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Traktuev DO, Merfeld-Clauss S, Li J, Kolonin M, Arap W, Pasqualini R, Johnstone BH, March KL. A population of multipotent CD34-positive adipose stromal cells share pericyte and mesenchymal surface markers, reside in a periendothelial location, and stabilize endothelial networks. Circ Res 2007; 102:77-85. [PMID: 17967785 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.107.159475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 619] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
It has been shown that stromal-vascular fraction isolated from adipose tissues contains an abundance of CD34+ cells. Histological analysis of adipose tissue revealed that CD34+ cells are widely distributed among adipocytes and are predominantly associated with vascular structures. The majority of CD34+ cells from freshly isolated stromal-vascular fraction were CD31-/CD144- and could be separated from a distinct population of CD34+/CD31+/CD144+ (endothelial) cells by differential attachment on uncoated plastic. The localization of CD34+ cells within adipose tissue suggested that the nonendothelial population of these cells occupied a pericytic position. Analysis of surface and intracellular markers of the freshly isolated CD34+/CD31-/CD144- adipose-derived stromal cells (ASCs) showed that >90% coexpress mesenchymal (CD10, CD13, and CD90), pericytic (chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan, CD140a, and CD140b), and smooth muscle (alpha-actin, caldesmon, and calponin) markers. ASCs demonstrated polygonal self-assembly on Matrigel, as did human microvascular endothelial cells. Coculture of ASCs with human microvascular endothelial cells on Matrigel led to cooperative network assembly, with enhanced stability of endothelial networks and preferential localization of ASCs on the abluminal side of cords. Bidirectional paracrine interaction between these cells was supported by identification of angiogenic factors (vascular endothelial growth factor, hepatocyte growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor), inflammatory factors (interleukin-6 and -8 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and -2), and mobilization factors (macrophage colony-stimulating factor and granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor) in media conditioned by CD34+ ASCs, as well a robust mitogenic response of ASCs to basic fibroblast growth factor, epidermal growth factor, and platelet-derived growth factor-BB, factors produced by endothelial cells. These results demonstrate for the first time that the majority of adipose-derived adherent CD34+ cells are resident pericytes that play a role in vascular stabilization by mutual structural and functional interaction with endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry O Traktuev
- Indiana Center for Vascular Biology & Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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352
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Hao W, Hu YY, Wei YY, Pang L, Lv R, Bai JP, Xiong Z, Jiang M. Collagen I gel can facilitate homogenous bone formation of adipose-derived stem cells in PLGA-beta-TCP scaffold. Cells Tissues Organs 2007; 187:89-102. [PMID: 17938566 DOI: 10.1159/000109946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/25/2007] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-based tissue engineering is thought to be a new therapy for treatment of bone defects and nonunions after trauma and tumor resection. In this study, we explore the in vitro and in vivo osteogenesis of a novel biomimetic construct fabricated by using collagen I gel to suspend rabbit adipose-derived stem cells (rASCs) into a porous poly(lactic-co-glycolic)acid-beta-tricalcium phosphate (PLGA-beta-TCP) scaffold (rASCs-COL/PLGA-beta-TCP). In vitro and in vivo studies of the rASCs-COL/PLGA-beta-TCP composite (group A) were carried out compared with the single combination of rASCs and PLGA-beta-TCP (rASCs/PLGA-beta-TCP; group B), the combination of acellular collagen I gel and PLGA-beta-TCP (COL/PLGA-beta-TCP; group C), and the PLGA-beta-TCP scaffold (group D). Composites of different groups were cultured in vitro for 2 weeks in osteogenic medium and then implanted into the autologous muscular intervals for 8 weeks. After 2 weeks of in vitro culture, alkaline phosphatase activity and extracellular matrix mineralization in group A were significantly higher than in group B (p < 0.01, n = 4). In vivo osteogenesis was evaluated by radiographic and histological analyses. The calcification level was radiographically evident in group A, whereas no apparent calcification was observed in groups B, C and D (n = 4). In group A, woven bone with a trabecular structure was formed, while in group B, only osteoid tissue was observed. Meanwhile, the bone-forming area in group A was significantly higher than in group B (p < 0.01, n = 4). No bone formation was observed in groups C or D (n = 4). In conclusion, by using collagen I gel to suspend rASCs into porous PLGA-beta-TCP scaffold, osteogenic differentiation of rASCs can be improved and homogeneous bone tissue can be successfully formed in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Hao
- Institute of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital,Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China
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353
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Nadri S, Soleimani M. Comparative analysis of mesenchymal stromal cells from murine bone marrow and amniotic fluid. Cytotherapy 2007; 9:729-37. [PMID: 17917881 DOI: 10.1080/14653240701656061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Murine mesenchymal stromal cells (mMSC) are a good model for pre-clinical investigations, and alternative sources of mMSC are subject to intensive experiments. In the present study, we obtained mMSCs from amniotic fluid (AF) and compared their characteristics with mMSCs from bone marrow (BM). METHODS NMRI mice, 4-6 weeks old, were killed and AF and BM cells collected from those in the second week of pregnancy. MSC were achieved by adhesion to cell culture plastic. Isolated cells were assessed for clonogenic capacity, some surface markers (epitopes) and differentiation potential. RESULTS We achieved AF mMSC more readily than BM mMSC. Differences concerning colony assay and some surface markers of mMSC derived from these two source cells were observed. Most strikingly, AF mMSC showed no adipogenic differentiation capacity, in contrast with BM mMSC. DISCUSSION Our results show that mMSC from AF are an appropriate source for pre-clinical investigation. Furthermore, mMSC from different sources of mice vary in clonogenic capacity, surface markers and differentiation potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Nadri
- Stem Cells and tissue engineering Department, Stem Cell Technology, Tehran, Iran
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354
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Alison MR, Choong C, Lim S. Application of liver stem cells for cell therapy. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2007; 18:819-26. [PMID: 17997335 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2007.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2007] [Accepted: 09/28/2007] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The worldwide shortage of donor livers to transplant end stage liver disease patients has prompted the search for alternative cell therapies for intractable liver disease. Embryonic stem cells can be readily differentiated into hepatocytes, and their transplantation into animals has improved liver function in the absence of teratoma formation: their use in bioartificial liver support is an obvious application. In animal models of liver disease, adopting strategies to provide a selective advantage for transplanted foetal or adult hepatocytes have proved highly effective in repopulating recipient livers, but the poor success of today's hepatocyte transplants can be attributed to the lack of a clinically applicable procedure to force a similar repopulation of the human liver. The activation of bipotential hepatic progenitor cells is clearly vital for survival in many cases of acute liver failure, but surprisingly little progress has been made with these cells in terms of transplantation. Finally there is the controversial subject of autologous bone marrow, and while the contribution of these indigenous cells to liver turnover seems at best, trivial, results from a small number of phase 1 studies of transplantation of bone marrow to cirrhotic patients have been moderately encouraging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm R Alison
- Centre for Diabetes and Metabolic Medicine, Queen Mary's School of Medicine and Dentistry, ICMS, 4 Newark Street, London E1 2AT, UK.
