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Lucarelli RT, Peshock RM, McColl R, Hulsey K, Ayers C, Whittemore AR, King KS. MR imaging of hippocampal asymmetry at 3T in a multiethnic, population-based sample: results from the Dallas Heart Study. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2013; 34:752-7. [PMID: 23139080 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a3308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Asymmetry of the hippocampus is regarded as an important clinical finding, but limited data on hippocampal asymmetry are available for the general population. Here we present hippocampal asymmetry data from the Dallas Heart Study determined by automated methods and its relationship to age, sex, and ethnicity. MATERIALS AND METHODS 3D magnetization-prepared rapid acquisition of gradient echo MR imaging was performed in 2082 DHS-2 participants. The MR images were analyzed by using 2 standard automated brain-segmentation programs, FSL-FIRST and FreeSurfer. Individuals with imaging errors, self-reported stroke, or major structural abnormalities were excluded. Statistical analyses were performed to determine the significance of the findings across age, sex, and ethnicity. RESULTS At the 90th percentile, FSL-FIRST demonstrated hippocampal asymmetry of 9.8% (95% CI, 9.3%-10.5%). The 90th percentile of hippocampal asymmetry, measured by the difference in right and left hippocampi volume and the larger hippocampus, was 17.9% (95% CI, 17.0%-19.1%). Hippocampal asymmetry increases with age (P=.0216), men have greater asymmetry than women as shown by FSL-FIRST (P=.0036), but ethnicity is not significantly correlated with asymmetry. To confirm these findings, we used FreeSurfer. FreeSurfer showed asymmetry of 4.4% (95% CI, 4.3%-4.7%) normalized to total volume and 8.5% (95% CI, 8.3%-9.0%) normalized by difference/larger hippocampus. FreeSurfer also showed that hippocampal asymmetry increases with age (P=.0024) and that men had greater asymmetry than women (P=.03). CONCLUSIONS There is a significant degree of hippocampal asymmetry in the population. The data provided will aid in the research, diagnosis, and treatment of temporal lobe epilepsy and other neurologic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- R T Lucarelli
- Department of Radiology, Donald W. Reynolds Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-8896, USA
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352
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Sakaki M, Nga L, Mather M. Amygdala functional connectivity with medial prefrontal cortex at rest predicts the positivity effect in older adults' memory. J Cogn Neurosci 2013; 25:1206-24. [PMID: 23530897 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_00392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
As people get older, they tend to remember more positive than negative information. This age-by-valence interaction has been called "positivity effect." The current study addressed the hypotheses that baseline functional connectivity at rest is predictive of older adults' brain activity when learning emotional information and their positivity effect in memory. Using fMRI, we examined the relationship among resting-state functional connectivity, subsequent brain activity when learning emotional faces, and individual differences in the positivity effect (the relative tendency to remember faces expressing positive vs. negative emotions). Consistent with our hypothesis, older adults with a stronger positivity effect had increased functional coupling between amygdala and medial PFC (MPFC) during rest. In contrast, younger adults did not show the association between resting connectivity and memory positivity. A similar age-by-memory positivity interaction was also found when learning emotional faces. That is, memory positivity in older adults was associated with (a) enhanced MPFC activity when learning emotional faces and (b) increased negative functional coupling between amygdala and MPFC when learning negative faces. In contrast, memory positivity in younger adults was related to neither enhanced MPFC activity to emotional faces, nor MPFC-amygdala connectivity to negative faces. Furthermore, stronger MPFC-amygdala connectivity during rest was predictive of subsequent greater MPFC activity when learning emotional faces. Thus, emotion-memory interaction in older adults depends not only on the task-related brain activity but also on the baseline functional connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiko Sakaki
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
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353
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Abstract
Freely available automated MR image analysis techniques are being increasingly used to investigate neuroanatomical abnormalities in patients with neurological disorders. It is important to assess the specificity and validity of automated measurements of structure volumes with respect to reliable manual methods that rely on human anatomical expertise. The thalamus is widely investigated in many neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders using MRI, but thalamic volumes are notoriously difficult to quantify given the poor between-tissue contrast at the thalamic gray-white matter interface. In the present study we investigated the reliability of automatically determined thalamic volume measurements obtained using FreeSurfer software with respect to a manual stereological technique on 3D T1-weighted MR images obtained from a 3 T MR system. Further to demonstrating impressive consistency between stereological and FreeSurfer volume estimates of the thalamus in healthy subjects and neurological patients, we demonstrate that the extent of agreeability between stereology and FreeSurfer is equal to the agreeability between two human anatomists estimating thalamic volume using stereological methods. Using patients with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy as a model for thalamic atrophy, we also show that both automated and manual methods provide very similar ratios of thalamic volume loss in patients. This work promotes the use of FreeSurfer for reliable estimation of global volume in healthy and diseased thalami.
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354
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Labate A, Cerasa A, Cherubini A, Aguglia U, Quattrone A, Gambardella A. Advanced MRI morphologic study shows no atrophy in healthy individuals with hippocampal hyperintensity. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2013; 34:1585-8. [PMID: 23449653 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a3458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We have already shown that brain MR imaging of healthy individuals frequently reveals either unilateral or bilateral Hh, which is considered a hallmark of hippocampal sclerosis. We performed a follow-up (5-year interval) clinical and advanced imaging study of these individuals to address whether Hh may have masked occult brain atrophy or contributed to a later onset of epilepsy. Subjects with Hh (n = 13) underwent a detailed clinical-imaging protocol, with a 3T scan and were studied with automated hippocampal segmentation (FreeSurfer), whole brain voxel-based morphometry, and shape analysis. All 13 subjects with Hh had normal neurologic examination findings with no cognitive impairment. Multimodal structural neuroimaging methods did not show clear evidence of significant volumetric changes between subjects with or without Hh. We clearly showed that Hh is not associated with any occult brain atrophy; furthermore, none of the healthy subjects with MR imaging evidence of Hh developed epilepsy or trouble with cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Labate
- Institute of Neurology, University Magna Græcia, Catanzaro, Italy.
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355
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Fisler MS, Federspiel A, Horn H, Dierks T, Schmitt W, Wiest R, de Quervain DJF, Soravia LM. Spider phobia is associated with decreased left amygdala volume: a cross-sectional study. BMC Psychiatry 2013; 13:70. [PMID: 23442196 PMCID: PMC3599010 DOI: 10.1186/1471-244x-13-70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence from animal and human studies imply the amygdala as the most critical structure involved in processing of fear-relevant stimuli. In phobias, the amygdala seems to play a crucial role in the pathogenesis and maintenance of the disorder. However, the neuropathology of specific phobias remains poorly understood. In the present study, we investigated whether patients with spider phobia show altered amygdala volumes as compared to healthy control subjects. METHODS Twenty female patients with spider phobia and twenty age-matched healthy female controls underwent magnetic resonance imaging to investigate amygdala volumes. The amygdalae were segmented using an automatic, model-based segmentation tool (FSL FIRST). Differences in amygdala volume were investigated by multivariate analysis of covariance with group as between-subject factor and left and right amygdala as dependent factors. The relation between amygdala volume and clinical features such as symptom severity, disgust sensitivity, trait anxiety and duration of illness was investigated by Spearman correlation analysis. RESULTS Spider phobic patients showed significantly smaller left amygdala volume than healthy controls. No significant difference in right amygdala volume was detected. Furthermore, the diminished amygdala size in patients was related to higher symptom severity, but not to higher disgust sensitivity or trait anxiety and was independent of age. CONCLUSIONS In summary, the results reveal a relation between higher symptom severity and smaller left amygdala volume in patients with spider phobia. This relation was independent of other potential confounders such as the disgust sensitivity or trait anxiety. The findings suggest that greater spider phobic fear is associated with smaller left amygdala. However, the smaller left amygdala volume may either stand for a higher vulnerability to develop a phobic disorder or emerge as a consequence of the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie S Fisler
- Department of Psychiatric Neurophysiology, University Hospital of Psychiatry, University of Bern, Bolligenstrasse 111 3000, Bern, 60, Switzerland.
