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Rainbow R, Kwon H, Foote A, Preda R, Kaplan D, Zeng L. Muscle cell-derived factors inhibit inflammatory stimuli-induced damage in hMSC-derived chondrocytes. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2013; 21:990-8. [PMID: 23611899 PMCID: PMC3766901 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2013.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Revised: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pro-inflammatory cytokines play an important role in inducing cartilage degradation during osteoarthritis pathogenesis. Muscle is a tissue that lies near cartilage in situ. However, muscle's non-loading biochemical effect on cartilage has been largely unexplored. Here, we tested the hypothesis that muscle cells can regulate the response to pro-inflammatory cytokine-mediated damage in chondrocytes derived from human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). METHOD hMSCs were allowed to undergo chondrogenic differentiation in porous silk scaffolds in the typical chondrogenic medium for 12 days. For the next 9 days, the cells were cultured in chondrogenic medium containing 50% conditioned medium derived from C2C12 muscle cells or fibroblast control cells, and were subject to treatments of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β or TNFα. RESULTS Both IL-1β and TNFα-induced strong expression of multiple MMPs and hypertrophic markers Runx2 and type X collagen. Strikingly, culturing hMSC-derived chondrocytes in C2C12 muscle cell-conditioned medium strongly inhibited the expression of all these genes, a result further confirmed by GAG content and histological evaluation of matrix protein. To determine whether these effects were due to altered chondrocyte growth and survival, we assayed the expression of cell proliferation marker Ki67, cell cycle arrest markers p21 and p53, and apoptosis marker caspase 3. Muscle cell-conditioned medium promoted proliferation and inhibited apoptosis, thereby suggesting a possible decrease in the cellular aging and death that typically accompanies cartilage inflammation. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest the role of muscle in cartilage homeostasis and provide insight into designing strategies for promoting resistance to pro-inflammatory cytokines in hMSC-derived chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R.S. Rainbow
- Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - H. Kwon
- Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA,Program in Cellular, Molecular and Developmental Biology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - A.T. Foote
- Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - R.C. Preda
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - D.L. Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - L. Zeng
- Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA,Program in Cellular, Molecular and Developmental Biology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tufts Medical Center, 800 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02111, USA,Address correspondence and reprint requests to: L. Zeng. Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA. Tel: 1-617-636-2107; Fax: 1-617-636-3676. (L. Zeng)
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Ziemann E, Olek RA, Kujach S, Grzywacz T, Antosiewicz J, Garsztka T, Laskowski R. Five-day whole-body cryostimulation, blood inflammatory markers, and performance in high-ranking professional tennis players. J Athl Train 2013. [PMID: 23182015 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-47.6.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Tournament season can provoke overreaching syndrome in professional tennis players, which may lead to deteriorated performance. Thus, appropriate recovery methods are crucial for athletes in order to sustain high-level performance and avoid injuries. We hypothesized that whole-body cryostimulation could be applied to support the recovery process. OBJECTIVE To assess the effects of 5 days of whole-body cryostimulation combined with moderate-intensity training on immunologic, hormonal, and hematologic responses; resting metabolic rate; and tennis performance in a posttournament season. DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. SETTING National Olympic Sport Centre. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS Twelve high-ranking professional tennis players. INTERVENTION(S) Participants followed a moderate-intensity training program. A subgroup was treated with the 5-day whole-body cryostimulation (-120°C) applied twice a day. The control subgroup participated in the training only. Main Outcome Measure(s): Pretreatment and posttreatment blood samples were collected and analyzed for tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 6, testosterone, cortisol, and creatine kinase. Resting metabolic rate and performance of a tennis drill were also assessed. RESULTS Proinflammatory cytokine (tumor necrosis factor α) decreased and pleiotropic cytokine (interleukin 6) and cortisol increased in the group exposed to cryostimulation. In the same group, greater stroke effectiveness during the tennis drill and faster recovery were observed. Neither the training program nor cryostimulation affected resting metabolic rate. CONCLUSIONS Professional tennis players experienced an intensified inflammatory response after the completed tournament season, which may lead to overreaching. Applying whole-body cryostimulation in conjunction with moderate-intensity training was more effective for the recovery process than the training itself. The 5-day exposure to cryostimulation twice a day ameliorated the cytokine profile, resulting in a decrease in tumor necrosis factor α and an increase in interleukin 6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Ziemann
- Department of Physiology, Gdańsk University of Physical Education and Sport, Kazimierza Górskiego 1, 80?336 Gdańsk, Poland.
