351
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Yu R, Fujio K, Tahara H, Araki Y, Yamamoto K. Clonal dynamics of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. Eur J Immunol 2005; 35:1754-63. [PMID: 15902685 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200425866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The presence of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) provides important evidence of anti-tumor immunity in vivo. However, TIL are usually not sufficient for inhibiting tumor growth. We explored the spatial and temporal aspects of clonal accumulation of TIL using RT-PCR/single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis. In CMS5 fibrosarcomas in BALB/c mice, accumulated T cell clones were specific in that dominant TIL were identical between distant tumors. Moreover, dominant TIL in the first tumor appeared consistently in the second tumor inoculated after formation of the first tumor. These results suggest that TIL show a certain level of specific tumor surveillance. When we characterized CD4(+) and CD8(+) TIL separately, CD8(+) TIL were highly concentrated and persistently localized at the tumor site, while most CD4(+) TIL clones were less concentrated and less persistent. A functional analysis showed that TIL had a certain degree of anti-tumor activity when CD4(+) and CD8(+) TIL were co-transferred. Co-transfer of CD4(+) and CD8(+) TIL exhibited equivalent anti-tumor activity, irrespective of tumor stage. However, the numbers of TIL did not increase after the early phase of tumor progression. These data suggest that TIL are specific to the tumor and potentially retain anti-tumor activity, although their accumulation in mice is impaired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Yu
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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352
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Murphy A, Westwood JA, Teng MWL, Moeller M, Darcy PK, Kershaw MH. Gene modification strategies to induce tumor immunity. Immunity 2005; 22:403-14. [PMID: 15845446 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2005.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2005] [Revised: 03/22/2005] [Accepted: 03/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The immune system provides an attractive option for use in cancer therapy. Our increasing understanding of the molecular events important in the generation of an effective immune response presents us with the opportunity to manipulate key genes to boost the immune response against cancer. Genetic modification is being employed to enhance a range of immune processes including antigen presentation, activation of specific T cells, and localization of immune effectors to tumors. In this review, we describe how many diverse cell types, including dendritic cells, T cells, and tumor cells, are being modified with a variety of genes, including those encoding antigens, cytokines, and chemokines, in order to enhance tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Murphy
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCullum Cancer Center, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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353
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Abstract
NKG2D is an activating cell-surface receptor expressed on natural killer (NK) cells and some T-cell subsets. Its ligands are primarily expressed on tumor cells. The aim of this study was to determine whether chimeric NK-receptor-bearing T cells would directly kill tumor cells and lead to induction of host immunity against tumors. Chimeric NK receptors were produced by linking NKG2D or DNAX activating protein of 10 kDa (Dap10) to the cytoplasmic portion of the CD3zeta chain. Our results showed that chimeric (ch) NKG2D-bearing T cells responded to NKG2D-ligand-bearing tumor cells (RMA/Rae-1beta, EG7) but not to wild-type tumor cells (RMA). This response was dependent upon ligand expression on the target cells but not on expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, and the response could be blocked by anti-NKG2D antibodies. These T cells produced large amounts of T-helper 1 (Th1) cytokines and proinflammatory chemokines and killed ligand-expressing tumor cells. Adoptive transfer of chNKG2D-bearing T cells inhibited RMA/Rae-1beta tumor growth in vivo. Moreover, mice that had remained tumor-free were resistant to subsequent challenge with the wild-type RMA tumor cells, suggesting the generation of immunity against other tumor antigens. Taken together, our findings indicate that modification of T cells with chimeric NKG2D receptors represents a promising approach for immunotherapy against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, 6W Borwell Bldg, One Medical Center Dr, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
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354
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Charo J, Finkelstein SE, Grewal N, Restifo NP, Robbins PF, Rosenberg SA. Bcl-2 overexpression enhances tumor-specific T-cell survival. Cancer Res 2005; 65:2001-8. [PMID: 15753400 PMCID: PMC2174600 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although immunotherapy based on the adoptive transfer of tumor-specific T lymphocytes has been shown to result in dramatic clinical responses in some patients, the relatively low levels of engraftment and persistence of the adoptively transferred cells may limit these responses in many patients. In an attempt to develop strategies for prolonging the survival of adoptively transferred T cells, we have carried out studies in which T cells obtained from healthy donors as well as tumor-specific T cells were transduced with a retrovirus expressing the human Bcl-2 gene. Our results indicate that these transduced T cells overexpress Bcl-2, are resistant to death, and have a survival advantage following interleukin-2 withdrawal compared with control T cells transduced with a retrovirus expressing green fluorescent protein. Tumor-specific T cells overexpressing Bcl-2 maintained their ability to specifically recognize and respond to target cells. Furthermore, we show that adoptive immunotherapy of an established B16 tumor can be significantly enhanced by overexpressing Bcl-2 in melanoma-specific T-cell receptor transgenic T cells. Our data suggest that adoptive immunotherapy approaches to the treatment of cancer patients may be enhanced using Bcl-2-modified tumor-reactive T cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Survival/immunology
- Cell Survival/physiology
- Crosses, Genetic
- Female
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/genetics
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive
- Interleukin-2/metabolism
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Male
- Melanoma, Experimental/immunology
- Melanoma, Experimental/metabolism
- Melanoma, Experimental/therapy
- Membrane Glycoproteins
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Proteins/genetics
- Proteins/physiology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/physiology
- Retroviridae/genetics
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Tissue Donors
- Transduction, Genetic
- gp100 Melanoma Antigen
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Affiliation(s)
- Jehad Charo
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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355
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Hughes MS, Yu YYL, Dudley ME, Zheng Z, Robbins PF, Li Y, Wunderlich J, Hawley RG, Moayeri M, Rosenberg SA, Morgan RA. Transfer of a TCR gene derived from a patient with a marked antitumor response conveys highly active T-cell effector functions. Hum Gene Ther 2005; 16:457-72. [PMID: 15871677 PMCID: PMC1476695 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2005.16.457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The genes for the alpha and beta chains of a highly reactive anti-MART-1 T-cell receptor were isolated from T-lymphocytes that mediated in vivo regression of tumor in a patient with metastatic melanoma. These genes were cloned and inserted into MSCV-based retroviral vectors. After transduction, greater than 50% gene transfer efficiency was demonstrated in primary T-lymphocytes stimulated by an anti-CD3 antibody. The specificity and biologic activity of TCR gene-transduced T-cells was determined by cytokine production after coculture of T-cells with stimulator cells pulsed with MART-1 peptide. The production of interferon-gamma and granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) was comparable to highly active MART-1 specific peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) in the amount of cytokine produced and transduced cells recognized peptide pulsed cells at dilutions similar to cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) clones. Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I restricted recognition was demonstrated by mobilization of degranulation marker CD107a, by cell lysis, by cytokine production, and by proliferation in the presence of HLA-A2-positive but not HLA-A2-negative melanoma cell lines. Similar data was obtained when tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) were transduced with the TCR genes, converting previously nonreactive cells to tumor reactive cells. TCR-transduced T-cells are thus attractive candidates for evaluation in cell transfer therapies of patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marybeth S Hughes