| | - Andrea Federspiel
- Department of Psychiatric Neurophysiology, University Hospital of Psychiatry, University of Bern, Bolligenstrasse 111 3000, Bern, 60, Switzerland
| | - Helge Horn
- Department of Psychiatric Neurophysiology, University Hospital of Psychiatry, University of Bern, Bolligenstrasse 111 3000, Bern, 60, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Dierks
- Department of Psychiatric Neurophysiology, University Hospital of Psychiatry, University of Bern, Bolligenstrasse 111 3000, Bern, 60, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Schmitt
- Department of Psychiatric Neurophysiology, University Hospital of Psychiatry, University of Bern, Bolligenstrasse 111 3000, Bern, 60, Switzerland
| | - Roland Wiest
- Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Inselspital and University of Bern, OP-Ost C215, Bern, 3010, Switzerland
| | - Dominique J-F de Quervain
- Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine & Faculty of Psychology, University of Basel, Birmannsgasse 8 4055, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Leila M Soravia
- Department of Psychiatric Neurophysiology, University Hospital of Psychiatry, University of Bern, Bolligenstrasse 111 3000, Bern, 60, Switzerland
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356
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Kotrotsou A, Bennett DA, Schneider JA, Dawe RJ, Golak T, Leurgans SE, Yu L, Arfanakis K. Ex vivo MR volumetry of human brain hemispheres. Magn Reson Med 2013; 71:364-74. [PMID: 23440751 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.24661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Revised: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aims of this work were to (a) develop an approach for ex vivo MR volumetry of human brain hemispheres that does not contaminate the results of histopathological examination, (b) longitudinally assess regional brain volumes postmortem, and (c) investigate the relationship between MR volumetric measurements performed in vivo and ex vivo. METHODS An approach for ex vivo MR volumetry of human brain hemispheres was developed. Five hemispheres from elderly subjects were imaged ex vivo longitudinally. All datasets were segmented. The longitudinal behavior of volumes measured ex vivo was assessed. The relationship between in vivo and ex vivo volumetric measurements was investigated in seven elderly subjects imaged both antemortem and postmortem. RESULTS This approach for ex vivo MR volumetry did not contaminate the results of histopathological examination. For a period of 6 months postmortem, within-subject volume variation across time points was substantially smaller than intersubject volume variation. A close linear correspondence was detected between in vivo and ex vivo volumetric measurements. CONCLUSION Regional brain volumes measured with this approach for ex vivo MR volumetry remain relatively unchanged for a period of 6 months postmortem. Furthermore, the linear relationship between in vivo and ex vivo MR volumetric measurements suggests that this approach captures information linked to antemortem macrostructural brain characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aikaterini Kotrotsou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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357
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Shen Q, Zhao W, Loewenstein DA, Potter E, Greig MT, Raj A, Barker W, Potter H, Duara R. Comparing new templates and atlas-based segmentations in the volumetric analysis of brain magnetic resonance images for diagnosing Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2013; 8:399-406. [PMID: 22959698 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2011.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Revised: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The segmentation of brain structures on magnetic resonance imaging scans for calculating regional brain volumes, using automated anatomic labeling, requires the use of both brain atlases and templates (template sets). This study aims to improve the accuracy of volumetric analysis of hippocampus (HP) and amygdala (AMG) in the assessment of early Alzheimer's disease (AD) by developing template sets that correspond more closely to the brains of elderly individuals. METHODS Total intracranial volume and HP and AMG volumes were calculated for elderly subjects with no cognitive impairment (n = 103), with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (n = 68), or with probable AD (n = 46) using the following: (1) a template set consisting of a standard atlas (atlas S), drawn on a young adult male brain, and the widely used Montreal Neurological Institute template (MNI template set); (2) a template set (template S set) in which the template is based on smoothing the image from which atlas S is derived; and (3) a new template set (template E set) in which the template is based on an atlas (atlas E) created from the brain of an elderly individual. RESULTS Correspondence to HP and AMG volumes derived from manual segmentation was highest with automated segmentation by template E set, intermediate with template S set, and lowest with the MNI template set. The areas under the receiver operating curve for distinguishing elderly subjects with no cognitive impairment from elderly subjects with amnestic mild cognitive impairment or probable AD and the correlations between HP and AMG volumes and cognitive and functional scores were highest for template E set, intermediate for template S set, and lowest for the MNI template set. CONCLUSIONS The accuracy of automated anatomic labeling and the diagnostic value of the derived volumes are improved with template sets based on brain atlases closely resembling the anatomy of the to-be-segmented brain magnetic resonance imaging scans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Shen
- Wien Center for Alzheimer's Disease and Memory Disorders, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL, USA
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358
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Towards automated detection of depression from brain structural magnetic resonance images. Neuroradiology 2013; 55:567-84. [PMID: 23338839 DOI: 10.1007/s00234-013-1139-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Depression is a major issue worldwide and is seen as a significant health problem. Stigma and patient denial, clinical experience, time limitations, and reliability of psychometrics are barriers to the clinical diagnoses of depression. Thus, the establishment of an automated system that could detect such abnormalities would assist medical experts in their decision-making process. This paper reviews existing methods for the automated detection of depression from brain structural magnetic resonance images (sMRI). METHODS Relevant sources were identified from various databases and online sites using a combination of keywords and terms including depression, major depressive disorder, detection, classification, and MRI databases. Reference lists of chosen articles were further reviewed for associated publications. RESULTS The paper introduces a generic structure for representing and describing the methods developed for the detection of depression from sMRI of the brain. It consists of a number of components including acquisition and preprocessing, feature extraction, feature selection, and classification. CONCLUSION Automated sMRI-based detection methods have the potential to provide an objective measure of depression, hence improving the confidence level in the diagnosis and prognosis of depression.
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359
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Morey RA, Gold AL, LaBar KS, Beall SK, Brown VM, Haswell CC, Nasser JD, Wagner HR, McCarthy G. Amygdala volume changes in posttraumatic stress disorder in a large case-controlled veterans group. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 69:1169-78. [PMID: 23117638 DOI: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2012.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Smaller hippocampal volumes are well established in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but the relatively few studies of amygdala volume in PTSD have produced equivocal results. OBJECTIVE To assess a large cohort of recent military veterans with PTSD and trauma-exposed control subjects, with sufficient power to perform a definitive assessment of the effect of PTSD on volumetric changes in the amygdala and hippocampus and of the contribution of illness duration, trauma load, and depressive symptoms. DESIGN Case-controlled design with structural magnetic resonance imaging and clinical diagnostic assessments. We controlled statistically for the important potential confounds of alcohol use, depression, and medication use. SETTING Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, which is located in proximity to major military bases. PATIENTS Ambulatory patients (n = 200) recruited from a registry of military service members and veterans serving after September 11, 2001, including a group with current PTSD (n = 99) and a trauma-exposed comparison group without PTSD (n = 101). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Amygdala and hippocampal volumes computed from automated segmentation of high-resolution structural 3-T magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS Smaller volume was demonstrated in the PTSD group compared with the non-PTSD group for the left amygdala (P = .002), right amygdala (P = .01), and left hippocampus (P = .02) but not for the right hippocampus (P = .25). Amygdala volumes were not associated with PTSD chronicity, trauma load, or severity of depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS These results provide clear evidence of an association between a smaller amygdala volume and PTSD. The lack of correlation between trauma load or illness chronicity and amygdala volume suggests that a smaller amygdala represents a vulnerability to developing PTSD or the lack of a dose-response relationship with amygdala volume. Our results may trigger a renewed impetus for investigating structural differences in the amygdala, its genetic determinants, its environmental modulators, and the possibility that it reflects an intrinsic vulnerability to PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra A Morey
- Duke-University of North Carolina Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, 27710, USA.
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360
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Hanson JL, Suh JW, Nacewicz BM, Sutterer MJ, Cayo AA, Stodola DE, Burghy CA, Wang H, Avants BB, Yushkevich PA, Essex MJ, Pollak SD, Davidson RJ. Robust Automated Amygdala Segmentation via Multi-Atlas Diffeomorphic Registration. Front Neurosci 2012; 6:166. [PMID: 23226114 PMCID: PMC3509347 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2012.00166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we describe a novel method for volumetric segmentation of the amygdala from MRI images collected from 35 human subjects. This approach is adapted from open-source techniques employed previously with the hippocampus (Suh et al., 2011; Wang et al., 2011a,b). Using multi-atlas segmentation and machine learning-based correction, we were able to produce automated amygdala segments with high Dice (Mean = 0.918 for the left amygdala; 0.916 for the right amygdala) and Jaccard coefficients (Mean = 0.850 for the left; 0.846 for the right) compared to rigorously hand-traced volumes. This automated routine also produced amygdala segments with high intra-class correlations (consistency = 0.830, absolute agreement = 0.819 for the left; consistency = 0.786, absolute agreement = 0.783 for the right) and bivariate (r = 0.831 for the left; r = 0.797 for the right) compared to hand-drawn amygdala. Our results are discussed in relation to other cutting-edge segmentation techniques, as well as commonly available approaches to amygdala segmentation (e.g., Freesurfer). We believe this new technique has broad application to research with large sample sizes for which amygdala quantification might be needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie L Hanson
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison, WI, USA ; Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison, WI, USA
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Whitwell JL, Wiste HJ, Weigand SD, Rocca WA, Knopman DS, Roberts RO, Boeve BF, Petersen RC, Jack CR. Comparison of imaging biomarkers in the Alzheimer Disease Neuroimaging Initiative and the Mayo Clinic Study of Aging. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 69:614-22. [PMID: 22782510 DOI: 10.1001/archneurol.2011.3029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether magnetic resonance imaging measurements observed in the Alzheimer Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) convenience sample differ from those observed in the Mayo Clinic Study of Aging (MCSA) population-based sample. DESIGN Comparison of 2 samples. SETTING Fifty-nine recruiting sites for the ADNI in the United States and Canada and the MCSA, a population-based cohort in Olmsted County, Minnesota. PATIENTS Cognitively normal subjects and amnestic subjects with mild cognitive impairment were selected from the ADNI convenience cohort and MCSA population-based cohort. A simple random sample of subjects from both cohorts in the same age range was selected, and a second sample applied matching for age, sex, educational level, apolipoprotein E genotype, and Mini-Mental State Examination score. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Baseline hippocampal volumes and annual percentage of decline in hippocampal volume. RESULTS In the population-based sample, MCSA subjects were older, had less education, performed worse on the Mini-Mental State Examination, and had a family history of Alzheimer disease less often than did ADNI subjects. Baseline hippocampal volumes were larger in ADNI compared with MCSA cognitively normal subjects in the random sample, although no differences were observed after matching. Rates of decline in hippocampal volume were greater in the ADNI compared with the MCSA for cognitively normal subjects and those with amnestic mild cognitive impairment, even after matching. CONCLUSIONS Rates of decline in hippocampal volume suggest that ADNI subjects have a more aggressive brain pathologic process than MCSA subjects and hence may not be representative of the general population. These findings have implications for treatment trials that use ADNI-like recruitment mechanisms and for studies validating new diagnostic criteria for Alzheimer disease in its various stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Whitwell
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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362
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Concomitant fractional anisotropy and volumetric abnormalities in temporal lobe epilepsy: cross-sectional evidence for progressive neurologic injury. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46791. [PMID: 23071638 PMCID: PMC3469561 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In patients with temporal lobe epilepsy and associated hippocampal sclerosis (TLEhs) there are brain abnormalities extending beyond the presumed epileptogenic zone as revealed separately in conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and MR diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) studies. However, little is known about the relation between macroscopic atrophy (revealed by volumetric MRI) and microstructural degeneration (inferred by DTI). Methodology/Principal Findings For 62 patients with unilateral TLEhs and 68 healthy controls, we determined volumes and mean fractional anisotropy (FA) of ipsilateral and contralateral brain structures from T1-weighted and DTI data, respectively. We report significant volume atrophy and FA alterations of temporal lobe, subcortical and callosal regions, which were more diffuse and bilateral in patients with left TLEhs relative to right TLEhs. We observed significant relationships between volume loss and mean FA, particularly of the thalamus and putamen bilaterally. When corrected for age, duration of epilepsy was significantly correlated with FA loss of an anatomically plausible route - including ipsilateral parahippocampal gyrus and temporal lobe white matter, the thalamus bilaterally, and posterior regions of the corpus callosum that contain temporal lobe fibres - that may be suggestive of progressive brain degeneration in response to recurrent seizures. Conclusions/Significance Chronic TLEhs is associated with interrelated DTI-derived and volume-derived brain degenerative abnormalities that are influenced by the duration of the disorder and the side of seizure onset. This work confirms previously contradictory findings by employing multi-modal imaging techniques in parallel in a large sample of patients.
