Epidemiological status and genome characteristics of canine parvovirus in China from 2022 to 2024

Canine parvovirus (CPV) is a highly contagious and lethal virus that primarily affects dogs. The virulence and transmissibility of this virus have intensified over time, posing significant challenges to the prevention and control of this pathogen. In this study, to investigate the epidemiology of CPV in China, 2,654 fecal samples were collected from seven provinces, and the positive rate was found to be 50.53%. The positive rates in Liaoning, Shandong, Hubei, Hunan, Guangxi, Jiangxi, and Fujian provinces were 78.53%, 9.25%, 58.37%, 3.00%, 42.68%, 78.26%, and 41.47%, respectively. Among these samples, four genotypes were identified: CPV-2 (4.42%), CPV-2c (69.04%), new CPV-2a (23.81%), and new CPV-2b (2.7%). Notably, CPV-2c emerged as the most prevalent genotype. Amino acid sequence alignments indicated that the main substitutions in VP2 were M87L, S297A, A300G, Y324I, N375D, and N426D/E, and the main substitutions in NS1 were I60V, Y544F, E545V, and L630P. Moreover, the mutations A5G, Q370R, and N426E were observed to be nearly universal among all CPV-2c strains, and I60V, Y544F, E545V were mainly found in CPV-2c and new CPV-2b strains. Phylogenetic analysis based on VP2 sequences revealed that CPV and FPV formed two distinct clusters. Furthermore, the CPV cluster was subdivided into four groups: CPV-2, CPV-2c, new CPV-2a, and new CPV-2b. However, the sub-branch of the NS1 evolutionary tree did not correspond strictly to the CPV genotype. In summary, our findings revealed significant variation in the prevalence of CPV across different regions in China. These findings carry significant implications for our understanding of CPV transmission dynamics and will play an important role in informing vaccine development strategies.

Sensory and Multisensory Processing Changes and Their Contributions to Autism and Schizophrenia

Natural environments are typically multisensory, comprising information from multiple sensory modalities. It is in the integration of these incoming sensory signals that we form our perceptual gestalt that allows us to navigate through the world with relative ease. However, differences in multisensory integration (MSI) ability are found in a number of clinical conditions. Throughout this chapter, we discuss how MSI differences contribute to phenotypic characterization of autism and schizophrenia. Although these clinical populations are often described as opposite each other on a number of spectra, we describe similarities in behavioral performance and neural functions between the two conditions. Understanding the shared features of autism and schizophrenia through the lens of MSI research allows us to better understand the neural and behavioral underpinnings of both disorders. We provide potential avenues for remediation of MSI function in these populations.

Deoxynivalenol and pigs: review of harmful effect of Mycotoxin on swine health

Mycotoxins are compounds produced by certain types of fungi, and the mycotoxin one of the most most frequently found in the tested cereal samples is deoxynivalenol (DON), naturally-occurring mycotoxin produced by Fusarium spp. An animal sensitive to the effects of this mycotoxin is the pig due to the diet containing primarily cereals and the structure of a digestive system, which causes DON to be quickly absorbed unchanged into the bloodstream and partially metabolized in the liver. An important aspect when considering the toxicity of DON is the occurrence of its modified forms, which can be transformed into DON in the digestive system. The toxic effect of DON can also be caused by other mycotoxins which co-occur in cereals. The toxic effect of DON on the body of pigs was observed mainly in the digestive, immune, and reproductive systems. The noticeable of DON's toxic effects depends on the exposure time, route of administration and mycotoxin concentration. The changes are mainly caused by impaired gene expression, inhibiting protein synthesis or the effect of DON on pathways in pigs' bodies. The negative impact of DON on the health of pigs may lead to reduced weight gain, poor health, and increased susceptibility to infections and reproductive disorders. There have also been many methods of DON elimination from cereals, but their efficiency is insufficient.

Bone marrow microenvironment in myelodysplastic neoplasms: insights into pathogenesis, biomarkers, and therapeutic targets

Myelodysplastic neoplasms (MDS) represent a heterogeneous group of malignant hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) disorders characterized by cytopenia, ineffective hematopoiesis, as well as the potential to progress to acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The pathogenesis of MDS is influenced by intrinsic factors, such as genetic insults, and extrinsic factors, including altered bone marrow microenvironment (BMM) composition and architecture. BMM is reprogrammed in MDS, initially to prevent the development of the disease but eventually to provide a survival advantage to dysplastic cells. Recently, inflammation or age-related inflammation in the bone marrow has been identified as a key pathogenic mechanism for MDS. Inflammatory signals trigger stress hematopoiesis, causing HSPCs to emerge from quiescence and resulting in MDS development. A better understanding of the role of the BMM in the pathogenesis of MDS has opened up new avenues for improving diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of the disease. This article provides a comprehensive review of the current knowledge regarding the significance of the BMM to MDS pathophysiology and highlights recent advances in developing innovative therapies.

Biomarkers Related to Interferon-γ Pathway in Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury and the Potential Molecular Mechanisms

Although reperfusion therapy can reduce the mortality of myocardial infarction, it results in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MIRI). The molecular mechanism by which the interferon-γ pathway affects MIRI is unclear, so we addressed this problem by mining transcriptome and single-cell sequencing data. The GSE160516 and GSE83472 datasets, single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data of GSE227088 dataset and 182 interferon-γ pathway related genes (IRGs) were retrieved and incorporated into this study. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between MIRI and control samples were searched, the candidate genes were obtained by intersecting DEGs with IRGs. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis was utilized for selecting key genes from candidate genes. Moreover, key genes with significant expression and consistent trend in GSE160516 and GSE83472 datasets were selected as biomarkers. The biological functions and regulatory mechanism of biomarkers were investigated by enrichment analysis and predicting the upstream molecules targeting them. Ulteriorly, cell clusters were identified via unsupervised cluster analysis and merged into different cell types by cell annotation. Cell types in which biomarkers observably and differentially expressed were selected as crucial cell types. Finally, cell communication and pseudo-time analysis were implemented based on crucial cell types. Totally 34 candidate genes were searched by overlapping 1,930 DEGs with 182 IRGs. Nine key genes were singled out from candidate genes, of which Myd88 and Trp53 were significantly upregulated in the MIRI samples of GSE160516 and GSE83472 datasets, so they were identified as biomarkers. Besides, they participated in pathways such as ribosome, spliceosome and cell cycle. Myd88 might be simultaneously regulated by mmu-miR-361-3p and mmu-miR-421-3p, and Trp53 could be regulated by Abl1 and Tead2. Totally 25 cell clusters were merged into six cell types, of which three crucial cell types (cardiomyocyte, fibroblast, and macrophage) could interact with each other through receptor-ligand. Pseudo-time analysis revealed states 1, 2, and 5 of macrophages might be associated with MIRI. Two biomarkers (Myd88 and Trp53) related to IRGs in MIRI were mined, providing a reference for elucidating the mechanism of interferon-γ pathway on MIRI.

Research progress of radiation esophagitis: A narrative review

Radiation esophagitis (RE) is an adverse reaction to radiotherapy for thoracic malignancies and a major factor limiting the dosage for thoracic tumors. In cases of RE, mild conditions may involve only discomfort in the throat, severe cases can present with intense pain and significant difficulty swallowing, and may lead to interruptions in radiation therapy, affecting the treatment outcome. However, much of the current research focuses on how to diagnose and treat the disease and needs to address the prevention of RE. In this review, several online databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, the China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and the Chinese Medical Journal Database, were searched to collect relevant published studies. This review provides updated information on the pathogenesis, diagnosis, risk factors, development of predictive models, prevention, and treatment of RE, aiming to serve as a reference for its diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.

Development and validation of a nomogram model for predicting immune-mediated hepatitis in cancer patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have been widely used in various types of cancer, but they have also led to a significant number of adverse events, including ICI-induced immune-mediated hepatitis (IMH). This study aimed to explore the risk factors for IMH in patients treated with ICIs and to develop and validate a new nomogram model to predict the risk of IMH. Detailed information was collected between January 1, 2020, and December 31, 2023. Univariate logistic regression analysis was used to assess the impact of each clinical variable on the occurrence of IMH, followed by stepwise multivariate logistic regression analysis to determine independent risk factors for IMH. A nomogram model was constructed based on the results of the multivariate analysis. The performance of the nomogram model was evaluated via the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), calibration curves, decision curve analysis (DCA), and clinical impact curve (CIC) analysis. A total of 216 (8.82%) patients developed IMH. According to stepwise multivariate logistic analysis, hepatic metastasis, the TNM stage, the WBC count, LYM, ALT, TBIL, ALB, GLB, and ADA were identified as risk factors for IMH. The AUC for the nomogram model was 0.817 in the training set and 0.737 in the validation set. The calibration curves, DCA results, and CIC results indicated that the nomogram model had good predictive accuracy and clinical utility. The nomogram model is intuitive and straightforward, making it highly suitable for rapid assessment of the risk of IMH in patients receiving ICI therapy in clinical practice. Implementing this model enables early adoption of preventive and therapeutic strategies, ultimately reducing the likelihood of immune-related adverse events (IRAEs), and especially IMH.

Associations between self-efficacy and health-related quality of life in haemorrhagic stroke survivors: a longitudinal study

BACKGROUND

The impact of recovery self-efficacy on health-related quality of life in haemorrhagic stroke survivors remains unclear. This longitudinal study examined this association through a one-year follow-up after discharge.