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Drummond MJ, Timmerman KL, Markofski MM, Walker DK, Dickinson JM, Jamaluddin M, Brasier AR, Rasmussen BB, Volpi E. Short-term bed rest increases TLR4 and IL-6 expression in skeletal muscle of older adults. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2013; 305:R216-23. [PMID: 23761639 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00072.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Bed rest induces significant loss of leg lean mass in older adults. Systemic and tissue inflammation also accelerates skeletal muscle loss, but it is unknown whether inflammation is associated to inactivity-induced muscle atrophy in healthy older adults. We determined if short-term bed rest increases toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling and pro-inflammatory markers in older adult skeletal muscle biopsy samples. Six healthy, older adults underwent seven consecutive days of bed rest. Muscle biopsies (vastus lateralis) were taken after an overnight fast before and at the end of bed rest. Serum cytokine expression was measured before and during bed rest. TLR4 signaling and cytokine mRNAs associated with pro- and anti-inflammation and anabolism were measured in muscle biopsy samples using Western blot analysis and qPCR. Participants lost ∼4% leg lean mass with bed rest. We found that after bed rest, muscle levels of TLR4 protein expression and interleukin-6 (IL-6), nuclear factor-κB1, interleukin-10, and 15 mRNA expression were increased after bed rest (P < 0.05). Additionally, the cytokines interferon-γ, and macrophage inflammatory protein-1β, were elevated in serum samples following bed rest (P < 0.05). We conclude that short-term bed rest in older adults modestly increased some pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in muscle samples while systemic changes in pro-inflammatory cytokines were mostly absent. Upregulation of TLR4 protein content suggests that bed rest in older adults increases the capacity to mount an exaggerated, and perhaps unnecessary, inflammatory response in the presence of specific TLR4 ligands, e.g., during acute illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micah J Drummond
- Univ. of Utah, 520 Wakara Way, Salt Lake City, UT 84108-1213, USA.
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354
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Zimmer P, Jäger E, Bloch W, Zopf EM, Baumann FT. Influence of a six month endurance exercise program on the immune function of prostate cancer patients undergoing Antiandrogen- or Chemotherapy: design and rationale of the ProImmun study. BMC Cancer 2013; 13:272. [PMID: 23731674 PMCID: PMC3681550 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-13-272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exercise seems to minimize prostate cancer specific mortality risk and treatment related side effects like fatigue and incontinence. However the influence of physical activity on the immunological level remains uncertain. Even prostate cancer patients undergoing palliative treatment often have a relatively long life span compared to other cancer entities. To optimize exercise programs and their outcomes it is essential to investigate the underlying mechanisms. Further, it is important to discriminate between different exercise protocols and therapy regimes. METHODS/DESIGN The ProImmun study is a prospective multicenter patient preference randomized controlled trial investigating the influence of a 24 week endurance exercise program in 80-100 prostate cancer patients by comparing patients undergoing Antiandrogen therapy combined with exercise (AE), Antiandrogen therapy without exercise (A), Chemotherapy with exercise(CE) or Chemotherapy without exercise (C). The primary outcome of the study is a change in prostate cancer relevant cytokines and hormones (IL-6, MIF, IGF-1, Testosterone). Secondary endpoints are immune cell ratios, oxidative stress and antioxidative capacity levels, VO2 peak, fatigue and quality of life. Patients of the intervention group exercise five times per week, while two sessions are supervised. During the supervised sessions patients (AE and CE) exercise for 33 minutes on a bicycle ergometer at 70-75% of their VO2 peak. To assess long term effects and sustainability of the intervention two follow-up assessments are arranged 12 and 18 month after the intervention. DISCUSSION The ProImmun study is the first trial which primarily investigates immunological effects of a six month endurance exercise program in prostate cancer patients during palliative care. Separating patients treated with Antiandrogen therapy from those who are additionally treated with Chemotherapy might allow a more specific view on the influence of endurance training interventions and the impact of different therapy protocols on the immune function. TRIAL REGISTRATION German Clinical Trials Register: DRKS00004739.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Zimmer
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, Köln 50933, Germany
| | - Elke Jäger
