351
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Wagener L, Nieder A. Categorical Auditory Working Memory in Crows. iScience 2020; 23:101737. [PMID: 33225245 PMCID: PMC7662871 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to group sensory data into behaviorally meaningful classes and to maintain these perceptual categories active in working memory is key to intelligent behavior. Here, we show that carrion crows, highly vocal and cognitively advanced corvid songbirds, possess categorical auditory working memory. The crows were trained in a delayed match-to-category task that required them to flexibly match remembered sounds based on the upward or downward shift of the sounds' frequency modulation. After training, the crows instantaneously classified novel sounds into the correct auditory categories. The crows showed sharp category boundaries as a function of the relative frequency interval of the modulation. In addition, the crows generalized frequency-modulated sounds within a category and correctly classified novel sounds kept in working memory irrespective of other acoustic features of the sound. This suggests that crows can form and actively memorize auditory perceptual categories in the service of cognitive control of their goal-directed behaviors. Crows performed a delayed match-to-category task with frequency modulated sounds Crows classified novel sounds into upward or downward modulated sound categories Crows showed sharp category boundaries and within-category generalization Crows can actively memorize auditory perceptual categories for cognitive control
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Affiliation(s)
- Lysann Wagener
- Animal Physiology Unit, Institute of Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Nieder
- Animal Physiology Unit, Institute of Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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352
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Semprini M, Bonassi G, Barban F, Pelosin E, Iandolo R, Chiappalone M, Mantini D, Avanzino L. Modulation of neural oscillations during working memory update, maintenance, and readout: An hdEEG study. Hum Brain Mapp 2020; 42:1153-1166. [PMID: 33200500 PMCID: PMC7856639 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Working memory (WM) performance is very often measured using the n‐back task, in which the participant is presented with a sequence of stimuli, and required to indicate whether the current stimulus matches the one presented n steps earlier. In this study, we used high‐density electroencephalography (hdEEG) coupled to source localization to obtain information on spatial distribution and temporal dynamics of neural oscillations associated with WM update, maintenance and readout. Specifically, we a priori selected regions from a large fronto‐parietal network, including also the insula and the cerebellum, and we analyzed modulation of neural oscillations by event‐related desynchronization and synchronization (ERD/ERS). During update and readout, we found larger θ ERS and smaller β ERS respect to maintenance in all the selected areas. γLOW and γHIGH bands oscillations decreased in the frontal and insular cortices of the left hemisphere. In the maintenance phase we observed decreased θ oscillations and increased β oscillations (ERS) in most of the selected posterior areas and focally increased oscillations in γLOW and γHIGH bands in the frontal and insular cortices of the left hemisphere. Finally, during WM readout, we also found a focal modulation of the γLOW band in the left fusiform cortex and cerebellum, depending on the response trial type (true positive vs. true negative). Overall, our study demonstrated specific spectral signatures associated with updating of memory information, WM maintenance, and readout, with relatively high spatial resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gaia Bonassi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Federico Barban
- Rehab Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy.,Department of Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics and System Engineering, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Elisa Pelosin
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, IRCCS, Genoa, Italy
| | - Riccardo Iandolo
- Rehab Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Dante Mantini
- Research Center for Motor Control and Neuroplasticity, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Brain Imaging and Neural Dynamics Research Group, IRCCS San Camillo Hospital, Venice, Italy
| | - Laura Avanzino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, IRCCS, Genoa, Italy
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353
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Leukel C, Schümann D, Kalisch R, Sommer T, Bunzeck N. Dopamine Related Genes Differentially Affect Declarative Long-Term Memory in Healthy Humans. Front Behav Neurosci 2020; 14:539725. [PMID: 33328916 PMCID: PMC7673390 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.539725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, monetary reward can promote behavioral performance including response times, accuracy, and subsequent recognition memory. Recent studies have shown that the dopaminergic system plays an essential role here, but the link to interindividual differences remains unclear. To further investigate this issue, we focused on previously described polymorphisms of genes affecting dopaminergic neurotransmission: DAT1 40 base pair (bp), DAT1 30 bp, DRD4 48 bp, and cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CNR1). Specifically, 669 healthy humans participated in a delayed recognition memory paradigm on two consecutive days. On the first day, male vs. female faces served as cues predicting an immediate monetary reward upon correct button presses. Subsequently, participants performed a remember/know recognition memory task on the same day and 1 day later. As predicted, reward increased accuracy and accelerated response times, which were modulated by DAT 30 bp. However, reward did not promote subsequent recognition memory performance and there was no interaction with any genotype tested here. Importantly, there were differential effects of genotype on declarative long-term memory independent of reward: (a) DAT1 40 bp was linked to the quality of memory with a more pronounced difference between recollection and familiarity in the heterozygous and homozygous 10-R as compared to homozygous 9-R; (b) DAT1 30 bp was linked to memory decay, which was most pronounced in homozygous 4-R; (c) DRD4 48 bp was linked to overall recognition memory with higher performance in the short allele group; and (d) CNR1 was linked to overall memory with reduced performance in the homozygous short group. These findings give new insights into how polymorphisms, which are related to dopaminergic neuromodulation, differentially affect long-term recognition memory performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Leukel
- Department of Psychology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Dirk Schümann
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Raffael Kalisch
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Neuroimaging Center (NIC), Focus Program Translational Neuroscience, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany.,Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research (LIR), Mainz, Germany
| | - Tobias Sommer
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nico Bunzeck
- Department of Psychology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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354
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徐 桂, 王 宁, 郭 苗, 张 天, 童 禹. [Analysis of time-frequency characteristics and coherence of local field potentials during working memory task of rats after high-frequency repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation]. SHENG WU YI XUE GONG CHENG XUE ZA ZHI = JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING = SHENGWU YIXUE GONGCHENGXUE ZAZHI 2020; 37:756-764. [PMID: 33140598 PMCID: PMC10320542 DOI: 10.7507/1001-5515.201912083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation(rTMS) is a painless and non-invasive method for stimulation and modulation in the field of cognitive neuroscience research and clinical neurological regulation. In this paper, adult Wistar rats were divided into the rTMS group and control group randomly. Rats in the rTMS group were stimulated with 5 Hz rTMS for 14 days, while the rats in the control group did not accept any stimulation. Then, the behavior and local field potentials (LFPs) were recorded synchronously when the rats perform a working memory (WM) task with T-maze. Finally, the time-frequency distribution and coherence characteristics of the LFPs signal in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) during working memory task were analyzed. The results showed that the rats in the rTMS group needed less training days to reach the task correction criterion than the control group (P < 0.05). Compared with the control group, the rTMS group has higher energy (P < 0.01) in θ band (4~12 Hz) and γ band (30~80 Hz). The coherence between the channel pairs decreases as the spatial distance of the channel pairs increases, and the rTMS group exhibits a higher coherence than the control group (P < 0.01). It is concluded that 5 Hz rTMS can improve the excitability of rat prefrontal cortical neurons to a certain extent, and has a positive effect on the working memory ability of normal rats. The results of this paper may provide important theoretical support for further research on the mechanism of action of rTMS on WM.