METHODS

A prospective, longitudinal design was conducted. A total of 184 haemorrhagic stroke survivors in a tertiary hospital in western China from January 2020 to December 2021 were recruited by the convenience sampling method. The three-level EuroQol five-dimension questionnaire (EQ-5D-3 L) and Stoke Self-efficacy Questionnaire (SSEQ) were assessed at four post-discharge time points: 1 month (T1), 3 months (T2), 6 months (T3), and 12 months (T4). The generalized estimating equation analysis was used to evaluate the associations between recovery self-efficacy and health-related quality of life.

RESULTS

The mean age of included participants were 54.0, with 65.2% of female. Generalized estimating equation analysis revealed significant interactions between time and SSEQ on EQ-5D-3 L (p < 0.001). The simple effects of time showed significant increases in EQ-5D-3 L scores from T3 to T4 in the low SSEQ group (β = 0.113-0.203, p < 0.001) and from T2 to T4 in the high SSEQ group (β = 0.038-0.054, p < 0.05). The simple effects of SSEQ showed that patients with higher SSEQ scores had significantly higher EQ-5D-3 L scores at T1 (β = 0.187, 95%CI: 0.132-0.242, p < 0.001), T2 (β = 0.154, 95%CI: 0.111-0.196, p < 0.001), and T3 (β = 0.084, 95%CI: 0.054-0.113, p < 0.001), but not at T4 (p = 0.803).

CONCLUSION

Recovery self-efficacy significantly interacted with time in shaping haemorrhagic stroke survivors' health-related quality of life recovery. Higher self-efficacy was associated with earlier improvements, while lower self-efficacy was associated with delayed but larger improvements of health-related quality of life levels, with effects diminishing by one year after stroke.

Predictive accuracy of changes in the inferior vena cava diameter for predicting fluid responsiveness in patients with sepsis: A systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Existing guidelines emphasize the importance of initial fluid resuscitation therapy in sepsis management. However, in previous meta-analyses, there have been inconsistencies in differentiating between spontaneously breathing and mechanically ventilated septic patients.

OBJECTIVE

To consolidate the literature on the predictive accuracy of changes in the inferior vena cava diameter (∆IVC) for fluid responsiveness in septic patients.

METHODS

The Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, PubMed, Wanfang, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Chinese Biomedical (CBM) and VIP (Weipu) databases were comprehensively searched. Statistical analyses were performed with Stata 15.0 software and Meta-DiSc 1.4.

RESULTS

Twenty-one research studies were deemed suitable for inclusion. The sensitivity and specificity of ∆ IVC were 0.84 (95% CI 0.76, 0.90) and 0.87 (95% CI 0.80, 0.91), respectively. With respect to the distensibility of the inferior vena cava (dIVC), the sensitivity was 0.79 (95% CI 0.68, 0.86), and the specificity was 0.82 (95% CI 0.73, 0.89). For collapsibility of the inferior vena cava (cIVC), the sensitivity and specificity values were 0.92 (95% CI 0.83, 0.96) and 0.93 (95% CI 0.86, 0.97), respectively.

CONCLUSION

The results indicated that ∆IVC is as a dependable marker for fluid responsiveness in sepsis patients. dIVC and cIVC also exhibited high levels of accuracy in predicting fluid responsiveness in septic patients.

Bibliometric analysis and visualization of Connexin 43 in the field of solid tumor research(2000-2024)

Background

Connexin 43 (Cx43) plays a pivotal role in tumor growth, metastasis, and disease progression. This study employs bibliometric analysis to identify key research trends and emerging hotspots in Cx43-related solid tumor research.

Methods

In December 2024, the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) database was searched for publications on Cx43 in solid tumor research from 2000 to 2024. Bibliometric analysis and data visualization were primarily conducted using CiteSpace, VOSviewer, and Bibliometrix, with a focus on visualizing aspects such as countries, institutions, journals, authors, references, and keywords in the field.

Results

A total of 1,666 publications were retrieved, with the annual number of articles and citations continuing to grow. The United States and China had the highest number of publications, while the University of Western Ontario in Canada was the leading institution, with the most publications by Christian C.G. Nau. Lampe, P.D. was the most cited author. The International Journal of Molecular Sciences was the most frequently published journal, and the Journal of Biological Chemistry was the most frequently co-cited journal. High-frequency keywords included phosphorylation, breast cancer, gastric cancer, prognostic markers, anti-tumor immune response, and drug resistance.

Conclusion

Contemporary research focuses on the role of Cx43 phosphorylation in tumorigenesis, progression, and metastasis, its potential as a prognostic biomarker, and its critical role as an immunotherapeutic target and in tumor drug resistance. These studies provide a comprehensive analysis for a deeper understanding of the role of Cx43 in solid tumors and help to promote further research in this area.

Knockdown of eIF3a alleviates pulmonary arterial hypertension by inhibiting endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition via TGFβ1/SMAD pathway

OBJECTIVE

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a life-threatening disease characterized by vascular remodeling and involves Endothelial-to-Mesenchymal transition (EndMT) in pulmonary artery endothelial cells (PAECs). EndMT is a complex cell differentiation process, mainly showing the detachment of endothelial cell migration and reducing endothelial cell characteristics to varying degrees, acquiring mesenchymal cell characteristics. In addition, numerous studies have reported that eIF3a over expression plays an important role in the occurrence and development of fibrotic diseases, cancer, and degenerative lesions, however, the mechanisms of eIF3a affecting the dysfunction of pulmonary arterial endothelial cells remains largely unknown. Therefore, we aimed to demonstrate the underlying mechanisms of eIF3a-knockdown inhibiting EndMT by regulating TGFβ1/SMAD signal pathway in PAH.

METHODS

In this study, we screened the potential target genes associated with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH) by WGCNA to provide a reference for the diagnosis and treatment of PAH. By constructing WGCNA, which indicated that the blue module (module-trait associations between modules and clinical feature information were calculated to selected the optimum module) is most closely associated with IPAH, we further screened out 10 up-regulated candidate biomarker genes. Male SD rats were randomly assigned to four groups: Control, Monocrotaline (MCT), AAV1-shRNA-NC group and AAV1-shRNA-eIF3a group. The eIF3a-knockdown rat model was constructed by adeno-associated virus type-1 (AAV1) infection, PAH was evaluated according to hemodynamic alteration, right heart hypertrophy and histopathological changes in the lung tissue. Hematoxylin eosin (H&E) staining was used to assess the morphological changes of pulmonary arteries in rats of each treatment group. Co-localization of eIF3a with alpha-small muscle action (α-SMA) and co-localization of eIF3a with endothelial marker (CD31) were detected by double-label immunofluorescence. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and Western blot (WB) experiments were performed to assess the expression of eIF3a, EndMT and TGFβ1/SMAD signal related proteins. In vitro, primary rat pulmonary artery endothelial cells (PAECs) were transfected with si-eIF3a to investigate the effects of eIF3a-knockdown on hypoxia-induced EndMT in PAECs and further elucidate its underlying molecular mechanisms.

RESULTS

By WGCNA analysis, we screened the up-regulated hub genes of TMF1, GOLGB1, ARMC8, PRPF40 A, EIF3 A, ROCK2, EIF5B, CCP110, and KRR1 associated with PAH, and in order to verify the potential role of eIF3a in the development of pulmonary arterial hypertension, MCT-induced PAH rat model was constructed successfully. The expression of eIF3a was increased in MCT-treated lungs. Knockdown of eIF3a significantly inhibited the pulmonary arterial hypertension and vascular remodeling in MCT-induced PAH rat model, ameliorated MCT-induced increases of right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP) and right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH) in rats. Double-labeled immunofluorescence showed eIF3a was mostly co-localized with CD31, this result indicated that the development of MCT-induced PAH was related to the regulation of PAECs function (most likely associated with the change of EndMT in endothelial cells). WB showed that the expressions of EndMT related proteins were significantly increased by regulating TGFβ1/SMAD signaling pathway in MCT-induced PAH rat lung tissues, however, knockdown of eIF3a markedly attenuated these changes. In addition, we observed the same results in rat PAECs with chronic hypoxia exposure. These results indicate that eIF3a-knockdown inhibited EndMT by regulating TGFβ1/SMAD signaling pathway in PAECs, thereby improving the development of MCT-induced PAH.

CONCLUSIONS

Knockdown of eIF3a inhibited EndMT in PAECs regulating TGFβ1/SMAD signaling pathway, significantly alleviated the changes of RVSP, RVH and vascular remodeling in MCT-induced PAH rats, eIF3a may be a promising and novel therapeutic target for the treatment of PAH.

Non-allergenic mixed T cell epitope peptides for preventing Scy p 9 allergic reactions

Filamin c is an allergen with strong IgE-binding activity of Scylla paramamosain (named Scy p 9). In this study, the T cell epitopes of Scy p 9 were identified using the CD4+T lymphocyte proliferation assay in the mononuclear cells of the spleen allergic mice. Nine of the thirteen T cell epitope peptides that have been found have the ability to trigger the production of the Th1 cytokine (IFN-γ) and TGF-β. Meanwhile, the findings of the inhibitory Dot blot and basophil activation test of crab allergy patients showed that the mixed nine T cell epitope peptides lacked IgE-binding activity and was unable to stimulate the expression of CD63 and CD203c on the surface of basophils. Non-allergenic mixed T cell epitope peptides (NAMTEP) demonstrate the potential for preventing Scy p 9 allergies. According to the evaluation of the preventive effect of Scy p 9 allergy mouse model, mice challenged with oral administration of Scy p 9 after early injection of NAMTEP did not show any allergic symptoms. NAMTEP inhibited IgE generation and Th2 immune response, preventing Scy p 9 allergy reactions in mice. These results would provide a theoretical foundation for the specific prevention of allergens in crustacean aquatic products.