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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356
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Abstract
Cancer is a difficult target for any therapeutic strategy; therefore, there is a continuous search for new therapeutic modalities, for application either alone or in combination. In this regard, gene-based therapy is a new approach that offers hope of improved control of tumors. Intensive research to apply gene therapy for cancer treatment has led to identification of the most important technical and theoretical barriers that need to be overcome for clinical success. One of the central unresolved challenges remains the issue of specific and efficient delivery of genes to target cells or tissues, emphasizing the importance of the gene carrier. Along with different viral and non-viral vector systems, mammalian cells have also been considered as vehicles for delivery of anti-cancer therapeutics. The cell-based delivery approach was introduced as the first attempt to apply gene therapy to cancer treatment, and in general, has followed most of the ups and downs of gene therapy applications, progressing alongside new knowledge gained in this field. As a result, significant progress has been made in some aspects of the cell-based approach, while the development of other essential issues is only just gaining speed. It appears that the initial phase of development of cell-based protocols - the achievement of efficient ex vivo cell loading with therapeutics - has largely been fulfilled. However, the desired efficacy of cell-based strategies in general has not yet been reached, and specificity of tumor homing needs to be improved considerably. There is hope that advances in related scientific fields will promote the utilization of cells as powerful and versatile vehicles for cancer gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larisa Pereboeva
- Division of Human Gene Therapy, Department of Medicine, The Gene Therapy Center, BMRII-572, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 901 19th Street S., Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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357
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Yang L, Baltimore D. Long-term in vivo provision of antigen-specific T cell immunity by programming hematopoietic stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:4518-23. [PMID: 15758071 PMCID: PMC553287 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0500600102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A method to genetically program mouse hematopoietic stem cells to develop into functional CD8 or CD4 T cells of defined specificity in vivo is described. For this purpose, a bicistronic retroviral vector was engineered that efficiently delivers genes for both alpha and beta chains of T cell receptor (TCR) to hematopoietic stem cells. When modified cell populations were used to reconstruct the hematopoietic lineages of recipient mice, significant percentages of antigen-specific CD8 or CD4 T cells were observed. These cells expressed normal surface markers and responded to peptide antigen stimulation by proliferation and cytokine production. Moreover, they could mature into memory cells after peptide stimulation. Using TCRs specific for a model tumor antigen, we found that the recipient mice were able to partially resist a challenge with tumor cells carrying the antigen. By combining cells modified with CD8- and CD4-specific TCRs, and boosting with dendritic cells pulsed with cognate peptides, complete suppression of tumor could be achieved and even tumors that had become established would regress and be eliminated after dendritic cell/peptide immunization. This methodology of "instructive immunotherapy" could be developed for controlling the growth of human tumors and attacking established pathogens.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Neoplasm/administration & dosage
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Chickens
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Female
- Genes, RAG-1
- Genetic Vectors
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/cytology
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/immunology
- Humans
- Immunity, Cellular
- Immunotherapy
- In Vitro Techniques
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/therapy
- Ovalbumin/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Yang
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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358
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Abstract
One approach in the immunotherapy of cancer patients involves vaccination with peptides derived from tumour-associated antigens specifically designed to associate with T cells in the context of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I or II molecules. Several clinical trials in different tumour types have been conducted utilising this vaccination strategy. The majority of trials indicate that peptide vaccination has few toxicities associated with its administration, but disparities exist between in vitro and clinical responses. However, this represents an evolving field and, thus, it is difficult to draw firm conclusions concerning the efficacy of peptide-based vaccines for cancer immunotherapy. Improvements to peptide vaccination, including the addition of various adjuvants, the utilisation of peptide-pulsed dendritic cells, multipeptide vaccinations, the addition of helper peptides and peptide delivery through the use of mini-genes, are encouraging and serve as important guides for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joeli A Brinkman
- University of Southern California, 1501 San Pablo Street, ZNI 245, MC 2821, Los Angeles, CA 90089-2821, USA
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359
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Teng MWL, Kershaw MH, Moeller M, Smyth MJ, Darcy PK. Immunotherapy of cancer using systemically delivered gene-modified human T lymphocytes. Hum Gene Ther 2005; 15:699-708. [PMID: 15242530 DOI: 10.1089/1043034041361235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of gene-engineered T cells expressing chimeric single-chain (scFv) receptors capable of codelivering CD28 costimulation and T cell receptor zeta chain (TCR-zeta) activation signals has emerged as a promising treatment regimen for cancer. Using retroviral transduction, primary human T lymphocytes were gene-engineered to express the scFv-CD28-zeta chimeric receptor reactive with the ErbB2 tumor-associated antigen. We demonstrated the ability of these gene-engineered human T cells to produce high levels of cytokines, proliferate vigorously, and mediate lysis of ErbB2(+) tumors in an antigen-specific manner. Furthermore, such gene-engineered human T cells significantly delayed the growth of two distinct subcutaneous ErbB2(+) human tumors in irradiated nonobese diabetic-severe combined immunodeficient (NOD-SCID) mice after systemic administration. These preclinical studies are an important proof of principle that human T cells may be genetically redirected to tumors in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele W L Teng
- Cancer Immunology Program, Sir Donald and Lady Trescowthick Laboratories, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne 8006, Australia
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360
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Ueno T, Fujiwara M, Tomiyama H, Onodera M, Takiguchi M. Reconstitution of anti-HIV effector functions of primary human CD8 T lymphocytes by transfer of HIV-specific alphabeta TCR genes. Eur J Immunol 2005; 34:3379-88. [PMID: 15517606 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200425568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We redirected the antigen specificity of primary human CD8 T cells by retrovirus-mediated transduction of genes encoding alphabeta TCR specific to HIV-1 Pol protein. A large polyclonal population of TCR-transduced CD8 T cells showed substantial cytotoxic and cytokine production activities toward target cells either pulsed with the peptide or infected with HIV-1, and their functional activities were comparable to those of the parental CTL clone. Peptide fine-specificity and promiscuous recognition of HLA class I supertypes of the parental CTL clone were also preserved in the TCR-transduced cells. There were no signs of allogeneic responses in these cells, although hybrid TCR dimers consisting of transduced TCR and endogenous TCR were suspected to have been formed in these cells, as the effect of transgene expression on the surface expression of the desired TCR was limited. Moreover, the TCR-transduced cells showed potent inhibitory activity against HIV-1 replication in vitro, although the differential surface expression of the desired TCR resulted in differential functional avidity of individual TCR-transduced cells toward the peptide-pulsed target cells. These data suggest that the reconstitution of HIV-specific immunoreactive T cells engineered by genetic transfer of HIV-specific TCR is a potential alternative to immunotherapeutic applications against HIV infections.