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355
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356
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Bai X, Ma J, Pan Z, Song YH, Freyberg S, Yan Y, Vykoukal D, Alt E. Electrophysiological properties of human adipose tissue-derived stem cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2007; 293:C1539-50. [PMID: 17687001 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00089.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Human adipose tissue-derived stem cells (hASCs) represent a potentially valuable cell source for clinical therapeutic applications. The present study was designed to investigate properties of ionic channel currents present in undifferentiated hASCs and their impact on hASCs proliferation. The functional ion channels in hASCs were analyzed by whole-cell patch-clamp recording and their mRNA expression levels detected by RT-PCR. Four types of ion channels were found to be present in hASCs: most of the hASCs (73%) showed a delayed rectifier-like K(+) current (I(KDR)); Ca(2+)-activated K(+) current (I(KCa)) was detected in examined cells; a transient outward K(+) current (I(to)) was recorded in 19% of the cells; a small percentage of cells (8%) displayed a TTX-sensitive transient inward sodium current (I(Na.TTX)). RT-PCR results confirmed the presence of ion channels at the mRNA level: Kv1.1, Kv2.1, Kv1.5, Kv7.3, Kv11.1, and hEAG1, possibly encoding I(KDR); MaxiK, KCNN3, and KCNN4 for I(KCa); Kv1.4, Kv4.1, Kv4.2, and Kv4.3 for I(to) and hNE-Na for I(Na.TTX). The I(KDR) was inhibited by tetraethyl ammonium (TEA) and 4-aminopyridine (4-AP), which significantly reduced the proliferation of hASCs in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.05), as suggested by bromodeoxyurindine (BrdU) incorporation. Other selective potassium channel blockers, including linopiridine, iberiotoxin, clotrimazole, and apamin also significantly inhibited I(KDR). TTX completely abolished I(Na.TTX). This study demonstrates for the first time that multiple functional ion channel currents such as I(KDR), I(KCa), I(to), and I(Na.TTX) are present in undifferentiated hASCs and their potential physiological function in these cells as a basic understanding for future in vitro experiments and in vivo clinical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Bai
- Department of Molecular Pathology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, USA
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357
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Schäffler A, Büchler C. Concise review: adipose tissue-derived stromal cells--basic and clinical implications for novel cell-based therapies. Stem Cells 2007; 25:818-27. [PMID: 17420225 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2006-0589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 747] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Compared with bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells, adipose tissue-derived stromal cells (ADSC) do have an equal potential to differentiate into cells and tissues of mesodermal origin, such as adipocytes, cartilage, bone, and skeletal muscle. However, the easy and repeatable access to subcutaneous adipose tissue and the simple isolation procedures provide a clear advantage. Since extensive reviews focusing exclusively on ADSC are rare, it is the aim of this review to describe the preparation and isolation procedures for ADSC, to summarize the molecular characterization of ADSC, to describe the differentiation capacity of ADSC, and to discuss the mechanisms and future role of ADSC in cell therapy and tissue engineering. An initial effort has also been made to differentiate ADSC into hepatocytes, endocrine pancreatic cells, neurons, cardiomyocytes, hepatocytes, and endothelial/vascular cells. Whereas the lineage-specific differentiation into cells of mesodermal origin is well understood on a molecular basis, the molecular key events and transcription factors that initially allocate the ADSC to a lineage-specific differentiation are almost completely unknown. Decoding these molecular mechanisms is a prerequisite for developing novel cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Schäffler
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Regensburg, D-93042 Regensburg, Germany.
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358
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Varma MJO, Breuls RGM, Schouten TE, Jurgens WJFM, Bontkes HJ, Schuurhuis GJ, van Ham SM, van Milligen FJ. Phenotypical and functional characterization of freshly isolated adipose tissue-derived stem cells. Stem Cells Dev 2007; 16:91-104. [PMID: 17348807 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2006.0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue contains a stromal vascular fraction (SVF) that is a rich source of adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ASCs). ASCs are multipotent and in vitro-expanded ASCs have the capacity to differentiate, into amongst others, adipocytes, chondrocytes, osteoblasts, and myocytes. For tissue engineering purposes, however, it would be advantageous to use the whole SVF, which can be transplanted without further in vitro selection or expansion steps. Because little is known about the freshly isolated ASCs in the SVF, we phenotypically characterized human freshly isolated ASCs, using flow cytometry. In addition, we investigated whether freshly isolated ASCs have functional properties comparable to cultured ASCs. For this, the differentiation potential of both freshly isolated ASCs and cultured ASCs into the osteogenic pathway was analyzed. Freshly isolated ASCs slightly differed in immunophenotype from cultured ASCs. Contrary to cultured ASCs, freshly isolated ASCs were shown to be highly positive for CD34, and positive for CD117 and HLA-DR. On the other hand, expression of CD105 and especially CD166 on the freshly isolated ASCs was relatively low. After osteogenic stimulation of freshly isolated ASCs, both Runx-2 and CollaI gene expression were significantly increased (p < 0.05). However, there was a difference in the kinetics of gene expression between freshly isolated and cultured ASCs and also between the different SVF isolates tested. There was no difference in alkaline phosphatase activity between freshly isolated ASCs and cultured ASCs. In addition, freshly isolated ASCs stained positive for osteonectin and showed matrix mineralization. We conclude that although there are minor differences in phenotype and kinetics of differentiation between freshly isolated ASCs and cultured ASCs, the use of freshly isolated ASCs for tissue engineering purposes involving bone repair is potentially applicable.
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359
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Banas A, Teratani T, Yamamoto Y, Tokuhara M, Takeshita F, Quinn G, Okochi H, Ochiya T. Adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells as a source of human hepatocytes. Hepatology 2007; 46:219-28. [PMID: 17596885 DOI: 10.1002/hep.21704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 391] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Recent observations indicate that several stem cells can differentiate into hepatocytes; thus, cell-based therapy is a potential alternative to liver transplantation. The goal of the present study was to examine the in vitro hepatic differentiation potential of adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AT-MSCs). We used AT-MSCs from different age patients and found that, after incubation with specific growth factors (hepatocyte growth factor [HGF], fibroblast growth factor [FGF1], FGF4) the CD105(+) fraction of AT-MSCs exhibited high hepatic differentiation ability in an adherent monoculture condition. CD105(+) AT-MSC-derived hepatocyte-like cells revealed several liver-specific markers and functions, such as albumin production, low-density lipoprotein uptake, and ammonia detoxification. More importantly, CD105(+) AT-MSC-derived hepatocyte-like cells, after transplantation into mice incorporated into the parenchyma of the liver. CONCLUSION Adipose tissue is a source of multipotent stem cells that can be easily isolated, selected, and induced into mature, transplantable hepatocytes. The fact that they are easy to procure ex vivo in large numbers makes them an attractive tool for clinical studies in the context of establishing an alternative therapy for liver dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Banas
- Section for Studies on Metastasis, National Cancer Center Research Institute 1-1, Tokyo, Japan
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360
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Roche R, Hoareau L, Mounet F, Festy F. Adult stem cells for cardiovascular diseases: the adipose tissue potential. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2007; 7:791-8. [PMID: 17555365 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.7.6.791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases, as well as cardiac ischemia and lower limb vascularization, are associated with obesity and Type II diabetes, and pose a major public health problem. Recent advances in understanding stem cell biology have prompted the initiation of clinical trials of cardiac and vascular cell therapy. Autologous adult stem cells are generally taken from bone marrow or circulating blood. Although significant and encouraging results have been obtained in human studies where these cells have been employed, obtaining sufficient numbers of these cells is a major constraint. Recent studies have identified adipose tissue as a new source of stem cells; some of which may be suitable for the restoration of cardiovascular function. As lipoaspiration provides relatively simple access to this stem cell pool, and with the very large numbers of cells present in adipose tissue, its future potential as a stem cell reservoir for cardiovascular cell therapy is promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Régis Roche
- Université de La Réunion, Laboratoire de Biochimie et Génétique Moléculaire, Faculté des Sciences, Saint Denis Messag. 9, Ile de La Réunion, France.