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363
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Schacht JP, Hutchison KE, Filbey FM. Associations between cannabinoid receptor-1 (CNR1) variation and hippocampus and amygdala volumes in heavy cannabis users. Neuropsychopharmacology 2012; 37:2368-76. [PMID: 22669173 PMCID: PMC3442352 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2012.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Heavy cannabis users display smaller amygdalae and hippocampi than controls, and genetic variation accounts for a large proportion of variance in liability to cannabis dependence (CD). A single nucleotide polymorphism in the cannabis receptor-1 gene (CNR1), rs2023239, has been associated with CD diagnosis and intermediate phenotypes, including abstinence-induced withdrawal, cue-elicited craving, and parahippocampal activation to cannabis cues. This study compared hippocampal and amygdalar volumes (potential CD intermediate phenotypes) between heavy cannabis users and healthy controls, and analyzed interactions between group, rs2023239 variation, and the volumes of these structures. Ninety-four heavy cannabis users participated, of whom 37 (14 men, 23 women; mean age=27.8) were matched to 37 healthy controls (14 men, 23 women; mean age=27.3) for case-control analyses. Controlling for total intracranial volume and other confounding variables, matched cannabis users had smaller bilateral hippocampi (left, p=0.002; right, p=0.001) and left amygdalae (p=0.01) than controls. When genotype was considered in the case-control analyses, there was a group by genotype interaction, such that the rs2023239 G allele predicted lower volume of bilateral hippocampi among cannabis users relative to controls (both p<0.001). This interaction persisted when all 94 cannabis users were compared to controls. There were no group by genotype interactions on amygdalar volume. These data replicate previous findings of reduced hippocampal and amygdalar volume among heavy cannabis users, and suggest that CNR1 rs2023239 variation may predispose smaller hippocampal volume after heavy cannabis use. This association should be tested in future studies of brain volume differences in CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P Schacht
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
| | - Kent E Hutchison
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA,Mind Research Network, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Francesca M Filbey
- School of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
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364
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Surface-based multi-template automated hippocampal segmentation: Application to temporal lobe epilepsy. Med Image Anal 2012; 16:1445-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.media.2012.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Revised: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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365
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Kühn S, Kaufmann C, Simon D, Endrass T, Gallinat J, Kathmann N. Reduced thickness of anterior cingulate cortex in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Cortex 2012; 49:2178-85. [PMID: 23067727 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2012.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Revised: 04/22/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is characterized by a pattern of repetitive, intrusive thoughts and behaviours that patients do not want to but feel they have to perform. Functional brain imaging revealed dysfunctional pathways in OCD involving the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), and basal ganglia. Structural alterations in OCD have been discussed but analysis tools focussing on specific morphometric aspects such as cortical thickness have rarely been employed. METHODS We acquired MRI scans from 101 OCD patients and 95 healthy control subjects. FreeSurfer analysis software was employed to model the individual grey-white and pial surfaces to compute cortical thickness as our target measure. RESULTS Relative to controls, OCD patients demonstrate cortical thinning in dorsal and subgenual ACC (false discovery rate corrected at p < .001), as well as in several other regions within the fronto-parietal network (false discovery rate corrected at p < .05). Cortical thickness could not be predicted in whole brain analyses from symptom state, but there was a modest correlation of left dorsal ACC thickness with the obsession subscore of the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale as well as with the Beck Depression Inventory score. CONCLUSIONS The findings confirm and extend previous reports showing that OCD is associated with morphometric alterations. The location of the most robust cortical thinning in ACC regions matches the previously reported topography of functional alterations at resting state and during cognitive task execution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Kühn
- Ghent University, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent Institute for Functional and Metabolic Imaging, Gent, Belgium.
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366
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Hu S, Coupé P, Pruessner JC, Collins DL. Nonlocal regularization for active appearance model: Application to medial temporal lobe segmentation. Hum Brain Mapp 2012; 35:377-95. [PMID: 22987811 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Revised: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The human medial temporal lobe (MTL) is an important part of the limbic system, and its substructures play key roles in learning, memory, and neurodegeneration. The MTL includes the hippocampus (HC), amygdala (AG), parahippocampal cortex (PHC), entorhinal cortex, and perirhinal cortex--structures that are complex in shape and have low between-structure intensity contrast, making them difficult to segment manually in magnetic resonance images. This article presents a new segmentation method that combines active appearance modeling and patch-based local refinement to automatically segment specific substructures of the MTL including HC, AG, PHC, and entorhinal/perirhinal cortex from MRI data. Appearance modeling, relying on eigen-decomposition to analyze statistical variations in image intensity and shape information in study population, is used to capture global shape characteristics of each structure of interest with a generative model. Patch-based local refinement, using nonlocal means to compare the image local intensity properties, is applied to locally refine the segmentation results along the structure borders to improve structure delimitation. In this manner, nonlocal regularization and global shape constraints could allow more accurate segmentations of structures. Validation experiments against manually defined labels demonstrate that this new segmentation method is computationally efficient, robust, and accurate. In a leave-one-out validation on 54 normal young adults, the method yielded a mean Dice κ of 0.87 for the HC, 0.81 for the AG, 0.73 for the anterior parts of the parahippocampal gyrus (entorhinal and perirhinal cortex), and 0.73 for the posterior parahippocampal gyrus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyan Hu
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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367
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Bergsland N, Horakova D, Dwyer MG, Dolezal O, Seidl ZK, Vaneckova M, Krasensky J, Havrdova E, Zivadinov R. Subcortical and cortical gray matter atrophy in a large sample of patients with clinically isolated syndrome and early relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2012; 33:1573-8. [PMID: 22499842 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a3086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Recent studies have shown that selective regional, but not global, GM atrophy occurs from clinical onset to conversion to clinically definite MS. Our aim was to investigate the difference in the extent of SDGM and cortical atrophy in a large sample of patients with CIS and early RRMS and to explore the relationship between SDGM and cortical atrophy and other MR imaging and clinical outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two hundred twelve patients with CIS recruited at the first clinical event (mean age, 29.3 years; median EDSS, 1.5; median disease duration, 3 months) and 177 patients with early RRMS (mean age, 30.7 years; median EDSS, 2.0; median disease duration, 47 months) were imaged on a 1.5T scanner by using a high-resolution 3D T1 spoiled gradient-recalled sequence. Volumetric data for SDGM structures were obtained by using FSL FIRST, while whole-brain, GM, white matter, cortical, and lateral ventricle volumes were estimated by using SIENAX software. Comparisons between the groups were adjusted for age and sex. RESULTS Patients with early RRMS showed significantly lower SDGM but not cortical volumes compared with patients with CIS. The most apparent SDGM differences were evident in the caudate and thalamus (P < .0001), total SDGM (P = .0001), and globus pallidus (P = .01). Patients with CIS with a median T2 lesion volume >4.49 mL showed lower total SDGM, caudate, thalamus (P < .001), globus pallidus (P = .007), hippocampus (P = .004), and putamen (P = .01) volumes and higher lateral ventricle volume (P = .001) than those with a median T2 lesion volume <4.49 mL. Decreased thalamic volume showed the most consistent relationship with MR imaging outcomes (P < .0001) in patients with CIS. CONCLUSIONS Significant SDGM, but not cortical, atrophy develops during the first 4 years of the RRMS. GM atrophy is relevant for disease progression from the earliest clinical stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Bergsland
- Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
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368
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Schultz DH, Balderston NL, Helmstetter FJ. Resting-state connectivity of the amygdala is altered following Pavlovian fear conditioning. Front Hum Neurosci 2012; 6:242. [PMID: 22936906 PMCID: PMC3426015 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2012.00242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural plasticity in the amygdala is necessary for the acquisition and storage of memory in Pavlovian fear conditioning, but most neuroimaging studies have focused only on stimulus-evoked responses during the conditioning session. This study examined changes in the resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) of the amygdala before and after Pavlovian fear conditioning, an emotional learning task. Behavioral results from the conditioning session revealed that participants learned normally and fMRI data recorded during learning identified a number of stimulus-evoked changes that were consistent with previous work. A direct comparison between the pre- and post-conditioning amygdala connectivity revealed a region of dorsal prefrontal cortex (PFC) in the superior frontal gyrus that showed a significant increase in connectivity following the conditioning session. A behavioral measure of explicit memory performance was positively correlated with the change in amygdala connectivity within a neighboring region in the superior frontal gyrus. Additionally, an implicit autonomic measure of conditioning was positively correlated with the change in connectivity between the amygdala and the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). The resting-state data show that amygdala connectivity is altered following Pavlovian fear conditioning and that these changes are also related to behavioral outcomes. These alterations may reflect the operation of a consolidation process that strengthens neural connections to support memory after the learning event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas H. Schultz