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MESH Headings
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/genetics
- Gene Products, pol/immunology
- Genetic Therapy
- Genetic Vectors
- HIV/immunology
- HIV Infections/immunology
- HIV Infections/therapy
- Humans
- Jurkat Cells
- Ligands
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Retroviridae
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- Transduction, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Takamasa Ueno
- Division of Viral Immunology, Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
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361
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Cooper LJN, Al-Kadhimi Z, DiGiusto D, Kalos M, Colcher D, Raubitschek A, Forman SJ, Jensen MC. Development and application of CD19-specific T cells for adoptive immunotherapy of B cell malignancies. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2005; 33:83-9. [PMID: 15223016 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2004.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The graft-versus-leukemia (GVL)-effect achieved by donor-derived T cells arising from transplanted allogeneic hematopoietic stem cells or given as donor-leukocyte infusions (DLI) after allogeneic transplant, demonstrates that donor-derived T cells can eradicate B-lineage malignancies. However, graft-versus-host-disease (GVHD) occurring after allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplant (HSCT) or polyclonal DLI can limit the efficacy of these interventions. This toxicity can be avoided by using autologous T cells and/or tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). To generate antigen-specific T cells that can be derived from the allogeneic donor or the patient, we have genetically manipulated T cells to express a CD19-specific chimeric immunoreceptor. This renders T cells specific for CD19, a cell surface molecule found on B-lineage leukemia and lymphoma. This review will demonstrate the redirected specificity of CD19-specific T cells and implementation of clinical trials using these cellular agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence J N Cooper
- Division of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation Transplant, Beckman Research Institute and City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010-3000, USA.
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362
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Ma Q, DeMarte L, Wang Y, Stanners CP, Junghans RP. Carcinoembryonic antigen-immunoglobulin Fc fusion protein (CEA-Fc) for identification and activation of anti-CEA immunoglobulin-T-cell receptor-modified T cells, representative of a new class of Ig fusion proteins. Cancer Gene Ther 2004; 11:297-306. [PMID: 15002034 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cgt.7700685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Chimeric immunoglobulin-T-cell receptor (IgTCR)-modified T cells ("designer T cells") kill tumor cells based on antibody-redirected recognition of tumor-associated antigen. Anti-carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) designer T cells have been prepared and applied in adoptive cellular immunotherapy regimens for CEA-positive cancers. A CEA-immunoglobulin Fc (CEA-Fc) fusion protein was created from the A3B3 region of CEA and the Fc portion of human IgG for the purposes of activation and detection of anti-CEA designer T cells. CEA-Fc was expressed at high yield in CHO cells and purified to homogeneity in a single step on a protein A affinity column. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis revealed that CEA-Fc formed disulfide-linked dimers with a molecular weight of about 170 kDa and a monomer size of 85kDa. The A3B3 CEA component of the CEA-Fc bound to anti-CEA monoclonal antibody MN-14, as well as to the single-chain Fv (sFv) derived from this antibody that was expressed in the IgTCR on the surface of designer T cells. The Fc portion of CEA-Fc was recognized by anti-human IgG Fc antibody and bound by human monocyte Fc receptors. CEA-Fc activated the anti-CEA designer T cells as plate-bound or monocyte-bound form but not as soluble form, as measured by CD69 expression and T-cell proliferation. Our results indicate that the CEA-Fc fusion protein can be used to detect the expression of the anti-CEA IgTCR chimeric receptors on the modified T cells, as well as to serve as an antigen to activate the anti-CEA IgTCR modified T cells. CEA-Fc is the prototype for a new class of antigen-Fc molecules that may significantly augment the analytic and therapeutic goals of adoptive designer T-cell immunotherapies.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized
- CHO Cells
- Carcinoembryonic Antigen/genetics
- Carcinoembryonic Antigen/immunology
- Cricetinae
- Cricetulus
- Flow Cytometry
- Genetic Vectors/genetics
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Fc Fragments/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Fc Fragments/immunology
- Jurkat Cells
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Neoplasms/therapy
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/analysis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Immunologic/analysis
- Receptors, Immunologic/immunology
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/analysis
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/immunology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiangzhong Ma
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Institute of Human Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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363
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Pinthus JH, Waks T, Malina V, Kaufman-Francis K, Harmelin A, Aizenberg I, Kanety H, Ramon J, Eshhar Z. Adoptive immunotherapy of prostate cancer bone lesions using redirected effector lymphocytes. J Clin Invest 2004. [DOI: 10.1172/jci200422284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
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364
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Pinthus JH, Waks T, Malina V, Kaufman-Francis K, Harmelin A, Aizenberg I, Kanety H, Ramon J, Eshhar Z. Adoptive immunotherapy of prostate cancer bone lesions using redirected effector lymphocytes. J Clin Invest 2004; 114:1774-81. [PMID: 15599402 PMCID: PMC535069 DOI: 10.1172/jci22284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2004] [Accepted: 10/06/2004] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is currently the most commonly diagnosed noncutaneous malignancy in American men. When metastatic, usually to the bone, the disease is no longer curable and is usually treated palliatively with androgen ablation. However, after conversion to androgen-independent disease, there is no effective therapy currently available. The "T body" approach, which uses genetically reprogrammed lymphocytes derived from the patient and expressing chimeric receptor genes, combines the effector functions of T lymphocytes and NK cells with the ability of antibodies to recognize predefined surface antigens with high specificity and in a non-MHC-restricted manner. We show here the therapeutic efficacy of human lymphocytes bearing erbB2-specific chimeric receptors on human prostate cancer BM lesions in a SCID mouse model after conditioning of the recipient to allow homing and persistent functioning of the adoptively transferred cells. Induction of stromal cell-derived factor-1 production within the BM using low-dose irradiation or cyclophosphamide combined with IL-2 administration enhanced the homing of systemically delivered T bodies, resulting in decreased tumor growth and prostate-specific antigen secretion, prolongation of survival, and even cure of the treated mice. These preclinical studies strongly support the idea that the T body approach has therapeutic potential in disseminated prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jehonathan H Pinthus