Prognostic impact of lymph node and surgical margin in patients with perihilar cholangiocarcinoma

BACKGROUND

The study aimed to assess the prognostic impact of lymph node (LN) metastasis combined with surgical margin status on the 5-year overall survival (OS) of patients after radical resection perihilar cholangiocarcinoma (PHCC).

METHODS

Clinicopathological data of patients with PHCC who underwent curative resection between June 2014 and June 2022 were analyzed retrospectively. Cox regression analyses were performed to evaluate the risk factors for OS and LN metastasis. Kaplan-Meier method with log-rank test was performed for OS curves.

RESULTS

71 patients were enrolled and the 5-year OS rate was 52.4%. Poor differentiation grade, R1/2 resection, and the presence of LN metastasis were the independent prognostic factors of poor OS. In patients without LN metastasis, the 5-year OS rate was significantly higher in patients with negative surgical margin than patients with positive surgical margin. In LN metastasis positive patients, a comparable 5-year OS rate was found between patients with and without positive surgical margin (P = 0.185).

CONCLUSIONS

In patients with curatively resected for PHCC, R1 resection margin does not influence OS in patients with LN metastasis even when radical resection was achieved. Consequently, the risk of highly invasive procedures aimed at achieving R0 margins should be judiciously weighed against potential morbidity risk in patients with LN metastasis, as aggressive surgical strategies may not translate to survival benefits.

Neurocognitive function across different phases of bipolar disorder: an evaluation using the B-CATS

Objectives

Neurocognitive dysfunction is a critical aspect of bipolar disorder (BD) and affected by multiple factors, which may serve as potential points for prevention and clinical intervention. This study aimed to compare the neurocognitive profiles of BD patients across different phases with those of healthy controls (HCs) via the Brief Cognitive Assessment Tool for Schizophrenia (B-CATS) and explore the relationship between neurocognitive impairment and mood symptom severity, advancing the applicability of the B-CATS for BD patients.

Methods

This cross-sectional study included 238 BD patients, of whom 80, 78, and 80 were in the depressive, manic/hypomanic, and euthymic phases, respectively, and 80 HCs. The participants' neurocognitive profiles were evaluated using the B-CATS, which includes 3 tests: the Animal Fluency Test (AFT), the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST), and the Trail Making Test (TMT). In addition, the 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD-17), Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAMA), Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) and Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS) were used to assess depression symptoms, anxiety, mania, and the degree of disability.

Results

Among the four groups, the depressive group showed the most severe neurocognitive impairment, followed by the manic group, and the euthymic group was inferior to that of the healthy control group (p < 0.001). Correlation analysis showed that in the depression group, depressive symptoms were inversely associated with AFT (r = -0.427, p < 0.001), DSST (r = -0.242, p = 0.030), and total scores (r = -0.248, p = 0.026). In the manic group, manic symptoms were inversely associated with B-CATS scores (r = -0.407, p < 0.001), and patients with current medication use had lower B-CATS total scores and TMT scores (r = -0.310, p = 0.006; r = -0.292, p = 0.010, respectively). Multiple regression analysis showed that B-CATS total score was closely related to SDS- Social life (p = 0.030) in depression, YMRS score (p < 0.001) and drugs (p < 0.001) in manic.

Conclusions

Neurocognitive impairment in BD patients are present throughout the entire illness course, with the most severe deficits occurring during the depressive phase. B-CATS is a quick and simple tool for assessing neurocognitive function for BD patients.

Revisiting the role of steroidal therapeutics in the 21st century: an update on FDA approved steroidal drugs (2000-2024)

Steroids are biologically active polycyclic compounds that have garnered significant scientific attention due to their distinct physiochemical properties and diverse medical applications. Since their invention more than 90 years ago, steroids have remained the most important and necessary class of regulatory molecules in the evolution process of living creatures and have fascinated scientists due to their broad-spectrum biological activities. Over time, scientific innovations and expanded understanding of mechanisms related to diversified biological activities of steroids have made them cheaper, efficient and more specific therapeutic agents which could be effective in the prevention and cure of numerous diseases like cancer, inflammation, asthma, microbial infection, and many more. However, steroidal drugs remain a double-edged sword having significant therapeutic benefits but with incidence of several adverse effects if used for a longer duration and/or with incorrect dose. Nevertheless, novel treatment approaches such as nanoparticles or liposomal drug delivery, real-time monitoring and the use of artificial intelligence in steroidal therapy outweigh their risk factors and provide an effective and safe treatment with minimum adverse effects. Furthermore, the repurposing of steroids in different diseases, e.g. successful use of dexamethasone or hydrocortisone during COVID-19 pandemic has renewed the interest in steroidal therapeutics. The present review provides an update on FDA approved steroidal drugs during the years 2000-2024, the status of their clinical studies, the challenges offered by steroidal therapy and the future perspectives to counterbalance all these challenges. Moreover, this review also delivers useful data on the repurposing of steroidal drugs against various diseases along with the novel techniques used for improved steroid delivery.

Naringenin Targets PI3K p85alpha to Suppress PI3K/AKT Signaling Pathway and Ameliorate Disordered MMP-9 Secretion in Cigarette Smoke Extract-Induced Alveolar Macrophages In Vitro

BACKGROUND

Naringenin has demonstrated potential therapeutic effects against cigarette smoke-induced lung injury; however, its underlying mechanisms of regulating matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in alveolar macrophages remain unclear.

METHODS

The regulatory mechanisms of naringenin in cigarette smoke extract (CSE)-induced alveolar macrophages were investigated using proteomics, and then, naringenin's targets were further validated by Western blot, molecular docking, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA), and enzyme activity assay.

RESULTS

The proteomics revealed that the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway might play a crucial role in naringenin's inhibition of MMP-9. Western blot analysis confirmed that naringenin significantly inhibited CSE-upregulated PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and reduced MMP-9 expression in MH-S cells. Notably, the PI3K activator 740Y-P reversed naringenin's effects on MMP-9. Additionally, molecular docking, MD simulations, and CETSA identified PI3K p85alpha as the potential binding site for naringenin, and naringenin markedly inhibited CSE-induced PI3K activity. In in vitro experiments, naringenin inhibiting MMP-9 secretion in alveolar macrophages contributed to alleviating elastin and E-cadherin damage in alveolar epithelial cells. Furthermore, naringenin effectively suppressed CSE-induced MMP-9 secretion in primary mouse alveolar macrophages and human THP-1-differentiated macrophages.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings revealed that naringenin, a potential candidate for treating smoking-induced lung injury, directly targeted PI3K p85alpha, inhibiting PI3K activity and MMP-9 expression in CSE-induced alveolar macrophages via suppressing the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.

Olfactory Dysfunction in a Novel Model of Prodromal Parkinson's Disease in Adult Zebrafish

Olfactory dysfunction is a clinical marker of prodromal Parkinson's disease (PD), yet the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. To explore this relationship, we developed a zebrafish model that recapitulates the olfactory impairment observed in prodromal PD without affecting motor function. We used zebrafish due to their olfactory system's similarity to mammals and their unique nervous system regenerative capacity. By injecting 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) into the dorsal telencephalic ventricle, we observed a significant loss of dopaminergic (DA) periglomerular neurons in the olfactory bulb (OB) and retrograde degeneration of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) in the olfactory epithelium (OE). These alterations impaired olfactory responses to cadaverine, an aversive odorant, while responses to alanine remained intact. 6-OHDA also triggered robust neuroinflammatory responses. By 7 days post-injection, dopaminergic synapses in the OB were remodeled, OSNs in the OE appeared recovered, and neuroinflammation subsided, leading to full recovery of olfactory responses to cadaverine. These findings highlight the remarkable neuroplasticity of zebrafish and suggest that this model of olfactory dysfunction associated with dopaminergic loss could provide valuable insights into some features of early PD pathology. Understanding the interplay between dopaminergic loss and olfactory dysfunction in a highly regenerative vertebrate may inform therapeutic strategies for individuals suffering from olfactory loss.

White Adipocyte Stem Cell Expansion Through Infant Formula Feeding: New Insights into Epigenetic Programming Explaining the Early Protein Hypothesis of Obesity

Prolonged breastfeeding (BF), as opposed to artificial infant formula feeding (FF), has been shown to prevent the development of obesity later in life. The aim of our narrative review is to investigate the missing molecular link between postnatal protein overfeeding-often referred to as the "early protein hypothesis"-and the subsequent transcriptional and epigenetic changes that accelerate the expansion of adipocyte stem cells (ASCs) in the adipose vascular niche during postnatal white adipose tissue (WAT) development. To achieve this, we conducted a search on the Web of Science, Google Scholar, and PubMed databases from 2000 to 2025 and reviewed 750 papers. Our findings revealed that the overactivation of mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) and S6 kinase 1 (S6K1), which inhibits wingless (Wnt) signaling due to protein overfeeding, serves as the primary pathway promoting ASC commitment and increasing preadipocyte numbers. Moreover, excessive protein intake, combined with the upregulation of the fat mass and obesity-associated gene (FTO) and a deficiency of breast milk-derived microRNAs from lactation, disrupts the proper regulation of FTO and Wnt pathway components. This disruption enhances ASC expansion in WAT while inhibiting brown adipose tissue development. While BF has been shown to have protective effects against obesity, the postnatal transcriptional and epigenetic changes induced by excessive protein intake from FF may predispose infants to early and excessive ASC commitment in WAT, thereby increasing the risk of obesity later in life.

