component may partly contribute to the glycemic suppressing effect of the apple preload.
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335
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Afzal M, Redha A, AlHasan R. Anthocyanins Potentially Contribute to Defense against Alzheimer's Disease. Molecules 2019; 24:E4255. [PMID: 31766696 PMCID: PMC6930593 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24234255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthocyanins (ANTs) are plant pigments that belong to a flavanol class of polyphenols and have diverse pharmacological properties. These compounds are primarily found in fruits and vegetables, with an average daily intake of 180 mgd-1 of these compounds in the developed world. ANTs are potent antioxidants that might regulate the free radical-mediated generation of amyloid peptides (Abeta-amyloids) in the brain, which causes Alzheimer's disease (AD). This study presents a literature review of ANTs from different berries and their potential therapeutic value, with particular emphasis on neurodegenerative AD, which owing to oxidative stress. This review also highlights reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation through energy metabolism, nitrogen reactive species, the role of transition metals in generating ROS, and the radical-quenching mechanisms of natural antioxidants, including ANTs. The current status of the bioavailability, solubility, and structure activity relationship of ANTs is discussed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Afzal
- Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, Kuwait University, Safat-13060, Kuwait; (A.R.); (R.A.)
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336
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Żary-Sikorska E, Kosmala M, Milala J, Fotschki B, Ognik K, Juśkiewicz J. Concentrations of Blood Serum and Urinal Ellagitannin Metabolites Depend Largely on the Post-Intake Time and Duration of Strawberry Phenolics Ingestion in Rats. POL J FOOD NUTR SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.31883/pjfns/111866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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337
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McGrail L, Garelnabi M. Polyphenolic Compounds and Gut Microbiome in Cardiovascular Diseases. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2019; 21:578-586. [PMID: 31713494 DOI: 10.2174/1389201020666191111150239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The onset of Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) is known to be associated with multiple risk factors related to exogenous exposures on predisposed genetic makeup. Diet and lifestyle have a cascade effect on microbiota biodiversity, thus impacting inflammation and heart health. Atherosclerosis is a type of CVD where chronic inflammation contributes to plaque buildup in the arteries resulting in narrowed blood vessels, which obstruct blood flow. Polyphenolic compounds, including flavonoids, most commonly consumed in the form of plants, have been identified to have various mechanisms of action to reduce the inflammatory response in the body. Flavonoids provide a variety of nutraceutical functions including antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antiangiogenic, antitumor, and improved pharmacokinetic properties. Therefore, the medicinal use of polyphenolic compounds as an intervention for the inflammatory response, especially relating to the gut microbiome, may significantly reduce the risk of atherosclerotic plaque development and disease onset. This review addresses the role of polyphenolic compounds and gut microbiome in cardiovascular disease. Research studies conducted in cells and animals were reviewed. These studies clearly illustrate that dietary polyphenolic compounds influence resident gut microbiota thus they are associated with the prevention of atherosclerosis progression. Further research in this field is warranted to identify potential gut microbiome mediated therapeutic approaches for CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay McGrail
- Department of Biomedical and Nutritional Sciences, Zuckerberg College of Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA, 01854, United States
| | - Mahdi Garelnabi
- Department of Biomedical and Nutritional Sciences, Zuckerberg College of Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA, 01854, United States
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338
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Quesada-Molina M, Muñoz-Garach A, Tinahones FJ, Moreno-Indias I. A New Perspective on the Health Benefits of Moderate Beer Consumption: Involvement of the Gut Microbiota. Metabolites 2019; 9:metabo9110272. [PMID: 31717482 PMCID: PMC6918268 DOI: 10.3390/metabo9110272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Beer is the most widely consumed fermented beverage in the world. A moderate consumption of beer has been related to important healthy outcomes, although the mechanisms have not been fully understood. Beer contains only a few raw ingredients but transformations that occur during the brewing process turn beer into a beverage that is enriched in micronutrients. Beer also contains an important number of phenolic compounds and it could be considered to be a source of dietary polyphenols. On the other hand, gut microbiota is now attracting special attention due to its metabolic effects and as because polyphenols are known to interact with gut microbiota. Among others, ferulic acid, xanthohumol, catechins, epicatechins, proanthocyanidins, quercetin, and rutin are some of the beer polyphenols that have been related to microbiota. However, scarce literature exists about the effects of moderate beer consumption on gut microbiota. In this review, we focus on the relationship between beer polyphenols and gut microbiota, with special emphasis on the health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mar Quesada-Molina
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Virgen de la Victoria Hospital (IBIMA), Malaga University, 29010 Malaga, Spain; (M.Q.-M.); (A.M.-G.)