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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365
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Cooper LJN, Al-Kadhimi Z, Serrano LM, Pfeiffer T, Olivares S, Castro A, Chang WC, Gonzalez S, Smith D, Forman SJ, Jensen MC. Enhanced antilymphoma efficacy of CD19-redirected influenza MP1-specific CTLs by cotransfer of T cells modified to present influenza MP1. Blood 2004; 105:1622-31. [PMID: 15507526 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2004-03-1208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To enhance the in vivo antitumor activity of adoptively transferred, CD19-specific chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-redirected cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), we studied the effect of restimulating CAR(+) CTLs through their endogenous virus-specific T-cell antigen receptor (TcR) by the cotransfer of engineered T-cell antigen-presenting cells (T-APCs). Using influenza A matrix protein 1 (MP1) as a model antigen, we show that ex vivo-expanded CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-APCs expressing a hygromycin phosphotransferase-MP1 fusion protein (HyMP1) process and present MP1 to autologous human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-restricted, MP1-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) CTL precursors. The MP1-specific CTLs are amenable to subsequent genetic modification to express a CD19-specific CAR, designated CD19R, and acquire HLA-unrestricted reactivity toward CD19(+) leukemia and lymphoma tumor targets while maintaining HLA-restricted MP1 specificity. The restimulation of MP1xCD19 dual-specific CTLs in vivo by the adoptive transfer of irradiated HyMP1(+) T-APCs resulted in the enhanced antilymphoma potency of bispecific effector cells, as measured by elimination of the biophotonic signal of established firefly luciferase-expressing Burkitt lymphoma xenografts in nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency (NOD/scid) animals compared with control groups restimulated by Hy(+)MP1(neg) T-APCs. Engineered T-APCs are a novel and versatile antigen-delivery system for generating antigen-specific T cells in vitro and enhancing the in vivo effector functioning of CAR-redirected antitumor effector cells.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer/methods
- Animals
- Antigen Presentation/genetics
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/immunology
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/metabolism
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/virology
- Antigens, CD19/biosynthesis
- Antigens, CD19/physiology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/virology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/virology
- Cell Line
- Cell Line, Transformed
- Coculture Techniques
- Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic/methods
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Gene Transfer Techniques
- Humans
- Influenza A virus/genetics
- Influenza A virus/immunology
- K562 Cells
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Lymphoma/genetics
- Lymphoma/immunology
- Lymphoma/therapy
- Lymphoma/virology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, SCID
- Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor)/genetics
- Plasmids
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/transplantation
- T-Lymphocytes/virology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/virology
- Viral Matrix Proteins/biosynthesis
- Viral Matrix Proteins/genetics
- Viral Matrix Proteins/immunology
- Viral Matrix Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence J N Cooper
- Beckman Research Institute, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010-3000, USA.
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366
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Rischer M, Pscherer S, Duwe S, Vormoor J, Jürgens H, Rossig C. Human gammadelta T cells as mediators of chimaeric-receptor redirected anti-tumour immunity. Br J Haematol 2004; 126:583-92. [PMID: 15287953 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2004.05077.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Human peripheral blood gammadelta T cells (Vgamma9(+) Vdelta2(+)) can be selectively expanded in vivo by the systemic administration of aminobisphosphonates without prior antigen priming. To assess the potential of human gammadelta T cells to serve as effector cells of specific anti-tumour immunity, we expanded peripheral blood-derived gammadelta T cells and transduced them with recombinant retrovirus encoding G(D2)- or CD19-specific chimaeric receptors. Flow cytometric analysis of T cells from four individual donors cultured in the presence of zoledronate at day 14 of culture showed selective enrichment of the gammadelta T cell population (Vgamma9(+) Vdelta2(+) CD3(+) CD4(-) CD8(-)) to 73-96% of total CD3(+) T cells. Retroviral gene transfer resulted in chimaeric receptor surface expression in 73 +/- 12% of the population. Transduced gammadelta T cells efficiently recognized antigen-expressing tumour cell targets, as demonstrated by target-specific upregulation of CD69 and secretion of interferon-alpha. Moreover, transduced gammadelta T cells efficiently and specifically lysed the antigen-expressing tumour targets. They could be efficiently expanded in vitro and maintained in culture for prolonged periods. Zoledronate-activated human gammadelta T cells expressing chimaeric receptors may thus serve as potent and specific anti-tumour effector cells. Their responsiveness to stimulation with aminobisphosphonates may enable the selective re-expansion of adoptively transferred T cells in vivo, permitting long lasting anti-tumour immune control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Rischer
- Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, University Children's Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
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367
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Ma Q, Safar M, Holmes E, Wang Y, Boynton AL, Junghans RP. Anti-prostate specific membrane antigen designer T cells for prostate cancer therapy. Prostate 2004; 61:12-25. [PMID: 15287090 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Designer T cells are T lymphocytes engineered toward specific antibody-type membrane antigens through chimeric immunoglobulin-T-cell receptor (IgTCR) genes that have been used for adoptive cellular immunotherapy. We have extended this approach to prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) as a means to attack prostate cancer. METHODS A chimeric anti-PSMA IgTCR gene was constructed based on an anti-PSMA monoclonal antibody, 3D8. Both T-cell lines and primary cultured human T lymphocytes were transduced with the chimeric anti-PSMA IgTCR construct and were analyzed for IgTCR expression, specific activation by PSMA, cytotoxicity against PSMA-expressing tumor cells in vitro, and retardation of tumor growth in an animal model. RESULTS The IgTCR was incorporated into the TCR-CD3 complex and formed a functional chimeric complex. The IgTCR-modified T cells were specifically activated through the chimeric receptor with PSMA as measured by IL-2 production and increased CD25 expression and specifically lysed the PSMA-expressing prostate cancer cells in vitro as well as retarded tumor growth in an animal model. CONCLUSIONS The anti-PSMA designer T cells exhibit an antibody-type specificity that can recognize PSMA expressing tumor cells in a MHC-independent fashion, resulting in T-cell activation, target cell lysis in vitro and inhibition of tumor growth in vivo.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/genetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antigens, Surface/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cloning, Molecular
- Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic
- Flow Cytometry
- Glutamate Carboxypeptidase II/immunology