Autophagy in cancer and protein conformational disorders

Autophagy is a catabolic process by which cells maintain cellular homeostasis through the degradation of dysfunctional cytoplasmic components, such as toxic misfolded proteins and damaged organelles, within the lysosome. It is a multistep process that is tightly regulated by nutrient, energy, and stress-sensing mechanisms. Autophagy plays a pivotal role in various biological processes, including protein and organelle quality control, defense against pathogen infections, cell metabolism, and immune surveillance. As a result, autophagy dysfunction is linked to a variety of pathological conditions. The role of autophagy in cancer is complex and dynamic. Depending on the context, autophagy can have both tumor-suppressive and pro-tumorigenic effects. In contrast, its role is more clearly defined in protein conformational disorders, where autophagy serves as a mechanism to reduce toxic protein aggregation, thereby improving cellular homeostasis. Because autophagy-based therapies hold promising potential for the treatment of cancer and protein conformational disorders, this review will highlight the latest findings and advancements in these areas.

Effects of Dexmedetomidine Combined With Lidocaine Topical Administration on Cough Reflex During Extubation in Thyroidectomy Patients: A Randomized Clinical Trial

BACKGROUND

Cough reflex during extubation can lead to complications such as increased bleeding and hemodynamic instability, especially in thyroidectomy, therefore, effective suppression of cough reflex is clinically important. The aim of the study was to investigate the inhibitory effect of dexmedetomidine combined with lidocaine on the cough reflex during extubation in thyroidectomy.

METHODS

A total of 180 female patients, aged 18 to 65 years, undergoing elective thyroidectomy under general anesthesia, were randomized into 3 groups: dexmedetomidine combined with lidocaine (Dex-Lido group, n = 60), lidocaine alone (Lido group, n = 60), or normal saline (Control group, n = 60). Before tracheal intubation, patients in the Dex-Lido group received dexmedetomidine combined with 2% lidocaine spray, those in the Lido group received 2% lidocaine spray, and those in the Control group received 0.9% normal saline spray, applied to the supraglottic, glottic, and subglottic areas. The primary outcome was the incidence of cough reflex at extubation. Secondary outcomes included cough severity, postoperative sore throat, hoarseness, nausea, and vomiting, as well as the need for analgesics and antiemetics, pain levels, sedation scores, and length of hospital stay.

RESULTS

The incidence of cough reflex during extubation was significantly lower in both the Dex-Lido and Lido groups compared to the Control group (23% vs 70%; odds ratio [OR], 0.13; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.06-0.29; P < .001 for Dex-Lido; 47% vs 70%; OR, 0.38; 95% CI, 0.18-0.79]; P = .010 for Lido), with a statistically significant difference between the Dex-Lido and Lido groups (23% vs 47%; OR, 0.35; 95% CI, 0.16-0.76; P = .007). Additionally, the severity of the cough reflex was markedly lower in the Dex-Lido group compared to the Control group (8/60 vs 26/60; OR, 0.20; 95% CI, 0.08-0.50; P < .001).

CONCLUSIONS

The combination of dexmedetomidine and lidocaine laryngopharynx spray effectively suppresses the cough reflex during extubation, reduces postoperative sore throat, and stabilizes hemodynamics in female patients undergoing thyroid surgery.

Integrative sleep management: from molecular pathways to conventional and herbal treatments

Sleep is regarded as one of the most crucial factors in keeping a healthy lifestyle. To function normally, a person needs at least 6-8 h of sleep per day. Sleep influences not only our mood but also the efficiency with which we complete tasks. Sleep disorders exhibit diverse etiologies across different conditions and populations, with genetic and environmental factors playing a significant role in their development. Many issues emerge as a result of inadequate sleep. Unhealthy food and lifestyle choices have increased our susceptibility to sleep disorders. A well-balanced diet rich in essential vitamins and minerals can have a profound impact on sleep patterns, enhancing both the duration and quality of rest. The primary categories of sleep disorders include insomnia, sleep apnea (SA), narcolepsy, parasomnias, circadian rhythm disorders, and restless legs syndrome (RLS). The drugs used to treat sleep disorders are primarily habit-forming and have a history of withdrawal effects. This insufficiency in medication has prompted the hunt for newer, better options. Nutraceuticals are well-suited to the treatment of such illnesses. Its non-toxic, non-habit-forming properties, and practical efficiency have made it an outstanding choice. This review provides nutraceuticals used in sleep disorders. A comprehensive literature search was conducted utilizing several databases, including Google Scholar, Elsevier, Springer Nature, Wiley, PubMed, and EKB. Nutraceuticals are products that employ food or dietary components to treat or prevent disease. In the therapy of sleep disorders, nutraceuticals such as Artemisia annua, valerian, rosemary, jujube, Passionflower, lemon balm, ashwagandha, kava-kava, lavender, and chamomile have been shown to have remarkable benefits. These remedies exert their effects through multiple mechanisms, both directly by modulating neurotransmitter and hormonal pathways within sleep circuits, and indirectly by enhancing sleep quality through the alleviation of stress, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Clinical studies were piloted to validate the efficacy of natural sleep aids. Future research should focus on elucidating the precise mechanisms through which natural products influence sleep.

Recent advances in the development and application of colorectal cancer mouse models

Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains a significant global health challenge, necessitating the development of reliable preclinical models to advance mechanistic understanding and therapeutic innovation. This review comprehensively examines the diverse spectrum of rodent models employed in CRC research, focusing on their unique characteristics, applications, and translational relevance. We systematically evaluate conventional models, including carcinogen-induced models and genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs), which have been instrumental in elucidating tumorigenic pathways and genetic drivers. Furthermore, we highlight the emergence of patient-derived xenografts (PDX) as a transformative tool for recapitulating tumor heterogeneity and predicting clinical responses. The review also explores metastatic models, which are critical for studying advanced disease, and spontaneous models that mimic natural tumor progression. Additionally, we discuss the growing utility of composite animal models, which integrate multiple methodologies to better reflect the complexity of human CRC. By comparing the strengths and limitations of each model system, this review provides a framework for selecting appropriate models based on specific research objectives. Collectively, these preclinical platforms have significantly advanced our understanding of CRC biology and continue to drive the development of targeted therapies and personalized treatment strategies.

Effectiveness of Atrial Natriuretic Peptide in the Treatment of Critically Ill Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background: Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) has emerged as a potential therapeutic agent in critical care settings due to its physiological effects on diuresis, natriuresis, and vasodilation. Despite several promising preclinical data, their clinical utility remains controversial, necessitating a comprehensive evaluation of existing evidence. Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted following PRISMA guidelines. Searches were performed in PubMed, Google Scholar, and Cochrane databases. Fifteen studies (n = 7187) comparing ANP to placebo in critically ill patients were included. Primary outcomes included mortality, hospital length of stay, ICU length of stay, and serum creatinine level. Risk ratios and mean differences with 95% confidence intervals were calculated using random-effects models. Results: ANP therapy showed no significant impact on mortality (RR 1.03, 95% CI: 0.89-1.19, p = 0.72) but significantly reduced hospital length of stay (MD -1.81 days, 95% CI: -1.91 to -1.72, p < 0.00001). ICU length of stay showed no significant difference between groups in subgroup analysis (MD +0.10 days, 95% CI: -0.03 to 0.23, p = 0.15). Subgroup analysis revealed improved creatinine levels with ANP (MD -0.19, 95% CI: -0.20 to -0.19, p < 0.00001), though high heterogeneity was noted across outcomes. Conclusions: ANP therapy shows promise in shortening hospital stays and enhancing renal function in select patients, but its effectiveness varies widely across clinical settings. Large-scale, multicenter studies are necessary to determine the ideal patient groups for ANP therapy in critical care.

Dietary fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill) seeds supplementation affects yield, fatty acid composition and flavour profile of milk and cheese in grazing goats

Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill) is an annual plant belonging to the family of Apiaceae, widely used in Mediterranean areas for its aromatic and medical properties, especially for carminative, digestive and galactagogue effects. In this trial, 20 multiparous goats homogeneous for body weight (BW: 50.0 ± 2 kg), parity (3rd) and milk yield (1940 ± 120 g/head/day), were randomly allocated into two groups (C: control; F: fennel) fed on a permanent pasture (9:00 am to 4:00 pm). In the pen both groups received 400 g of concentrate mixture (barley and corn meals) and group F diet was supplemented with 15 g/head/day of organic fennel seeds. From the beginning of May until September, milk yield was measured daily, and samples of milk and pasture were collected monthly and analysed, along with concentrate, for their chemical composition and fatty acid profile. Cheese samples were obtained at the beginning and at the end of the trial and analysed for chemical composition, fatty acid and VOCs profile. Milk yield was significantly higher in group F (1809.6 g vs 1418.3 g for group F and C respectively), whereas the solid content did not differ between groups. Milk fatty acid profile differed between groups, especially for the content of MUFA, PUFA, and SFA. Cheese production and composition also was different for yield, fatty acid profile and VOCs composition between the groups. Indeed, the cheese of group F had higher antioxidant capacity and 4 aromatic compounds which were completely absent in the cheese of group C. These results confirm the galactagogue activity of fennel seeds in dairy goats and suggest their potential role as feed additive in grazing system to enhance production in terms of yield and antioxidant activity.