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Affiliation(s)
- 桂芝 徐
- 河北工业大学 电气工程学院 省部共建电工装备可靠性与智能化国家重点实验室(天津 300130)State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, School of Electrical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, P.R.China
- 河北工业大学 电气工程学院 河北省电磁场与电器可靠性重点实验室(天津 300130)Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Field and Electrical Apparatus Reliability of Hebei Province, School of Electrical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, P.R.China
| | - 宁 王
- 河北工业大学 电气工程学院 省部共建电工装备可靠性与智能化国家重点实验室(天津 300130)State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, School of Electrical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, P.R.China
- 河北工业大学 电气工程学院 河北省电磁场与电器可靠性重点实验室(天津 300130)Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Field and Electrical Apparatus Reliability of Hebei Province, School of Electrical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, P.R.China
| | - 苗苗 郭
- 河北工业大学 电气工程学院 省部共建电工装备可靠性与智能化国家重点实验室(天津 300130)State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, School of Electrical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, P.R.China
- 河北工业大学 电气工程学院 河北省电磁场与电器可靠性重点实验室(天津 300130)Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Field and Electrical Apparatus Reliability of Hebei Province, School of Electrical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, P.R.China
| | - 天恒 张
- 河北工业大学 电气工程学院 省部共建电工装备可靠性与智能化国家重点实验室(天津 300130)State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, School of Electrical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, P.R.China
- 河北工业大学 电气工程学院 河北省电磁场与电器可靠性重点实验室(天津 300130)Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Field and Electrical Apparatus Reliability of Hebei Province, School of Electrical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, P.R.China
| | - 禹铭 童
- 河北工业大学 电气工程学院 省部共建电工装备可靠性与智能化国家重点实验室(天津 300130)State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, School of Electrical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, P.R.China
- 河北工业大学 电气工程学院 河北省电磁场与电器可靠性重点实验室(天津 300130)Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Field and Electrical Apparatus Reliability of Hebei Province, School of Electrical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, P.R.China
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355
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Olsen ST, Basu I, Bilge MT, Kanabar A, Boggess MJ, Rockhill AP, Gosai AK, Hahn E, Peled N, Ennis M, Shiff I, Fairbank-Haynes K, Salvi JD, Cusin C, Deckersbach T, Williams Z, Baker JT, Dougherty DD, Widge AS. Case Report of Dual-Site Neurostimulation and Chronic Recording of Cortico-Striatal Circuitry in a Patient With Treatment Refractory Obsessive Compulsive Disorder. Front Hum Neurosci 2020; 14:569973. [PMID: 33192400 PMCID: PMC7645211 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.569973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychiatric disorders are increasingly understood as dysfunctions of hyper- or hypoconnectivity in distributed brain circuits. A prototypical example is obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), which has been repeatedly linked to hyper-connectivity of cortico-striatal-thalamo-cortical (CSTC) loops. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) and lesions of CSTC structures have shown promise for treating both OCD and related disorders involving over-expression of automatic/habitual behaviors. Physiologically, we propose that this CSTC hyper-connectivity may be reflected in high synchrony of neural firing between loop structures, which could be measured as coherent oscillations in the local field potential (LFP). Here we report the results from the pilot patient in an Early Feasibility study (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03184454) in which we use the Medtronic Activa PC+ S device to simultaneously record and stimulate in the supplementary motor area (SMA) and ventral capsule/ventral striatum (VC/VS). We hypothesized that frequency-mismatched stimulation should disrupt coherence and reduce compulsive symptoms. The patient reported subjective improvement in OCD symptoms and showed evidence of improved cognitive control with the addition of cortical stimulation, but these changes were not reflected in primary rating scales specific to OCD and depression, or during blinded cortical stimulation. This subjective improvement was correlated with increased SMA and VC/VS coherence in the alpha, beta, and gamma bands, signals which persisted after correcting for stimulation artifacts. We discuss the implications of this research, and propose future directions for research in network modulation in OCD and more broadly across psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah T. Olsen
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Ishita Basu
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States
| | - Mustafa Taha Bilge
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States
| | - Anish Kanabar
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States
| | - Matthew J. Boggess
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States
| | - Alexander P. Rockhill
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States
| | - Aishwarya K. Gosai
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States
| | - Emily Hahn
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States
| | - Noam Peled
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States
| | - Michaela Ennis
- McLean Institute for Technology in Psychiatry and Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, United States
| | - Ilana Shiff
- McLean Institute for Technology in Psychiatry and Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, United States
| | - Katherine Fairbank-Haynes
- McLean Institute for Technology in Psychiatry and Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, United States
| | - Joshua D. Salvi
- McLean Institute for Technology in Psychiatry and Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, United States
| | - Cristina Cusin
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States
| | - Thilo Deckersbach
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States
| | - Ziv Williams
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Justin T. Baker
- McLean Institute for Technology in Psychiatry and Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, United States
| | - Darin D. Dougherty
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States
| | - Alik S. Widge
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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356
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Hattori K, Hayakawa T, Nakanishi A, Ishida M, Yamamoto H, Hirano-Iwata A, Tanii T. Contribution of AMPA and NMDA receptors in the spontaneous firing patterns of single neurons in autaptic culture. Biosystems 2020; 198:104278. [PMID: 33075473 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2020.104278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Single neurons in an autaptic culture exhibit various types of firing pattern with different firing durations and rhythms. However, a neuron with autapses has often been modeled as an oscillator providing a monotonic firing pattern with a constant periodicity because of the lack of a mathematical model. In the work described in this study, we use computational simulation and whole-cell patch-clamp recording to elucidate and model the mechanism by which such neurons generate various firing pattens. In the computational simulation, three types of spontaneous firing pattern, i.e., short, long-lasting, and periodic burst firing patterns are realized by changing the combination ratio of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) to α-amino-3-hydroxyl-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionate (AMPA) conductance. These three types of firing patterns are also observed in the experiments where neurons are cultured in isolation on micropatterned substrates. Using the AMPA and NMDA current models, we discuss that, in principle, autapses can regulate rhythmicity and information selection in neuronal networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouhei Hattori
- Waseda University, Faculty of Science and Engineering, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan.
| | - Takeshi Hayakawa
- Tohoku University, Research Institute of Electrical Communication, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Akira Nakanishi
- Waseda University, Faculty of Science and Engineering, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Mihoko Ishida
- Waseda University, Faculty of Science and Engineering, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Hideaki Yamamoto
- Tohoku University, Research Institute of Electrical Communication, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Ayumi Hirano-Iwata
- Tohoku University, Research Institute of Electrical Communication, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba, Sendai 980-8577, Japan; Tohoku University, WPI-Advanced Institute for Materials Research (WPI-AIMR), 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Takashi Tanii
- Waseda University, Faculty of Science and Engineering, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
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357
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EEG Resting Asymmetries and Frequency Oscillations in Approach/Avoidance Personality Traits: A Systematic Review. Symmetry (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/sym12101712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Brain cortical activity in resting electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings can be considered as measures of latent individual disposition to approach/avoidance behavior. This systematic review aims to provide an updated overview of the relationship between resting EEG cortical activity and approach/avoidance motivation personality traits. Methods: The review process was conducted according to the PRISMA-Statement, using PsycArticles, MEDLINE, Scopus, Science Citation Index, and Research Gate database. Restrictions were made by selecting EEG studies conducted in resting idling conditions, which included approach/avoidance personality traits or parallel measures, and an index of EEG brain activity. In the review 50 studies were selected, wherein 7120 healthy adult individuals participated. Results: The study of the relationship between resting EEG cortical activity and approach/avoidance personality traits provides controversial and unclear results. Therefore, the validity of resting asymmetry or frequency oscillations as a potential marker for approach/avoidance personality traits is not supported. Conclusions: There are important contextual and interactional factors not taken into account by researchers that could mediate or moderate this relationship or prove it scarcely replicable. Further, it would be necessary to conduct more sessions of EEG recordings in different seasons of the year to test the validity and the reliability of the neurobiological measures.
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358
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Hsiao K, Noble C, Pitman W, Yadav N, Kumar S, Keele GR, Terceros A, Kanke M, Conniff T, Cheleuitte-Nieves C, Tolwani R, Sethupathy P, Rajasethupathy P. A Thalamic Orphan Receptor Drives Variability in Short-Term Memory. Cell 2020; 183:522-536.e19. [PMID: 32997977 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Working memory is a form of short-term memory that involves maintaining and updating task-relevant information toward goal-directed pursuits. Classical models posit persistent activity in prefrontal cortex (PFC) as a primary neural correlate, but emerging views suggest additional mechanisms may exist. We screened ∼200 genetically diverse mice on a working memory task and identified a genetic locus on chromosome 5 that contributes to a substantial proportion (17%) of the phenotypic variance. Within the locus, we identified a gene encoding an orphan G-protein-coupled receptor, Gpr12, which is sufficient to drive substantial and bidirectional changes in working memory. Molecular, cellular, and imaging studies revealed that Gpr12 enables high thalamus-PFC synchrony to support memory maintenance and choice accuracy. These findings identify an orphan receptor as a potent modifier of short-term memory and supplement classical PFC-based models with an emerging thalamus-centric framework for the mechanistic understanding of working memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuangfu Hsiao
- Laboratory of Neural Dynamics & Cognition, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Chelsea Noble
- Laboratory of Neural Dynamics & Cognition, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Wendy Pitman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Nakul Yadav
- Laboratory of Neural Dynamics & Cognition, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Suraj Kumar
- Laboratory of Neural Dynamics & Cognition, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | - Andrea Terceros
- Laboratory of Neural Dynamics & Cognition, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Matt Kanke
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Tara Conniff
- Laboratory of Neural Dynamics & Cognition, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | - Ravi Tolwani
- Comparative Bioscience Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Praveen Sethupathy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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359
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Multivariate Lesion-Behavior Mapping of General Cognitive Ability and Its Psychometric Constituents. J Neurosci 2020; 40:8924-8937. [PMID: 33046547 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1415-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
General cognitive ability, or general intelligence (g), is central to cognitive science, yet the processes that constitute it remain unknown, in good part because most prior work has relied on correlational methods. Large-scale behavioral and neuroanatomical data from neurologic patients with focal brain lesions can be leveraged to advance our understanding of the key mechanisms of g, as this approach allows inference on the independence of cognitive processes along with elucidation of their respective neuroanatomical substrates. We analyzed behavioral and neuroanatomical data from 402 humans (212 males; 190 females) with chronic, focal brain lesions. Structural equation models (SEMs) demonstrated a psychometric isomorphism between g and working memory in our sample (which we refer to as g/Gwm), but not between g and other cognitive abilities. Multivariate lesion-behavior mapping analyses indicated that g and working memory localize most critically to a site of converging white matter tracts deep to the left temporo-parietal junction. Tractography analyses demonstrated that the regions in the lesion-behavior map of g/Gwm were primarily associated with the arcuate fasciculus. The anatomic findings were validated in an independent cohort of acute stroke patients (n = 101) using model-based predictions of cognitive deficits generated from the Iowa cohort lesion-behavior maps. The neuroanatomical localization of g/Gwm provided the strongest prediction of observed g in the new cohort (r = 0.42, p < 0.001), supporting the anatomic specificity of our findings. These results provide converging behavioral and anatomic evidence that working memory is a key mechanism contributing to domain-general cognition.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT General cognitive ability (g) is thought to play an important role in individual differences in adaptive behavior, yet its core processes remain unknown, in large part because of difficulties in making causal inferences from correlated data. Using data from patients with focal brain damage, we demonstrate that there is a strong psychometric correspondence between g and working memory - the ability to maintain and control mental information, and that the critical neuroanatomical substrates of g and working memory include the arcuate fasciculus. This work provides converging behavioral and neuroanatomical evidence that working memory is a key mechanism contributing to domain-general cognition.