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361
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Abstract
The emerging field of regenerative medicine will require a reliable source of stem cells in addition to biomaterial scaffolds and cytokine growth factors. Adipose tissue represents an abundant and accessible source of adult stem cells with the ability to differentiate along multiple lineage pathways. The isolation, characterization, and preclinical and clinical application of adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) are reviewed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Gimble
- Stem Cell Biology Laboratory and Clinical Nutrition Research Unit, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA.
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362
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Sgodda M, Aurich H, Kleist S, Aurich I, König S, Dollinger MM, Fleig WE, Christ B. Hepatocyte differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells from rat peritoneal adipose tissue in vitro and in vivo. Exp Cell Res 2007; 313:2875-86. [PMID: 17574236 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2007.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2007] [Revised: 04/13/2007] [Accepted: 05/15/2007] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal tissues harbour stromal cells capable of multilineage differentiation. Here, we demonstrate the isolation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) from rat peritoneal adipose tissue capable of osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation. Under in vitro conditions favouring hepatocyte differentiation, these MSC gained characteristic functions of hepatocytes such as the capacity to synthesize urea or store glycogen. Hepatocyte-specific transcripts of dipeptidylpeptidase type IV (CD26), albumin, cytochrome P450 type 1A1 (CYP1A1) and connexin CX32 (CX32) were detected only in differentiated but not undifferentiated cells. Transient transgenic expression of luciferase could be stimulated by cAMP when driven by the hepatocyte-specific promoter of the cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PCK1) gene. Finally, stem cell-derived hepatocytes from wild type (CD26+/+) rats were transplanted into the livers of CD26-deficient animals after lentiviral transduction with the GFP gene under the control of the ubiquitin promoter. GFP-positive cells engrafted in the host liver predominantly in the periportal region of the liver lobule. They continued to express CD26, a prominent feature of differentiated hepatocytes, indicating their topologically and functionally proper integration into the host liver parenchyma. Thus, MSCs from rat peritoneal adipose tissue exhibit the potential to differentiate into hepatocyte-like cells in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malte Sgodda
- First Department of Medicine, Martin-Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Heinrich-Damerow-Strasse 1, Halle/Saale, Germany
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363
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Chen Y, Dong XJ, Zhang GR, Shao JZ, Xiang LX. Transdifferentiation of mouse BM cells into hepatocyte-like cells. Cytotherapy 2007; 8:381-9. [PMID: 16923614 DOI: 10.1080/14653240600735800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During the past few years multiple studies have revealed that adult stem cells, including BM origin stem cells, can be transdifferentiated into various cell types, including hepatocyte-like cells, under proper treatments or in a suitable microenvironment. However, little is known about the mechanism of the transdifferentiation, and the treatments employed seem to be very complicated and require simplification. It is important to determine the suitable conditions in which BM cells would be efficiently differentiated into hepatocytes. METHODS Mouse BM cells were isolated from femurs and tibias and cultured in IMDM supplemented with 10% FBS. Hepatic differentiation was induced in a differentiation medium containing 20 ng/mL HGF, 10 ng/mL FGF-4, 10 ng/mL Oncostatin M (OSM) and different concentrations of liver-injured mouse sera. The differentiated hepatic cells were characterized by the expression of liver-associated mRNA and proteins and morphologic and functional features. RESULTS BM cell-derived polygonal cell colonies appeared after several days of culture, and these hepatocyte-like cells expressed AFP, HNF-3beta, CK19, CK18, ALB, TAT and G-6-Pase at mRNA and protein levels, and the cells also had some hepatic cellular functions, such as glycogen storage and urea production. Interestingly, suitable concentrations of sera from liver-injured mice added to this system showed strong stimulation on the in vitro transdifferentiation of mouse BM cells into hepatocytes. DISCUSSION In the present study we have established an effective hepatic differentiation system by a combination of HGF, FGF-4, OSM and liver-injured mouse sera in vitro. Accordingly, it will be a useful resource not only for understanding the mechanisms of transdifferentiation but also for efficient amplification of hepatocyte progenitor cells of BM origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
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364
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Zhang R, Guo SY. Cell source of liver functional reconstruction. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2007; 15:1261-1265. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v15.i11.1261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent years, various new techniques, such as bioartificial liver system, hepatocyte transplantation and tissue engineering, were being employed to fight against the liver diseases. However, the shortage of liver cells has become a prominent problem. This review focuses on the current research progress of the liver cell differentiation source, and it also discusses the advantages and disadvantages of various hepatic stem cells and nonhepatic stem cells, expecting to provide a reference for liver cell source selection during tissue engineering, an adequate and suitable source for bioartificial liver and hepatocyte transplantation and to help to treat liver diseases.
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365
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Snykers S, Vanhaecke T, De Becker A, Papeleu P, Vinken M, Van Riet I, Rogiers V. Chromatin remodeling agent trichostatin A: a key-factor in the hepatic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells derived of adult bone marrow. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2007; 7:24. [PMID: 17407549 PMCID: PMC1852547 DOI: 10.1186/1471-213x-7-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2006] [Accepted: 04/02/2007] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Background The capability of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) derived of adult bone marrow to undergo in vitro hepatic differentiation was investigated. Results Exposure of hMSC to a cocktail of hepatogenic factors [(fibroblast growth factor-4 (FGF-4), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), insulin-transferrin-sodium-selenite (ITS) and dexamethasone)] failed to induce hepatic differentiation. Sequential exposure to these factors (FGF-4, followed by HGF, followed by HGF+ITS+dexamethasone), however, resembling the order of secretion during liver embryogenesis, induced both glycogen-storage and cytokeratin (CK)18 expression. Additional exposure of the cells to trichostatin A (TSA) considerably improved endodermal differentiation, as evidenced by acquisition of an epithelial morphology, chronological expression of hepatic proteins, including hepatocyte-nuclear factor (HNF)-3β, alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), CK18, albumin (ALB), HNF1α, multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP)2 and CCAAT-enhancer binding protein (C/EBP)α, and functional maturation, i.e. upregulated ALB secretion, urea production and inducible cytochrome P450 (CYP)-dependent activity. Conclusion hMSC are able to undergo mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition. TSA is hereby essential to promote differentiation of hMSC towards functional hepatocyte-like cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Snykers
- Dept. Toxicology., Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Tamara Vanhaecke
- Dept. Toxicology., Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ann De Becker
- Dept. Medical Oncology and Hematology, Stem Cell Laboratory, Academic. Hospital, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, B-1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Peggy Papeleu
- Dept. Toxicology., Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Vinken
- Dept. Toxicology., Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ivan Van Riet
- Dept. Medical Oncology and Hematology, Stem Cell Laboratory, Academic. Hospital, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, B-1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Vera Rogiers
- Dept. Toxicology., Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090, Brussels, Belgium
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366
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Snykers S, Vinken M, Rogiers V, Vanhaecke T. Differential role of epigenetic modulators in malignant and normal stem cells: a novel tool in preclinical in vitro toxicology and clinical therapy. Arch Toxicol 2007; 81:533-44. [PMID: 17387455 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-007-0195-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2007] [Accepted: 02/22/2007] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Adult stem cells are primitive cells that undergo asymmetric division, thereby giving rise to one clonogenic, self-renewing cell and one cell able to undergo multipotent differentiation. Disturbance of this controlled process by epigenetic alterations, including imbalance of histone acetylation/histone deacetylation and DNA methylation/demethylation, may result in uncontrolled growth, formation of self-renewing malignant stem cells and eventually cancer. In view of this notion, several epigenetic modulators, in particular those with histone deacetylase inhibiting activity, are currently being tested in phase I and II clinical trials for their promising chemotherapeutic properties in cancer therapy. As chromatin modulation is also involved in regulation of differentiation, normal development, embryonic and adult stem cell functions and maintenance of their plasticity during embryonic organogenesis, the question can be raised whether predestined cell fate can be modified through epigenetic interference. And if so, could this strategy enforce adult stem cells to differentiate into different types of functional cells? In particular, functional hepatocytes seem important for preclinical toxicity screening of candidate drugs. This paper reviews the potential use and relevance of epigenetic modifiers, including inhibitors of histone deacetylases and DNA methyltransferases (1) to change cell fate and 'trans'differentiate normal adult stem cells into hepatocyte-like cells and (2) to cure disorders, caused by uncontrolled growth of malignant stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Snykers
- Department of Toxicology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium.