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/immunology
- Immunoglobulin Light Chains/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Light Chains/immunology
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/methods
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Nude
- Precipitin Tests
- Prostatic Neoplasms/immunology
- Prostatic Neoplasms/therapy
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiangzhong Ma
- Biotherapeutics Development Lab, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Institute of Human Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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368
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Hasegawa H, Yamada Y, Harasawa H, Tsuji T, Murata K, Sugahara K, Tsuruda K, Masuda M, Takasu N, Kamihira S. Restricted expression of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand receptor 4 in human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Cell Immunol 2004; 231:1-7. [PMID: 15919363 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2004.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2004] [Revised: 11/01/2004] [Accepted: 11/01/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) induces apoptosis in tumor but not normal cells, thus providing therapeutic possibilities for human cancers. However, it is not fully clear how widespread TRAIL receptors are, or how TRAIL signaling is modulated in normal cells. We characterized cell surface expression of TRAIL receptors in normal healthy donor peripheral blood and report that each of the TRAIL receptors are characteristically expressed on restricted cell populations. TRAIL-R1 is distinctively expressed on B-lymphocytes, TRAIL-R2 on monocytes, TRAIL-R3 on neutrophils and most impressively, CD8+ lymphocytes and NKT lymphocytes but not CD4+ lymphocytes express TRAIL-R4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroo Hasegawa
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
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369
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Peng KW, Holler PD, Orr BA, Kranz DM, Russell SJ. Targeting virus entry and membrane fusion through specific peptide/MHC complexes using a high-affinity T-cell receptor. Gene Ther 2004; 11:1234-9. [PMID: 15215883 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The T-cell receptor (TCR) determines the specificity of T-cell recognition by binding to peptide fragments of intracellular proteins presented at the cell surface in association with molecules of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). Engagement of the TCR by its cognate peptide/MHC ligand, with appropriate co-stimulatory signals, leads to activation of T-cell effector functions. Here we show that the attachment proteins of attenuated measles viruses, engineered to display a high-affinity single-chain TCR (scTCR), can recognize and bind to specific peptide-MHC complexes and thereby mediate targeted virus-cell entry and cell-to-cell fusion. Using the 2C TCR and its peptide/MHC ligand (SIYRYYGL/mouse K(b)), we show that a scTCR grafted onto the measles virus H protein confers new specificity to virus entry and cell fusion. The efficiency of TCR-mediated virus entry was dependent on the number of peptide/MHC complexes expressed on the target cells, increasing progressively above densities higher than 2500 complexes per cell. This work introduces a new paradigm for targeting virus entry and membrane fusion by extending the repertoire of targets to specific peptide-MHC ligands and offering a novel quantitative readout for the cellular expression of peptide-MHC complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K-W Peng
- Molecular Medicine Program, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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370
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Kast WM, Levitsky H, Marincola FM. Synopsis of the 6th Walker's Cay Colloquium on Cancer Vaccines and Immunotherapy. J Transl Med 2004; 2:20. [PMID: 15212694 PMCID: PMC441417 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-2-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2004] [Accepted: 06/22/2004] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The 6th annual Cancer Vaccines and Immunotherapy Colloquium at Walker's Cay was held under the auspices of the Albert B. Sabin Vaccine Institute on March 10-13, 2004. The Colloquium consisted of a select group of 34 scientists representing academia, biotechnology and pharmaceutical industry. The main goal of this gathering was to promote in a peaceful and comfortable environment exchanges between basic and clinical science. The secondary benefit was to inspire novel bench to bedside ventures and at the same time provide feed back about promising and/or disappointing clinical results that could help re-frame some scientific question or guide the design of future trials. Several topics were covered that included tumor antigen discovery and validation, platforms for vaccine development, tolerance, immune suppression and tumor escape mechanisms, adoptive T cell therapy and dendritic cell-based therapies, clinical trials and assessment of response. Here we report salient points raised by speakers or by the audience during animated discussion that followed each individual presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Martin Kast
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hyam Levitsky
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Francesco M Marincola
- Immunogenetics Section, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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371
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Imai C, Mihara K, Andreansky M, Nicholson IC, Pui CH, Geiger TL, Campana D. Chimeric receptors with 4-1BB signaling capacity provoke potent cytotoxicity against acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leukemia 2004; 18:676-84. [PMID: 14961035 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2403302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 575] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
To develop a therapy for drug-resistant B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), we transduced T lymphocytes with anti-CD19 chimeric receptors, consisting of an anti-CD19 single-chain variable domain (reactive with most ALL cases), the hinge and transmembrane domains of CD8alpha, and the signaling domain of CD3zeta. We compared the antileukemic activity mediated by a novel receptor ('anti-CD19-BB-zeta') containing the signaling domain of 4-1BB (CD137; a crucial molecule for T-cell antitumor activity) to that of a receptor lacking costimulatory molecules. Retroviral transduction produced efficient and durable receptor expression in human T cells. Lymphocytes expressing anti-CD19-BB-zeta receptors exerted powerful and specific cytotoxicity against ALL cells, which was superior to that of lymphocytes with receptors lacking 4-1BB. Anti-CD19-BB-zeta lymphocytes were remarkably effective in cocultures with bone marrow mesenchymal cells, and against leukemic cells from patients with drug-resistant ALL: as few as 1% anti-CD19-BB-zeta-transduced T cells eliminated most ALL cells within 5 days. These cells also expanded and produced interleukin-2 in response to ALL cells at much higher rates than those of lymphocytes expressing equivalent receptors lacking 4-1BB. We conclude that anti-CD19 chimeric receptors containing 4-1BB are a powerful new tool for T-cell therapy of B-lineage ALL and other CD19+ B-lymphoid malignancies.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, CD
- Antigens, CD19/immunology
- Burkitt Lymphoma/pathology
- Burkitt Lymphoma/therapy
- CD3 Complex/chemistry
- CD3 Complex/genetics
- CD3 Complex/pharmacology
- CD8 Antigens/chemistry
- CD8 Antigens/genetics
- CD8 Antigens/pharmacology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Coculture Techniques
- Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic