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-MilwaukeeMilwaukee, WI, USA
| | | | - Fred J. Helmstetter
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-MilwaukeeMilwaukee, WI, USA
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of WisconsinWauwatosa, WI, USA
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369
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Venkataraman A, Whitford TJ, Westin CF, Golland P, Kubicki M. Whole brain resting state functional connectivity abnormalities in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2012; 139:7-12. [PMID: 22633528 PMCID: PMC3393792 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2012.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Revised: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizophrenia has been associated with disturbances in brain connectivity; however the exact nature of these disturbances is not fully understood. Measuring temporal correlations between the functional MRI time courses of spatially disparate brain regions obtained during rest has recently emerged as a popular paradigm for estimating brain connectivity. Previous resting state studies in schizophrenia explored connections related to particular clinical or cognitive symptoms (connectivity within a-priori selected networks), or connections restricted to functional networks obtained from resting state analysis. Relatively little has been done to understand global brain connectivity in schizophrenia. METHODS Eighteen patients with chronic schizophrenia and 18 healthy volunteers underwent a resting state fMRI scan on a 3T magnet. Whole brain temporal correlations have been estimated using resting-state fMRI data and free surfer cortical parcellations. A multivariate classification method was then used to indentify brain connections that distinguish schizophrenia patients from healthy controls. RESULTS The classification procedure achieved a prediction accuracy of 75% in differentiating between groups on the basis of their functional connectivity. Relative to controls, schizophrenia patients exhibited co-existing patterns of increased connectivity between parietal and frontal regions, and decreased connectivity between parietal and temporal regions, and between the temporal cortices bilaterally. The decreased parieto-temporal connectivity was associated with the severity of patients' positive symptoms, while increased fronto-parietal connectivity was associated with patients' negative and general symptoms. DISCUSSION Our analysis revealed two co-existing patterns of functional connectivity abnormalities in schizophrenia, each related to different clinical profiles. Such results provide further evidence that abnormalities in brain connectivity, characteristic of schizophrenia, are directly related to the clinical features of the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Venkataraman
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | - Thomas J. Whitford
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA,Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Australia
| | - Carl-Fredrik Westin
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA,Laboratory for Mathematical Imaging, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Polina Golland
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | - Marek Kubicki
- Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School
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370
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Nugent AC, Luckenbaugh DA, Wood SE, Bogers W, Zarate CA, Drevets WC. Automated subcortical segmentation using FIRST: test-retest reliability, interscanner reliability, and comparison to manual segmentation. Hum Brain Mapp 2012; 34:2313-29. [PMID: 22815187 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2011] [Revised: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple techniques exist for the automated segmentation of magnetic resonance images (MRIs). The validity of these techniques can be assessed by evaluating test-retest reliability, interscanner reliability, and consistency with manual segmentation. We evaluate these measures for the FSL/FIRST subcortical segmentation tool. We retrospectively analyzed 190 MRI scans from 87 subjects with mood or anxiety disorders and healthy volunteers scanned multiple times on different platforms (N = 56) and/or the same platform (N = 45, groups overlap), and 146 scans from subjects who underwent both high-resolution and whole brain imaging in a single session, for comparison with manual segmentation of the hippocampus. The thalamus, caudate, putamen, hippocampus, and pallidum were reliably segmented in different sessions on the same scanner (Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) > 0.83 scanners and diagnostic groups pooled). In these regions, the range of between platform reliabilities were lower (0.527 < ICC < 0.953), although values below 0.7 were due to systematic differences between platforms or low reliability in the hippocampus between eight- and single-channel coil platforms. Accumbens and amygdala segmentations were generally unreliable within and between scanning platforms. ICC values for hippocampal volumes between automated and manual segmentations were acceptable (ICC > 0.7, groups pooled), and both methods detected significant differences between genders. In addition, FIRST segmentations were consistent with manual segmentations (in a subset of images; N = 20) in the left caudate and bilateral putamen. This retrospective analysis assesses realistic performance of the algorithm in conditions like those found in multisite trials or meta-analyses. In addition, the inclusion of psychiatric patients establishes reliability in subjects exhibiting volumetric abnormalities, validating patient studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison C Nugent
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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371
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Maleki N, Becerra L, Brawn J, McEwen B, Burstein R, Borsook D. Common hippocampal structural and functional changes in migraine. Brain Struct Funct 2012; 218:903-12. [PMID: 22760159 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-012-0437-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 06/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The hippocampus is classically involved in memory consolidation, spatial navigation and is involved in the stress response. Migraine is an episodic disorder characterized by intermittent attacks with a number of physiological and emotional stressors associated with or provoking each attack. Given that migraine attacks can be viewed as repeated stressors, alterations in hippocampal function and structure may play an important role in migraine pathophysiology. Using high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging, hippocampal morphometric and functional differences (in response to noxious heat stimulation) were compared in age and gender-matched acute episodic migraineurs with high (HF) versus low (LF) frequency of migraine attacks. Morphometric results were compared with age and gender-matched healthy control (HC) cohort. Significant larger bilateral hippocampal volume was found in LF group relative to the HF and HC groups suggestive of an initial adaptive plasticity that may then become dysfunctional with increased frequency. Functional correlates of greater deactivation (LF > HF) in the same hippocampal regions in response to noxious stimulation was also accompanied by overall reduction in functional connectivity of the hippocampus with other brain regions involved in pain processing in the HF group. The results implicate involvement of hippocampus in the pathophysiology of the migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasim Maleki
- Department of Anesthesia and Radiology, Center for Pain and the Brain, MCL, MGH and CHB, Children's Hospital Boston and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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372
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Riggins T, Cacic K, Buckingham-Howes S, Scaletti LA, Salmeron BJ, Black MM. Memory ability and hippocampal volume in adolescents with prenatal drug exposure. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2012; 34:434-41. [PMID: 22652523 PMCID: PMC3405159 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2012.05.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Revised: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to examine the influence of prenatal drug exposure (PDE) on memory performance and supporting brain structures (i.e., hippocampus) during adolescence. To achieve this goal, declarative memory ability and hippocampal volume were examined in a well-characterized sample of 138 adolescents (76 with a history of PDE and 62 from a non-exposed comparison group recruited from the same community, mean age=14 years). Analyses were adjusted for: age at time of the assessments, gender, IQ, prenatal exposure to alcohol and tobacco, and indices of early childhood environment (i.e., caregiver depression, potential for child abuse, and number of caregiver changes through 7 years of age). Results revealed that adolescents with a history of PDE performed worse on the California Verbal Learning Test-Child Version (CVLT-C), and story recall from the Children's Memory Scale (CMS), and had larger hippocampal volumes, even after covariate adjustment. Hippocampal volume was negatively correlated with memory performance on the CVLT-C, with lower memory scores associated with larger volumes. These findings provide support for long-term effects of PDE on memory function and point to neural mechanisms that may underlie these outcomes.
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373
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Gronenschild EHBM, Habets P, Jacobs HIL, Mengelers R, Rozendaal N, van Os J, Marcelis M. The effects of FreeSurfer version, workstation type, and Macintosh operating system version on anatomical volume and cortical thickness measurements. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38234. [PMID: 22675527 PMCID: PMC3365894 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
FreeSurfer is a popular software package to measure cortical thickness and volume of neuroanatomical structures. However, little if any is known about measurement reliability across various data processing conditions. Using a set of 30 anatomical T1-weighted 3T MRI scans, we investigated the effects of data processing variables such as FreeSurfer version (v4.3.1, v4.5.0, and v5.0.0), workstation (Macintosh and Hewlett-Packard), and Macintosh operating system version (OSX 10.5 and OSX 10.6). Significant differences were revealed between FreeSurfer version v5.0.0 and the two earlier versions. These differences were on average 8.8 ± 6.6% (range 1.3-64.0%) (volume) and 2.8 ± 1.3% (1.1-7.7%) (cortical thickness). About a factor two smaller differences were detected between Macintosh and Hewlett-Packard workstations and between OSX 10.5 and OSX 10.6. The observed differences are similar in magnitude as effect sizes reported in accuracy evaluations and neurodegenerative studies.The main conclusion is that in the context of an ongoing study, users are discouraged to update to a new major release of either FreeSurfer or operating system or to switch to a different type of workstation without repeating the analysis; results thus give a quantitative support to successive recommendations stated by FreeSurfer developers over the years. Moreover, in view of the large and significant cross-version differences, it is concluded that formal assessment of the accuracy of FreeSurfer is desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ed H B M Gronenschild
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Alzheimer Center Limburg, The Netherlands.