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367
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Wei Y, Hu Y, Lv R, Li D. Regulation of adipose-derived adult stem cells differentiating into chondrocytes with the use of rhBMP-2. Cytotherapy 2007; 8:570-9. [PMID: 17148034 DOI: 10.1080/14653240600987690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adipose tissue has been demonstrated to contain a population of progenitor cells that can differentiate into bone and cartilage. Studies have suggested that adipose-derived adult stem (ADAS) cells can be induced to differentiate into chondrocytes by transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta). In this study, we examined whether bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2), as a member of the TGF-beta superfamily, could regulate ADAS cells to differentiate into a chondrolineage. METHODS ADAS cells were isolated and induced by rhBMP-2. These cells were cultured in pellets for 2 weeks, and the chondrogenic phenotype was observed in vitro and in vivo. ADAS cells cultured without BMP-2 were used as controls. RESULTS After 2 weeks of culture, the differentiated ADAS cells reacted positively to Alcian blue and collagen II, and the content of collagen II protein was obviously up-regulated at day 14. Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content gradually increased from day 2 to day 14 (P < 0.05). However, H&E staining and collagen II expression were weak, and there was a little collagen II protein and GAG detected in the control group. Additionally, the pellets of ADAS cells induced by rhBMP-2 were transplanted into BALB/C nude mice and formed cartilage lacuna at week 8 in vivo. DISCUSSION These data demonstrate that rhBMP-2 induce ADAS cells to differentiate into chondrocytes in vitro and in vivo. This is useful for basic and clinical studies aimed at repairing cartilage damage. But in a control group, ADAS cells tended towards differentiation into chondrocytes, which was affected by ITS. We will be exploring the mechanism further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wei
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
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368
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Kiyasov AP, Gumerova AA, Titova MA. Mesenchymal-epithelial transformation of ito cells in vitro. Bull Exp Biol Med 2007; 142:133-6. [PMID: 17369923 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-006-0311-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Cultured pure population of Ito cells isolated from adult rat liver expressed epithelial markers cytokeratin-8, alpha-fetoprotein, and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase after forming a dense monolayer. Mesenchymal-epithelial transformation of these cells is possible, which suggests them as candidates of hepatic stem cells.
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369
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Ning H, Lin G, Lue TF, Lin CS. Neuron-like differentiation of adipose tissue-derived stromal cells and vascular smooth muscle cells. Differentiation 2007; 74:510-8. [PMID: 17177848 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-0436.2006.00081.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Adipose tissue-derived stromal cells (ADSC) have previously been shown to possess stem cell properties such as transdifferentiation and self-renewal. Because future clinical applications are likely to use these adult stem cells in an autologous fashion, we wished to establish and characterize rat ADSC for pre-clinical tests. In the present study, we showed that rat ADSC expressed stem cell markers CD34 and STRO-1 at passage 1 but only STRO-1 at passage 3. These cells could also be induced to differentiate into adipocytes, smooth muscle cells, and neuron-like cells, the latter of which expressed neuronal markers S100, nestin, and NF70. Isobutylmethylxanthine (IBMX), indomethacin (INDO), and insulin were the active ingredients in a previously established neural induction medium (NIM); however, here we showed that IBMX alone was as effective as NIM in the induction of morphological changes as well as neuronal marker expression. Finally, we showed that vascular smooth muscle cells could also be induced by either NIM or IBMX to differentiate into neuron-like cells that expressed NF70.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxiu Ning
- Knuppe Molecular Urology Laboratory, Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-1695, USA
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370
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Castell JV, Jover R, Martínez-Jiménez CP, Gómez-Lechón MJ. Hepatocyte cell lines: their use, scope and limitations in drug metabolism studies. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2007; 2:183-212. [PMID: 16866607 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2.2.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Gaining knowledge on the metabolism of a drug, the enzymes involved and its inhibition or induction potential is a necessary step in pharmaceutical development of new compounds. Primary human hepatocytes are considered a cellular model of reference, as they express the majority of drug-metabolising enzymes, respond to enzyme inducers and are capable of generating in vitro a metabolic profile similar to what is found in vivo. However, hepatocytes show phenotypic instability and have a restricted accessibility. Different alternatives have been explored in the past recent years to overcome the limitations of primary hepatocytes. These include immortalisation of adult or fetal human hepatic cells by means of transforming tumour virus genes, oncogenes, conditionally immortalised hepatocytes, and cell fusion. New strategies are currently being used to upregulate the expression of drug-metabolising enzymes in cell lines or to derive hepatocytes from progenitor cells. This paper reviews the features of liver-derived cell lines, their suitability for drug metabolism studies as well as the state-of-the-art of the strategies pursued in order to generate metabolically competent hepatic cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- José V Castell
- University Hospital La Fe, Research Centre, Avda, Campanar 21, E-46009 Valencia, Spain
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371
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Herr I, Groth A, Schemmer P, Büchler MW. Adult stem cells in progression and therapy of hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Cancer 2007; 121:1875-1882. [PMID: 17685426 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma is one of the most aggressive solid tumours associated with poor prognosis. Despite its significance, there is only an elemental understanding of the mechanisms that drive disease pathogenesis, and there are just limited therapy options. The medical community is currently experiencing a wave of enthusiasm for clinical trials, in which adult stem/progenitor cells are used for liver regeneration. This is based on promising results in animal models and encouraging reports from some initial clinical studies. On the other hand, several essential precautions are not being fully addressed. Stem cells may contribute to fibrosis or give rise to hepatic cancer stem cells as a source of hepatocellular carcinoma. This review outlines the current state of knowledge in progression of liver disease and highlights the function of adult stem cells in disease and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Herr
- Department of General Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Molecular OncoSurgery, Department of General Surgery, University of Heidelberg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ariane Groth
- Department of General Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Molecular OncoSurgery, Department of General Surgery, University of Heidelberg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Schemmer
- Department of General Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus W Büchler
- Department of General Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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372
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Banas A, Yamamoto Y, Teratani T, Ochiya T. Stem cell plasticity: Learning from hepatogenic differentiation strategies. Dev Dyn 2007; 236:3228-41. [PMID: 17907200 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Many studies on stem cell plasticity are challenging the concept that stem cells contain an intrinsically predefined, unidirectional differentiation program. This means that the developmental fate of a stem cell is dependent on the general potential of the cell (pre-determined stem cell fate) as well as on microenvironmental cues, such as stimuli from growth factors (stem cell niche). Here, we reviewed reports that examined the hepatocyte differentiation ability of stem cells from two different sources: embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells. All of those stem cells revealed the ability to give rise to hepatocyte-like cells using different induction strategies. However, it is still not clear which of those stem cells would be the best source for hepatocyte replacement or which would be the best protocol. We herein present the current knowledge regarding available protocols and factors used in order to obtain functional hepatocytes from stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Banas
- Section for Studies on Metastasis, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
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373
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Moseley TA, Zhu M, Hedrick MH. Adipose-derived stem and progenitor cells as fillers in plastic and reconstructive surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg 2006; 118:121S-128S. [PMID: 16936551 DOI: 10.1097/01.prs.0000234609.74811.2e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Plastic surgeons are keenly aware of the principle "replace like with like." This principle underlies much of the rationale behind the clinical use of autologous fat transplantation, despite the procedure's drawbacks. Autologous fat transplantation is frequently used for a variety of cosmetic and reconstructive indications not limited to posttraumatic defects of the face and body, involutional disorders such as hemifacial atrophy, sequelae of radiation therapy, and many aesthetic uses such as lip and facial augmentation and wrinkle therapy. However, the limitations of fat transplantation are well known, particularly the long-term unpredictability of volume maintenance. Regenerative cell-based strategies such as those encompassing the use of stem cells hold tremendous promise for augmentation of the soft-tissue space. Preclinical studies and early clinical series show that adipose-derived stem cells offer the possibility of finally fulfilling the key principle of replacing like with like as an aesthetic filler, without the drawbacks of current technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A Moseley
- Department of Research and Technology, Division of Biologics, Cytori Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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374
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Taléns-Visconti R, Bonora A, Jover R, Mirabet V, Carbonell F, Castell JV, Gómez-Lechón MJ. Hepatogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells from adipose tissue in comparison with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 12:5834-45. [PMID: 17007050 PMCID: PMC4100665 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v12.i36.5834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate and compare the hepatogenic transdifferentiation of adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ADSC) and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSC) in vitro. Transdifferentiation of BMSC into hepatic cells in vivo has been described. Adipose tissue represents an accessible source of ADSC, with similar characteristics to BMSC.