- Humans
- Immunoconjugates/genetics
- Immunoconjugates/pharmacology
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/pharmacology
- Immunotherapy
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/pathology
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/therapy
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/therapeutic use
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/therapeutic use
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/pharmacology
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Transduction, Genetic
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 9
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Affiliation(s)
- C Imai
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105-2794, USA
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372
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Abstract
Artificial antigen presentation aims to accelerate the establishment of therapeutic cellular immunity. Artificial antigen-presenting cells (AAPCs) and their cell-free substitutes are designed to stimulate the expansion and acquisition of optimal therapeutic features of T cells before therapeutic infusion, without the need for autologous antigen-presenting cells. Compelling recent advances include fibroblast AAPCs that process antigens, magnetic beads that are antigen specific, novel T-cell costimulatory combinations, the augmentation of therapeutic potency of adoptively transferred T lymphocytes by interleukin-15, and the safe use of dendritic cell-derived exosomes pulsed with tumor antigen. Whereas the safety and potency of the various systems warrant further preclinical and clinical studies, these emerging technologies are poised to have a major impact on adoptive T-cell therapy and the investigation of T cell-mediated immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyun V Kim
- Laboratory of Gene Transfer and Gene Expression, Gene Transfer and Somatic Cell Engineering Facility, Department of Medicine and Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10021, USA
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373
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Sanz L, Blanco B, Alvarez-Vallina L. Antibodies and gene therapy: teaching old ‘magic bullets’ new tricks. Trends Immunol 2004; 25:85-91. [PMID: 15102367 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2003.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of recombinant technologies has revolutionized the selection and production of monoclonal antibodies, allowing the design of fully human antibodies of any specificity and for diverse purposes. Recombinant antibodies can be engineered with optimized properties, such as antigen-binding affinity, molecular architecture and dimerization state, and fused with a vast array of effector moieties to enhance their tumor-targeting ability and potency. The use of gene therapy methods offers additional benefits by achieving sustained and effective concentrations of therapeutic antibodies directly at points of target intervention. This compensates for the rapid blood clearance of antibody fragments and could make the antibody less immunogenic and better tolerated. Furthermore, genetic approaches provide antibody molecules with new functions in unexpected scenarios: expression of antibody domains in precise intracellular locations and grafting of new binding activities to engineered cells. The relevance of these and other emerging concepts for antibody-based cancer therapy is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Sanz
- Molecular Medicine Program, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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374
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Brentjens RJ, Sadelain M. Somatic cell engineering and the immunotherapy of leukemias and lymphomas. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2004; 51:347-70. [PMID: 15464917 DOI: 10.1016/s1054-3589(04)51015-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Renier J Brentjens
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Laboratories, Leukemia Service Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, USA
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375
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Shalaby WSW, Yeh H, Woo E, Corbett JT, Gray H, June CH, Shalaby SW. Absorbable microparticulate cation exchanger for immunotherapeutic delivery. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 69:173-82. [PMID: 15116407 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.20040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
An absorbable microparticulate cation exchanger was synthesized as a versatile carrier for biologically active proteins. In this work, acid-terminated polyglycolide (or polyglycolic acid) microparticulates (PG-MP) were surface modified for either sustained release of cytokines or as a platform for immunomodulation. The intended goal was to achieve in situ recruitment/maturation of dendritic cells and activation of T cells for tumor immunotherapy. PG-MP were prepared with a volume weighted mean diameter of 7.02 micro (range: 2.09-14.58 micro). Accessible carboxylic acid groups were determined to be 0.3 mmol/g with a corresponding zeta potential of -21.87 mV in phosphate-buffered saline. Under low magnification, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed a highly textured surface due to processing from repetitive jet milling. However, a moderately porous architecture was noted at higher magnification. Electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis was used to characterize the PG-MP surface before and after adsorption of human granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF). Adsorption of GM-CSF on PG-MP (PG-GMCSF) resulted in a modest increase in the surface atomic concentration of nitrogen (0.97%). Pretreating the surface with poly-L-lysine (PG/Lys-GMCSF) prior to adding GM-CSF produced a nearly threefold increase in the surface nitrogen concentration (4.20% compared to 1.47%). This manipulation not only increased loading content, but also prolonged the release of GM-CSF released from 6 days to 26 days. ESCA on the post-release PG-MP samples (PG-GMCSF and PG/Lys-GMCSF) revealed a similar residual surface nitrogen concentration (2.26% vs. 2.35%). The observation was consistent with irreversibly adsorbed GM-CSF. It is postulated that irreversibly bound GM-CSF is released over time as a function of microparticulate degradation. Biological activity of released GM-CSF was confirmed by the proliferation of a GM-CSF-dependent cell line (TF-1) in the presence of microparticulates. PG-MP mediated activation of T cells was achieved through irreversible adsorption of either antimouse cd3 plus antimouse cd28 monoclonal antibodies (alpha-cd3/cd28-MP) or antihuman CD3 plus antihuman CD28 monoclonal antibodies (alpha-CD3/CD28-MP) on PG-MP. Irreversibly adsorbed antibodies were capable of activating both resting mouse and human T cells. Intracellular flow cytometry on mouse T cells revealed that nearly 50% of the activated cells produced interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma). This was consistent with a TH-1 or cell-mediated response. In vivo efficacy was evaluated in a mouse flank tumor model showing a significant antitumor effect both alone and in combination. Combination therapy was most effective at preventing tumor implantation (8/8 mice) and was able induce tumor regression (4/7 mice) and/or stable disease (3/7 mice) in a regression model. In these studies, immunohistochemistry was used to confirm local recruitment of dendritic cells. In conclusion, the PG-MP represents a novel absorbable cation exchanger that can be readily manipulated to deliver biologically active proteins for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waleed S W Shalaby
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Christiana Care Health Services, Newark, Delaware 19713, USA.