| | - Araceli Muñoz-Garach
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Virgen de la Victoria Hospital (IBIMA), Malaga University, 29010 Malaga, Spain; (M.Q.-M.); (A.M.-G.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Tinahones
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Virgen de la Victoria Hospital (IBIMA), Malaga University, 29010 Malaga, Spain; (M.Q.-M.); (A.M.-G.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 29010 Málaga, Spain
- Correspondence: (F.J.T.); (I.M.-I.); Tel.: +34-951-036-2647 (F.J.T. & I.M.-I.)
| | - Isabel Moreno-Indias
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Virgen de la Victoria Hospital (IBIMA), Malaga University, 29010 Malaga, Spain; (M.Q.-M.); (A.M.-G.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 29010 Málaga, Spain
- Correspondence: (F.J.T.); (I.M.-I.); Tel.: +34-951-036-2647 (F.J.T. & I.M.-I.)
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339
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Fang X, Du M, Liu T, Fang Q, Liao Z, Zhong Q, Chen J, Meng X, Zhou S, Wang J. Changes in the Biotransformation of Green Tea Catechins Induced by Different Carbon and Nitrogen Sources in Aspergillus niger RAF106. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2521. [PMID: 31736934 PMCID: PMC6839139 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Biotransformation of green tea catechins mediated by microbes and/or enzymes could increase their bioavailability and improve their health benefits, but the regulatory mechanism remains unclear. Here, Aspergillus niger RAF106 isolated from Pu-erh tea was proved to be capable of degrading gradually ester-catechins into non-ester-catechins with higher bioavailability and gallic acid (GA) in aqueous solution only containing green tea catechins, and the products displayed similar radical-scavenging activity in vitro with the control. Meanwhile, the degradation was mediated by inducible enzymes as the extracellular form, and tannase might be an important enzyme among the extracellular enzymes. Moreover, it was found for the first time that the biotransformation was accelerated significantly by the addition of different nitrogen sources (i.e., yeast extract, peptone, NaNO3, and NH4Cl) and lactose through stimulating the hyphal growth and the tannase activities but was inhibited by glucose effect. Furthermore, nitrogen sources continued to promote the degradation of GA and/or non-ester-catechins by up-regulating the transcriptional expression of two dioxygenases and 10 monooxygenases. Besides, the addition of different nutrient sources except yeast extract did not alter the radical-scavenging activity of green tea catechins during the whole fermentation. These results provide a global insight into the roles of A. niger RAF106 and different nutrient sources in mediating the biotransformation of green tea catechins and modifying the radical-scavenging activity of biotransformed catechins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jie Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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340
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Polyphenols in human nutrition: from the in vitro antioxidant capacity to the beneficial effects on cardiometabolic health and related inter-individual variability - an overview and perspective. Br J Nutr 2019; 123:241-254. [PMID: 31658907 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114519002733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative damage of cells and tissues is broadly implicated in human pathophysiology, including cardiometabolic diseases. Polyphenols, as important constituents of the human diet and potent in vitro free radical scavengers, have been extensively studied for their beneficial effects on cardiometabolic health. However, it has been demonstrated that the in vivo antioxidant activity of polyphenols is distinct from their in vitro free radical-scavenging capacity. Indeed, bioavailability of nutritional polyphenols is low and conditioned by complex mechanisms of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion. Nowadays, it is commonly accepted that the cellular antioxidant activity of polyphenols is mainly carried out via modification of transcription of genes involved in antioxidant defence. Importantly, polyphenols also contribute to cardiometabolic health by modulation of a plethora of cellular processes that are not directly associated with antioxidant enzymes, through nutri(epi)genomic mechanisms. Numerous human intervention studies have demonstrated beneficial effects of polyphenols on the key cardiometabolic risk factors. However, inconsistency of the results of some studies led to identification of the inter-individual variability in response to consumption of polyphenols. In perspective, a detailed investigation of the determinants of this inter-individual variability will potentially lead us towards personalised dietary recommendations. The phenomenon of inter-individual variability is also of relevance for supplementation with antioxidant (pro)vitamins.