METHODS: BMSCs were obtained from patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty and ADSC from human adipose tissue obtained from lipectomy. Cells were grown in medium containing 15% human serum. Cultures were serum deprived for 2 d before cultivating under similar pro-hepatogenic conditions to those of liver development using a 2-step protocol with sequential addition of growth factors, cytokines and hormones. Hepatic differentiation was RT-PCR-assessed and liver-marker genes were immunohistochemically analysed.
RESULTS: BMSC and ADSC exhibited a fibroblastic morphology that changed to a polygonal shape when cells differentiated. Expression of stem cell marker Thy1 decreased in differentiated ADSC and BMSC. However, the expression of the hepatic markers, albumin and CYPs increased to a similar extent in differentiated BMSC and ADSC. Hepatic gene activation could be attributed to increased liver-enriched transcription factors (C/EBPβ and HNF4α), as demonstrated by adenoviral expression vectors.
CONCLUSION: Mesenchymal stem cells can be induced to hepatogenic transdifferentiation in vitro. ADSCs have a similar hepatogenic differentiation potential to BMSC, but a longer culture period and higher proliferation capacity. Therefore, adipose tissue may be an ideal source of large amounts of autologous stem cells, and may become an alternative for hepatocyte regeneration, liver cell transplantation or preclinical drug testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Taléns-Visconti
- Unidad de Hepatologia Experimental, Centro de Investigacion. Hospital Universitario La Fe, Avda Campanar 21, E-46009-Valencia, Spain
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375
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Taléns-Visconti R, Bonora A, Jover R, Mirabet V, Carbonell F, Castell JV, Gómez-Lechón MJ. Human mesenchymal stem cells from adipose tissue: Differentiation into hepatic lineage. Toxicol In Vitro 2006; 21:324-9. [PMID: 17045453 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2006.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2006] [Revised: 07/07/2006] [Accepted: 08/30/2006] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue represents an accessible source of mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs), with similar characteristics to bone marrow-derived stem cells. The aim of this work was to investigate the transdifferentiation of ADSCs into hepatic lineage cells in vitro. ADSCs were obtained from human adipose tissue from lipectomy. Cells were grown in medium containing 15% AB human serum. Cultures were serum deprived for two days and exposed to a two-step protocol with two different media using growth factors and cytokines. Hepatic differentiation was assessed by RT-PCR of liver-marker genes. ADSCs exhibited a fibroblastic morphology that changed to a cuboidal shape when cells differentiated. Expression of liver genes increased when using one of the two studied media consisting of DMEM supplemented with HGF, bFGF and nicotinamide for 14 days. The results indicate that, under certain specific inducing conditions, ADSCs can be induced to differentiate into hepatic lineage in vitro. Adipose tissue may be an ideal source of high amounts of autologous stem cells.
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376
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Yoshimura K, Shigeura T, Matsumoto D, Sato T, Takaki Y, Aiba-Kojima E, Sato K, Inoue K, Nagase T, Koshima I, Gonda K. Characterization of freshly isolated and cultured cells derived from the fatty and fluid portions of liposuction aspirates. J Cell Physiol 2006; 208:64-76. [PMID: 16557516 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 560] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Liposuction aspirates (primarily saline solution, blood, and adipose tissue fragments) separate into fatty and fluid portions. Cells isolated from the fatty portion are termed processed lipoaspirate (PLA) cells and contain adipose-derived adherent stromal cells (ASCs). Here we define cells isolated from the fluid portion of liposuction aspirates as liposuction aspirate fluid (LAF) cells. Stromal vascular fractions (SVF) were isolated separately from both portions and characterized under cultured and non-cultured conditions. A comparable number of LAF and PLA cells were freshly isolated, but fewer LAF cells were adherent. CD34+ CD45- cells from fresh LAF isolates were expanded by adherent culture, suggesting that LAF cells contain ASCs. Although freshly isolated PLA and LAF cells have distinct cell surface marker profiles, adherent PLA and LAF cells have quite similar characteristics with regard to growth kinetics, morphology, capacity for differentiation, and surface marker profiles. After plating, both PLA and LAF cells showed significant increased expression of CD29, CD44, CD49d, CD73, CD90, CD105, and CD151 and decreased expression of CD31 and CD45. Multicolor FACS analysis revealed that SVF are composed of heterogeneous cell populations including blood-derived cells (CD45+), ASCs (CD31- CD34+ CD45- CD90+ CD105- CD146-), endothelial (progenitor) cells (CD31+ CD34+ CD45- CD90+ CD105low CD146+), pericytes (CD31- CD34- CD45- CD90+ CD105- CD146+), and other cells. After plating, ASCs showed a dramatic increase in CD105 expression. Although some adherent ASCs lost CD34 expression with increasing culture time, our culture method maintained CD34 expression in ASCs for at least 10-20 weeks. These results suggest that liposuction-derived cells may be useful and valuable for cell-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Yoshimura
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Tokyo School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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377
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Di Rocco G, Iachininoto MG, Tritarelli A, Straino S, Zacheo A, Germani A, Crea F, Capogrossi MC. Myogenic potential of adipose-tissue-derived cells. J Cell Sci 2006; 119:2945-52. [PMID: 16825428 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.03029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose-tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells can be directed towards a myogenic phenotype in vitro by the addition of specific inductive media. However, the ability of these or other adipose-tissue-associated cells to respond to ;natural' myogenic cues such as a myogenic environment has never been investigated in detail. Here, we provide evidence that a restricted subpopulation of freshly harvested adipose-tissue-derived cells possesses an intrinsic myogenic potential and can spontaneously differentiate into skeletal muscle. Conversion of adipose-tissue-derived cells to a myogenic phenotype is enhanced by co-culture with primary myoblasts in the absence of cell contact and is maximal when the two cell types are co-cultured in the same plate. Conversely, in vitro expanded adipose-tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells require direct contact with muscle cells to generate skeletal myotubes. Finally, we show that uncultured adipose-tissue-associated cells have a high regenerative capacity in vivo since they can be incorporated into muscle fibers following ischemia and can restore significantly dystrophin expression in mdx mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliana Di Rocco
- Laboratorio di Biologia Vascolare e Terapia Genica, Centro Cardiologico Fondazione Monzino, Via Parea 4, 20138 Milan, Italy
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378