TIM-3 teams up with PD-1 in cancer immunotherapy: mechanisms and perspectives

Immunotherapy using immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has become a prominent strategy for cancer treatment over the past ten years. However, the efficacy of ICIs remains limited, with certain cancers exhibiting resistance to these therapeutic approaches. Consequently, several immune checkpoint proteins are presently being thoroughly screened and assessed in both preclinical and clinical studies. Among these candidates, T cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing-3 (TIM-3) is considered a promising target. TIM-3 exhibits multiple immunosuppressive effects on various types of immune cells. Given its differential expression levels at distinct stages of T cell dysfunction in the tumor microenvironment (TME), TIM-3, along with programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), serves as indicators of T cell exhaustion. Moreover, it is crucial to carefully evaluate the impact of TIM-3 and PD-1 expression in cancer cells on the efficacy of immunotherapy. To increase the effectiveness of anti-TIM-3 and anti-PD-1 therapies, it is proposed to combine the inhibition of TIM-3, PD-1, and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1). The efficacy of TIM-3 inhibition in conjunction with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors is being evaluated in a number of ongoing clinical trials for patients with various cancers. This study systematically investigates the fundamental biology of TIM-3 and PD-1, as well as the detailed mechanisms through which TIM-3 and PD-1/PD-L1 axis contribute to cancer immune evasion. Additionally, this article provides a thorough analysis of ongoing clinical trials evaluating the synergistic effects of combining PD-1/PD-L1 and TIM-3 inhibitors in anti-cancer treatment, along with an overview of the current status of TIM-3 and PD-1 antibodies.

Unmet Needs and Their Impact on Quality of Life and Symptoms in Myelodysplastic Neoplasm Patients and Caregivers

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

The aim of this study was to assess the unmet needs of myelodysplastic neoplasm (MDS) patients and their caregivers, focusing on how these needs impact quality of life (QoL) and daily functioning. MDS predominantly affects older adults. It is often complicated by severe red blood cell transfusion-dependent anemia and may require frequent hospital visits, conferring a substantial burden on patients and caregivers.

METHODS

A national survey was conducted between June 2022 and May 2023 in 46 hematology centers across Italy, involving 259 patients and 105 caregivers. The survey included validated QoL tools (QOL-E and HM-PRO) to measure the impact of disease and treatments on health-related QoL and symptoms.

RESULTS

Of the 259 patients surveyed, 42% were transfusion-dependent, with 45% reporting distress related to hospital travel, which was significantly associated with lower QoL scores (QOL-E physical score 50.0 vs. 62.5, p < 0.001). Transfusion dependency led to worse outcomes across physical, emotional, and social domains (HM-PRO Part A score 59.8 vs. 23.7, p < 0.001). Anxiety affected 66% of patients, while 56% reported feeling emotionally distressed. Forty-eight percent of patients required a caregiver, and among caregivers, 29% reported significant disruption to their work, including changing their job or reduced hours. Patients requiring frequent hospital visits showed notably worse QoL scores (HM-PRO emotional score 56.8 vs. 31.8, p < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

This study identified substantial unmet needs for MDS patients, particularly in addressing the heavy burden of transfusions and hospital visits. Both patients and caregivers experienced significant impact on daily life and on QoL, highlighting the urgent need for treatments that reduce hospital dependency, improve patient outcomes, and alleviate the caregiver burden.

SPP1 + macrophages cause exhaustion of tumor-specific T cells in liver metastases

Functional tumor-specific CD8+ T cells are essential for effective anti-tumor immune response and immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy. Here we show that, compared to other organ sites, primary, metastatic liver tumors in murine models contain a higher number of tumor-specific CD8+ T cells which are also dysfunctional. High-dimensional, multi-omic analysis of patient samples reveals a higher frequency of exhausted tumor-reactive CD8+ T cells and enriched interactions between these cells and SPP1+ macrophages in profibrotic, alpha-SMA rich regions specifically in the liver. Differential pseudotime trajectory inference analysis reveals that extrahepatic signaling promotes an intermediate cell (IC) population in the liver, characterized by co-expression of VISG4, CSF1R, CD163, TGF-βR, IL-6R, and SPP1. Analysis of premetastatic adenocarcinoma patient samples reveals enrichment of this population may predict liver metastasis. These findings suggest a mechanism by which extrahepatic tumors drive liver metastasis by promoting an IC population that inhibits tumor-reactive CD8+ T cell function.

circRNA/TLR interaction: key players in immune regulation and autoimmune diseases

Circular RNAs are a class of non-coding RNAs with covalently closed loops. They have been revealed to regulate immune responses by affecting gene expression. Although initially considered splicing byproducts, new studies have indicated their role in transcriptional and post-transcriptional control, especially with TLRs. TLRs start inflammatory signaling and let the innate immune system recognize PAMPs. circRNAs interact context-dependently with TLR pathways to influence immune homeostasis and inflammation in either pathogenic or protective roles. In autoimmune diseases, dysregulated circRNA expression can aggravate immune responses and damage tissue. CircRNAs can interact with RNA-binding proteins, function as molecular sponges for miRNAs, and change inflammatory pathways like the NF-κB signaling cascade, influencing immune responses. They control adaptive immunity, function of antigen-presenting cells, and cytokine generation. The stability and presence of circRNAs in many body fluids make them therapeutic targets and biomarkers for inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. The several immune control roles of circRNA-TLR interactions are discussed in this review, as well as their consequences for immunologically mediated disease diagnosis and treatment.

Pharmacological and therapeutic effects of natural products on liver regeneration-a comprehensive research

Liver regeneration (LR) refers to the physiological process by which hepatocytes undergo cellular proliferation to restore the structure and function of the liver following significant hepatocyte loss due to injury or partial hepatectomy (PH). While the liver possesses a remarkable regenerative capacity, this process is tightly regulated to ensure appropriate cessation once homeostasis is reestablished. Various strategies, including technological interventions and pharmacological agents, have been explored to enhance LR. Among these, natural products have emerged as promising candidates for promoting LR. For instance, quercetin, a natural compound, has been shown to enhance LR following PH by maintaining redox homeostasis and stimulating hepatocyte proliferation. However, natural products present certain limitations, such as poor solubility and low bioavailability, which may hinder their clinical application. Modifications in the formulation and mode of administration have demonstrated potential in overcoming these challenges and optimizing their pharmacological effects. Recent advancements in research have further highlighted the growing relevance of natural products, including traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), in the context of LR. Despite this progress, a comprehensive and systematic review of their roles, mechanisms, and therapeutic potential remains lacking. This review aims to bridge this gap by summarizing natural products with demonstrated potential to promote LR. Drawing on data from PubMed, Web of Science, and CNKI databases, it elucidates their pharmacological effects and regulatory mechanisms, providing a valuable reference for future research and clinical application in the field of LR.

From bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells to diseases: the crucial role of m6A methylation in orthopedics

Elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying orthopedic diseases is crucial for guiding therapeutic strategies and developing innovative interventions. N6-methyladenosine (m6A)-an epitranscriptomic modification-has emerged as a key regulator of cellular fate and tissue homeostasis. Specifically, m6A plays a pivotal role in several RNA biological processes such as precursor RNA splicing, 3'-end processing, nuclear export, translation, and stability. Recent advancements indicate that m6A methylation regulates stem cell proliferation and osteogenic differentiation by modulating various signaling pathways. Extensive research has shown that abnormalities in m6A methylation contribute significantly to the onset and progression of various orthopedic diseases such as osteoporosis (OP), osteoarthritis (OA), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and bone tumors. This review aims to summarize the key proteases involved in m6A methylation and their functions. The detailed mechanisms by which m6A methylation regulates osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) through direct and indirect ways are also discussed, with a focus on specific molecular pathways. Finally, this review analyzes the roles and mechanisms of m6A modification in the development and progression of multiple orthopedic diseases, offering a comprehensive understanding of the pathophysiology of these conditions and proposing new directions and molecular targets for innovative treatment strategies.

M2 Macrophages Mitigate Ocular Surface Inflammation and Promote Recovery in a Mouse Model of Dry Eye

PURPOSE

Dry eye disease (DED) is a chronic, progressive, multifactorial condition characterized by tear film instability and ocular surface damage. Ocular surface inflammation is one of the main mechanisms of DED. This study aims to investigate the therapeutic effects of anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages on ocular surface inflammation and their potential mechanisms in improving dry eye symptoms in a mouse model.

METHODS

Mouse macrophages (RAW264.7) were polarized into M2 macrophages by IL-4 under different osmolarities, and M2 macrophage conditioned medium (M2-CM) was collected. Flow cytometry and ELISA were applied to measure the cytokine expression of the M2 macrophages. Primary mouse corneal epithelial cells (CECs) were co-cultured with RAW264.7 and M2 macrophages using a Transwell system. The viability and migration of CECs were assessed using CCK-8 and scratch assays. Mouse DED was established by subcutaneous injection of scopolamine, and the therapeutic effects of M2-CM were evaluated by phenol red thread test, fluorescein staining, and tear film breakup time (BUT). PCR and immunofluorescence staining were applied to observe inflammatory factors and cells on the ocular surface.