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341
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Polyphenol Effects on Cholesterol Metabolism via Bile Acid Biosynthesis, CYP7A1: A Review. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11112588. [PMID: 31661763 PMCID: PMC6893479 DOI: 10.3390/nu11112588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, the main contributor to coronary heart disease, is characterised by an accumulation of lipids such as cholesterol in the arterial wall. Reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) reduces cholesterol via its conversion into bile acids (BAs). During RCT in non-hepatic peripheral tissues, cholesterol is transferred to high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles and returned to the liver for conversion into BAs predominantly via the rate-limiting enzyme, cholesterol 7 α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1). Numerous reports have described that polyphenol induced increases in BA excretion and corresponding reductions in total and LDL cholesterol in animal and in-vitro studies, but the process whereby this occurs has not been extensively reviewed. There are three main mechanisms by which BA excretion can be augmented: (1) increased expression of CYP7A1; (2) reduced expression of intestinal BA transporters; and (3) changes in the gut microbiota. Here we summarise the BA metabolic pathways focusing on CYP7A1, how its gene is regulated via transcription factors, diurnal rhythms, and microRNAs. Importantly, we will address the following questions: (1) Can polyphenols enhance BA secretion by modulating the CYP7A1 biosynthetic pathway? (2) Can polyphenols alter the BA pool via changes in the gut microbiota? (3) Which polyphenols are the most promising candidates for future research? We conclude that while in rodents some polyphenols induce CYP7A1 expression predominantly by the LXRα pathway, in human cells, this may occur through FXR, NF-KB, and ERK signalling. Additionally, gut microbiota is important for the de-conjugation and excretion of BAs. Puerarin, resveratrol, and quercetin are promising candidates for further research in this area.
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Hadi A, Pourmasoumi M, Ghaedi E, Sahebkar A. The effect of Curcumin/Turmeric on blood pressure modulation: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Pharmacol Res 2019; 150:104505. [PMID: 31647981 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Hypertension is a chronic condition that can lead to several health problems, such as cardiovascular diseases, myocardial infarction, stroke, retinopathy and renal failure. In the present study, a systematic review and meta-analysis was undertaken with the main aim of estimating the quantitative effect of curcumin/turmeric supplementation on blood pressure (BP). METHODS A systematic search was undertaken in Medline, Embase, Scopus, ISI Web of Science, Google Scholar and Cochrane library up to May 2019 to identify randomized clinical trials assessing the effect of curcumin/turmeric on systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP). A random-effects model was used to analyze the impact of combined trials. Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool was applied to assess potential risks of bias. RESULTS A total of 11 studies comprising 734 participants were eligible and included in the meta-analysis to estimate pooled effect size. Results of the meta-analysis did not indicate any significant effect of curcumin/turmeric on SBP (-0.69 mmHg; 95% CI: -2.01, 0.64; I2 = 18%) and DBP (0.28 mmHg; 95% CI: -1.12, 1.68; I2 = 53%). However, subgroup analysis revealed a significant reduction only in SBP levels (-1.24 mmHg; 95% CI: -2.26, -0.22; I2 = 0%) but not DBP (0.29 mmHg; 95% CI: -0.65, 1.22; I2 = 1%) in studies with ≥12-week supplementation. No favorable effect of curcumin administration on SBP or DBP levels was found after stratification according to either participant's condition or type of intervention (turmeric, crude curcumin and high-absorption curcumin). CONCLUSION The present meta-analysis suggests that consuming curcumin/turmeric may improve SBP when administered in long durations. However, more studies are needed to confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Hadi
- Halal Research Center of IRI, FDA, Tehran, Iran
| | - Makan Pourmasoumi
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
| | - Ehsan Ghaedi
- Department of Cellular and molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Students' Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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343