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Gabbay JS, Heller JB, Mitchell SA, Zuk PA, Spoon DB, Wasson KL, Jarrahy R, Benhaim P, Bradley JP. Osteogenic Potentiation of Human Adipose???Derived Stem Cells in a 3-Dimensional Matrix. Ann Plast Surg 2006; 57:89-93. [PMID: 16799316 DOI: 10.1097/01.sap.0000205378.89052.d3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) hold promise for use in tissue engineering. Despite growing enthusiasm for use of ADSCs, there is limited research that has examined their behavior in different in vitro and in vivo systems. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the effect of the extracellular matrix structure and composition on osteogenic differentiation by comparing the osteogenic marker expression of ADSCs grown under 2-dimensional or 3-dimensional cell culture conditions. Group 1 (2-D) included ADSCs raised under conventional cell culture conditions (cells in a 2-D monolayer configuration) (n = 24), and group 2 (3-dimensional) included ADSCs seeded in a collagen gel (cells within a 3-dimensional, biologically active environment) (n = 24). Comparison of ADSC behavior between the 2 groups was analyzed during a 14-day time frame. Osteogenic marker expression (CBFA-1, alkaline phosphatase, osteonectin, osteopontin, Collagen I, and JNK2) was quantified by real-time PCR, and histologic analysis was performed. Histologically, group 1 (2-D) showed cell spreading and deposition of a calcified extracellular matrix. Group 2 (3-dimensional) assumed a disorganized state in the collagen gel, with extension of pseudopodia throughout the matrix. Expression of CBFA-1 was up-regulated immediately in both groups. However, cells in group 2 (3-dimensional) had a more rapid and greater overall expression compared with cells in group 1 (2-D) (250-fold greater at 4 days). At day 14, cells in group 2 (3-dimensional) showed greater expression of all other osteogenic markers than cells in group 1 (2-D) (2.3-fold greater expression of alkaline phosphatase [P < 0.05], 8.4-fold greater expression of osteonectin [P < 0.05], 6.4-fold greater expression of osteopontin [P < 0.05], 2.9-fold greater expression of collagen I [P < 0.05], and 2.5-fold greater expression of JNK2 [P < 0.05]). Our data showed there was a progressive stimulatory effect on ADSCs with regard to osteogenesis when cultured in a 3-dimensional gel compared with a 2-D monolayer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joubin S Gabbay
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, 90095, USA
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379
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Chien CC, Yen BL, Lee FK, Lai TH, Chen YC, Chan SH, Huang HI. In Vitro Differentiation of Human Placenta-Derived Multipotent Cells into Hepatocyte-Like Cells. Stem Cells 2006; 24:1759-68. [PMID: 16822884 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2005-0521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Multipotent cells isolated from human term placenta (placenta-derived multipotent cells [PDMCs]) have been known to be able to differentiate into mesodermal lineage cells, including adipocytes and osteoclasts. The low infection rate and young age of placenta compared with other tissue origins of adult stem cells make theses cells attractive target for cell-based therapy. However, the differentiation potential of PDMCs toward hepatic cells has not been evaluated yet. In this study, we cultivated PDMCs with hepatic differentiation medium to evaluate the ability of these cells in differentiating toward hepatic cells. After treatment, the morphologies of differentiated PDMCs changed to polygonal epithelial cell-like. The differentiated cells not only show the hepatocyte-like morphologies but also express hepatocyte-specific markers, including albumin and cytokeratin 18. The bioactivity assays revealed that these hepatocyte-like cells could uptake lipoprotein and store glycogen. Furthermore, the addition of rifampicin increased the gene expression of CYP3A4, which is similar with the activities of human liver cells. According to our previous results, PDMCs were capable of differentiating into mesodermal and ectodermal lineage cells. Our results indicate that PDMCs can differentiate into three germ layer cells, which is similar to embryonic stem cells. In conclusion, placenta might be an easily accessible source for progenitor cells that are capable of differentiating toward hepatocyte-like cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Cheng Chien
- Cathay Medical Research Institute, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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380
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Abstract
As the promise of stem cell-based therapies begins to be realised, and efforts to bring advances to the clinic mount, the source of these cells is increasingly important. The morbidity associated with harvesting stem cells from solid organs and the invasive nature of bone marrow biopsies may limit their practicality for wider clinical applications. An emerging body of literature suggests that adipose tissue may provide an abundant, readily accessible source of cells with similar potential to that described of other adult stem cells. This review will address advances in the use of adipose stem cells in fields as divergent as soft tissue reconstruction and cerebral infarction recovery. Numerous challenges will also be discussed; however, rapidly accumulating advances suggest that adipose stem cells may be as effective as they are abundant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Parker
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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381
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Moon MH, Kim SY, Kim YJ, Kim SJ, Lee JB, Bae YC, Sung SM, Jung JS. Human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells improve postnatal neovascularization in a mouse model of hindlimb ischemia. Cell Physiol Biochem 2006; 17:279-90. [PMID: 16791003 DOI: 10.1159/000094140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM It has been reported that adipose tissue contain progenitor cells with angiogenic potential and that therapy based on adipose tissue-derived progenitor cells administration may constitute a promising cell therapy in patients with ischemic disease. In this study we evaluated the effect of culture-expanded mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) derived from adipose tissue on neovascularization and blood flow in an animal model of limb ischemia in immunodeficient mice. METHODS MSC were cultured from human adipose tissue by collagenase digestion. Hindlimb ischemia was created by ligating the proximal femoral artery of male nude mice. Human adipose tissue stromal cells (hADSC) were transplanted one day or 7 days after ligation. RESULTS During culture expansion of hADSC CD34 expression was downregulated. The laser Doppler perfusion index was significantly higher in the CD34(-), Flk-1(-), CD31(-) ADSC-transplanted group than in the control group, even when cells were transplanted 7 days after hindlimb ischemia. Histological examination showed that hADSC transplantation recovered muscle injury and increased vascular density, compared with the control group. The effect of hADSC was correlated with the number of transplanted cells, but not with the ratio of CD34 expression. In vitro, hADSC can form vessel-like structure and express von Willibrand Factor. Conditioned media from hADSC increased proliferation and inhibited apoptotic cell death in of human aortic endothelial cells. CONCLUSION This study showed that hADSC can be an ideal source for therapeutic angiogenesis in ischemic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Hyang Moon
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Pusan National University, Korea
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382
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Taléns-Visconti R, Bonora-Centelles A, Castell JV, Gómez-Lechón MJ. Fuentes alternativas de hepatocitos para la terapia celular. GASTROENTEROLOGIA Y HEPATOLOGIA 2006; 29:366-76. [PMID: 16790188 DOI: 10.1157/13089719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
There is an urgent need to search for alternatives to whole organ transplantation. Several methods have been proposed. Among these strategies, cell transplantation is currently one of the most promising. To achieve this aim, in addition to highly differentiated adult hepatocytes, the use of stem cells is considered a highly attractive therapeutic method for the treatment of liver disease and for temporary support of hepatic function until a liver becomes available for organ transplantation. This strategy is based on the ability of stem cells to differentiate into different cellular types according to their environment. Therefore, stem cells could be an unlimited source of hepatic cells for transplantation and gene therapy. Bone marrow is considered the most promising source of adult stem cells, partly due to the versatility of the cells obtained in repairing damaged tissues of several lineages. Several different types of stem cells have been described in bone marrow: hematopoietic, mesenchymal, side population and multipotent adult stem cells. Bone marrow cells have been hypothesized as a third recruitment source in liver regeneration in addition to hepatocytes and endogenous liver stem cells. Consequently, attempts have been made to differentiate them into hepatic lineage for their subsequent use in hepatic cell therapy. The present article reviews the progress made in this field or research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Taléns-Visconti