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374
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Stein JL, Medland SE, Vasquez AA, Hibar DP, Senstad RE, Winkler AM, Toro R, Appel K, Bartecek R, Bergmann Ø, Bernard M, Brown AA, Cannon DM, Chakravarty MM, Christoforou A, Domin M, Grimm O, Hollinshead M, Holmes AJ, Homuth G, Hottenga JJ, Langan C, Lopez LM, Hansell NK, Hwang KS, Kim S, Laje G, Lee PH, Liu X, Loth E, Lourdusamy A, Mattingsdal M, Mohnke S, Maniega SM, Nho K, Nugent AC, O'Brien C, Papmeyer M, Pütz B, Ramasamy A, Rasmussen J, Rijpkema M, Risacher SL, Roddey JC, Rose EJ, Ryten M, Shen L, Sprooten E, Strengman E, Teumer A, Trabzuni D, Turner J, van Eijk K, van Erp TGM, van Tol MJ, Wittfeld K, Wolf C, Woudstra S, Aleman A, Alhusaini S, Almasy L, Binder EB, Brohawn DG, Cantor RM, Carless MA, Corvin A, Czisch M, Curran JE, Davies G, de Almeida MAA, Delanty N, Depondt C, Duggirala R, Dyer TD, Erk S, Fagerness J, Fox PT, Freimer NB, Gill M, Göring HHH, Hagler DJ, Hoehn D, Holsboer F, Hoogman M, Hosten N, Jahanshad N, Johnson MP, Kasperaviciute D, Kent JW, Kochunov P, Lancaster JL, Lawrie SM, Liewald DC, Mandl R, Matarin M, Mattheisen M, Meisenzahl E, Melle I, Moses EK, Mühleisen TW, Nauck M, Nöthen MM, Olvera RL, Pandolfo M, Pike GB, Puls R, Reinvang I, Rentería ME, Rietschel M, Roffman JL, Royle NA, Rujescu D, Savitz J, Schnack HG, Schnell K, Seiferth N, Smith C, Steen VM, Valdés Hernández MC, Van den Heuvel M, van der Wee NJ, Van Haren NEM, Veltman JA, Völzke H, Walker R, Westlye LT, Whelan CD, Agartz I, Boomsma DI, Cavalleri GL, Dale AM, Djurovic S, Drevets WC, Hagoort P, Hall J, Heinz A, Jack CR, Foroud TM, Le Hellard S, Macciardi F, Montgomery GW, Poline JB, Porteous DJ, Sisodiya SM, Starr JM, Sussmann J, Toga AW, Veltman DJ, Walter H, Weiner MW, Bis JC, Ikram MA, Smith AV, Gudnason V, Tzourio C, Vernooij MW, Launer LJ, DeCarli C, Seshadri S, Andreassen OA, Apostolova LG, Bastin ME, Blangero J, Brunner HG, Buckner RL, Cichon S, Coppola G, de Zubicaray GI, Deary IJ, Donohoe G, de Geus EJC, Espeseth T, Fernández G, Glahn DC, Grabe HJ, Hardy J, Hulshoff Pol HE, Jenkinson M, Kahn RS, McDonald C, McIntosh AM, McMahon FJ, McMahon KL, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Morris DW, Müller-Myhsok B, Nichols TE, Ophoff RA, Paus T, Pausova Z, Penninx BW, Potkin SG, Sämann PG, Saykin AJ, Schumann G, Smoller JW, Wardlaw JM, Weale ME, Martin NG, Franke B, Wright MJ, Thompson PM. Identification of common variants associated with human hippocampal and intracranial volumes. Nat Genet 2012; 44:552-61. [PMID: 22504417 PMCID: PMC3635491 DOI: 10.1038/ng.2250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 524] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Identifying genetic variants influencing human brain structures may reveal new biological mechanisms underlying cognition and neuropsychiatric illness. The volume of the hippocampus is a biomarker of incipient Alzheimer's disease and is reduced in schizophrenia, major depression and mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Whereas many brain imaging phenotypes are highly heritable, identifying and replicating genetic influences has been difficult, as small effects and the high costs of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have led to underpowered studies. Here we report genome-wide association meta-analyses and replication for mean bilateral hippocampal, total brain and intracranial volumes from a large multinational consortium. The intergenic variant rs7294919 was associated with hippocampal volume (12q24.22; N = 21,151; P = 6.70 × 10(-16)) and the expression levels of the positional candidate gene TESC in brain tissue. Additionally, rs10784502, located within HMGA2, was associated with intracranial volume (12q14.3; N = 15,782; P = 1.12 × 10(-12)). We also identified a suggestive association with total brain volume at rs10494373 within DDR2 (1q23.3; N = 6,500; P = 5.81 × 10(-7)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason L Stein
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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375
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Davidson RJ, McEwen BS. Social influences on neuroplasticity: stress and interventions to promote well-being. Nat Neurosci 2012; 15:689-95. [PMID: 22534579 DOI: 10.1038/nn.3093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 408] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Experiential factors shape the neural circuits underlying social and emotional behavior from the prenatal period to the end of life. These factors include both incidental influences, such as early adversity, and intentional influences that can be produced in humans through specific interventions designed to promote prosocial behavior and well-being. Here we review important extant evidence in animal models and humans. Although the precise mechanisms of plasticity are still not fully understood, moderate to severe stress appears to increase the growth of several sectors of the amygdala, whereas the effects in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex tend to be opposite. Structural and functional changes in the brain have been observed with cognitive therapy and certain forms of meditation and lead to the suggestion that well-being and other prosocial characteristics might be enhanced through training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Davidson
- Waisman Laboratory for Brain Imaging and Behavior and Center for Investigating Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
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376
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Depue BE, Banich MT. Increased inhibition and enhancement of memory retrieval are associated with reduced hippocampal volume. Hippocampus 2012; 22:651-5. [PMID: 21656873 PMCID: PMC3191317 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.20952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Putative control of encoding and retrieval processes have been linked to communication between the lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) and the hippocampus. Moreover, correlations between the LPFC (e.g., MFG) and hippocampus have predicted individuals' ability to inhibit memory retrieval. Anatomically, differences in volume of the hippocampus have been related to changes in long-term episodic memories. Although the relationship between these ideas is clear, few studies have examined the association of how anatomy may affect the role of control over brain regions involved in distint memory processes. The current study sought to examine hippocampal volume and its relationship to LPFC control over the hippocampus. Using an automated cortical/subcortical segmentation technique (FIRST) on brain imaging gata from the Think/No-Think task, we show that hippocampal volume is associated to changes in both enhancement and inhibitory processes of memory retrival.
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Affiliation(s)
- B E Depue
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA.
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377
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Kim HJ, Kim N, Kim S, Hong S, Park K, Lim S, Park JM, Na B, Chae Y, Lee J, Yeo S, Choe IH, Cho SY, Cho G. Sex differences in amygdala subregions: evidence from subregional shape analysis. Neuroimage 2012; 60:2054-61. [PMID: 22374477 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Revised: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 02/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Each subregion of the amygdala is characterized by a distinct cytoarchitecture and function. However, most previous studies on sexual dimorphism and aging have assessed differences in the structure of the amygdala at the level of the amygdala in its entirety rather than at the subregional level. Using an amygdala subregional shape analysis, we investigated the effects of sex, age, and the sex × age interaction on the subregion after controlling for intracranial volume. We found the main effect of age in the subregions and the effect of sex in the superficial nucleus, which showed that men had a larger mean radius than women. We also found a sex × age interaction in the centromedial nucleus, in that the radius of the centromedial nucleus showed a steeper decline with age in women compared with men. Regarding the amygdala volume as a whole, we found only an age effect and did not find any other significant difference between genders. The sex difference in the amygdala subregion and its relevance to the circulating gonadal hormone were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengjun J Kim
- Division of Magnetic Resonance, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongwon 363-883, South Korea
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378
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de Jong L, Wang Y, White L, Yu B, van Buchem M, Launer L. Ventral striatal volume is associated with cognitive decline in older people: a population based MR-study. Neurobiol Aging 2012; 33:424.e1-10. [PMID: 21075480 PMCID: PMC3437223 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2010.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2010] [Revised: 09/10/2010] [Accepted: 09/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Striatal degeneration may contribute to cognitive impairment in older people. Here, we examine the relation of degeneration of the striatum and substructures to cognitive decline and dementia in subjects with a wide range of cognitive function. Data are from the prospective community-based Honolulu Asia Aging Study of Japanese American men born 1900-1919. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (1.5 T) was acquired on a stratified subsample (n = 477) that included four groups defined by cognitive status relative to the scan date: subjects without dementia (n = 347), subjects identified as demented 2-3 years before brain scanning (n = 30), at the time of scanning (n = 58), and 3-5 years after scanning (n = 42). Volumes of the striatum, including the accumbens, putamen, and caudate nucleus were automatically estimated from T1 MR images. Global cognitive function was measured with the cognitive ability screening instrument (CASI), at four examinations spanning an 8-year interval. Trajectories of cognitive decline were estimated for each quartile of striatal volume using mixed models, controlling for demographic variables, measures of cerebro-vascular damage, global brain atrophy, and hippocampal volume. Diagnosis of dementia before, during, and after brain scanning was associated with smaller volumes of n. accumbens and putamen, but not with caudate nucleus volume. Subjects in the lowest quartile of n. accumbens volume, both in the total sample and in the subjects not diagnosed with dementia during the study, had a significantly (p < 0.0001) steeper decline in cognitive performance compared with those in the highest quartile. In conclusion, volumes of the n. accumbens and putamen are closely associated with the occurrence of dementia and n. accumbens volume predicts cognitive decline in older people. These associations were found independent of the magnitude of other pivotal markers of cognitive decline, i.e. cerebro-vascular damage and hippocampal volume. The present study suggests a role for the ventral striatum in the development of clinical dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- L.W. de Jong
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, and Biometry, of the National Institutes on Aging (NIH), Bethesda MD, USA
- Department of Radiology, of the Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Y. Wang
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, and Biometry, of the National Institutes on Aging (NIH), Bethesda MD, USA
| | - L.R. White
- Kuakini Medical Center and Pacific Health Research Institute, Honolulu HI, USA
| | - B. Yu
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, and Biometry, of the National Institutes on Aging (NIH), Bethesda MD, USA
| | - M.A. van Buchem
- Department of Radiology, of the Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - L.J. Launer
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, and Biometry, of the National Institutes on Aging (NIH), Bethesda MD, USA
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379
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Spatial navigation impairment is proportional to right hippocampal volume. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:2590-4. [PMID: 22308496 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1121588109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive deficits in older adults attributable to Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology are featured early on by hippocampal impairment. Among these individuals, deterioration in spatial navigation, manifested by poor hippocampus-dependent allocentric navigation, may occur well before the clinical onset of dementia. Our aim was to determine whether allocentric spatial navigation impairment would be proportional to right hippocampal volume loss irrespective of general brain atrophy. We also contrasted the respective spatial navigation scores of the real-space human Morris water maze with its corresponding 2D computer version. We included 42 cognitively impaired patients with either amnestic mild cognitive impairment (n = 23) or mild and moderate AD (n = 19), and 14 cognitively intact older controls. All participants underwent 1.5T MRI brain scanning with subsequent automatic measurement of the total brain and hippocampal (right and left) volumes. Allocentric spatial navigation was tested in the real-space version of the human Morris water maze and in its corresponding computer version. Participants used two navigational cues to locate an invisible goal independent of the start position. We found that smaller right hippocampal volume was associated with poorer navigation performance in both the real-space (β = -0.62, P < 0.001) and virtual (β = -0.43, P = 0.026) versions, controlling for demographic variables, total brain and left hippocampal volumes. In subsequent analyses, the results were significant in cognitively impaired (P ≤ 0.05) but not in cognitively healthy (P > 0.59) subjects. The respective real-space and virtual scores strongly correlated with each other. Our findings indicate that the right hippocampus plays a critical role in allocentric navigation, particularly when cognitive impairment is present.