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360
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Beul SF, Hilgetag CC. Systematic modelling of the development of laminar projection origins in the cerebral cortex: Interactions of spatio-temporal patterns of neurogenesis and cellular heterogeneity. PLoS Comput Biol 2020; 16:e1007991. [PMID: 33048930 PMCID: PMC7553356 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The architectonic type principle conceptualizes structural connections between brain areas in terms of the relative architectonic differentiation of connected areas. It has previously been shown that spatio-temporal interactions between the time and place of neurogenesis could underlie multiple features of empirical mammalian connectomes, such as projection existence and the distribution of projection strengths. However, so far no mechanistic explanation for the emergence of typically observed laminar patterns of projection origins and terminations has been tested. Here, we expand an in silico model of the developing cortical sheet to explore which factors could potentially constrain the development of laminar projection patterns. We show that manipulations which rely solely on spatio-temporal interactions, namely the relative density of laminar compartments, a delay in the neurogenesis of infragranular layers relative to layer 1, and a delay in the neurogenesis of supragranular layers relative to infragranular layers, do not result in the striking correlation between supragranular contribution to projections and the relative differentiation of areas that is typically observed in the mammalian cortex. In contrast, we find that if we introduce systematic variation in cell-intrinsic properties, coupling them with architectonic differentiation, the resulting laminar projection patterns closely mirror the empirically observed patterns. We also find that the spatio-temporal interactions posited to occur during neurogenesis are necessary for the formation of the characteristic laminar patterns. Hence, our results indicate that the specification of the laminar patterns of projection origins may result from systematic variation in a number of cell-intrinsic properties, superimposed on the previously identified spatio-temporal interactions which are sufficient for the emergence of the architectonic type principle on the level of inter-areal connectivity in silico.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah F Beul
- Institute of Computational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Claus C Hilgetag
- Institute of Computational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Neural Systems Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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361
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Stokes MG, Muhle-Karbe PS, Myers NE. Theoretical distinction between functional states in working memory and their corresponding neural states. VISUAL COGNITION 2020; 28:420-432. [PMID: 33223922 PMCID: PMC7655036 DOI: 10.1080/13506285.2020.1825141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Working memory (WM) is important for guiding behaviour, but not always for the next possible action. Here we define a WM item that is currently relevant for guiding behaviour as the functionally "active" item; whereas items maintained in WM, but not immediately relevant to behaviour, are defined as functionally "latent". Traditional neurophysiological theories of WM proposed that content is maintained via persistent neural activity (e.g., stable attractors); however, more recent theories have highlighted the potential role for "activity-silent" mechanisms (e.g., short-term synaptic plasticity). Given these somewhat parallel dichotomies, functionally active and latent cognitive states of WM have been associated with storage based on persistent-activity and activity-silent neural mechanisms, respectively. However, in this article we caution against a one-to-one correspondence between functional and activity states. We argue that the principal theoretical requirement for active and latent WM is that the corresponding neural states play qualitatively different functional roles. We consider a number of candidate solutions, and conclude that the neurophysiological mechanisms for functionally active and latent WM items are theoretically independent of the distinction between persistent activity-based and activity-silent forms of WM storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark G. Stokes
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging and Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Paul S. Muhle-Karbe
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging and Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nicholas E. Myers
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging and Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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362
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Stieger JR, Engel S, Jiang H, Cline CC, Kreitzer MJ, He B. Mindfulness Improves Brain-Computer Interface Performance by Increasing Control Over Neural Activity in the Alpha Band. Cereb Cortex 2020; 31:426-438. [PMID: 32965471 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhaa234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) are promising tools for assisting patients with paralysis, but suffer from long training times and variable user proficiency. Mind-body awareness training (MBAT) can improve BCI learning, but how it does so remains unknown. Here, we show that MBAT allows participants to learn to volitionally increase alpha band neural activity during BCI tasks that incorporate intentional rest. We trained individuals in mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR; a standardized MBAT intervention) and compared performance and brain activity before and after training between randomly assigned trained and untrained control groups. The MBAT group showed reliably faster learning of BCI than the control group throughout training. Alpha-band activity in electroencephalogram signals, recorded in the volitional resting state during task performance, showed a parallel increase over sessions, and predicted final BCI performance. The level of alpha-band activity during the intentional resting state correlated reliably with individuals' mindfulness practice as well as performance on a breath counting task. Collectively, these results show that MBAT modifies a specific neural signal used by BCI. MBAT, by increasing patients' control over their brain activity during rest, may increase the effectiveness of BCI in the large population who could benefit from alternatives to direct motor control.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Stieger
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA
| | - Stephen Engel
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA
| | - Haiteng Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Christopher C Cline
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA
| | - Mary Jo Kreitzer
- Earl E. Bakken Center for Spirituality & Healing, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA
| | - Bin He
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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363
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Zhang B, Naya Y. Medial Prefrontal Cortex Represents the Object-Based Cognitive Map When Remembering an Egocentric Target Location. Cereb Cortex 2020; 30:5356-5371. [PMID: 32483594 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhaa117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
A cognitive map, representing an environment around oneself, is necessary for spatial navigation. However, compared with its constituent elements such as individual landmarks, neural substrates of coherent spatial information, which consists in a relationship among the individual elements, remain largely unknown. The present study investigated how the brain codes map-like representations in a virtual environment specified by the relative positions of three objects. Representational similarity analysis revealed an object-based spatial representation in the hippocampus (HPC) when participants located themselves within the environment, while the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) represented it when they recollected a target object's location relative to their self-body. During recollection, task-dependent functional connectivity increased between the two areas implying exchange of self-location and target location signals between the HPC and mPFC. Together, the object-based cognitive map, whose coherent spatial information could be formed by objects, may be recruited in the HPC and mPFC for complementary functions during navigation, which may generalize to other aspects of cognition, such as navigating social interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100805, China
| | - Yuji Naya
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100805, China.,IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100805, China.,Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100805, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing 100805, China
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364
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Kim K, Hsieh LT, Parvizi J, Ranganath C. Neural repetition suppression effects in the human hippocampus. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2020; 173:107269. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2020.107269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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365
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Hahn LA, Rose J. Working Memory as an Indicator for Comparative Cognition - Detecting Qualitative and Quantitative Differences. Front Psychol 2020; 11:1954. [PMID: 32849144 PMCID: PMC7424011 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Working memory (WM), the representation of information held accessible for manipulation over time, is an essential component of all higher cognitive abilities. It allows for complex behaviors that go beyond simple stimulus-response associations and inflexible behavioral patterns. WM capacity determines how many different pieces of information (items) can be used for these cognitive processes, and in humans, it correlates with fluid intelligence. As such, WM might be a useful tool for comparison of cognition across species. WM can be tested using comparatively simple behavioral protocols, based on operant conditioning, in a multitude of different species. Species-specific contextual variables that influence an animal’s performance on a non-cognitive level are controlled by adapting the WM paradigm. The neuronal mechanisms by which WM emerges in the brain, as sustained neuronal activity, are comparable between the different species studied (mammals and birds), as are the areas of the brain in which WM activity can be measured. Thus WM is comparable between vastly different species within their respective niches, accounting for specific contextual variables and unique adaptations. By approaching the question of “general cognitive abilities” or “intelligence” within the animal kingdom from the perspective of WM, the complexity of the core question at hand is reduced to a fundamental memory system required to allow for complex cognitive abilities. This article argues that measuring WM can be a suitable addition to the toolkit of comparative cognition. By measuring WM on a behavioral level and going beyond behavior to the underlying physiological processes, qualitative and quantitative differences in cognition between different animal species can be identified, free of contextual restraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Alexander Hahn
- Neural Basis of Learning, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Jonas Rose
- Neural Basis of Learning, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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366
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Noguchi Y, Kakigi R. Temporal codes of visual working memory in the human cerebral cortex: Brain rhythms associated with high memory capacity. Neuroimage 2020; 222:117294. [PMID: 32835818 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Visual working memory (vWM) is an important ability required for various cognitive tasks although its neural underpinnings remain unclear. While many studies have focused on theta (4-7 Hz) and gamma (> 30 Hz) rhythms as a substrate of vWM, here we show that temporal signals embedded in alpha (8-12 Hz) and beta (13-30 Hz) bands can be a good predictor of vWM capacity. Neural activity of healthy human participants was recorded with magnetoencephalography when they performed a classical vWM task (change detection). We analyzed changes in inter-peak intervals (IPIs) of oscillatory signals along with an increase in WM load (a number of to-be-memorized items, 1-6). Results showed a load-dependent reduction of IPIs in the parietal and frontal regions, indicating that alpha/beta rhythms became faster when multiple items were stored in vWM. Furthermore, this reduction in IPIs was positively correlated with individual vWM capacity, especially in the frontal cortex. Those results indicate that vWM is represented as a change in oscillation frequency in the human cerebral cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuki Noguchi
- Department of Psychology, Graduate School of Humanities, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan.