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376
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Finney HM, Akbar AN, Lawson ADG. Activation of Resting Human Primary T Cells with Chimeric Receptors: Costimulation from CD28, Inducible Costimulator, CD134, and CD137 in Series with Signals from the TCRζ Chain. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2003; 172:104-13. [PMID: 14688315 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.1.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 335] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Chimeric receptors that include CD28 signaling in series with TCRzeta in the same receptor have been demonstrated to activate prestimulated human primary T cells more efficiently than a receptor providing TCRzeta signaling alone. We examined whether this type of receptor can also activate resting human primary T cells, and whether molecules other than CD28 could be included in a single chimeric receptor in series with TCRzeta to mediate the activation of resting human primary T cells. Human CD33-specific chimeric receptors were generated with CD28, inducible costimulator, CD134, or CD137 signaling regions in series with TCRzeta signaling region and transfected by electroporation into resting human primary T cells. Their ability to mediate Ag-specific activation was analyzed in comparison with a receptor providing TCRzeta signaling alone. Inclusion of any of the costimulatory signaling regions in series with TCRzeta enhanced the level of specific Ag-induced IL-2, IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, and GM-CSF cytokine production and enabled resting primary T cells to survive and proliferate in response to Ag in the absence of any exogenous factors. Inclusion of CD28, inducible costimulator, or CD134 enhanced TCRzeta-mediated, Ag-specific target cell lysis. Chimeric receptors providing B7 and TNFR family costimulatory signals in series with TCRzeta in the same receptor can confer self-sufficient clonal expansion and enhanced effector function to resting human T cells. This type of chimeric receptor may now be used to discover the most potent combination of costimulatory signals that will improve current immunotherapeutic strategies.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/physiology
- CD28 Antigens/biosynthesis
- CD28 Antigens/genetics
- CD28 Antigens/physiology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic/methods
- Humans
- Inducible T-Cell Co-Stimulator Protein
- Interphase/immunology
- Intracellular Fluid/enzymology
- Intracellular Fluid/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Membrane Proteins/biosynthesis
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Membrane Proteins/physiology
- Mice
- Mutagenesis, Insertional/methods
- Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/metabolism
- Phosphorylation
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/physiology
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/physiology
- Receptors, OX40
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/physiology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/biosynthesis
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/physiology
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/enzymology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- Transfection
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 9
- Tyrosine/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene M Finney
- Celltech R&D, 208 Bath Road, Slough, Berkshire SL1 3WE, United Kingdom.
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377
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Nguyen P, Moisini I, Geiger TL. Identification of a murine CD28 dileucine motif that suppresses single-chain chimeric T-cell receptor expression and function. Blood 2003; 102:4320-5. [PMID: 12946999 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2003-04-1255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent preclinical and clinical trials have demonstrated the therapeutic potential of T lymphocytes redirected with genetically engineered T-cell receptor (TCR) surrogates against infected, cancerous, or autoreactive cells. These surrogate TCRs link a ligand-recognition domain to signaling regions from the TCR. We previously compared the function of surrogate TCRs that include TCR or TCR and CD28 signaling regions. We found that primary murine T cells modified to specifically target Kb-restricted CD8+ T cells using either Kb-zeta or Kb-CD28-zeta receptors had similar functional activities, although the CD28-zeta receptor showed a 2-fold to 4-fold decreased expression. We have now identified a previously unrecognized dileucine motif in the murine CD28 signaling domain that accounts for this reduced expression. Inactivation of this motif increased chimeric receptor surface expression 2- to 5-fold. T cells expressing the dileucine-mutated CD28-zeta chimeric receptor demonstrated enhanced proliferation, cytokine production, and cytolytic activities. Further, cells expressing this dileucine-mutated receptor were highly effective in eliminating antigen-specific CD8+ T lymphocytes in vivo. These results therefore identify a critical motif limiting the function of receptor-modified T lymphocytes, demonstrate that inactivation of this motif enhances chimeric receptor function, and illustrate a potential novel application of receptor-modified T lymphocytes in the induction of immune tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong Nguyen
- Department of Pathology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 332 N Lauderdale St, DT-4047E, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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378
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Berger C, Blau CA, Huang ML, Iuliucci JD, Dalgarno DC, Gaschet J, Heimfeld S, Clackson T, Riddell SR. Pharmacologically regulated Fas-mediated death of adoptively transferred T cells in a nonhuman primate model. Blood 2003; 103:1261-9. [PMID: 14563634 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2003-08-2908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Conditional suicide genes derived from pathogens have been developed to confer drug sensitivity and enhance safety of cell therapy, but this approach is limited by immune responses to the transgene product. We examined a strategy to regulate survival of transferred cells based on induction of apoptosis through oligomerization of a modified human Fas receptor by a bivalent drug (AP1903). Three macaques (Macaca nemestrina) received autologous T cells retrovirally engineered to express a Fas suicide-construct (LV'VFas). High levels of transduced cells were present in blood following cell transfer, but LV'VFas(+) cells declined rapidly after AP1903 administration. A small fraction of LV'VFas(+) cells resisted elimination by AP1903, in part due to insufficient levels of transgene expression in resting T cells, because reactivation of these cells in vitro enhanced sensitivity to AP1903. An immune response to the transgene product was observed, but epitope mapping indicated the response was directed to discrete components of human LV'VFas that were variant with the corresponding macaque sequences. These data demonstrate that chemically induced dimerization can be used to regulate survival of adoptively transferred T cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Berger
- Department of Medicine, Klinikum Grosshadern, University of Munich, Germany
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379
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380