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Braune A, Gütschow M, Blaut M. An NADH-Dependent Reductase from Eubacterium ramulus Catalyzes the Stereospecific Heteroring Cleavage of Flavanones and Flavanonols. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:e01233-19. [PMID: 31375488 PMCID: PMC6752008 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01233-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The human intestinal anaerobe Eubacterium ramulus is known for its ability to degrade various dietary flavonoids. In the present study, we demonstrate the cleavage of the heterocyclic C-ring of flavanones and flavanonols by an oxygen-sensitive NADH-dependent reductase, previously described as enoate reductase, from E. ramulus This flavanone- and flavanonol-cleaving reductase (Fcr) was purified following its heterologous expression in Escherichia coli and further characterized. Fcr cleaved the flavanones naringenin, eriodictyol, liquiritigenin, and homoeriodictyol. Moreover, the flavanonols taxifolin and dihydrokaempferol served as substrates. The catalyzed reactions were stereospecific for the (2R)-enantiomers of the flavanone substrates and for the (2S,3S)-configured flavanonols. The enantioenrichment of the nonconverted stereoisomers allowed for the determination of hitherto unknown flavanone racemization rates. Fcr formed the corresponding dihydrochalcones and hydroxydihydrochalcones in the course of an unusual reductive cleavage of cyclic ether bonds. Fcr did not convert members of other flavonoid subclasses, including flavones, flavonols, and chalcones, the latter indicating that the reaction does not involve a chalcone intermediate. This view is strongly supported by the observed enantiospecificity of Fcr. Cinnamic acids, which are typical substrates of bacterial enoate reductases, were also not reduced by Fcr. Based on the presence of binding motifs for dinucleotide cofactors and a 4Fe-4S cluster in the amino acid sequence of Fcr, a cofactor-mediated hydride transfer from NADH onto C-2 of the respective substrate is proposed.IMPORTANCE Gut bacteria play a crucial role in the metabolism of dietary flavonoids, thereby contributing to their activation or inactivation after ingestion by the human host. Thus, bacterial activities in the intestine may influence the beneficial health effects of these polyphenolic plant compounds. While an increasing number of flavonoid-converting gut bacterial species have been identified, knowledge of the responsible enzymes is still limited. Here, we characterized Fcr as a key enzyme involved in the conversion of flavonoids of several subclasses by Eubacterium ramulus, a prevalent human gut bacterium. Sequence similarity of this enzyme to hypothetical proteins from other flavonoid-degrading intestinal bacteria in databases suggests a more widespread occurrence of this enzyme. Functional characterization of gene products of human intestinal microbiota enables the assignment of metagenomic sequences to specific bacteria and, more importantly, to certain activities, which is a prerequisite for targeted modulation of gut microbial functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annett Braune
- Department of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Michael Gütschow
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Blaut
- Department of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, University of Potsdam, Nuthetal, Germany
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Kumar Singh A, Cabral C, Kumar R, Ganguly R, Kumar Rana H, Gupta A, Rosaria Lauro M, Carbone C, Reis F, Pandey AK. Beneficial Effects of Dietary Polyphenols on Gut Microbiota and Strategies to Improve Delivery Efficiency. Nutrients 2019; 11:E2216. [PMID: 31540270 PMCID: PMC6770155 DOI: 10.3390/nu11092216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The human intestine contains an intricate ecological community of dwelling bacteria, referred as gut microbiota (GM), which plays a pivotal role in host homeostasis. Multiple factors could interfere with this delicate balance, including genetics, age, antibiotics, as well as environmental factors, particularly diet, thus causing a disruption of microbiota equilibrium (dysbiosis). Growing evidences support the involvement of GM dysbiosis in gastrointestinal (GI) and extra-intestinal cardiometabolic diseases, namely obesity and diabetes. This review firstly overviews the role of GM in health and disease, then critically reviews the evidences regarding the influence of dietary polyphenols in GM based on preclinical and clinical data, ending with strategies under development to improve efficiency of delivery. Although the precise mechanisms deserve further clarification, preclinical and clinical data suggest that dietary polyphenols present prebiotic properties and exert antimicrobial activities against pathogenic GM, having benefits in distinct disorders. Specifically, dietary polyphenols have been shown ability to modulate GM composition and function, interfering with bacterial quorum sensing, membrane permeability, as well as sensitizing bacteria to xenobiotics. In addition, can impact on gut metabolism and immunity and exert anti-inflammatory properties. In order to overcome the low bioavailability, several different approaches have been developed, aiming to improve solubility and transport of dietary polyphenols throughout the GI tract and deliver in the targeted intestinal regions. Although more research is still needed, particularly translational and clinical studies, the biotechnological progresses achieved during the last years open up good perspectives to, in a near future, be able to improve the use of dietary polyphenols modulating GM in a broad range of disorders characterized by a dysbiotic phenotype.