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Centro de Investigación, Hospital Universitario La Fe, Valencia, Spain
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383
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Fraser JK, Wulur I, Alfonso Z, Hedrick MH. Fat tissue: an underappreciated source of stem cells for biotechnology. Trends Biotechnol 2006; 24:150-4. [PMID: 16488036 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2006.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 719] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2005] [Revised: 12/02/2005] [Accepted: 01/31/2006] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue can be harvested in large amounts with minimal morbidity. It contains numerous cells types, including adipocytes, preadipocytes, vascular endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells; it also contains cells that have the ability to differentiate into several lineages, such as fat, bone, cartilage, skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle, endothelium, hematopoietic cells, hepatocytes and neuronal cells. Cloning studies have shown that some adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) have multilineage differentiation potential. ADSCs are also capable of expressing multiple growth factors, including vascular endothelial growth factor and hepatocyte growth factor. Early, uncontrolled, non-randomized clinical research, applying fresh adipose-derived cells into a cranial defect or undifferentiated ADSCs into fistulas in Crohn's disease, has shown healing and an absence of side effects. The combination of these properties, and the large quantity of cells that can be obtained from fat, suggests that this tissue will be a useful tool in biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- John K Fraser
- Cytori Therapeutics Inc., 3020 Callan Road, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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384
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Pahlavan PS, Feldmann RE, Zavos C, Kountouras J. Prometheus' challenge: molecular, cellular and systemic aspects of liver regeneration. J Surg Res 2006; 134:238-51. [PMID: 16458925 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2005.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2005] [Revised: 10/25/2005] [Accepted: 12/15/2005] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The fascinating aspect of the liver is the capacity to regenerate after injury or resection. A variety of genes, cytokines, growth factors, and cells are involved in liver regeneration. The exact mechanism of regeneration and the interaction between cells and cytokines are not fully understood. There seems to exist a sequence of stages that result in liver regeneration, while at the same time inhibitors control the size of the regenerated liver. It has been proven that hepatocyte growth factor, transforming growth factor, epidermal growth factor, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukins -1 and -6 are the main growth and promoter factors secreted after hepatic injury, partial hepatectomy and after a sequence of different and complex reactions to activate transcription factors, mainly nuclear factor kappaB and signal transduction and activator of transcription-3, affects specific genes to promote liver regeneration. Unraveling the complex processes of liver regeneration may provide novel strategies in the management of patients with end-stage liver disease. In particular, inducing liver regeneration should reduce morbidity for the donor and increase faster recovery for the liver transplantation recipient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payam Samareh Pahlavan
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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385
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Seeberger KL, Dufour JM, Shapiro AMJ, Lakey JRT, Rajotte RV, Korbutt GS. Expansion of mesenchymal stem cells from human pancreatic ductal epithelium. J Transl Med 2006; 86:141-53. [PMID: 16402034 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.3700377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast-like cells emerging from cultured human pancreatic endocrine and exocrine tissue have been reported. Although a thorough phenotypic characterization of these cells has not yet been carried out, these cells have been hypothesized to be contaminating fibroblasts, mesenchyme and/or possibly beta-cell progenitors. In this study, we expanded fibroblast-like cells from adult human exocrine pancreas following islet isolation and characterized these cells as mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) based on their cell surface antigen expression and ability to differentiate into mesoderm. Analysis by flow cytometry demonstrated that pancreatic MSCs express cell surface antigens used to define MSCs isolated from bone marrow such as CD13, CD29, CD44, CD49b, CD54, CD90 and CD105. In addition, utilizing protocols used to differentiate MSCs isolated from other somatic tissues, we successfully differentiated pancreatic MSCs into: (1) osteocytes that stained positive for alkaline phosphatase, collagen, mineralization (calcification) and expressed osteocalcin, (2) adipocytes that contained lipid inclusions and expressed fatty acid binding protein 4 and (3) chondrocytes that expressed aggrecan. We also demonstrated that pancreatic MSCs are multipotent and capable of deriving cells of endodermal origin. Pancreatic MSCs were differentiated into hepatocytes that stained positive for human serum albumin and expressed endoderm and liver-specific genes such as GATA 4 and tyrosine aminotransferase. In addition, preliminary protocols used to differentiate these cells into insulin-producing cells resulted in the expression of genes necessary for islet and beta-cell development such as Pax4 and neurogenin 3. Therefore, multipotent MSCs residing within the adult exocrine pancreas could represent a progenitor cell, which when further manipulated could result in the production of functional islet beta-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L Seeberger
- Surgical-Medical Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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386
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McIntosh K, Zvonic S, Garrett S, Mitchell JB, Floyd ZE, Hammill L, Kloster A, Di Halvorsen Y, Ting JP, Storms RW, Goh B, Kilroy G, Wu X, Gimble JM. The immunogenicity of human adipose-derived cells: temporal changes in vitro. Stem Cells 2006; 24:1246-53. [PMID: 16410391 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2005-0235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 631] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Regenerative medical techniques will require an abundant source of human adult stem cells that can be readily available at the point of care. The ability to use unmatched allogeneic stem cells will help achieve this goal. Since adipose tissue represents an untapped reservoir of human cells, we have compared the immunogenic properties of freshly isolated, collagenase-digested human adipose tissue-derived stromal vascular fraction cells (SVFs) relative to passaged, plastic-adherent adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs). Parallel studies have shown that adherence to plastic and subsequent expansion of human adipose-derived cells selects for a relatively homogeneous cell population based on immunophenotype. Consistent with these findings, the presence of hematopoietic-associated markers (CD11a, CD14, CD45, CD86, and histocompatible locus antigen-DR [HLA-DR]) detected on the heterogeneous SVF cell population decreased upon subsequent passage of the ASCs. In mixed lymphocyte reactions (MLRs), SVFs, and early passage ASCs stimulated proliferation by allogeneic responder T cells. In contrast, the ASCs beyond passage P1 failed to elicit a response from T cells. Indeed, late passage ASCs actually suppressed the MLR response. Although these results support the feasibility of allogeneic human ASC transplantation, confirmatory in vivo animal studies will be required.