- Department for Oncology and Hematology, Clinic Northwest, Steinbacher Hohl 2-26, Frankfurt am Main 60488, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Bloch
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, Köln 50933, Germany
| | - Eva Maria Zopf
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, Köln 50933, Germany
| | - Freerk T Baumann
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, Köln 50933, Germany
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Adipo-myokines: two sides of the same coin--mediators of inflammation and mediators of exercise. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:320724. [PMID: 23861558 PMCID: PMC3686148 DOI: 10.1155/2013/320724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes the current literature regarding the most discussed contraction-regulated moykines like IL-6, IL-15, irisin, BDNF, ANGPTL4, FGF21, myonectin and MCP-1. It is suggested that the term myokine is restricted to proteins secreted from skeletal muscle cells, excluding proteins that are secreted by other cell types in skeletal muscle tissue and excluding proteins which are only described on the mRNA level. Interestingly, many of the contraction-regulated myokines described in the literature are additionally known to be secreted by adipocytes. We termed these proteins adipo-myokines. Within this review, we try to elaborate on the question why pro-inflammatory adipokines on the one hand are upregulated in the obese state, and have beneficial effects after exercise on the other hand. Both, adipokines and myokines do have autocrine effects within their corresponding tissues. In addition, they are involved in an endocrine crosstalk with other tissues. Depending on the extent and the kinetics of adipo-myokines in serum, these molecules seem to have a beneficial or an adverse effect on the target tissue.
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356
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Kelly SA, Pomp D. Genetic determinants of voluntary exercise. Trends Genet 2013; 29:348-57. [PMID: 23351966 PMCID: PMC3665695 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2012.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Revised: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Variation in voluntary exercise behavior is an important determinant of long-term human health. Increased physical activity is used as a preventative measure or therapeutic intervention for disease, and a sedentary lifestyle has generally been viewed as unhealthy. Predisposition to engage in voluntary activity is heritable and induces protective metabolic changes, but its complex genetic/genomic architecture has only recently begun to emerge. We first present a brief historical perspective and summary of the known benefits of voluntary exercise. Second, we describe human and mouse model studies using genomic and transcriptomic approaches to reveal the genetic architecture of exercise. Third, we discuss the merging of genomic information and physiological observations, revealing systems and networks that lead to a more complete mechanistic understanding of how exercise protects against disease pathogenesis. Finally, we explore potential regulation of physical activity through epigenetic mechanisms, including those that persist across multiple generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Kelly
- Department of Zoology, Ohio Wesleyan University, Delaware, OH 43015, USA
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357
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McArdle MA, Finucane OM, Connaughton RM, McMorrow AM, Roche HM. Mechanisms of obesity-induced inflammation and insulin resistance: insights into the emerging role of nutritional strategies. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2013; 4:52. [PMID: 23675368 PMCID: PMC3650620 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2013.00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 336] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and associated chronic inflammation initiate a state of insulin resistance (IR). The secretion of chemoattractants such as MCP-1 and MIF and of cytokines IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β, draw immune cells including dendritic cells, T cells, and macrophages into adipose tissue (AT). Dysfunctional AT lipid metabolism leads to increased circulating free fatty acids, initiating inflammatory signaling cascades in the population of infiltrating cells. A feedback loop of pro-inflammatory cytokines exacerbates this pathological state, driving further immune cell infiltration and cytokine secretion and disrupts the insulin signaling cascade. Disruption of normal AT function is causative of defects in hepatic and skeletal muscle glucose homeostasis, resulting in systemic IR and ultimately the development of type 2 diabetes. Pharmaceutical strategies that target the inflammatory milieu may have some potential; however there are a number of safety concerns surrounding such pharmaceutical approaches. Nutritional anti-inflammatory interventions could offer a more suitable long-term alternative; whilst they may be less potent than some pharmaceutical anti-inflammatory agents, this may be advantageous for long-term therapy. This review will investigate obese AT biology, initiation of the inflammatory, and insulin resistant environment; and the mechanisms through which dietary anti-inflammatory components/functional nutrients may be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maeve A. McArdle