| | - Ryusuke Kakigi
- Department of Integrative Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
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367
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Hannah R, Muralidharan V, Sundby KK, Aron AR. Temporally-precise disruption of prefrontal cortex informed by the timing of beta bursts impairs human action-stopping. Neuroimage 2020; 222:117222. [PMID: 32768628 PMCID: PMC7736218 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Human action-stopping is thought to rely on a prefronto-basal ganglia-thalamocortical network, with right inferior frontal cortex (rIFC) posited to play a critical role in the early stage of implementation. Here we sought causal evidence for this idea in experiments involving healthy human participants. We first show that action-stopping is preceded by bursts of electroencephalographic activity in the beta band over prefrontal electrodes, putatively rIFC, and that the timing of these bursts correlates with the latency of stopping at a single-trial level: earlier bursts are associated with faster stopping. From this we reasoned that the integrity of rIFC at the time of beta bursts might be critical to successful stopping. We then used fMRI-guided transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to disrupt rIFC at the approximate time of beta bursting. Stimulation prolonged stopping latencies and, moreover, the prolongation was most pronounced in individuals for whom the pulse appeared closer to the presumed time of beta bursting. These results help validate a model of the neural architecture and temporal dynamics of action-stopping. They also highlight the usefulness of prefrontal beta bursts to index an apparently important sub-process of stopping, the timing of which might help explain within- and between-individual variation in impulse control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricci Hannah
- Department of Psychology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Vignesh Muralidharan
- Department of Psychology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Kelsey K Sundby
- Department of Psychology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Adam R Aron
- Department of Psychology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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368
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Oscillatory Bursts in Parietal Cortex Reflect Dynamic Attention between Multiple Objects and Ensembles. J Neurosci 2020; 40:6927-6937. [PMID: 32753515 PMCID: PMC7470925 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0231-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The visual system uses two complimentary strategies to process multiple objects simultaneously within a scene and update their spatial positions in real time. It either uses selective attention to individuate a complex, dynamic scene into a few focal objects (i.e., object individuation), or it represents multiple objects as an ensemble by distributing attention more globally across the scene (i.e., ensemble grouping). Neural oscillations may be a key signature for focal object individuation versus distributed ensemble grouping, because they are thought to regulate neural excitability over visual areas through inhibitory control mechanisms. We recorded whole-head MEG data during a multiple-object tracking paradigm, in which human participants (13 female, 11 male) switched between different instructions for object individuation and ensemble grouping on different trials. The stimuli, responses, and the demand to keep track of multiple spatial locations over time were held constant between the two conditions. We observed increased α-band power (9-13 Hz) packed into oscillatory bursts in bilateral inferior parietal cortex during multiple-object processing. Single-trial analysis revealed greater burst occurrences on object individuation versus ensemble grouping trials. By contrast, we found no differences using standard analyses on across-trials averaged α-band power. Moreover, the bursting effects occurred only below/at, but not above, the typical capacity limits for multiple-object processing (at ∼4 objects). Our findings reveal the real-time neural correlates underlying the dynamic processing of multiple-object scenarios, which are modulated by grouping strategies and capacity. They support a rhythmic, α-pulsed organization of dynamic attention to multiple objects and ensembles.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Dynamic multiple-object scenarios are an important problem in real-world and computer vision. They require keeping track of multiple objects as they move through space and time. Such problems can be solved in two ways: One can individuate a scene object by object, or alternatively group objects into ensembles. We observed greater occurrences of α-oscillatory burst events in parietal cortex for processing objects versus ensembles and below/at versus above processing capacity. These results demonstrate a unique top-down mechanism by which the brain dynamically adjusts its computational level between objects and ensembles. They help to explain how the brain copes with its capacity limitations in real-time environments and may lead the way to technological innovations for time-critical video analysis in computer vision.
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369
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Zanto TP, Liu H, Pan P, Gazzaley A. Temporal attention is not affected by working memory load. Cortex 2020; 130:351-361. [PMID: 32738582 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2020.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Temporal attention refers to the ability to orient attention in time, which serves to enhance performance such as target detection and discrimination and is a fundamental component of cognitive function. Although some research indicates that temporal attention ability is affected by working memory updating, it is unclear whether temporal attention is also affected by the availability of working memory stores. To address this, participants were presented a dual-task paradigm requiring zero, three, or six digits to be held in working memory while engaged in a temporally cued visual discrimination task. Results show that working memory load did not differentially affect the ability to benefit from predictive temporal cues during the visual discrimination task. This indicates that temporal attention is not affected by available working memory stores. Interestingly, posterior beta band (12-30 Hz) activity was differentially modulated by temporal attention and working memory load, such that it decreased prior to expected targets and increased with load. Analysis across participants indicated that those individuals who exhibited greater temporal attention-based modulation of beta activity (i.e., predictive < neutrally cued) displayed improved discrimination performance, but also yielded lowered working memory accuracy. Thus, the ability to benefit from temporal attention processes while multitasking comes at the cost of lowered secondary task performance. Together, these results indicate that available working memory stores do not affect temporal attention ability. Rather, limitations in divided attention ability result in a performance cost that prioritizes one task over another, which may be indexed by beta band activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore P Zanto
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Neuroscape, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Helen Liu
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Peter Pan
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Adam Gazzaley
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Neuroscape, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Departments of Physiology and Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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370
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Lin C, Sherathiya VN, Oh MM, Disterhoft JF. Persistent firing in LEC III neurons is differentially modulated by learning and aging. eLife 2020; 9:e56816. [PMID: 32687058 PMCID: PMC7371426 DOI: 10.7554/elife.56816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Whether and how persistent firing in lateral entorhinal cortex layer III (LEC III) supports temporal associative learning is still unknown. In this study, persistent firing was evoked in vitro from LEC III neurons from young and aged rats that were behaviorally naive or trained on trace eyeblink conditioning. Persistent firing ability from neurons from behaviorally naive aged rats was lower compared to neurons from young rats. Neurons from learning impaired aged animals also exhibited reduced persistent firing capacity, which may contribute to aging-related learning impairments. Successful acquisition of the trace eyeblink task, however, increased persistent firing ability in both young and aged rats. These changes in persistent firing ability are due to changes to the afterdepolarization, which may in turn be modulated by the postburst afterhyperpolarization. Together, these data indicate that successful learning increases persistent firing ability and decreases in persistent firing ability contribute to learning impairments in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Lin
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern UniversityChicagoUnited States
| | - Venus N Sherathiya
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern UniversityChicagoUnited States
| | - M Matthew Oh
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern UniversityChicagoUnited States
| | - John F Disterhoft
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern UniversityChicagoUnited States
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371
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Gervasio M, Beatty A, Kavanaugh B, Cancilliere MK, Holler K. The association between neurocognition and sexual abuse within a children's psychiatric inpatient program. Clin Neuropsychol 2020; 36:189-206. [PMID: 32613898 DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2020.1781932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Objective: The aim of this study was to understand the detrimental effects of sexual abuse on neuropsychological variables including child's intelligence, executive functioning (EF), and learning/memory within a pediatric inpatient population.Method: This study examined the effect of sexual abuse on children's intelligence, EF, and learning/memory by conducting a retrospective chart review for 144 children (aged 7-12) who completed a neuropsychological assessment during a psychiatric inpatient hospitalization. Of the 144 children, participants were matched two to one by gender and age, with one group (n = 52) categorized by reported sexual abuse and the other group (n = 92) categorized by no reported sexual abuse. The neuropsychological measures included the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI-I/II) or Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fourth Edition (WISC-IV), Wide Range Assessment of Memory and Learning - Second Edition (WRAML-2): Story Memory Immediate/Delayed Recall and Delayed Recognition, Trail Making Test-B, Stroop Interference Test: Color-Word Condition, WRAML-2: Sentence Memory and Conners Continuous Performance Test-Second Edition.Results: Statistical analysis showed that participants with reported sexual abuse had significantly (p< .05) lower intelligence, EF, and learning/memory skills than those without reported sexual abuse. Only working memory and cognitive flexibility differences remained after controlling for clinical variables (e.g., PTSD, amount of total abuse types).Conclusions: These findings contributed to the limited research on the detrimental effects of sexual abuse in a pediatric inpatient population. They demonstrated a relationship between early sexual abuse and neuropsychological deficits, specifically executive function and IQ deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maddi Gervasio
- Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, E. P. Bradley Hospital, East Providence, RI, USA
| | - Avery Beatty
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Brian Kavanaugh
- Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, E. P. Bradley Hospital, East Providence, RI, USA.,Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, East Providence, RI, USA
| | | | - Karen Holler
- Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, E. P. Bradley Hospital, East Providence, RI, USA.,Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, East Providence, RI, USA
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372
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Fellner MC, Waldhauser GT, Axmacher N. Tracking Selective Rehearsal and Active Inhibition of Memory Traces in Directed Forgetting. Curr Biol 2020; 30:2638-2644.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.04.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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373
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Cho KKA, Davidson TJ, Bouvier G, Marshall JD, Schnitzer MJ, Sohal VS. Cross-hemispheric gamma synchrony between prefrontal parvalbumin interneurons supports behavioral adaptation during rule shift learning. Nat Neurosci 2020; 23:892-902. [PMID: 32451483 PMCID: PMC7347248 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-020-0647-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Organisms must learn new strategies to adapt to changing environments. Activity in different neurons often exhibits synchronization that can dynamically enhance their communication and might create flexible brain states that facilitate changes in behavior. We studied the role of gamma-frequency (~40 Hz) synchrony between prefrontal parvalbumin (PV) interneurons in mice learning multiple new cue-reward associations. Voltage indicators revealed cell-type-specific increases of cross-hemispheric gamma synchrony between PV interneurons when mice received feedback that previously learned associations were no longer valid. Disrupting this synchronization by delivering out-of-phase optogenetic stimulation caused mice to perseverate on outdated associations, an effect not reproduced by in-phase stimulation or out-of-phase stimulation at other frequencies. Gamma synchrony was specifically required when new associations used familiar cues that were previously irrelevant to behavioral outcomes, not when associations involved new cues or for reversing previously learned associations. Thus, gamma synchrony is indispensable for reappraising the behavioral salience of external cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen K A Cho
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Weill Institute for Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Thomas J Davidson
- Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Guy Bouvier
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jesse D Marshall
- Department of Organismic & Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mark J Schnitzer
- Departments of Biology and Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Vikaas S Sohal
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Weill Institute for Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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374
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Bice K, Yamasaki BL, Prat CS. Bilingual Language Experience Shapes Resting-State Brain Rhythms. NEUROBIOLOGY OF LANGUAGE (CAMBRIDGE, MASS.) 2020; 1:288-318. [PMID: 37215228 PMCID: PMC10158654 DOI: 10.1162/nol_a_00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
An increasing body of research has investigated how bilingual language experience changes brain structure and function, including changes to task-free, or "resting-state" brain connectivity. Such findings provide important evidence about how the brain continues to be shaped by different language experiences throughout the lifespan. The neural effects of bilingual language experience can provide evidence about the additional processing demands placed on the linguistic and/or executive systems by dual-language use. While considerable research has used MRI to examine where these changes occur, such methods cannot reveal the temporal dynamics of functioning brain networks at rest. The current study used data from task-free EEGS to disentangle how the linguistic and cognitive demands of bilingual language use impact brain functioning. Data analyzed from 106 bilinguals and 91 monolinguals revealed that bilinguals had greater alpha power, and significantly greater and broader coherence in the alpha and beta frequency ranges than monolinguals. Follow-up analyses showed that higher alpha was related to language control: more second-language use, higher native-language proficiency, and earlier age of second-language acquisition. Bilateral beta power was related to native-language proficiency, whereas theta was related to native-language proficiency only in left-hemisphere electrodes. The results contribute to our understanding of how the linguistic and cognitive requirements of dual-language use shape intrinsic brain activity, and what the broader implications for information processing may be.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brianna L. Yamasaki
- Institute for Learning and Brain Sciences and Department of Psychology, University of Washington
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University
| | - Chantel S. Prat
- Institute for Learning and Brain Sciences and Department of Psychology, University of Washington
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375
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Liu XL, Ranganath C, Hsieh LT, Hurtado M, Niendam TA, Lesh TA, Carter CS, Ragland JD. Task-specific Disruptions in Theta Oscillations during Working Memory for Temporal Order in People with Schizophrenia. J Cogn Neurosci 2020; 32:2117-2130. [PMID: 32573383 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Prior studies demonstrated that neural oscillations are enhanced during working memory (WM) maintenance and that this activity can predict behavioral performance in healthy individuals. However, it is unclear whether the relationship holds for people with WM deficits. People with schizophrenia have marked WM deficits, and such deficits are most prominent when patients are required to process relationships between items, such as temporal order. Here, we used EEG to compare the relationship between oscillatory activity and WM performance in patients and controls. EEG was recorded as participants performed tasks requiring maintenance of complex objects ("Item") or the temporal order of objects ("Order"). In addition to testing for group differences, we examined individual differences in EEG power and WM performance across groups. Behavioral results demonstrated that patients showed impaired performance on both Item and Order trials. EEG analyses revealed that patients showed an overall reduction in alpha power, but the relationship between alpha activity and performance was preserved. In contrast, patients showed a reduction in theta power specific to Order trials, and theta power could predict performance on Order trials in controls, but not in patients. These findings demonstrate that WM impairments in patients may reflect two different processes: a general deficit in alpha oscillations and a specific deficit in theta oscillations when temporal order information must be maintained. At a broader level, the results highlight the value of characterizing brain-behavior relationships, by demonstrating that the relationship between neural oscillations and WM performance can be fundamentally disrupted in those with WM deficits.