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Grants
- UID/NEU/04539/2013 Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia
- UID/NEU/04539/2019 Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia
- PTDC/SAU-NUT/31712/2017 Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia
- POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007440 Programa Operacional Temático Factores de Competitividade
- POCI-01-0145-FEDER-031712 Programa Operacional Temático Factores de Competitividade
- CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-000012-HealthyAging2020 Programa Operacional Temático Factores de Competitividade
- AKS, RK and RG Senior/Junior research fellowship Council of Scientific & Industrial Research, India
- AKS, RK, RG, HKR, AG and AKP acknowledgment Fund for Improvement of S&T Infrastructure (FIST) of the Department of Science & Technology (DST), India
- AKS, RK, RG, HKR, AG and AKP acknowledgment UGC-SAP, India
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Allahabad, Allahabad 211002, India.
| | - Célia Cabral
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine; & CIBB Consortium, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Ramesh Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Allahabad, Allahabad 211002, India.
| | - Risha Ganguly
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Allahabad, Allahabad 211002, India.
| | - Harvesh Kumar Rana
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Allahabad, Allahabad 211002, India.
| | - Ashutosh Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Allahabad, Allahabad 211002, India.
| | - Maria Rosaria Lauro
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy.
| | - Claudia Carbone
- Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy.
| | - Flávio Reis
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine; & CIBB Consortium, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.
- Institute of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine; University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Abhay K Pandey
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Allahabad, Allahabad 211002, India.
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345
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Overview of the Anticancer Profile of Avenanthramides from Oat. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20184536. [PMID: 31540249 PMCID: PMC6770293 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer represents one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Progresses in treatment of cancer have continued at a rapid pace. However, undesirable side effects and drug resistance remain major challenges for therapeutic success. Natural products represent a valuable starting point to develop new anticancer strategies. Polyphenols, well-known as antioxidant, exert anticancer effects through the modulation of multiple pathways and mechanisms. Oat (Avena sativa L., Poaceae) is a unique source of avenanthramides (AVAs), a group of polyphenolic alkaloids, considered as its signature compounds. The present review aims to offer a comprehensive and critical perspective on the chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic potential of AVAs. AVAs prevent cancer mainly by blocking reactive species. Moreover, they exhibit potential therapeutic activity through the modulation of different pathways including the activation of apoptosis and senescence, the block of cell proliferation, and the inhibition of epithelial mesenchymal transition and metastatization. AVAs are promising chemopreventive and anticancer phytochemicals, which need further clinical trials and toxicological studies to define their efficacy in preventing and reducing the burden of cancer diseases.
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346
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Trakooncharoenvit A, Tanaka S, Mizuta E, Hira T, Hara H. Reply to the Letter: Increased bioavailability of plasma polyphenols via the intestinal fermentation of soybean fibers: a role for gut microbiome? Eur J Nutr 2019; 58:2563. [PMID: 31263985 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-019-02030-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aphichat Trakooncharoenvit
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan.
- Nutritional Biochemistry Laboratory, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Seiya Tanaka
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Erika Mizuta
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Tohru Hira
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hara
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
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347
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Zheng J, Xiong H, Li Q, He L, Weng H, Ling W, Wang D. Protocatechuic acid from chicory is bioavailable and undergoes partial glucuronidation and sulfation in healthy humans. Food Sci Nutr 2019; 7:3071-3080. [PMID: 31572600 PMCID: PMC6766590 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Protocatechuic acid exerts multiple health-promoting effects such as anticancer, anti-atherosclerosis, and neuroprotection in animal models. While protocatechuic acid produced in the lower gastrointestinal tract by microbial catabolism of several flavonoids is bioavailable, the pharmacokinetics of protocatechuic acid has not been evaluated so far in humans following its oral consumption. In this open-label and single-dose pharmacokinetic trial, 16 healthy adults followed a low-phytochemical diet for three days. Next, after overnight fasting, participants consumed 150 g of chicory containing 248 μmol of protocatechuic acid. Blood, urine, and fecal samples were collected before and up to 24 hr after chicory consumption. Protocatechuic acid in the free and glucuronide/sulfate-conjugated forms was almost undetectable in serum, urine, and fecal samples before chicory consumption. Chicory consumption increased the levels of protocatechuic acid and its glucuronide/sulfate conjugates in biological samples. The maximum serum concentrations of protocatechuic acid in the free-, glucuronide-, and sulfate-conjugated forms were 3,273, 519, and 340 nmol/L, respectively. The recovery of total protocatechuic acid in blood circulation, urine, and feces was 23.79%, 12.17%, and 12.79% of the ingested dose, respectively. Moreover, glucuronide and sulfate conjugates of protocatechuic acid made up 34.79%, 60.15%, and 72.70% of its total recovery in blood circulation, urine, and feces, respectively. Collectively, protocatechuic acid from chicory is bioavailable and undergoes partial glucuronidation and sulfation in human adults, and its regular consumption may exert health-promoting effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiakun Zheng
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public HealthSun Yat‐sen University (Northern Campus)GuangzhouChina
| | - Haiyan Xiong
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public HealthSun Yat‐sen University (Northern Campus)GuangzhouChina
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public HealthSun Yat‐sen University (Northern Campus)GuangzhouChina
| | - Luanying He
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public HealthSun Yat‐sen University (Northern Campus)GuangzhouChina
| | - Hui Weng
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public HealthSun Yat‐sen University (Northern Campus)GuangzhouChina
| | - Wenhua Ling
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public HealthSun Yat‐sen University (Northern Campus)GuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Food Nutrition and HealthGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Nutrition TranslationGuangzhouChina
| | - Dongliang Wang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public HealthSun Yat‐sen University (Northern Campus)GuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Food Nutrition and HealthGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Nutrition TranslationGuangzhouChina
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348
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Chirumbolo S. Increased bioavailability of plasma polyphenols via the intestinal fermentation of soybean fibers: a role for gut microbiome? Eur J Nutr 2019; 58:2561-2562. [PMID: 31263984 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-019-02029-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Chirumbolo
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 9, 37134, Verona, Italy.