RESULTS

M2 macrophages enhanced CEC viability, proliferation, and migration, but hyperosmolarity inhibited M2 macrophage polarization. In the DED model, M2-CM improved ocular surface conditions, reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, and increased anti-inflammatory factors. Immunofluorescence revealed reduced pro-inflammatory cells (M1 macrophages, Th1, and Th17) and increased M2 macrophages in the ocular tissues after M2-CM treatment.

CONCLUSION

These results suggest that M2-CM ameliorates ocular surface inflammation and promotes recovery in DED, offering a potential therapeutic strategy for DED.

Organic acids from ice wine ameliorate fructose-induced disorders of glycolipid metabolism in C57BL/6J mice

Excessive intake of fructose has been widely reported to cause glycolipid metabolism disorders, and it is unclear whether long-term consumption of ice wine, a sweet wine with high sugar content, is beneficial for health. In this study, 6-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were divided into pure water, ice wine, fructose, fructose + succinic acid, fructose + malic acid and fructose + alcohol groups to study the effects and mechanisms of organic acids on glycolipid metabolism. The results indicated that long-term consumption of ice wine did not lead to disorders of glycolipid metabolism, and organic acids inhibited the negative effects of fructose and reduced hepatic fat synthesis by decreasing the mRNA expression of hepatic ACC1, SREBP-1c, and ChREBP-β, as well as controlling the protein expression of KHK-C. These findings provide a theoretical basis for the healthy consumption of ice wine, helping consumers enjoy wine more scientifically and promoting the high-quality development of the industry.

Comparison of 12- and 15-mm endoscopic papillary large balloon dilation combined with a limited endoscopic sphincterotomy for large bile duct stones: A propensity score-matched analysis

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS

Endoscopic papillary large balloon dilation (EPLBD) combined with endoscopic sphincterotomy (EST) has been increasingly used to remove large common bile duct (CBD) stones. However, the clinical outcomes of stone extraction have rarely been investigated in regard to the size of the balloon. The aim of this study was to assess the short- and long-term outcomes of 12- and 15-mm EPLBD with a limited EST for large CBD stones.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Patients without prior endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) who received 12- or 15-mm EPLBD in combination with a limited EST for large CBD stones at our center between January 2013 and December 2020 were recruited. Matched pairs with 12- and 15-mm EPLBD were generated.

RESULTS

A total of 161 patients were included, with 50 patients successfully matched in each group. The total procedure time (36.8 min vs. 47.3 min, p = 0.003) and the tone removal time (30.5 min vs. 39.2 min, p = 0.008) were significantly lower in the matched 15-mm EPLBD group, while the initial and overall stone removal success rates were comparable between the two groups (p > 0.05). The matched 15-mm EPLBD group had a lower incidence of post-ERCP pancreatitis (PEP) compared to the matched 12-mm EPLBD group (2.0 % vs. 16.0 %, p = 0.031). The cumulative long-term biliary complications were not statistically different between the two groups (log-rank test p = 0.612).

CONCLUSION

15-mm EPLBD combined with a limited EST shortened the procedure time and reduced the incidence of PEP without increasing long-term biliary complications compared to 12-mm EPLBD combined with a limited EST.

The burden of colorectal cancer attributable to high body mass index in China: findings from 1990 to 2021 and prediction to 2035

BACKGROUND

Colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence and mortality are rising in China, with high body mass index (BMI) established as a significant risk factor. However, comprehensive evidence regarding the BMI-attributable CRC burden in the Chinese population remains limited.

OBJECTIVE

This study aims to analyze the trend of CRC burden attributable to high BMI (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2) in China from 1990 to 2021 and to predict its development from 2022 to 2035, in order to provide a scientific foundation for the formulation of public health policies.

METHODS

We analyzed data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 (GBD 2021) to assess the BMI-attributable CRC burden in China from 1990 to 2021. Temporal trends were analyzed using Joinpoint regression models. Future projections through 2035 were generated using Bayesian age-period-cohort (BAPC) modeling. The Das Gupta method was used to explore the contribution of population growth, aging, and epidemiologic factors to these burden changes.

RESULTS

From 1990 to 2021, China's BMI-attributable CRC burden increased substantially, with ASMR and ASDR rising at annual rates of 2.393% (95% CI 2.306-2.481) and 2.305% (95% CI 2.188-2.422), respectively. The mortality and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) rate both increased with age. Males showed higher burden rates in most age groups. Projections indicate continued increases in ASMR (2.43% annually) and ASDR (2.44% annually) through 2035. Epidemiological factors were the primary drivers, contributing 99.73% to mortality changes and 44.81% to DALYs changes.

CONCLUSIONS

The BMI-attributable CRC burden in China shows a concerning upward trajectory that is predicted to continue, with epidemiologic factors playing a major role. Urgent public health interventions targeting obesity prevention, lifestyle modification, and expanded CRC screening are needed to mitigate this growing burden.

Role and Significance of MicroRNAs in the Relationship Between Obesity and Cancer

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, noncoding RNAs that are essential for regulating gene expression at the posttranscriptional stage. Recent research shows that miRNAs are crucial in the development of two major global health issues: obesity and cancer, two significant health issues worldwide. This study examines the complex mechanisms by which miRNAs govern vital biological processes, including adipogenesis, cancer, and metabolic dysregulation. We highlight the dual function of miRNAs as oncogenes and tumor suppressors in obesity-related malignancies and investigate their potential as prognostic and diagnostic markers. To demonstrate their varied roles, specific examples of vital miRNAs are underscored, such as miR-21, which promotes adipogenesis and is overexpressed in various cancers, and miR-34a, a tumor suppressor involved in cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. In addition, we examined the recent developments in miRNA-based therapies, which include miRNA inhibitors, mimics, and novel delivery vehicles and have the potential for treating obesity-related malignancies. This review aims to clarify, within the framework of miRNA biology, the therapeutic potential of miRNAs in addressing the interrelation between obesity and cancer.

IFN-γ could induce ferroptosis in keloid fibroblasts by inhibiting the expression of serpine2

Keloids are common pathological scars resulting from previous trauma or inflammation. Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) has shown significant therapeutic effects when used alone or in combination with other agents. While IFN-γ has been found to regulate ferroptosis in tumor cells, its ability to regulate ferroptosis in keloid fibroblasts (KFs) is unclear. Here, we have demonstrated a direct causal relationship between IFN-γ levels and ferroptosis in KFs. To explore the intrinsic mechanism, we performed genome-wide RNA and proteomics sequencing and found that serpine2 was the most significantly downregulated gene in KFs after exogenous overexpression of IFN-γ. Serpine2, which belongs to a family of serine protease inhibitors, has been shown to play an important role in fibrotic diseases. Therefore, we hypothesized that serpine2 is a downstream gene in the regulation of ferroptosis in KFs by IFN-γ. Our results showed that serpine2 overexpression promotes collagen synthesis, which in turn promotes the proliferation, migration, and invasive functions of KFs. We further demonstrated that serpine2 overexpression promoted system Xc- transporter expression, cystine uptake, and glutathione synthesis, enhanced GPX4 activity; and inhibited reactive oxygen species generation. This resulted in a reduction in intracellular lipid peroxidation and the levels of its metabolite malondialdehyde, as well as inhibited ferroptosis in KFs. IFN-γ reversed these effects of serpine2 overexpression. These results were largely confirmed in in vivo keloid models too. These findings imply that IFN-γ not only directly induces ferroptosis in KFs but also enhances their sensitivity to ferroptosis by inhibiting the synthesis of SLC7A11 and SLC3A2 through downregulation of serpine2. In summary, we suggest that the serpine2-system Xc- axis is a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of keloids.

The dual effect of interferon-γ in acute myeloid leukemia: A narrative review

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a hematological malignancy representing a very rapid, uncontrolled growth of myeloid precursors in the BM and peripheral circulation. Studies on AML have highlighted the crucial role of IFN-γ therapy in immune surveillance, both promotive and inhibitory effects on leukemic cells, and regulation of the tumor microenvironment. However, there is a need for a comprehensive understanding of the dual effects of IFN-γ in AML. Thus, this review aimed to assess the dual effects of IFN-γ in AML. Literature searches were conducted in Pub Med, Google Scholar, and direct Google Search. The data was presented in tables and figures, with findings summarized through a narrative synthesis. Depending on the circumstances and stage of the disease IFN-γ shows two different activities in AML patients. First, IFN-γ enhances NK cells and CD8+T lymphocyte functions, which collectively evoke antileukemic immunity. Another promising effect of IFN-γ includes the differentiation of myeloid cells, thereby possibly reducing the severity of leukemia. However, prolonged exposure to IFN-γ can activate Treg cells and inhibitory immunological checkpoints, which can help leukemia evade immune surveillance and encounter an immunosuppressive environment. Our review highlights IFN-γ's critical role in the complex interplay between the immune system and AML pathogenesis. Its dual role in both inhibiting and promoting leukemic processes has been highlighted. However, future pre-clinical and clinical studies should focus on the specific mechanisms by which IFN-γ impacts AML progression and treatment outcomes, with the goal of achieving curative results for patients.