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380
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Entis JJ, Doerga P, Barrett LF, Dickerson BC. A reliable protocol for the manual segmentation of the human amygdala and its subregions using ultra-high resolution MRI. Neuroimage 2012; 60:1226-35. [PMID: 22245260 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.12.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Revised: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 12/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The measurement of the volume of the human amygdala in vivo has received increasing attention over the past decade, but existing methods face several challenges. First, due to the amorphous appearance of the amygdala and the difficulties in interpreting its boundaries, it is common for protocols to omit sizable sections of the rostral and dorsal regions of the amygdala comprising parts of the basolateral complex (BL) and central nucleus (Ce), respectively. Second, segmentation of the amgydaloid complex into separate subdivisions is challenging due to the resolution of routinely acquired images and the lack of standard protocols. Recent advances in technology have made ultra-high resolution MR images available, and in this study we provide a detailed segmentation protocol for manually tracing the whole amygdala that incorporates a greater portion of the rostral and dorsal sections with techniques illustrated in detail to maximize reproducibility. In addition, we propose a geometrically-based protocol for segmenting the amygdala into four component subregions of interest (sROI), which correspond largely to amygdala subnuclear divisions: the BL sROI, centromedial (CM) sROI, basomedial (BM) sROI, and the amygdaloid cortical (ACo) sROI. We performed an intra- and inter-rater reliability study of our methods in 10 adults (5 young adults and 5 older adults). The results indicate that both protocols can be implemented with a high degree of reliability (the majority of intra-rater and inter-rater correlations were > 0.81). This protocol should aid further research into the alterations in amygdala anatomy, connectivity, and function that accompany normal aging and pathology associated with neuropsychiatric disorders.
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381
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Woodard JL, Sugarman MA. Functional magnetic resonance imaging in aging and dementia: detection of age-related cognitive changes and prediction of cognitive decline. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2012; 10:113-136. [PMID: 21922397 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2011_159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) allows for dynamic observation of the neural substrates of cognitive processing, which makes it a valuable tool for studying brain changes that may occur with both normal and pathological aging. fMRI studies have revealed that older adults frequently exhibit a greater magnitude and extent activation of the blood-oxygen-level-dependent signal compared to younger adults. This additional activation may reflect compensatory recruitment associated with functional and structural deterioration of neural resources. Increased activation has also been associated with several risk factors for Alzheimer's disease (AD), including the apolipoprotein ε4 allele. Longitudinal studies have also demonstrated that fMRI may have predictive utility in determining which individuals are at the greatest risk of developing cognitive decline. This chapter will review the results of a number of task-activated fMRI studies of older adults, focusing on both healthy aging and neuropathology associated with AD. We also discuss models that account for cognitive aging processes, including the hemispheric asymmetry reduction in older adults (HAROLD) and scaffolding theory of aging and cognition (STAC) models. Finally, we discuss methodological issues commonly associated with fMRI research in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- John L Woodard
- Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, 5057 Woodward Ave., 7th Floor, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA,
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382
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Lai CH, Wu YT. Duloxetine's modest short-term influences in subcortical structures of first episode drug-naïve patients with major depressive disorder and panic disorder. Psychiatry Res 2011; 194:157-62. [PMID: 21820879 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2011.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2010] [Revised: 03/08/2011] [Accepted: 03/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We developed this study to follow up the hanges in subcortical structures after 6 weeks' treatment with therapy of duloxetine in first episode drug-naïve patients with major depressive disorder and panic disorder. Fifteen patients received duloxetine 60mg/d therapy for 6 weeks and achieved remission. They all underwent structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain at baseline and week 6. Fifteen healthy controls were also scanned twice at baseline and week 6 to exclude possible biases. Structural MRI data were preprocessed with FMRIB's Integrated Registration and Segmentation Tool function (FIRST version 1.2) of FSL (FMRIB Software Library; version 4.1.1) to perform subcortical segmentations of the brain using a shape and appearance model. Nonparametric corrections of these structural volumes in an F-test between pre- and post-treatment were used to identify the changes after duloxetine therapy. A false discovery correction of the F-test by FIRST was also performed. A paired t-test using SPSS was applied to confirm the changes in these structures. The patients had consistent changes of volumes in bilateral nucleus accumbens, left putamen, left hippocampus and brainstem after 6 weeks of treatment with duloxetine. There were no consistent changes in other subcortical structures. There were modest increases of the volumes of the above areas, which were not significant after false discovery correction by FIRST F-test comparisons. The volumetric increases were correlated with responses of clinical symptoms. The results suggested that duloxetine possibly contributed to modest increases in several subcortical areas of these patients with remission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Han Lai
- Department of Psychiatry, Buddhist Tzu-Chi General Hospital, Taipei Branch, Taipei, Taiwan.
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383
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Kim H, Chupin M, Colliot O, Bernhardt BC, Bernasconi N, Bernasconi A. Automatic hippocampal segmentation in temporal lobe epilepsy: impact of developmental abnormalities. Neuroimage 2011; 59:3178-86. [PMID: 22155377 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Revised: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In drug-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), detecting hippocampal atrophy on MRI is important as it allows defining the surgical target. The performance of automatic segmentation in TLE has so far been considered unsatisfactory. In addition to atrophy, about 40% of patients present with developmental abnormalities (referred to as malrotation) characterized by atypical morphologies of the hippocampus and collateral sulcus. Our purpose was to evaluate the impact of malrotation and atrophy on the performance of three state-of-the-art automated algorithms. We segmented the hippocampus in 66 patients and 35 sex- and age-matched healthy subjects using a region-growing algorithm constrained by anatomical priors (SACHA), a freely available atlas-based software (FreeSurfer) and a multi-atlas approach (ANIMAL-multi). To quantify malrotation, we generated 3D models from manual hippocampal labels and automatically extracted collateral sulci. The accuracy of automated techniques was evaluated relative to manual labeling using the Dice similarity index and surface-based shape mapping, for which we computed vertex-wise displacement vectors between automated and manual segmentations. We then correlated segmentation accuracy with malrotation features and atrophy. ANIMAL-multi demonstrated similar accuracy in patients and healthy controls (p > 0.1), whereas SACHA and FreeSurfer were less accurate in patients (p < 0.05). Surface-based analysis of contour accuracy revealed that SACHA over-estimated the lateral border of malrotated hippocampi (r = 0.61; p < 0.0001), but performed well in the presence of atrophy (|r |< 0.34; p > 0.2). Conversely, FreeSurfer and ANIMAL-multi were affected by both malrotation (FreeSurfer: r = 0.57; p = 0.02, ANIMAL-multi: r = 0.50; p = 0.05) and atrophy (FreeSurfer: r = 0.78, p < 0.0001, ANIMAL-multi: r = 0.61; p < 0.0001). Compared to manual volumetry, automated procedures underestimated the magnitude of atrophy (Cohen's d: manual: 1.68; ANIMAL-multi: 1.11; SACHA: 1.10; FreeSurfer: 0.90, p < 0.0001). In addition, they tended to lateralize the seizure focus less accurately in the presence of malrotation (manual: 64%; ANIMAL-multi: 55%, p = 0.4; SACHA: 50%, p = 0.1; FreeSurfer: 41%, p = 0.05). Hippocampal developmental anomalies and atrophy had a negative impact on the segmentation performance of three state-of-the-art automated methods. These shape variants should be taken into account when designing segmentation algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hosung Kim
- Neuroimaging of epilepsy laboratory, McConnell Brain Imaging Center, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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384
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Coupé P, Eskildsen SF, Manjón JV, Fonov VS, Collins DL. Simultaneous segmentation and grading of anatomical structures for patient's classification: application to Alzheimer's disease. Neuroimage 2011; 59:3736-47. [PMID: 22094645 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.10.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Revised: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we propose an innovative approach to robustly and accurately detect Alzheimer's disease (AD) based on the distinction of specific atrophic patterns of anatomical structures such as hippocampus (HC) and entorhinal cortex (EC). The proposed method simultaneously performs segmentation and grading of structures to efficiently capture the anatomical alterations caused by AD. Known as SNIPE (Scoring by Non-local Image Patch Estimator), the novel proposed grading measure is based on a nonlocal patch-based frame-work and estimates the similarity of the patch surrounding the voxel under study with all the patches present in different training populations. In this study, the training library was composed of two populations: 50 cognitively normal subjects (CN) and 50 patients with AD, randomly selected from the ADNI database. During our experiments, the classification accuracy of patients (CN vs. AD) using several biomarkers was compared: HC and EC volumes, the grade of these structures and finally the combination of their volume and their grade. Tests were completed in a leave-one-out framework using discriminant analysis. First, we showed that biomarkers based on HC provide better classification accuracy than biomarkers based on EC. Second, we demonstrated that structure grading is a more powerful measure than structure volume to distinguish both populations with a classification accuracy of 90%. Finally, by adding the ages of subjects in order to better separate age-related structural changes from disease-related anatomical alterations, SNIPE obtained a classification accuracy of 93%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierrick Coupé
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
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385
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Kühn S, Schubert F, Gallinat J. Structural correlates of trait anxiety: reduced thickness in medial orbitofrontal cortex accompanied by volume increase in nucleus accumbens. J Affect Disord 2011; 134:315-9. [PMID: 21705088 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2011.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Revised: 06/02/2011] [Accepted: 06/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Structural deficiencies within the medial prefrontal cortex have been shown in anxiety-related psychiatric disorders such as panic disorder, post traumatic stress disorder and obsessive compulsive disorder. In healthy subjects, trait anxiety as the individual's disposition to experience anxiety-relevant feelings or thoughts has been shown to be a risk factor for psychiatric disorders. We aimed at exploring the structural correlates of trait anxiety in normal participants. We acquired high-resolution MRI scans from 34 subjects and used FreeSurfer to obtain a measure of cortical thickness. We correlated cortical thickness with self-rated trait anxiety in a whole brain analysis. Automatic subcortical segmentations of the FreeSurfer pipeline were used to relate nucleus accumbens (NAcc) and amygdala volume to trait anxiety. Trait anxiety was negatively correlated with cortical thickness in the right medial orbitofrontal cortex (mOFC) and positively correlated with the bilateral volume of NAcc. Cortical thickness measures extracted from mOFC were negatively associated with the volume of left NAcc. Since, like in anxiety-related psychiatric disorders, in the healthy sample studied here, trait anxiety was associated with a reduction of cortical thickness in mOFC we suggest that this thinning is a structural precondition rather than a consequence of psychiatric illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Kühn
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent Institute for Functional and Metabolic Imaging, Henri Dunantlaan 2, 9000 Gent, Belgium.