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376
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Chen PC, Whitehurst LN, Naji M, Mednick SC. Autonomic/central coupling benefits working memory in healthy young adults. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2020; 173:107267. [PMID: 32535198 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2020.107267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Working memory (WM) is an executive function that can improve with training. However, the precise mechanism for this improvement is not known. Studies have shown greater WM gains after a period of sleep than a similar period of wake, and correlations between WM improvement and slow wave activity (SWA; 0.5-1 Hz) during slow wave sleep (SWS). A different body of literature has suggested an important role for autonomic activity during wake for WM. A recent study from our group reported that the temporal coupling of Autonomic/CentralEvents (ACEs) during sleep was associated with memory consolidation. We found that heart rate bursts (HR bursts) during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep are accompanied by increases in SWA and sigma (12-15 Hz) power, as well as increases in the high-frequency (HF) component of the RR interval, reflecting vagal rebound. In addition, ACEs predict long-term, episodic memory improvement. Building on these previous results, we examined whether ACEs also contribute to gains in WM. We tested 104 young adults in an operation span task (OSPAN) in the morning and evening, with either a nap (n = 53; with electroencephalography (EEG) and electrocardiography (ECG)) or wake (n = 51) between testing sessions. We identified HR bursts in the ECG and replicated the increases in SWA and sigma prior to peak of the HR burst, as well as vagal rebound after the peak. Furthermore, we showed sleep-dependent WM improvement, which was predicted by ACE activity. Using regression analyses, we discovered that significantly more variance in WM improvement could be explained with ACE variables than with overall sleep activity not time-locked with ECG. These results provide the first evidence that coordinated autonomic and central events play a significant role in sleep-related WM improvement and implicate the potential of autonomic interventions during sleep for cognitive enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin-Chun Chen
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, Irvine USA
| | | | - Mohsen Naji
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Sara C Mednick
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, Irvine USA.
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377
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"Transient" or "Persistent" Coding for Working Memory. Neurosci Bull 2020; 36:1233-1235. [PMID: 32524376 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-020-00523-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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378
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Polizzotto NR, Ramakrishnan N, Cho RY. Is It Possible to Improve Working Memory With Prefrontal tDCS? Bridging Currents to Working Memory Models. Front Psychol 2020; 11:939. [PMID: 32528366 PMCID: PMC7264806 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
A great deal of research has been performed with the promise of improving such critical cognitive functions as working memory (WM), with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), a well-tolerated, inexpensive, easy-to-use intervention. Under the assumption that by delivering currents through electrodes placed in suitable locations on the scalp, it is possible to increase prefrontal cortex excitability and therefore improve WM. A growing number of studies have led to mixed results, leading to the realization that such oversimplified assumptions need revision. Models spanning currents to behavior have been advocated in order to reconcile and inform neurostimulation investigations. We articulate such multilevel exploration to tDCS/WM by briefly reviewing critical aspects at each level of analysis but focusing on the circuit level and how available biophysical WM models could inform tDCS. Indeed, such models should replace vague reference to cortical excitability changes with relevant tDCS net effects affecting neural computation and behavior in a more predictable manner. We will refer to emerging WM models and explore to what extent the general concept of excitation-inhibition (E/I) balance is a meaningful intermediate level of analysis, its relationship with gamma oscillatory activity, and the extent to which it can index tDCS effects. We will highlight some predictions that appear consistent with empirical evidence – such as non-linearities and trait dependency of effects and possibly a preferential effect on WM control functions – as well as limitations that appear related to the dynamical aspects of coding by persistent activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Riccardo Polizzotto
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Nithya Ramakrishnan
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Raymond Y Cho
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX, United States.,Menninger Clinic, Houston, TX, United States
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379
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Kozhemiako N, Nunes AS, Samal A, Rana KD, Calabro FJ, Hämäläinen MS, Khan S, Vaina LM. Neural activity underlying the detection of an object movement by an observer during forward self-motion: Dynamic decoding and temporal evolution of directional cortical connectivity. Prog Neurobiol 2020; 195:101824. [PMID: 32446882 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2020.101824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Relatively little is known about how the human brain identifies movement of objects while the observer is also moving in the environment. This is, ecologically, one of the most fundamental motion processing problems, critical for survival. To study this problem, we used a task which involved nine textured spheres moving in depth, eight simulating the observer's forward motion while the ninth, the target, moved independently with a different speed towards or away from the observer. Capitalizing on the high temporal resolution of magnetoencephalography (MEG) we trained a Support Vector Classifier (SVC) using the sensor-level data to identify correct and incorrect responses. Using the same MEG data, we addressed the dynamics of cortical processes involved in the detection of the independently moving object and investigated whether we could obtain confirmatory evidence for the brain activity patterns used by the classifier. Our findings indicate that response correctness could be reliably predicted by the SVC, with the highest accuracy during the blank period after motion and preceding the response. The spatial distribution of the areas critical for the correct prediction was similar but not exclusive to areas underlying the evoked activity. Importantly, SVC identified frontal areas otherwise not detected with evoked activity that seem to be important for the successful performance in the task. Dynamic connectivity further supported the involvement of frontal and occipital-temporal areas during the task periods. This is the first study to dynamically map cortical areas using a fully data-driven approach in order to investigate the neural mechanisms involved in the detection of moving objects during observer's self-motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Kozhemiako
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - A S Nunes
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA.
| | - A Samal
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Neurology and the Graduate Program for Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - K D Rana
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Neurology and the Graduate Program for Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA; National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - F J Calabro
- Department of Psychiatry and Biomedical Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - M S Hämäläinen
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - S Khan
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - L M Vaina
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA; Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Neurology and the Graduate Program for Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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380
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ErbB4 Null Mice Display Altered Mesocorticolimbic and Nigrostriatal Dopamine Levels as well as Deficits in Cognitive and Motivational Behaviors. eNeuro 2020; 7:ENEURO.0395-19.2020. [PMID: 32354758 PMCID: PMC7242816 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0395-19.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural genetic variants of Neuregulin1 (NRG1) and its cognate receptor ErbB4 are associated with a risk for schizophrenia. Whereas most studies on NRG1-ErbB4 signaling have focused on GABAergic interneurons, ErbB4 is also expressed by midbrain dopaminergic neurons where it modulates extracellular dopamine (DA) levels. Here, we report that extracellular steady-state levels of DA are reduced in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC; −65%), hippocampus (−53%) and nucleus accumbens (NAc; −35%), but are elevated in the dorsal striatum (+25%) of ErbB4 knock-out mice (ErbB4 KOs) relative to wild-type controls. This pattern of DA imbalance recapitulates the reported prefrontal cortical reduction and striatal increase of DA levels in schizophrenia patients. Next, we report on a battery of behavioral tasks used to evaluate locomotor, cognitive and motivational behaviors in ErbB4 KOs relative to controls. We found that ErbB4 KOs are hyperactive in a novel open field but not in their familiar home cage, are more sensitive to amphetamine, perform poorly in the T-maze and novel object recognition (NOR) tasks, exhibit reduced spatial learning and memory on the Barnes maze, and perform markedly worse in conditioned place preference (CPP) tasks when associating cued-reward palatable food with location. However, we found that the poor performance of ErbB4 KOs in CPP are likely due to deficits in spatial memory, instead of reward seeking, as ErbB4 KOs are more motivated to work for palatable food rewards. Our findings indicate that ErbB4 signaling affects tonic DA levels and modulates a wide array of behavioral deficits relevant to psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia.