Role of noncoding RNA and protein interaction in pancreatic cancer

ABSTRACT

Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are a class of RNA molecules with little or no protein-coding potential. Emerging evidence indicates that ncRNAs are frequently dysregulated and play pivotal roles in the pathogenesis of pancreatic cancer. Their aberrant expression can arise from chromosomal abnormalities, dysregulated transcriptional control, and epigenetic modifications. ncRNAs function as protein scaffolds or molecular decoys to modulate interactions between proteins and other biomolecules, thereby regulating gene expression and contributing to pancreatic cancer progression. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms underlying ncRNA dysregulation in pancreatic cancer, emphasize the biological significance of ncRNA-protein interactions, and highlight their clinical relevance. A deeper understanding of ncRNA-protein interactions is essential to elucidate molecular mechanisms and advance translational research in pancreatic cancer.

Racial and Ethnic Disparities in NAFLD: Harnessing Epigenetic and Gut Microbiota Pathways for Targeted Therapeutic Approaches

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a growing global health concern, impacting approximately 32.4% of the worldwide population. As a disease linked to metabolic dysfunction, NAFLD continues to rise alongside global increases in obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and metabolic syndrome. There is considerable evidence indicating that NAFLD disproportionately affects racial, ethnic, and minority groups, although the exact reasons for these disparities remain elusive. Contributing factors to this disease may include socioeconomic status, cultural influences, stress, genetic factors, and lifestyle choices. Emerging evidence suggests that these causal factors could influence epigenetic mechanisms, particularly DNA methylation and histone modifications, as well as the composition and diversity of gut microbiota. Nevertheless, there is a scarcity of research that comprehensively examines the interplay between epigenetic changes and gut microbiome variations in relation to NAFLD disparities across different racial and ethnic populations globally. This paper intends to (i) explore the connections between NAFLD, ethnic disparities, gut microbiota composition, and epigenetic alterations, while reviewing pertinent studies that illustrate how these factors contribute to health inequities among various ethnic groups impacted by this disease; (ii) explore potential therapeutic targets and biomarkers to advance the management of NAFLD; and (iii) provide insights to enhance our understanding of the mechanisms associated with this disease, thereby promoting further research in this field. Advancements in this area are anticipated to enhance our understanding of disease susceptibilities in at-risk groups and to provide new therapeutic options for NAFLD and its associated complications.

The Combined Use of Lenvatinib and Locoregional Therapies for the Management of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a commonly diagnosed malignancy, with the treatment for transplant-ineligible localized disease traditionally relying on locoregional therapies, such as surgical resection, transarterial chemoembolization (TACE), and transarterial radioembolization (TARE). Systemic therapy has historically been reserved for advanced, unresectable HCC. However, lenvatinib, an oral multikinase inhibitor, has recently gained traction as part of a multimodal approach for localized HCC in combination with locoregional treatments. An upfront TACE or TARE can induce tumor hypoxia, leading to the upregulation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which promotes tumor angiogenesis and progression. The rationale for combining lenvatinib with a locoregional therapy is to enhance tumor shrinkage while preserving liver function before a definitive intervention. Clinical trials, such as TACTICS and LAUNCH, have demonstrated improved outcomes with this approach. Additionally, retrospective studies, including those incorporating immune checkpoint inhibitors, have reported further benefits. This review explores the combination of lenvatinib with various locoregional modalities, including TARE, microwave ablation (MWA), and radiofrequency ablation (RFA), highlighting their indications and clinical outcomes. Furthermore, we discuss the ongoing and upcoming clinical trials investigating the integration of systemic agents with locoregional therapies for intermediate-stage HCC, including EMERALD-1, EMERALD-3, LEAP-012, and CheckMate 74W.

Accuracy and Safety Assessment of Subaxial Cervical Pedicle Screw Instrumentation: A Systematic Review

BACKGROUND CONTEXT

Given increasing use of both cervical pedicle screw (CPS) fixation in the subaxial cervical spine (C3-C7) and emerging navigation technologies, a quantitative profile of safety and accuracy remains wanting. Compared with lateral mass instrumentation of this region, CPS fixation shows superior biomechanical properties but poses higher risk of complications because of the narrow cervical pedicle width and proximity to neurovascular structures.

PURPOSE

This systematic review quantifies the accuracy and safety of all types of subaxial CPS insertion, with or without navigation or template-based methods, to weigh the strengths and limitations of each technique.

STUDY DESIGN

Systematic review according to PRISMA guidelines.

PATIENT SAMPLE

Patients who underwent CPS instrumentation since its introduction.

OUTCOME MEASURES

Primary and secondary outcomes in our review included pedicle screw breach in the subaxial cervical spine determined on intra- or postoperative imaging, and screw-related operative complications, respectively.

METHODS

Following the PRISMA guidelines, our literature search of PubMed, Cochrane, and Scopus databases identified 3,312 clinical studies (1980-2024) using subaxial CPS that assessed for screw accuracy. After full-text analysis, data extracted included number of CPS, level of placement, number of patients, indications, insertion techniques, accuracy assessment method, classification of accuracy, breach rate, complication rate, and study origin.

RESULTS

The 73 studies included in final analysis from Asia (80%), Europe (12%) and North America (8%) yielded 14,118 CPS in 3,342 patients (1999-2024). Accuracy rates were 85.3% for 10,108 CPS placed with non-navigated techniques (free-hand and fluoroscopy), 82.7% for 3,067 with navigation techniques, and 96.3% for 943 CPS placed using 3D templates. Complication rates were 1.1%, 2.1%, and zero, respectively.

CONCLUSION

Our comprehensive review of more than 14,000 subaxial CPSs inserted found rates of high 84% overall accuracy and low 1.2% perioperative complications (i.e., attributed to a misplaced screw). With biomechanical advantages superior to lateral mass screws, our quantitative findings support consideration for CPS instrumentation in select patients by experienced surgeons.

Bacteriophage-based gene delivery: a novel approach for targeted breast cancer therapy

Bacteriophage-based gene delivery systems are emerging as a promising alternative to traditional viral and non-viral vectors for targeted gene therapy in breast cancer. Their unique structural adaptability, low immunogenicity, and cost-effective production make them ideal candidates for precision medicine applications. Unlike conventional gene delivery platforms, bioengineered bacteriophages can be functionalized with tumor-specific ligands, modified for PEGylation to enhance circulation stability, and integrated with CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing systems for precise genomic modifications. Additionally, bacteriophage vectors can be utilized in combination therapy, amplifying the effectiveness of chemotherapy and immunotherapy in breast cancer treatment. This mini-review discusses the bioengineering strategies used to enhance bacteriophage-based gene delivery, including surface modifications for tumor targeting, ligand-receptor binding for cellular uptake, and controlled genetic cargo release. We further examine in vitro and in vivo studies that demonstrate the potential of bacteriophage vectors in tumor suppression, gene expression efficiency, and immunomodulation. Furthermore, we explore the challenges and future directions of integrating bacteriophage-mediated gene therapy into clinical applications, addressing key issues such as systemic circulation half-life, off-target effects, and immune system interactions.

Plasma proteomics identify novel biomarkers and dynamic patterns of biological aging

INTRODUCTION

Plasma proteomics examines levels of thousands of proteins and has the potential to identify clinical biomarkers for healthy aging.

OBJECTIVES

This large proteomics study aims to identify clinical biomarkers for healthy aging and further explore potential mechanisms involved in aging.

METHODS

This study analyzed data from 51,904 UK Biobank participants to explore the association between 2,923 plasma proteins and nine aging-related phenotypes, including PhenoAge, KDM-Biological Age, healthspan, parental lifespan, frailty, and longevity. Protein levels were measured using proteomics, and associations were assessed with a significance threshold of P < 1.90E-06. We utilized the DE-SWAN method to detect and measure the nonlinear alterations in plasma proteome during the process of biological aging. Mendelian randomization was applied to assess causal relationships, and a PheWAS explored the broader health impacts of these proteins.

RESULTS

We identified 227 proteins significantly associated with aging (P < 1.90E-06), with the pathway of inflammation and regeneration being notably implicated. Our findings revealed fluctuating patterns in the plasma proteome during biological aging in middle-aged adults, pinpointing specific peaks of biological age-related changes at 41, 60, and 67 years, alongside distinct age-related protein change patterns across various organs. Furthermore, mendelian randomization further supported the causal association between plasma levels of CXCL13, DPY30, FURIN, IGFBP4, SHISA5, and aging, underscoring the significance of these drug targets. These five proteins have broad-ranging effects. The PheWAS analysis of proteins associated with aging highlighted their crucial roles in vital biological processes, particularly in overall mortality, health maintenance, and cardiovascular health. Moreover, proteins can serve as mediators in healthy lifestyle and aging processes.

CONCLUSION

These significant discoveries underscore the importance of monitoring and intervening in the aging process at critical periods, alongside identifying potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for age-related disorders within the plasma proteomic landscape, thus offering valuable insights into healthy aging.

Dietary inflammatory index and the risk of esophageal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND AND AIM

It is well-recognized that inflammation is an adaptive pathophysiological response in many types of cancer. Research on nutrition's critical role in inflammation, a risk factor for all forms of cancer, is growing. The dietary inflammatory index (DII) was created lately to assess if a diet is pro- or anti-inflammatory in terms of inflammation. Indeed, several studies have demonstrated the correlation between DII and the risk of several cancer types. This meta-analysis set out to look into the relationship between DII and the different forms of esophageal cancer.