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386
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Genetic influences on hippocampal volume differ as a function of testosterone level in middle-aged men. Neuroimage 2011; 59:1123-31. [PMID: 21983185 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Revised: 09/18/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The hippocampus expresses a large number of androgen receptors; therefore, in men it is potentially vulnerable to the gradual age-related decline of testosterone levels. In the present study we sought to elucidate the nature of the relationship between testosterone and hippocampal volume in a sample of middle-aged male twins (average age 55.8 years). We found no evidence for a correlation between testosterone level and hippocampal volume, as well as no indication of shared genetic influences. However, a significant moderating effect of testosterone on the genetic and environmental determinants of hippocampal volume was observed. Genetic influences on hippocampal volume increased substantially as a function of increasing testosterone level, while environmental influences either decreased or remained stable. These findings provide evidence for an apparent gene-by-hormone interaction on hippocampal volume. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate that the heritability of a brain structure in adults may be modified by an endogenous biological factor.
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387
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Discovery and replication of dopamine-related gene effects on caudate volume in young and elderly populations (N=1198) using genome-wide search. Mol Psychiatry 2011; 16:927-37, 881. [PMID: 21502949 PMCID: PMC3140560 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2011.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The caudate is a subcortical brain structure implicated in many common neurological and psychiatric disorders. To identify specific genes associated with variations in caudate volume, structural magnetic resonance imaging and genome-wide genotypes were acquired from two large cohorts, the Alzheimer's Disease NeuroImaging Initiative (ADNI; N=734) and the Brisbane Adolescent/Young Adult Longitudinal Twin Study (BLTS; N=464). In a preliminary analysis of heritability, around 90% of the variation in caudate volume was due to genetic factors. We then conducted genome-wide association to find common variants that contribute to this relatively high heritability. Replicated genetic association was found for the right caudate volume at single-nucleotide polymorphism rs163030 in the ADNI discovery sample (P=2.36 × 10⁻⁶) and in the BLTS replication sample (P=0.012). This genetic variation accounted for 2.79 and 1.61% of the trait variance, respectively. The peak of association was found in and around two genes, WDR41 and PDE8B, involved in dopamine signaling and development. In addition, a previously identified mutation in PDE8B causes a rare autosomal-dominant type of striatal degeneration. Searching across both samples offers a rigorous way to screen for genes consistently influencing brain structure at different stages of life. Variants identified here may be relevant to common disorders affecting the caudate.
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388
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Boccardi M, Frisoni GB, Hare RD, Cavedo E, Najt P, Pievani M, Rasser PE, Laakso MP, Aronen HJ, Repo-Tiihonen E, Vaurio O, Thompson PM, Tiihonen J. Cortex and amygdala morphology in psychopathy. Psychiatry Res 2011; 193:85-92. [PMID: 21676597 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2010.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2010] [Revised: 12/01/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Psychopathy is characterized by abnormal emotional processes, but only recent neuroimaging studies have investigated its cerebral correlates. The study aim was to map local differences of cortical and amygdalar morphology. Cortical pattern matching and radial distance mapping techniques were used to analyze the magnetic resonance images of 26 violent male offenders (age: 32±8) with psychopathy diagnosed using the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) and no schizophrenia spectrum disorders, and in matched controls (age: 35± sp="0.12"/>11). The cortex displayed up to 20% reduction in the orbitofrontal and midline structures (corrected p<0.001 bilaterally). Up to 30% tissue reduction in the basolateral nucleus, and 10-30% enlargement effects in the central and lateral nuclei indicated abnormal structure of the amygdala (corrected p=0.05 on the right; and symmetrical pattern on the left). Psychopathy features specific morphology of the main cerebral structures involved in cognitive and emotional processing, consistent with clinical and functional data, and with a hypothesis of an alternative evolutionary brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Boccardi
- LENITEM Laboratory of Epidemiology, Neuroimaging, & Telemedicine - IRCCS San Giovanni di Dio-FBF, via Pilastroni, 4, 25100, Brescia, Italy
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389
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Kempton MJ, Underwood TSA, Brunton S, Stylios F, Schmechtig A, Ettinger U, Smith MS, Lovestone S, Crum WR, Frangou S, Williams SCR, Simmons A. A comprehensive testing protocol for MRI neuroanatomical segmentation techniques: Evaluation of a novel lateral ventricle segmentation method. Neuroimage 2011; 58:1051-9. [PMID: 21835253 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.06.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2011] [Revised: 06/22/2011] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although a wide range of approaches have been developed to automatically assess the volume of brain regions from MRI, the reproducibility of these algorithms across different scanners and pulse sequences, their accuracy in different clinical populations and sensitivity to real changes in brain volume have not always been comprehensively examined. Firstly we present a comprehensive testing protocol which comprises 312 freely available MR images to assess the accuracy, reproducibility and sensitivity of automated brain segmentation techniques. Accuracy is assessed in infants, young adults and patients with Alzheimer's disease in comparison to gold standard measures by expert observers using a manual technique based on Cavalieri's principle. The protocol determines the reliability of segmentation between scanning sessions, different MRI pulse sequences and 1.5T and 3T field strengths and examines their sensitivity to small changes in volume using a large longitudinal dataset. Secondly we apply this testing protocol to a novel algorithm for segmenting the lateral ventricles and compare its performance to the widely used FSL FIRST and FreeSurfer methods. The testing protocol produced quantitative measures of accuracy, reliability and sensitivity of lateral ventricle volume estimates for each segmentation method. The novel algorithm showed high accuracy in all populations (intraclass correlation coefficient, ICC>0.95), good reproducibility between MRI pulse sequences (ICC>0.99) and was sensitive to age related changes in longitudinal data. FreeSurfer demonstrated high accuracy (ICC>0.95), good reproducibility (ICC>0.99) and sensitivity whilst FSL FIRST showed good accuracy in young adults and infants (ICC>0.90) and good reproducibility (ICC=0.98), but was unable to segment ventricular volume in patients with Alzheimer's disease or healthy subjects with large ventricles. Using the same computer system, the novel algorithm and FSL FIRST processed a single MRI image in less than 10min while FreeSurfer took approximately 7h. The testing protocol presented enables the accuracy, reproducibility and sensitivity of different algorithms to be compared. We also demonstrate that the novel segmentation algorithm and FreeSurfer are both effective in determining lateral ventricular volume and are well suited for multicentre and longitudinal MRI studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Kempton
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroimaging, UK.
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390
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Perlaki G, Orsi G, Kovacs N, Schwarcz A, Pap Z, Kalmar Z, Plozer E, Csatho A, Gabriel R, Komoly S, Janszky I, Janszky J. Coffee consumption may influence hippocampal volume in young women. Brain Imaging Behav 2011; 5:274-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s11682-011-9131-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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391
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Parcellation of human amygdala in vivo using ultra high field structural MRI. Neuroimage 2011; 58:741-8. [PMID: 21726652 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Revised: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Histological studies show that human amygdala is subdivided into several nuclei with specific connections to other brain areas. One such study has been recently used as the basis of a probabilistic amygdala map, to enable in vivo identification of specifically located functions within the amygdala and connections to it. The involvement of the amygdala in cognition, emotion and action, which may underlie several psychiatric disorders, points to a need for discrimination of these nuclei in living human brains using different techniques. Structural MRI scans of the human amygdala at standard field strengths (≤3 T) have shown a region of generally featureless gray matter. Apparently homogeneous regions may reveal internal structure, however, when improved imaging strategies and better SNR are available. The goal of this study is the in vivo anatomical segmentation of the amygdala using high resolution structural MR data. The use of different MRI tissue contrast mechanisms at high field strengths has been little explored so far. Combining two different contrasts, and using cutting-edge image analysis, the following study provides a robust clustering of three amygdala components in vivo using 7 T structural imaging.
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392
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van den Bogaard SJA, Dumas EM, Ferrarini L, Milles J, van Buchem MA, van der Grond J, Roos RAC. Shape analysis of subcortical nuclei in Huntington's disease, global versus local atrophy--results from the TRACK-HD study. J Neurol Sci 2011; 307:60-8. [PMID: 21624624 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2011.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2010] [Revised: 05/05/2011] [Accepted: 05/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is characterized by brain atrophy. Localized atrophy of a specific structure could potentially be a more sensitive biomarker reflecting neuropathologic changes rather than global volume variation. We examined 90 TRACK-HD participants of which 30 were premanifest HD, 30 were manifest HD and 30 were controls. Using FMRIB's Integrated Registration and Segmentation Tool, segmentations were obtained for the pallidum, caudate nucleus, putamen, thalamus, accumbens nucleus, amygdala, and hippocampus and overall volumes were calculated. A point distribution model of each structure was obtained using Growing and Adaptive Meshes. Permutation testing between groups was performed to detect local displacement in shape between groups. In premanifest HD overall volume loss occurred in the putamen, accumbens and caudate nucleus. Overall volume reductions in manifest HD were found in all subcortical structures, except the amygdala, as compared to controls. In premanifest HD shape analysis showed small areas of displacement in the putamen, pallidum, accumbens and caudate nucleus. When the premanifest group was split into two groups according to predicted disease onset, the premanifest HD group close to expected disease onset showed more pronounced displacements in caudate nucleus and putamen compared to premanifest HD far from disease onset or the total premanifest group. Analysis of shape in manifest HD showed widespread shape differences, most prominently in the caudal part of the accumbens nucleus, body of the caudate nucleus, putamen and dorsal part of the pallidum. We conclude that shape analysis provides new insights in localized intrastructural atrophy patterns in HD, but can also potentially serve as specific target areas for disease tracking.