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349
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Abstract
Purpose of the review In this review, we discuss the roles of the gut microbiota, dietary phytochemicals in improving human health. Recent studies have reported that the human gut microbiota can be altered by dietary phytochemicals including phenolics, carotenoids, and dietary fibers. In addition, both pathogenic and nonpathogenic bacteria show regulatory effects with phytochemicals, suggesting potential synergistic effects in the improvement of human gut health and prevention of chronic diseases. Recent findings Numerous studies have been conducted on gut microbial alterations induced by phytochemicals, such as phenolics and carotenoids. Butyrate, a short-chain fatty acid produced via bacterial fermentation in the colon, also shows a significantly beneficial effect in the maintenance of gut microbial homeostasis. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of diets and the interactions of the gut microorganisms remain poorly understood. The gut microbiome profile changes have been observed in chronic inflammation-induced diseases including colitis, Crohn's disease, immune dysfunction, colon cancer, obesity and diabetes. The anti-inflammatory effects of dietary phytochemicals against these diseases may be partially mediated by regulation of microbial profiles. Latest advances in biomedical technology such as the next-generation sequencing (NGS), and continuous cost reduction associated with these technologies, enabled researchers to perform ever-increasing number of large-scale, high-throughput computational analyses to elucidate the potential mechanism of phytochemical-microbiome interactions. Summary Information obtained from these studies may provide valuable insights to guide future clinical research for the development of therapeutics, botanicals and drug efficacy testing, many of which will be discussed in this review.
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350
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Marín FR, Hernández-Ruiz J, Arnao MB. A colorimetric method for the determination of different functional flavonoids using 2,2'-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) and peroxidase. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2019; 49:1033-1039. [PMID: 31407950 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2019.1650378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In many occasions it is necessary to use fast and simple methods, different to the chromatographic techniques, for the quantification of biomolecules such as flavonoids. Also, the flavonoid levels in some foodstuffs can be influenced by industrial extraction processes such as pressing and squeezing, resulting in modification of their functional value. For this purpose, we have developed a rapid method to analyze flavonoids, based on a coupling reaction between ABTS and flavonoid mediated by peroxidase. The present method can be used to detect and measure flavonoids with hydroxyl moieties on A- or B-rings, not adjacent to methoxy or oxo substitutions. The visible spectrum of the ABTS-flavonoid complex, the calibration curve (within the range 5-50 μM) and the molar absorption coefficients for isosakuranetin, isonaringin, rhoifolin, hyperoside, rutin, hesperetin, quercetin, kaempherol and naringenin are given. The method has been applied to complex culture media and is sensitive, accurate, quick and easy to apply. This method can be used in laboratories that do not have sophisticated and expensive techniques such as liquid chromatography and also as a quick, simple and inexpensive technique for student practice laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco R Marín
- Department of Applied Chemistry-Physics. Faculty of Science, University Autónoma of Madrid , Madrid , Spain
| | - Josefa Hernández-Ruiz
- Department of Plant Biology (Plant Physiology), Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia , Murcia , Spain
| | - Marino B Arnao
- Department of Plant Biology (Plant Physiology), Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia , Murcia , Spain
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