METHOD

PubMed, Cochrane library, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were searched up to May 2024 to retrieve relevant articles. RAYYAN intelligent tool for systematic reviews was incorporated for the screening of studies. Original articles written in English Studies that investigated the inflammatory index of diet in individuals who developed esophageal cancer were included in this study.STATA v18 software was used to conduct the meta-analysis. Egger's test for publication bias assessment was implemented. Newcastle Ottawa scale was used to evaluate the qualities of the included studies. A plot digitizer was used to extract digital data.

RESULT

A total of 13 studies were included in the systematic review, with 6 studies contributing to the meta-analysis, comprising 10,150 participants. The participants were categorized into high and low DII groups, with the low DII group (n = 3,403) serving as the reference. The meta-analysis demonstrated a significant association between high DII and increased risk of esophageal cancer. Specifically, individuals in the high DII group were 29% more likely to develop esophageal cancer, with a pooled odds ratio (OR) of 1.29 (95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 1.16-1.43), as calculated using a random-effects model. Moderate heterogeneity was observed (I2 > 50%). Egger's test indicated evidence of publication bias (p < 0.05). Subgroup and sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of this association across populations and study designs.

CONCLUSION

our study concludes that a higher level of DII is associated with a higher risk of esophageal cancer development. This study suggests that modifying inflammatory properties of dietary patterns can reduce the risk of incidence of esophageal cancer.

Microneedle-aided nanotherapeutics delivery and nanosensor intervention in advanced tissue regeneration

Microneedles (MNs) have been extensively used as transdermal therapeutics delivery devices since 1998 due to their capacity to penetrate physiological barriers with minimal invasiveness. Recent advances demonstrate the potential of MNs in improving diverse tissue regeneration when integrated with nanometer-sized therapeutics or sensors. This synergistic strategy can enhance drug delivery efficiency and therapeutic outcomes, and enable precise and personalized therapies through real-time monitoring of the repair process. In this review, we discuss how optimized MNs (through adjustments in geometry, material properties, and modular structure), when combined with dimension- and composition-specific nanomaterials, enhance tissue regeneration efficiency. Moreover, integrating stimuli-responsive nanotherapeutics or nanosensors into MNs for spatiotemporal-controlled and targeted drug release, physiotherapy effects, and intelligent monitoring is systematically outlined. Furthermore, we summarize therapeutic applications of nanotherapeutics-MN platforms in various soft and hard tissues, including skin, hair follicles (HF), cornea, joint, tendons, sciatic nerves, spinal cord, periodontium, oral mucosa, myocardium, endometrium, bone and intervertebral discs (IVD). Notably, recent attempts using nanosensor-MN platforms as smart wearable devices for monitoring damaged tissues via interstitial fluid (ISF) extraction and biomarker sensing are analyzed. This review potentially provides tissue regeneration practitioners/researchers with a cross-disciplinary perspective and inspiration.

Five Cellular Genes as Candidates for Cervical Adenocarcinoma Molecular Markers

BACKGROUND/AIM

Cervical adenocarcinoma associated with Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection represents 85-90% of all adenocarcinomas that have poor prognostic factors and is an important health public concern. Currently, cervical adenocarcinoma molecular markers are scarce. This study searched databases and the literature regarding candidate genes to find these molecular markers, which were experimentally evaluated in fresh cervical samples.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Bioinformatic analysis of 161 transcriptomic libraries of cervical tissues with or without lesions from the NCBI database was performed using the Partek Genomics Suite 6.6v software. The selected genes with a p value of >0.05, and 1.5-fold change were considered. A search of molecular marker candidates of cervical lesions that were already published in the literature was performed. To validate the selected genes, total RNA from fresh cervical adenocarcinoma and cervical normal tissues were subjected to RT-PCR experiments; HPV detection was also performed.

RESULTS

Initially, twenty-five genes were identified using bioinformatic analysis, and their expression was evaluated. The results showed that the HOXC6, HOXC8, RARβ, ELAVL2, URG4, CISD2, CA9, BCL2, Survivin, MACC1, CDKN2A, and HPV E6/E7 genes were found to be differentially expressed in CC. Among these, RARβ, MACC1, BCL2, HOXC8, and E6/E7/HPV exhibited higher statistical significance for CC samples.

CONCLUSIONS

This five-gene panel could serve as a novel molecular tool for HPV-associated cervical adenocarcinoma detection.

Pathogenesis and Systemic Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Current Status and Prospects

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains one of the major threats to human health worldwide. The emergence of systemic therapeutic options has greatly improved the prognosis of patients with HCC, particularly those with advanced stages of the disease. In this review, we discussed the pathogenesis of HCC, genetic alterations associated with the development of HCC, and alterations in the tumor immune microenvironment. Then, important indicators and emerging technologies related to the diagnosis of HCC are summarized. Also, we reviewed the major advances in treatments for HCC, offering insights into future prospects for next-generation managements.

CircRNAs in the tumor microenvironment: new frontiers in cancer progression and therapy

The tumor microenvironment (TME), a dynamic ecosystem which including immune cells, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), endothelial cells, pericytes and acellular components, is orchestrating cancer progression through crosstalk between malignant cells and stromal components and increasingly recognized as a therapeutic frontier. Within this intricate network, circular RNAs (circRNAs) have emerged as pivotal regulators due to their unique covalently closed structures, which confer exceptional stability and multifunctional capabilities. This regulation is mediated through multiple mechanisms, such as acting as microRNA (miRNA) sponges, interacting with proteins, and, in certain instances, encoding functional peptides. The interaction between circRNAs and the TME not only affects cancer growth and metastasis but also influences immune evasion and therapeutic resistance. Elucidating the mechanisms by which circRNAs orchestrate these interactions is essential for identifying novel diagnostic biomarkers and developing effective therapeutic strategies. Such insights are expected to bridge gaps in current cancer biology, offering promising avenues for precision oncology and ultimately improving clinical outcomes for cancer patients.

Prevalence of MAFLD in the U.S. based on NHANES 2009-2018: differences in demographic characteristics, physical indices and lifestyle conditions

BACKGROUND

The incidence of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is high among U.S. adults, but studies on its occurrence in different ethnic and age groups are limited. The aim of the present study was to assess MAFLD occurrence among the U.S. adults by considering demographic characteristics, physical indices, and lifestyle conditions.

METHODS

This study utilized the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data 2009-2018 from 23,546 participants aged ≥ 20 years. Variables such as age, sex, race, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), blood pressure, sedentary behavior, sleep, and depression were analyzed.

RESULTS

Among 9933 participants, 3562 had MAFLD (34.1%), with notably higher percentages of Mexican-Americans (54.1%) and lower percentages of blacks (20.5%). The incidence of MAFLD was significantly greater (P < 0.001) in males (39%) than in females (29.2%), which was particularly evident within the 36-40 years age group. The MAFLD incidence exhibited an age-dependent pattern, initially increasing and subsequently declining (except for whites). Compared to white MAFLD patients, black MAFLD patients exhibited greater BMI, WC, systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) values, whereas values for these measures were lower among Mexican-American patients. Logistic regression analysis adjusting for age and sex revealed that depression was more common among MAFLD patients (P < 0.001), except for severe depression (P > 0.05). Notably, the MAFLD incidence was not significantly associated with sedentary behavior or sleep duration.

CONCLUSIONS

The MAFLD incidence varies across different racial, age, and sex groups, and targeted interventions are essential for reducing the burden of MAFLD. However, further research is necessary to explore the correlations among MAFLD incidence, sleep patterns, and an inactive lifestyle.

[18F]flutemetamol uptake in the colon of a memory clinic population and its association with brain amyloidosis and the gut microbiota profile: an exploratory study

PURPOSE

Some Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients report gastro-intestinal symptoms and present alterations in the gut microbiota (GM) composition. Elevated colonic amyloid immunoreactivity has been shown in patients and animal models. We evaluated the colonic uptake of the amyloid positron emission tomography (PET) imaging agent [18F]flutemetamol (FMM) in a memory clinic population and investigated its association with brain amyloidosis and GM composition.

METHODS

Forty-five participants underwent (i) abdominal and cerebral FMM PET, acquired at 40 (early phase) and 120 min (late phase) after tracer injection, (ii) abdominal computed tomography, and (iii) cerebral T1-weighted MRI. Colonic standardized uptake value ratio (SUVr) was determined through manual tracing and automatic segmentation (TotalSegmentator), using the aortic blood signal as a reference region. Fecal GM composition was assessed using 16 S rRNA sequencing. Amyloid positive (A+) and negative (A-) participants, based on cortical FMM quantification (PetSurfer), were compared in terms of SUVr and GM features.

RESULTS

Increased colonic early SUVr was reported in A+ than A- (manual, p =.008; automated, p =.035). Altered GM composition was found in A + as shown by lower Pielou's evenness (p =.023), lower abundance of Eubacterium hallii group, and higher abundance of several genera. High UC5-1-2E3 abundance positively correlated with high colonic early SUVr (whole group: manual, p =.012, automated, p =.082; A+: manual, p =.074; automated, p =.016).

CONCLUSION

This exploratory study showed that subjects with cerebral amyloidosis have greater colonic FMM uptake than subjects with normal cerebral amyloid load, correlating with altered GM composition. Further analysis is needed to determine if these changes denote amyloid-related changes or other phenomena.