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393
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Rijpkema M, Everaerd D, van der Pol C, Franke B, Tendolkar I, Fernández G. Normal sexual dimorphism in the human basal ganglia. Hum Brain Mapp 2011; 33:1246-52. [PMID: 21523857 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.21283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2010] [Revised: 11/25/2010] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Male and female brains differ in both structure and function. Investigating this sexual dimorphism in healthy subjects is an important first step to ultimately gain insight into sex-specific differences in behavior and risk for neuropsychiatric disorders. The basal ganglia are among the main regions containing sex steroid receptors in the brain and play a central role in cognitive (dys)functioning. However, little is known about sexual dimorphism of different basal ganglia nuclei. The aim of the present study was to investigate sex-specific differences in basal ganglia morphology using MRI. We applied automatic volumetry on anatomical MRI data of two large cohorts of healthy young adults (n = 463 and n = 541) and assessed the volume of four major nuclei of the basal ganglia: caudate nucleus, globus pallidus, nucleus accumbens, and putamen, while controlling for total gray matter volume, total white matter volume, and age of the participant. No significant sex differences were found for caudate nucleus and nucleus accumbens, but males showed significantly larger volumes for globus pallidus and putamen, as confirmed in both cohorts. These results show that sexual dimorphism is neither a general effect in the basal ganglia nor confined to just one specific nucleus, and will aid the interpretation of differences in basal ganglia (dys)function between males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Rijpkema
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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394
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Balderston NL, Schultz DH, Helmstetter FJ. The human amygdala plays a stimulus specific role in the detection of novelty. Neuroimage 2011; 55:1889-98. [PMID: 21256226 PMCID: PMC3062695 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2010] [Revised: 01/07/2011] [Accepted: 01/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary focus of research on the amygdala has been on the detection of and response to emotion but the amygdala also sometimes responds to new or unexpected stimuli without specific emotional content. Very little is currently known about why the amygdala responds to some new stimuli but not to others. Here we investigated the conditions that are necessary and sufficient for the expression of novelty specific amygdala responses by presenting novel and repeated images to human participants and varying the content of these images while measuring blood-oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) responses. In Experiment 1 we presented novel and repeated emotional and neutral images. Both emotional and neutral images of humans evoked more amygdala activity when novel than when repeated. In Experiment 2 we presented novel and repeated images of humans and scenes. Images of humans but not scenes evoked more amygdala activity when novel than when repeated. Our results suggest that the amygdala plays a stimulus-specific role in the brain's novelty detection network. Surprisingly, emotion was not necessary for amygdalar novelty responses, but the presence of a human representation was important. Amygdala responses evoked by novel faces may reflect our need to use others' faces as clues for important events in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas L Balderston
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
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395
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Bishop CA, Jenkinson M, Andersson J, Declerck J, Merhof D. Novel Fast Marching for Automated Segmentation of the Hippocampus (FMASH): Method and validation on clinical data. Neuroimage 2011; 55:1009-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.12.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2010] [Revised: 12/07/2010] [Accepted: 12/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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396
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Orsi G, Perlaki G, Kovacs N, Aradi M, Papp Z, Karadi K, Szalay C, Karadi Z, Lenard L, Tenyi T, Plozer E, Gabriel R, Nagy F, Doczi T, Komoly S, Jokeit H, Schwarcz A, Janszky J. Body weight and the reward system: the volume of the right amygdala may be associated with body mass index in young overweight men. Brain Imaging Behav 2011; 5:149-57. [DOI: 10.1007/s11682-011-9119-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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397
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Stein JA, Asman AJ, Landman BA. Characterizing and Optimizing Rater Performance for Internet-based Collaborative Labeling. PROCEEDINGS OF SPIE--THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR OPTICAL ENGINEERING 2011; 7966:79660M. [PMID: 21857775 PMCID: PMC3157950 DOI: 10.1117/12.878412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Labeling structures on medical images is crucial in determining clinically relevant correlations with morphometric and volumetric features. For the exploration of new structures and new imaging modalities, validated automated methods do not yet exist, and so researchers must rely on manually drawn landmarks. Voxel-by-voxel labeling can be extremely resource intensive, so large-scale studies are problematic. Recently, statistical approaches and software have been proposed to enable Internet-based collaborative labeling of medical images. While numerous labeling software tools have been created, the use of these packages as high-throughput labeling systems has yet to become entirely viable given training requirements. Herein, we explore two modifications to a typical mouse-based labeling system: (1) a platform independent overlay for recognition of mouse gestures and (2) an inexpensive touch-screen tracking device for non-mouse input. Through this study we characterize rater reliability in point, line, curve, and region placement. For the mouse input, we find a placement accuracy of 2.48±5.29 pixels (point), 0.630±1.81 pixels (curve), 1.234±6.99 pixels (line), and 0.058±0.027 (1 - Jaccard Index for region). The gesture software increased labeling speed by 27% overall and accuracy by approximately 30-50% on point and line tracing tasks, but the touch screen module lead to slower and more error prone labeling on all tasks, likely due to relatively poor sensitivity. In summary, the mouse gesture integration layer runs as a seamless operating system overlay and could potentially benefit any labeling software; yet, the inexpensive touch screen system requires improved usability optimization and calibration before it can provide an efficient labeling system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A. Stein
- Electrical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA 37235
- joshua.a..; http://masi.vuse.vanderbilt.edu; Medical-image Analysis and Statistical Interpretation Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA 37235
| | - Andrew J. Asman
- Electrical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA 37235
| | - Bennett A. Landman
- Electrical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA 37235
- Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA 21218
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398
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Doring TM, Kubo TTA, Cruz LCH, Juruena MF, Fainberg J, Domingues RC, Gasparetto EL. Evaluation of hippocampal volume based on MR imaging in patients with bipolar affective disorder applying manual and automatic segmentation techniques. J Magn Reson Imaging 2011; 33:565-72. [PMID: 21563239 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.22473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the hippocampal volumes in patients with bipolar disorder (BD) and healthy controls, obtained by applying different segmentation methods (manual, Freesurfer [FS], and FSL). MATERIALS AND METHODS The study included 27 patients with BD and 40 healthy controls. T1-weighted images in the sagittal plane were acquired on a 3 Tesla (T) MR scanner. Hippocampal volumetry was performed using one manual and two automated methods (FS and FSL). One-way repeated analysis of variance was applied to test the differences in hippocampal volumes using the three segmentation methods. To evaluate the agreement among the three tested volumetric segmentation methods the intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were calculated. RESULTS Hippocampal volumes obtained from all methods were significantly different (P < 0.05) in BD patients after intracranial volume correction, indicating a reduction in volume, unless from the manual method of the left hippocampal volume. The ICCs of the hippocampal volume between the manual method and FS were 0.846 (right) and 0.859 (left), and between the manual method and FSL were 0.746 (right) and 0.654 (left). CONCLUSION Both manual and automatic segmentation methods detected reductions in the hippocampal volumes in BD patients. Automated segmentation methods are a robust and reproducible option for assessing hippocampal volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Doring
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro-UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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399
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Frisoni GB, Jack CR. Harmonization of magnetic resonance-based manual hippocampal segmentation: a mandatory step for wide clinical use. Alzheimers Dement 2011; 7:171-4. [PMID: 21414554 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2010.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2010] [Accepted: 06/24/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Hippocampal atrophy is a marker of disease state and progression in Alzheimer's disease. The gold standard to measure hippocampal volume is through manual segmentation. A number of protocols to measure hippocampal volume through manual segmentation have been developed, but the marked heterogeneity of anatomical landmarks has given rise to wide variability of volume estimates. With the aim of fostering the use of hippocampal volume in routine clinical settings, an international task force is currently working on developing a harmonized protocol that will resolve and reduce the present heterogeneity. The task force will then validate the harmonized protocol, develop harmonized probabilistic hippocampal maps, and develop illustrative and educational material on the use of the harmonized protocol and maps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni B Frisoni
- LENITEM Laboratory of Epidemiology, Neuroimaging and Telemedicine, IRCCS San Giovanni di Dio-Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy.
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400
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Cerasa A, Quattrone A, Gioia MC, Magariello A, Muglia M, Assogna F, Bernardini S, Caltagirone C, Bossù P, Spalletta G. MAO A VNTR polymorphism and amygdala volume in healthy subjects. Psychiatry Res 2011; 191:87-91. [PMID: 21236646 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2010.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2010] [Revised: 11/02/2010] [Accepted: 11/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The X-linked Monoamine Oxidase A (MAO A) gene presents a well known functional polymorphism consisting of a variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) (long and short variants) previously associated with altered neural function of the amygdala. Using automatic subcortical segmentation (Freesurfer), we investigated whether amygdala volume could be influenced by this genotype. We studied 109 healthy subjects (age range 18-80 years; 59 male and 50 female), 74 carrying the MAO A High-activity allele and 35 the MAO A Low-activity allele. No significant effect of the MAO A polymorphism or interaction effect between polymorphism × gender was found on amygdalar volume. Thus, our findings suggest that the reported impact of the MAO A polymorphism on amygdala function is not coupled with consistent volumetric changes in healthy subjects. Future studies are needed to investigate whether the association between volume of the amygdala and the MAO A VNTR polymorphism is influenced by social/psychological variables, such as impulsivity, trauma history and cigarette smoking behaviour, not taken into account in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Cerasa
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Neurological Sciences, National Research Council, Catanzaro, Italy.
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