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381
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Bezdicek O, Ballarini T, Albrecht F, Libon DJ, Lamar M, Růžička F, Roth J, Hurlstone MJ, Mueller K, Schroeter ML, Jech R. SERIAL-ORDER recall in working memory across the cognitive spectrum of Parkinson's disease and neuroimaging correlates. J Neuropsychol 2020; 15:88-111. [PMID: 32394540 DOI: 10.1111/jnp.12208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We sought to determine if Parkinson's disease (PD) with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is associated with a greater SERIAL-ORDER (mental manipulation) than ANY-ORDER (auditory span, storage) deficit in working memory (WM). We investigated WM combining neuropsychological measures with the study of brain functional connectivity. A cohort of 160 patients with idiopathic PD, classified as PD-MCI (n = 87) or PD with normal cognition (PD-NC; n = 73), and 70 matched healthy controls were studied. Verbal WM was assessed with the Backward Digit Span Task (BDT; Lamar et al., 2007, Neuropsychologia, 45, 245), measuring SERIAL-ORDER and ANY-ORDER recall. Resting-state MRI data were collected for 15 PD-MCI, 15 PD-NC and 30 controls. Hypothesis-driven seed-based functional connectivity of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) was compared between the three groups and correlated with BDT performance. We found the main effect of the test (impairment in SERIAL ORDER > ANY ORDER) and group ((NC = PD-NC) > PD-MCI) in BDT performance that was even more pronounced in SERIAL ORDER when controlling for ANY ORDER variability but not vice versa. Furthermore, PD-MCI compared to other groups were characterized by the functional disconnection between the bilateral DLPFC and the cerebellum. In functional correlations, DLPFC connectivity was positively related to both SERIAL- and ANY-ORDER performance. In conclusion, PD-MCI patients evidenced greater SERIAL-ORDER (manipulation and cognitive control) than ANY-ORDER (storage) working memory impairment than PD-NC and controls with a disrupted DLPFC resting-state connectivity that was also related to the verbal WM performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondrej Bezdicek
- Department of Neurology and Centre of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, General University Hospital, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tommaso Ballarini
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Franziska Albrecht
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - David J Libon
- School of Osteopathic Medicine, New Jersey Institute for Successful Aging, Departments of Geriatric, Gerontology, and Psychology, Rowan University, Stratford, New Jersey, USA
| | - Melissa Lamar
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Filip Růžička
- Department of Neurology and Centre of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, General University Hospital, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Roth
- Department of Neurology and Centre of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, General University Hospital, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Mark J Hurlstone
- School of Psychology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Karsten Mueller
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Matthias L Schroeter
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.,Clinic for Cognitive Neurology, University Clinic, Leipzig, Germany.,FTLD Consortium, Ulm, Germany
| | - Robert Jech
- Department of Neurology and Centre of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, General University Hospital, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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382
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Eryilmaz H, Dowling KF, Hughes DE, Rodriguez-Thompson A, Tanner A, Huntington C, Coon WG, Roffman JL. Working memory load-dependent changes in cortical network connectivity estimated by machine learning. Neuroimage 2020; 217:116895. [PMID: 32360929 PMCID: PMC8202087 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Working memory engages multiple distributed brain networks to support goal-directed behavior and higher order cognition. Dysfunction in working memory has been associated with cognitive impairment in neuropsychiatric disorders. It is important to characterize the interactions among cortical networks that are sensitive to working memory load since such interactions can also hint at the impaired dynamics in patients with poor working memory performance. Functional connectivity is a powerful tool used to investigate coordinated activity among local and distant brain regions. Here, we identified connectivity footprints that differentiate task states representing distinct working memory load levels. We employed linear support vector machines to decode working memory load from task-based functional connectivity matrices in 177 healthy adults. Using neighborhood component analysis, we also identified the most important connectivity pairs in classifying high and low working memory loads. We found that between-network coupling among frontoparietal, ventral attention and default mode networks, and within-network connectivity in ventral attention network are the most important factors in classifying low vs. high working memory load. Task-based within-network connectivity profiles at high working memory load in ventral attention and default mode networks were the most predictive of load-related increases in response times. Our findings reveal the large-scale impact of working memory load on the cerebral cortex and highlight the complex dynamics of intrinsic brain networks during active task states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamdi Eryilmaz
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Kevin F Dowling
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dylan E Hughes
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anais Rodriguez-Thompson
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexandra Tanner
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Charlie Huntington
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - William G Coon
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joshua L Roffman
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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383
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Mansur RB, Lee Y, McIntyre RS, Brietzke E. What is bipolar disorder? A disease model of dysregulated energy expenditure. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 113:529-545. [PMID: 32305381 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Advances in the understanding and management of bipolar disorder (BD) have been slow to emerge. Despite notable recent developments in neurosciences, our conceptualization of the nature of this mental disorder has not meaningfully progressed. One of the key reasons for this scenario is the continuing lack of a comprehensive disease model. Within the increasing complexity of modern research methods, there is a clear need for an overarching theoretical framework, in which findings are assimilated and predictions are generated. In this review and hypothesis article, we propose such a framework, one in which dysregulated energy expenditure is a primary, sufficient cause for BD. Our proposed model is centered on the disruption of the molecular and cellular network regulating energy production and expenditure, as well its potential secondary adaptations and compensatory mechanisms. We also focus on the putative longitudinal progression of this pathological process, considering its most likely periods for onset, such as critical periods that challenges energy homeostasis (e.g. neurodevelopment, social isolation), and the resulting short and long-term phenotypical manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo B Mansur
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Yena Lee
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Roger S McIntyre
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Elisa Brietzke
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Kingston General Hospital, Providence Care Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University School of Medicine, Kingston, ON, Canada
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384
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Schreiner T, Staudigl T. Electrophysiological signatures of memory reactivation in humans. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190293. [PMID: 32248789 PMCID: PMC7209925 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The reactivation of neural activity that was present during the encoding of an event is assumed to be essential for human episodic memory retrieval and the consolidation of memories during sleep. Pioneering animal work has already established a crucial role of memory reactivation to prepare and guide behaviour. Research in humans is now delineating the neural processes involved in memory reactivation during both wakefulness and sleep as well as their functional significance. Focusing on the electrophysiological signatures of memory reactivation in humans during both memory retrieval and sleep-related consolidation, this review provides an overview of the state of the art in the field. We outline recent advances, methodological developments and open questions and specifically highlight commonalities and differences in the neuronal signatures of memory reactivation during the states of wakefulness and sleep. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Memory reactivation: replaying events past, present and future’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schreiner
- School of Psychology and Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Tobias Staudigl
- Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
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385
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Ruotsalainen I, Gorbach T, Perkola J, Renvall V, Syväoja HJ, Tammelin TH, Karvanen J, Parviainen T. Physical activity, aerobic fitness, and brain white matter: Their role for executive functions in adolescence. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2020; 42:100765. [PMID: 32072938 PMCID: PMC7013351 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2020.100765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical activity and exercise beneficially link to brain properties and cognitive functions in older adults, but the findings concerning adolescents remain tentative. During adolescence, the brain undergoes significant changes, which are especially pronounced in white matter. Studies provide contradictory evidence regarding the influence of physical activity or aerobic-exercise on executive functions in youth. Little is also known about the link between both fitness and physical activity with the brain's white matter during puberty. We investigated the connection between aerobic fitness and physical activity with the white matter in 59 adolescents. We further determined whether white matter interacts with the connection of fitness or physical activity with core executive functions. Our results show that only the level of aerobic fitness, but not of physical activity relates to white matter. Furthermore, the white matter of the corpus callosum and the right superior corona radiata moderates the links of aerobic fitness and physical activity with working memory. Our results suggest that aerobic fitness and physical activity have an unequal contribution to the white matter properties in adolescents. We propose that the differences in white matter properties could underlie the variations in the relationship between either physical activity or aerobic fitness with working memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Ruotsalainen
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Interdisciplinary Brain Research, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - Tetiana Gorbach
- Umeå School of Business, Economics and Statistics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jaana Perkola
- Clinical Neurophysiology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
| | - Ville Renvall
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland; AMI Centre, Aalto NeuroImaging, School of Science, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Heidi J Syväoja
- LIKES Research Centre for Physical Activity and Health, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Tuija H Tammelin
- LIKES Research Centre for Physical Activity and Health, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Juha Karvanen
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Tiina Parviainen
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Interdisciplinary Brain Research, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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386
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Balleine BW. The Meaning of Behavior: Discriminating Reflex and Volition in the Brain. Neuron 2020; 104:47-62. [PMID: 31600515 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The ability to establish behaviorally what psychological capacity an animal is deploying-to discern accurately what an animal is doing-is key to functional analyses of the brain. Our current understanding of these capacities suggests, however, that this task is complex; there is evidence that multiple capacities are engaged simultaneously and contribute independently to the control of behavior. As such, establishing the contribution of a cell, circuit, or neural system to any one function requires careful dissection of that role from its influence on other functions and, therefore, the careful selection and design of behavioral tasks fit for that purpose. Here I describe recent research that has sought to utilize behavioral tools to investigate the neural bases of instrumental conditioning, particularly the circuits and systems supporting the capacity for goal-directed action, as opposed to conditioned reflexes and habits, and how these sources of action control interact to generate adaptive behavior.