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387
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Kern S, Eichler H, Stoeve J, Klüter H, Bieback K. Comparative analysis of mesenchymal stem cells from bone marrow, umbilical cord blood, or adipose tissue. Stem Cells 2006; 24:1294-301. [PMID: 16410387 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2005-0342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2266] [Impact Index Per Article: 125.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) represent a promising tool for new clinical concepts in supporting cellular therapy. Bone marrow (BM) was the first source reported to contain MSCs. However, for clinical use, BM may be detrimental due to the highly invasive donation procedure and the decline in MSC number and differentiation potential with increasing age. More recently, umbilical cord blood (UCB), attainable by a less invasive method, was introduced as an alternative source for MSCs. Another promising source is adipose tissue (AT). We compared MSCs derived from these sources regarding morphology, the success rate of isolating MSCs, colony frequency, expansion potential, multiple differentiation capacity, and immune phenotype. No significant differences concerning the morphology and immune phenotype of the MSCs derived from these sources were obvious. Differences could be observed concerning the success rate of isolating MSCs, which was 100% for BM and AT, but only 63% for UCB. The colony frequency was lowest in UCB, whereas it was highest in AT. However, UCB-MSCs could be cultured longest and showed the highest proliferation capacity, whereas BM-MSCs possessed the shortest culture period and the lowest proliferation capacity. Most strikingly, UCB-MSCs showed no adipogenic differentiation capacity, in contrast to BM- and AT-MSCs. Both UCB and AT are attractive alternatives to BM in isolating MSC: AT as it contains MSCs at the highest frequency and UCB as it seems to be expandable to higher numbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Kern
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, German Red Cross Blood Service of Baden-Württemberg-Hessen, Mannheim, Germany
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388
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Song HY, Jeon ES, Jung JS, Kim JH. Oncostatin M induces proliferation of human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2005; 37:2357-65. [PMID: 15979922 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2005.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2005] [Revised: 05/02/2005] [Accepted: 05/12/2005] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) subfamily of cytokines, including oncostatin M (OSM), leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), and IL-6, has been implicated in a variety of physiological responses, such as cell growth, differentiation, and inflammation. In the present study, we demonstrated that both OSM and LIF stimulated the proliferation of human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hATSCs), however, IL-6 had no effect on cell proliferation. OSM treatment induced phosphorylation of ERK, and pretreatment with U0126, a MEK inhibitor, prevented the OSM-stimulated proliferation of hATSCs, suggesting that the MEK/ERK pathway is involved in the OSM-induced proliferation. Treatment with OSM also induced phosphorylation of JAK2 and JAK3, and pretreatment of the cells with WHI-P131, a JAK3 inhibitor, but not with AG490, a JAK2 inhibitor, attenuated the OSM-induced proliferation of hATSCs. Furthermore, OSM treatment elicited phosphorylation of STAT1 and STAT3, and pretreatment with WHI-P131 specifically prevented the OSM-induced phosphorylation of STAT1, without affecting the OSM-induced phosphorylation of ERK and STAT3. These results suggest that two separate signaling pathways, such as MEK/ERK and JAK3/STAT1, are independently involved in the OSM-stimulated proliferation of hATSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae Young Song
- Department of Physiology and The Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Pusan National University, Busan 602-739, Republic of Korea
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389
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Dasgupta A, Hughey R, Lancin P, Larue L, Moghe PV. E-cadherin synergistically induces hepatospecific phenotype and maturation of embryonic stem cells in conjunction with hepatotrophic factors. Biotechnol Bioeng 2005; 92:257-66. [PMID: 16167333 DOI: 10.1002/bit.20676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Since effective cell sourcing is a major challenge for the therapeutic management of liver disease and liver failure, embryonic stem (ES) cells are being widely investigated as a promising source of hepatic-like cells with their proliferative and pluripotent capacities. Cell-cell interactions are crucial in embryonic development modulating adhesive and signaling functions; specifically, the cell-cell adhesion ligand, cadherin is instrumental in gastrulation and hepatic morphogenesis. Inspired by the role of cadherins in development, we investigated the role of expression of E-cadherin in cultured murine ES cells on the induction of hepatospecific phenotype and maturation. The cadherin-expressing embryonic stem (CE-ES) cells intrinsically formed pronounced cell aggregates and cuboidal morphology whereas cadherin-deficient cadherin-expressing embryonic stem (CD-ES) cells remained more spread out and corded in morphology. Through controlled stimulation with single or combined forms of hepatotrophic growth factors; hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), dexamethasone (DEX) and oncostatin M (OSM), we investigated the progressive maturation of CE-ES cells, in relation to the control, CD-ES cells. Upon growth factor treatment, the CE-ES cells adopted a more compacted morphology, which exhibited a significant hepatocyte-like cuboidal appearance in the presence of DEX-OSM-HGF. In contrast, the CD-ES cells exhibited a mixed morphology and appeared to be more elongated in the presence of DEX-OSM-HGF. Reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction was used to delineate the most differentiating condition in terms of early (alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)), mid (albumin), and late-hepatic (glucose-6-phosphatase) markers in relation to growth factor presentation for both CE-ES and CD-ES cells. We report that following the most differentiating condition of DEX-OSM-HGF stimulation, CE-ES cells expressed increased levels of albumin and glucose-6-phosphatase, whereas the CD-ES cells showed low levels of AFP and marginal levels of albumin and glucose-6-phosphatase. These trends suggest that the membrane expression of E-cadherin in ES cells can elicit a marked response to growth factor stimulation and lead to the induction of later stages of hepatocytic maturation. Thus, cadherin-engineered ES cells could be used to harness the cross-talk between the hepatotrophic and cadherin-based signaling pathways for controlled acceleration of ES hepatodifferentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouska Dasgupta
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers University, 98 Brett Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08873, USA
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390
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Mitchell JB, McIntosh K, Zvonic S, Garrett S, Floyd ZE, Kloster A, Di Halvorsen Y, Storms RW, Goh B, Kilroy G, Wu X, Gimble JM. Immunophenotype of human adipose-derived cells: temporal changes in stromal-associated and stem cell-associated markers. Stem Cells 2005; 24:376-85. [PMID: 16322640 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2005-0234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1033] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue represents an abundant and accessible source of multipotent adult stem cells and is used by many investigators for tissue engineering applications; however, not all laboratories use cells at equivalent stages of isolation and passage. We have compared the immunophenotype of freshly isolated human adipose tissue-derived stromal vascular fraction (SVF) cells relative to serial-passaged adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs). The initial SVF cells contained colony-forming unit fibroblasts at a frequency of 1:32. Colony-forming unit adipocytes and osteoblasts were present in the SVF cells at comparable frequencies (1:28 and 1:16, respectively). The immunophenotype of the adipose-derived cells based on flow cytometry changed progressively with adherence and passage. Stromal cell-associated markers (CD13, CD29, CD44, CD63, CD73, CD90, CD166) were initially low on SVF cells and increased significantly with successive passages. The stem cell-associated marker CD34 was at peak levels in the SVF cells and/or early-passage ASCs and remained present, although at reduced levels, throughout the culture period. Aldehyde dehydrogenase and the multidrug-resistance transport protein (ABCG2), both of which have been used to identify and characterize hematopoietic stem cells, are expressed by SVF cells and ASCs at detectable levels. Endothelial cell-associated markers (CD31, CD144 or VE-cadherin, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2, von Willebrand factor) were expressed on SVF cells and did not change significantly with serial passage. Thus, the adherence to plastic and subsequent expansion of human adipose-derived cells in fetal bovine serum-supplemented medium selects for a relatively homogeneous cell population, enriching for cells expressing a stromal immunophenotype, compared with the heterogeneity of the crude SVF.
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391
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Cao Y, Sun Z, Liao L, Meng Y, Han Q, Zhao RC. Human adipose tissue-derived stem cells differentiate into endothelial cells in vitro and improve postnatal neovascularization in vivo. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 332:370-9. [PMID: 15896706 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.04.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 508] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2005] [Accepted: 04/24/2005] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we isolated CD31(-), CD34(-), CD106(-) (VCAM-1(-)), and fetal liver kinase(+) (Flk1(+)) cells from adipose tissue. These cells can be induced to differentiate into cells of osteogenic and adipogenic lineages in vitro and were termed adipose derived adult stem cells (ADAS cells). We also showed that they have characteristics of endothelial progenitor cells. In vitro, ADAS cells expressed endothelial markers when cultured with VEGF. In vivo, ADAS cells can differentiate in response to local cues into endothelial cells that contributed to neoangiogenesis in hindlimb ischemia models. PI3 kinase inhibitor LY294002 blocked the differentiation of ADAS cells into endothelial cells in vitro. Because ADAS cells can be expanded in culture without obvious senescence for more than 20 population doublings, they may be a potential source of endothelial cells for cellular pro-angiogenic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Cao
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Center of Excellence in Tissue Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
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