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Morgan RA, Dudley ME, Yu YYL, Zheng Z, Robbins PF, Theoret MR, Wunderlich JR, Hughes MS, Restifo NP, Rosenberg SA. High efficiency TCR gene transfer into primary human lymphocytes affords avid recognition of melanoma tumor antigen glycoprotein 100 and does not alter the recognition of autologous melanoma antigens. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 171:3287-95. [PMID: 12960359 PMCID: PMC2248799 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.6.3287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The alpha- and beta-chains of the TCR from a highly avid anti-gp100 CTL clone were isolated and used to construct retroviral vectors that can mediate high efficiency gene transfer into primary human lymphocytes. Expression of this TCR gene was confirmed by Western blot analysis, immunocytometric analysis, and HLA Ag tetramer staining. Gene transfer efficiencies of >50% into primary lymphocytes were obtained without selection for transduced cells using a method of prebinding retroviral vectors to cell culture vessels before the addition of lymphocytes. The biological activity of transduced cells was confirmed by cytokine production following coculture with stimulator cells pulsed with gp100 peptides, but not with unrelated peptides. The ability of this anti-gp100 TCR gene to transfer high avidity Ag recognition to engineered lymphocytes was confirmed in comparison with highly avid antimelanoma lymphocytes by the high levels of cytokine production (>200,000 pg/ml IFN-gamma), by recognition of low levels of peptide (<200 pM), and by HLA class I-restricted recognition and lysis of melanoma tumor cell lines. CD4(+) T cells engineered with this anti-gp100 TCR gene were Ag reactive, suggesting CD8-independent activity of the expressed TCR. Finally, nonmelanoma-reactive tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte cultures developed antimelanoma activity following anti-gp100 TCR gene transfer. In addition, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes with reactivity against non-gp100 melanoma Ags acquired gp100 reactivity and did not lose the recognition of autologous melanoma Ags following gp100 TCR gene transfer. These results suggest that lymphocytes genetically engineered to express anti-gp100 TCR may be of value in the adoptive immunotherapy of patients with melanoma.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigen Presentation/genetics
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Antigens, Neoplasm/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Line
- Cell Line, Transformed
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Clone Cells
- Coculture Techniques
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/genetics
- Genetic Vectors
- Humans
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/metabolism
- Melanoma/genetics
- Melanoma/immunology
- Melanoma/metabolism
- Membrane Glycoproteins/immunology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Neoplasm Proteins/immunology
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Protein Engineering/methods
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/physiology
- Retroviridae/genetics
- Transduction, Genetic/methods
- gp100 Melanoma Antigen
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Morgan
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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381
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Zhou X, Cui Y, Huang X, Yu Z, Thomas AM, Ye Z, Pardoll DM, Jaffee EM, Cheng L. Lentivirus-mediated gene transfer and expression in established human tumor antigen-specific cytotoxic T cells and primary unstimulated T cells. Hum Gene Ther 2003; 14:1089-105. [PMID: 12885348 DOI: 10.1089/104303403322124800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this report, we evaluated the efficiency of stable gene transfer into established CD8(+) human tumor antigen-specific cytotoxic T cell (CTL) lines and peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) by oncoretroviral and lentiviral vectors. In the oncoretroviral vector, the green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter gene was regulated by the murine stem cell virus (MSCV) promoter. In three human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-based lentiviral vectors, the GFP transgene was regulated by either a chimeric MSCV/HIV-1 promoter, or cellular promoters from human housekeeping genes PGK and EF1 alpha. We found that several lines of proliferating tumor-specific CTL were poorly (=2%) transduced by the oncoretroviral vector that transduced Jurkat T cell line efficiently (=80%). In contrast, three lentiviral vectors transduced 38-63% of these proliferating CTL. More interestingly, all lentiviral vectors packaged without the HIV-1 accessory proteins transduced human bulk PBL and purified CD4(+) and CD8(+) lymphocyte subsets without prior stimulation. Detailed analysis indicated that the lentiviral vectors containing the EF1 alpha or PGK ubiquitous promoter can transduce unstimulated PBL and achieve low-level transgene expression in the absence of any T-cell activation. However, T-cell activation subsequent to the transduction of unstimulated PBL is required for high-level transgene expression. Transduced PBL expressing transgene delivered by the lentiviral vectors still preserved resting and naïve cell phenotypes. Taken together, prior T cell stimulation and HIV-1 accessory proteins are dispensable for lentivirus-mediated gene transfer into resting naïve and memory T lymphocytes. These results will have significant implications for the study of T-cell biology and for the improvement of clinical gene therapies of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianzheng Zhou
- Division of Immunology and Hematppoiesis, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.
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382
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Ho WY, Blattman JN, Dossett ML, Yee C, Greenberg PD. Adoptive immunotherapy: engineering T cell responses as biologic weapons for tumor mass destruction. Cancer Cell 2003; 3:431-7. [PMID: 12781360 DOI: 10.1016/s1535-6108(03)00113-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive T cell immunotherapy is an evolving technology with the potential of providing a means to safely and effectively target tumor cells for destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Y Ho
- Program in Immunology, Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and the University of Washington, Department of Medicine, Seattle, USA
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383
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Brentjens RJ, Latouche JB, Santos E, Marti F, Gong MC, Lyddane C, King PD, Larson S, Weiss M, Rivière I, Sadelain M. Eradication of systemic B-cell tumors by genetically targeted human T lymphocytes co-stimulated by CD80 and interleukin-15. Nat Med 2003; 9:279-86. [PMID: 12579196 DOI: 10.1038/nm827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 483] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2002] [Accepted: 01/21/2003] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The genetic transfer of antigen receptors provides a means to rapidly generate autologous tumor-reactive T lymphocytes. However, recognition of tumor antigens by cytotoxic T cells is only one step towards effective cancer immunotherapy. Other crucial biological prerequisites must be fulfilled to expand tumor-reactive T cells that retain a functional phenotype, including in vivo cytolytic activity and the ability to travel to tumor sites without prematurely succumbing to apoptosis. We show that these requirements are met by expanding peripheral blood T cells genetically targeted to the CD19 antigen in the presence of CD80 and interleukin-15 (IL-15). T cells expanded in the presence of IL-15 uniquely persist in tumor-bearing severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)-Beige mice and eradicate disseminated intramedullary tumors. Their anti-tumor activity is further enhanced by in vivo co-stimulation. In addition, transduced T cells from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) effectively lyse autologous tumor cells. These findings strongly support the clinical feasibility of this therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renier J Brentjens
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
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