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387
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Induction and propagation of transient synchronous activity in neural networks endowed with short-term plasticity. Cogn Neurodyn 2020; 15:53-64. [PMID: 33786079 DOI: 10.1007/s11571-020-09578-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient, task related synchronous activity within neural populations has been recognized as the substrate of temporal coding in the brain. The mechanisms underlying inducing and propagation of transient synchronous activity are still unknown, and we propose that short-term plasticity (STP) of neural circuits may serve as a supplemental mechanism therein. By computational modeling, we showed that short-term facilitation greatly increases the reactivation rate of population spikes and decreases the latency of response to reactivation stimuli in local recurrent neural networks. Meanwhile, the timing of population spike reactivation is controlled by the memory effect of STP, and it is mediated primarily by the facilitation time constant. Furthermore, we demonstrated that synaptic facilitation dramatically enhances synchrony propagation in feedforward neural networks and that response timing mediated by synaptic facilitation offers a scheme for information routing. In addition, we verified that synaptic strengthening of intralayer or interlayer coupling enhances synchrony propagation, and we verified that other factors such as the delay of synaptic transmission and the mode of synaptic connectivity are also involved in regulating synchronous activity propagation. Overall, our results highlight the functional role of STP in regulating the inducing and propagation of transient synchronous activity, and they may inspire testable hypotheses for future experimental studies.
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388
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Abstract
Working memory is characterized by neural activity that persists during the retention interval of delay tasks. Despite the ubiquity of this delay activity across tasks, species and experimental techniques, our understanding of this phenomenon remains incomplete. Although initially there was a narrow focus on sustained activation in a small number of brain regions, methodological and analytical advances have allowed researchers to uncover previously unobserved forms of delay activity various parts of the brain. In light of these new findings, this Review reconsiders what delay activity is, where in the brain it is found, what roles it serves and how it may be generated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kartik K Sreenivasan
- Division of Science and Mathematics, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Mark D'Esposito
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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389
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Prat CS, Madhyastha TM, Mottarella MJ, Kuo CH. Relating Natural Language Aptitude to Individual Differences in Learning Programming Languages. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3817. [PMID: 32123206 PMCID: PMC7051953 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60661-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This experiment employed an individual differences approach to test the hypothesis that learning modern programming languages resembles second "natural" language learning in adulthood. Behavioral and neural (resting-state EEG) indices of language aptitude were used along with numeracy and fluid cognitive measures (e.g., fluid reasoning, working memory, inhibitory control) as predictors. Rate of learning, programming accuracy, and post-test declarative knowledge were used as outcome measures in 36 individuals who participated in ten 45-minute Python training sessions. The resulting models explained 50-72% of the variance in learning outcomes, with language aptitude measures explaining significant variance in each outcome even when the other factors competed for variance. Across outcome variables, fluid reasoning and working-memory capacity explained 34% of the variance, followed by language aptitude (17%), resting-state EEG power in beta and low-gamma bands (10%), and numeracy (2%). These results provide a novel framework for understanding programming aptitude, suggesting that the importance of numeracy may be overestimated in modern programming education environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantel S Prat
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
- Institute for Learning and Brain Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
- University of Washington Institute for Neuroengineering, Seattle, Washington, USA.
- Center for Neurotechnology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
| | - Tara M Madhyastha
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Chu-Hsuan Kuo
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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390
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Masse NY, Rosen MC, Freedman DJ. Reevaluating the Role of Persistent Neural Activity in Short-Term Memory. Trends Cogn Sci 2020; 24:242-258. [PMID: 32007384 PMCID: PMC7288241 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2019.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A traditional view of short-term working memory (STM) is that task-relevant information is maintained 'online' in persistent spiking activity. However, recent experimental and modeling studies have begun to question this long-held belief. In this review, we discuss new evidence demonstrating that information can be 'silently' maintained via short-term synaptic plasticity (STSP) without the need for persistent activity. We discuss how the neural mechanisms underlying STM are inextricably linked with the cognitive demands of the task, such that the passive maintenance and the active manipulation of information are subserved differently in the brain. Together, these recent findings point towards a more nuanced view of STM in which multiple substrates work in concert to support our ability to temporarily maintain and manipulate information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Y Masse
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Matthew C Rosen
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - David J Freedman
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Grossman Institute for Neuroscience, Quantitative Biology and Human Behavior, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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391
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Dienel SJ, Enwright JF, Hoftman GD, Lewis DA. Markers of glutamate and GABA neurotransmission in the prefrontal cortex of schizophrenia subjects: Disease effects differ across anatomical levels of resolution. Schizophr Res 2020; 217:86-94. [PMID: 31296415 PMCID: PMC6946893 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive dysfunction in individuals with schizophrenia is thought to reflect, at least in part, altered levels of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Studies of the postmortem human brain allow for interrogation of the disease-related alterations in markers of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission at different levels of anatomical resolution. Here, we re-analyzed six published datasets from postmortem studies of schizophrenia to assess molecular markers of glutamate and GABA neurotransmission in the DLPFC at three levels of anatomical resolution: 1) total cortical gray matter, 2) gray matter restricted to layer 3, and 3) a layer 3 local circuit composed of excitatory pyramidal cells and inhibitory, parvalbumin-containing, GABA neurons. We formulated composite measures of glutamate and GABA neurotransmission from z-scores of key transcripts that regulate these functions. Relative to unaffected comparison subjects, the composite glutamate measure was higher in schizophrenia subjects in total gray matter homogenates but lower in samples restricted to layer 3 or the layer 3 local circuit. The composite index of GABA neurotransmission did not differ between subject groups in total gray matter homogenates but was lower in schizophrenia subjects in layer 3 and lower still in the local layer 3 circuit. These findings suggest that the balance of excitation and inhibition in the DLPFC of schizophrenia subjects differs depending on the level of anatomical resolution studied, highlighting the importance of layer- and cell type-specific studies to understand disease-related alterations in cortical circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J Dienel
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Pittsburgh, United States of America; Translational Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, United States of America; Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Carnegie Mellon University, United States of America; Department of Neuroscience, Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, United States of America
| | - John F Enwright
- Translational Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, United States of America
| | - Gil D Hoftman
- Translational Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, United States of America
| | - David A Lewis
- Translational Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, United States of America; Department of Neuroscience, Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, United States of America.
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392
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Crows control working memory before and after stimulus encoding. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3253. [PMID: 32094457 PMCID: PMC7039964 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59975-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The capacity of working memory is limited and this limit is comparable in crows and primates. To maximize this resource, humans use attention to select only relevant information for maintenance. Interestingly, attention-cues are effective not only before but also after the presentation of to-be-remembered stimuli, highlighting control mechanisms beyond sensory selection. Here we explore if crows are also capable of these forms of control over working memory. Two crows (Corvus corone) were trained to memorize two, four or six visual stimuli. Comparable to our previous results, the crows showed a decrease in performance with increasing working memory load. Using attention cues, we indicated the critical stimulus on a given trial. These cues were either presented before (pre-cue) or after sample-presentation (retro-cue). On other trials no cue was given as to which stimulus was critical. We found that both pre- and retro-cues enhance the performance of the birds. These results show that crows, like humans, can utilize attention to select relevant stimuli for maintenance in working memory. Importantly, crows can also utilize cues to make the most of their working memory capacity even after the stimuli are already held in working memory. This strongly implies that crows can engage in efficient control over working memory.
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393
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Ibañez S, Luebke JI, Chang W, Draguljić D, Weaver CM. Network Models Predict That Pyramidal Neuron Hyperexcitability and Synapse Loss in the dlPFC Lead to Age-Related Spatial Working Memory Impairment in Rhesus Monkeys. Front Comput Neurosci 2020; 13:89. [PMID: 32009920 PMCID: PMC6979278 DOI: 10.3389/fncom.2019.00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Behavioral studies have shown spatial working memory impairment with aging in several animal species, including humans. Persistent activity of layer 3 pyramidal dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) neurons during delay periods of working memory tasks is important for encoding memory of the stimulus. In vitro studies have shown that these neurons undergo significant age-related structural and functional changes, but the extent to which these changes affect neural mechanisms underlying spatial working memory is not understood fully. Here, we confirm previous studies showing impairment on the Delayed Recognition Span Task in the spatial condition (DRSTsp), and increased in vitro action potential firing rates (hyperexcitability), across the adult life span of the rhesus monkey. We use a bump attractor model to predict how empirically observed changes in the aging dlPFC affect performance on the Delayed Response Task (DRT), and introduce a model of memory retention in the DRSTsp. Persistent activity-and, in turn, cognitive performance-in both models was affected much more by hyperexcitability of pyramidal neurons than by a loss of synapses. Our DRT simulations predict that additional changes to the network, such as increased firing of inhibitory interneurons, are needed to account for lower firing rates during the DRT with aging reported in vivo. Synaptic facilitation was an essential feature of the DRSTsp model, but it did not compensate fully for the effects of the other age-related changes on DRT performance. Modeling pyramidal neuron hyperexcitability and synapse loss simultaneously led to a partial recovery of function in both tasks, with the simulated level of DRSTsp impairment similar to that observed in aging monkeys. This modeling work integrates empirical data across multiple scales, from synapse counts to cognitive testing, to further our understanding of aging in non-human primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ibañez
- Department of Mathematics, Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, PA, United States
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jennifer I. Luebke
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Wayne Chang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Danel Draguljić
- Department of Mathematics, Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, PA, United States
| | - Christina M. Weaver
- Department of Mathematics, Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, PA, United States
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394
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Barker GR, Wong LF, Uney JB, Warburton EC. CREB transcription in the medial prefrontal cortex regulates the formation of long-term associative recognition memory. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 27:45-51. [PMID: 31949036 PMCID: PMC6970425 DOI: 10.1101/lm.050021.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is known to be critical for specific forms of long-term recognition memory, however the cellular mechanisms in the mPFC that underpin memory maintenance have not been well characterized. This study examined the importance of phosphorylation of cAMP responsive element binding protein (CREB) in the mPFC for different forms of long-term recognition memory in the rat. Adenoviral transduction of the mPFC with a dominant-negative inhibitor of CREB impaired object-in-place memory following a 6 or 24 h retention delay, but no impairment was observed following delays of 5 min or 3 h. Long-term object temporal order memory and spatial temporal order memory was also impaired. In contrast, there were no impairments in novel object recognition or object location memory. These results establish, for the first time, the importance of CREB phosphorylation within the mPFC for memory of associative and temporal information crucial to recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth Robert Barker
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - Liang Fong Wong
- School of Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - James B Uney
- School of Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth C Warburton
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
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395
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396
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Kreuzer M, García PS, Brucklacher-Waldert V, Claassen R, Schneider G, Antkowiak B, Drexler B. Diazepam and ethanol differently modulate neuronal activity in organotypic cortical cultures. BMC Neurosci 2019; 20:58. [PMID: 31823754 PMCID: PMC6902402 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-019-0540-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The pharmacodynamic results of diazepam and ethanol administration are similar, in that each can mediate amnestic and sedative-hypnotic effects. Although each of these molecules effectively reduce the activity of central neurons, diazepam does so through modulation of a more specific set of receptor targets (GABAA receptors containing a γ-subunit), while alcohol is less selective in its receptor bioactivity. Our investigation focuses on divergent actions of diazepam and ethanol on the firing patterns of cultured cortical neurons. Method We used electrophysiological recordings from organotypic slice cultures derived from Sprague–Dawley rat neocortex. We exposed these cultures to either diazepam (15 and 30 µM, n = 7) or ethanol (30 and 60 mM, n = 11) and recorded the electrical activity at baseline and experimental conditions. For analysis, we extracted the episodes of spontaneous activity, i.e., cortical up-states. After separation of action potential and local field potential (LFP) activity, we looked at differences in the number of action potentials, in the spectral power of the LFP, as well as in the coupling between action potential and LFP phase. Results While both substances seem to decrease neocortical action potential firing in a not significantly different (p = 0.659, Mann–Whitney U) fashion, diazepam increases the spectral power of the up-state without significantly impacting the spectral composition, whereas ethanol does not significantly change the spectral power but the oscillatory architecture of the up-state as revealed by the Friedman test with Bonferroni correction (p < 0.05). Further, the action potential to LFP-phase coupling reveals a synchronizing effect of diazepam for a wide frequency range and a narrow-band de-synchronizing effect for ethanol (p < 0.05, Kolmogorov–Smirnov test). Conclusion Diazepam and ethanol, induce specific patterns of network depressant actions. Diazepam induces cortical network inhibition and increased synchronicity via gamma subunit containing GABAA receptors. Ethanol also induces cortical network inhibition, but without an increase in synchronicity via a wider span of molecular targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Kreuzer
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
| | - Paul S García
- Department of Anesthesiology, Neuroanesthesia Division, Columbia University Medical Center, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, USA
| | - Verena Brucklacher-Waldert
- Dept. of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Experimental Anesthesiology Section, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Horizon Discovery, 8100 Cambridge Research Park, Waterbeach, Cambridge, CB25 9TL, UK
| | - Rebecca Claassen
- Dept. of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Experimental Anesthesiology Section, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Psychiatrie-Zentrum Linthgebiet, Standort Rapperswil, Untere Bahnhofstrasse 11, 8640, Rapperswil, Switzerland
| | - Gerhard Schneider
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
| | - Bernd Antkowiak
- Dept. of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Experimental Anesthesiology Section, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Werner Reichardt Center for Integrative Neuroscience, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Berthold Drexler
- Dept. of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Experimental Anesthesiology Section, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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397
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de Vries IEJ, Slagter HA, Olivers CNL. Oscillatory Control over Representational States in Working Memory. Trends Cogn Sci 2019; 24:150-162. [PMID: 31791896 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2019.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In the visual world, attention is guided by perceptual goals activated in visual working memory (VWM). However, planning multiple-task sequences also requires VWM to store representations for future goals. These future goals need to be prevented from interfering with the current perceptual task. Recent findings have implicated neural oscillations as a control mechanism serving the implementation and switching of different states of prioritization of VWM representations. We review recent evidence that posterior alpha-band oscillations underlie the flexible activation and deactivation of VWM representations and that frontal delta-to-theta-band oscillations play a role in the executive control of this process. That is, frontal delta-to-theta appears to orchestrate posterior alpha through long-range oscillatory networks to flexibly set up and change VWM states during multitask sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingmar E J de Vries
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology and Institute for Brain and Behavior Amsterdam, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Heleen A Slagter
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology and Institute for Brain and Behavior Amsterdam, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christian N L Olivers
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology and Institute for Brain and Behavior Amsterdam, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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398
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Measurement and Modulation of Working Memory-Related Oscillatory Abnormalities. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2019; 25:1076-1081. [PMID: 31358081 DOI: 10.1017/s1355617719000845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Despite the critical role of working memory (WM) in neuropsychiatric conditions, there remains a dearth of available WM-targeted interventions. Gamma and theta oscillations as measured with electroencephalography (EEG) or magnetoencephalography (MEG) reflect the neural underpinnings of WM. The WM processes that fluctuate in conjunction with WM demands are closely correlated with WM test performance, and their EEG signatures are abnormal in several clinical populations. Novel interventions such as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) have been shown to modulate these oscillations and subsequently improve WM performance and clinical symptoms. Systematically identifying pathological WM-related gamma/theta oscillatory patterns with EEG/MEG and developing ways to target them with interventions such as TMS is an active area of clinical research. Results hold promise for enhancing the outcomes of our patients with WM deficits and for moving the field of clinical neuropsychology towards a mechanism-based approach.
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399
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Schmidt R, Herrojo Ruiz M, Kilavik BE, Lundqvist M, Starr PA, Aron AR. Beta Oscillations in Working Memory, Executive Control of Movement and Thought, and Sensorimotor Function. J Neurosci 2019; 39:8231-8238. [PMID: 31619492 PMCID: PMC6794925 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1163-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Beta oscillations (∼13 to 30 Hz) have been observed during many perceptual, cognitive, and motor processes in a plethora of brain recording studies. Although the function of beta oscillations (hereafter "beta" for short) is unlikely to be explained by any single monolithic description, we here discuss several convergent findings. In prefrontal cortex (PFC), increased beta appears at the end of a trial when working memory information needs to be erased. A similar "clear-out" function might apply during the stopping of action and the stopping of long-term memory retrieval (stopping thoughts), where increased prefrontal beta is also observed. A different apparent role for beta in PFC occurs during the delay period of working memory tasks: it might serve to maintain the current contents and/or to prevent interference from distraction. We confront the challenge of relating these observations to the large literature on beta recorded from sensorimotor cortex. Potentially, the clear-out of working memory in PFC has its counterpart in the postmovement clear-out of the motor plan in sensorimotor cortex. However, recent studies support alternative interpretations. In addition, we flag emerging research on different frequencies of beta and the relationship between beta and single-neuron spiking. We also discuss where beta might be generated: basal ganglia, cortex, or both. We end by considering the clinical implications for adaptive deep-brain stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Schmidt
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S1 2LT, UK,
| | - Maria Herrojo Ruiz
- Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths University of London, London, SE14 6NW, UK
- Center for Cognition and Decision Making, Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow 101000, Russian Federation
| | - Bjørg E Kilavik
- Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, 13005, France
| | - Mikael Lundqvist
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307
| | - Philip A Starr
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, and
| | - Adam R Aron
- Department of Psychology, University of California San Diego La Jolla, CA 92093
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400
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Wen T, Duncan J, Mitchell DJ. The time-course of component processes of selective attention. Neuroimage 2019; 199:396-407. [PMID: 31150787 PMCID: PMC6693528 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.05.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Attentional selection shapes human perception, enhancing relevant information, according to behavioral goals. While many studies have investigated individual neural signatures of attention, here we used multivariate decoding of electrophysiological brain responses (MEG/EEG) to track and compare multiple component processes of selective attention. Auditory cues instructed participants to select a particular visual target, embedded within a subsequent stream of displays. Combining single and multi-item displays with different types of distractors allowed multiple aspects of information content to be decoded, distinguishing distinct components of attention, as the selection process evolved. Although the task required comparison of items to an attentional "template" held in memory, signals consistent with such a template were largely undetectable throughout the preparatory period but re-emerged after presentation of a non-target choice display. Choice displays evoked strong neural representation of multiple target features, evolving over different timescales. We quantified five distinct processing operations with different time-courses. First, visual properties of the stimulus were strongly represented. Second, the candidate target was rapidly identified and localized in multi-item displays, providing the earliest evidence of modulation by behavioral relevance. Third, the identity of the target continued to be enhanced, relative to distractors. Fourth, only later was the behavioral significance of the target explicitly represented in single-item displays. Finally, if the target was not identified and search was to be resumed, then an attentional template was weakly reactivated. The observation that an item's behavioral relevance directs attention in multi-item displays prior to explicit representation of target/non-target status in single-item displays is consistent with two-stage models of attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Wen
- Medical Research Council, Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, 15 Chaucer Road, Cambridge, CB2 7EF, United Kingdom.
| | - John Duncan
- Medical Research Council, Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, 15 Chaucer Road, Cambridge, CB2 7EF, United Kingdom; Department of Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Daniel J Mitchell
- Medical Research Council, Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, 15 Chaucer Road, Cambridge, CB2 7EF, United Kingdom.
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