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, UCD Conway Institute, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Population Science, University College DublinDublin, Republic of Ireland
| | - Orla M. Finucane
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, UCD Conway Institute, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Population Science, University College DublinDublin, Republic of Ireland
| | - Ruth M. Connaughton
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, UCD Conway Institute, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Population Science, University College DublinDublin, Republic of Ireland
| | - Aoibheann M. McMorrow
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, UCD Conway Institute, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Population Science, University College DublinDublin, Republic of Ireland
| | - Helen M. Roche
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, UCD Conway Institute, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Population Science, University College DublinDublin, Republic of Ireland
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358
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Munoz RM, Han H, Tegeler T, Petritis K, Von Hoff DD, Hoffman SA. Isolation and characterization of muscle fatigue substance with anti-tumor activities. J Cancer 2013; 4:343-9. [PMID: 23678371 PMCID: PMC3654491 DOI: 10.7150/jca.5418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Research during the 1950's indicated that exercise played a role in the reduction of tumor growth. In the 1960's our studies confirmed that tumor-bearing rats, exercised to fatigue, demonstrated tumor inhibition. Our further studies isolated an extract (Fatigue Substance, or F-Substance) from rectus femoris muscles of rats which had been electrically stimulated to fatigue. This extract significantly inhibited growth of transplanted rat tumors. Research continued until 1978 when it became apparent the methodology at that time was not able to further identify the substance's active components. Using current technology, we now report on the further isolation and characterization of F-Substance. In cell proliferation assays, extracts from electrically stimulated rat rectus femoris muscles had more significant inhibitory effect on the breast cancer cell line MCF-7 than those isolated from unstimulated muscles. To identify the molecule(s) responsible for the antitumor activity, a rat cytokine antibody array was used to profile the cytokines in the substances. Among the 29 different cytokines contained on the array, 3 showed greater than 3-fold difference between the substances isolated from the stimulated and unstimulated muscles. LIX (also known as CXCL5) is 6-fold higher in the substances isolated from stimulated muscles than those from the unstimulated muscles. TIMP-1 is 4.6 fold higher and sICAM is 3.6 fold higher in the substances from the stimulated muscles. Our results indicated that cytokines released from contracting muscles might be responsible for the antitumor effect of F-Substance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben M Munoz
- Division of Clinical Translational Research, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
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359
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Liu JM, Zhao HY, Zhao L, Chen Y, Zhang LZ, Tao B, Sun LH, Zhao YJ, Wang WQ, Xu MY, Chen JL, Ning G. An independent positive relationship between the serum total osteocalcin level and fat-free mass in healthy premenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013; 98:2146-52. [PMID: 23553865 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2013-1112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT It is widely reported that osteocalcin is negatively associated with fat mass. However, there are few reports describing its correlation with fat-free mass, particularly in women. OBJECTIVES The objective of the current study was to investigate the possible relationship between osteocalcin and fat-free mass in healthy, nonobese women. DESIGN AND SETTING This study was performed in a tertiary university teaching hospital. SUBJECTS A total of 504 healthy women aged 20-75 years were enrolled. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Body composition was measured using a bioelectronics impedance analyzer. The serum concentrations of total osteocalcin, estradiol, leptin, osteoprotegerin, the receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand, IGF-I, fasting plasma glucose, and urinary N-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen were tested. The bone mineral densities (BMDs) at the lumbar spine and proximal femoral neck were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS The serum total osteocalcin level had a significant positive association with fat-free mass (r = 0.168, P = .007) after adjusting for age, fat mass, menopausal status, estradiol, fasting glucose, leptin, osteoprotegerin, receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand, IGF-I, N-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen, BMDs, and waist and hip circumference. Analysis in pre- and postmenopausal women demonstrated that this association was only present in premenopausal women (r = 0.190, P = .005). The multiple stepwise regression analysis revealed that hip circumference, femoral neck-BMD, fat mass, leptin, osteocalcin, and age are the contributors to the changes in fat-free mass in premenopausal women (adjusted R(2) = 0.521, P < .001). CONCLUSION The serum level of total osteocalcin was positively associated with fat-free mass independent of age, fat mass, leptin, and other confounders in premenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-min Liu
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Rui-jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-tong University School of Medicine, 197 Rui-jin Er Road, Shanghai, China 200025
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360
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Raschke S, Eckardt K, Bjørklund Holven K, Jensen J, Eckel J. Identification and validation of novel contraction-regulated myokines released from primary human skeletal muscle cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62008. [PMID: 23637948 PMCID: PMC3634789 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 03/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins secreted by skeletal muscle, so called myokines, have been shown to affect muscle physiology and additionally exert systemic effects on other tissues and organs. Although recent profiling studies have identified numerous myokines, the amount of overlap from these studies indicates that the secretome of skeletal muscle is still incompletely characterized. One limitation of the models used is the lack of contraction, a central characteristic of muscle cells. Here we aimed to characterize the secretome of primary human myotubes by cytokine antibody arrays and to identify myokines regulated by contraction, which was induced by electrical pulse stimulation (EPS). In this study, we validated the regulation and release of two selected myokines, namely pigment epithelium derived factor (PEDF) and dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4), which were recently described as adipokines. This study reveals that both factors, DPP4 and PEDF, are secreted by primary human myotubes. PEDF is a contraction-regulated myokine, although PEDF serum levels from healthy young men decrease after 60 min cycling at VO2max of 70%. Most interestingly, we identified 52 novel myokines which have not been described before to be secreted by skeletal muscle cells. For 48 myokines we show that their release is regulated by contractile activity. This profiling study of the human skeletal muscle secretome expands the number of myokines, identifies novel contraction-regulated myokines and underlines the overlap between proteins which are adipokines as well as myokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silja Raschke
- Paul-Langerhans-Group of Integrative Physiology, German Diabetes Center, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Kristin Eckardt
- Paul-Langerhans-Group of Integrative Physiology, German Diabetes Center, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Jørgen Jensen
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jürgen Eckel
- Paul-Langerhans-Group of Integrative Physiology, German Diabetes Center, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Lazzer S, Salvadego D, Porcelli S, Rejc E, Agosti F, Sartorio A, Grassi B. Skeletal muscle oxygen uptake in obese patients: functional evaluation by knee-extension exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2013; 113:2125-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-013-2647-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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362
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Carlson LA, Kenefick RW, Koch AJ. Influence of carbohydrate ingestion on salivary immunoglobulin A following resistance exercise. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2013; 10:14. [PMID: 23514330 PMCID: PMC3726298 DOI: 10.1186/1550-2783-10-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Heavy exercise stresses immune function, however carbohydrate (CHO) supplementation has been shown to attenuate the decline in some measures of immune function after exercise. The purpose of the study was to investigate the impact of CHO supplementation on salivary immunoglobulin A (s-IgA) levels, interleukin 2 (IL-2), and interleukin 5 (IL-5), following an acute bout of resistance exercise (RE). Methods Ten resistance trained male collegiate athletes (21±2 yr; 174±6 cm, 80±11kg, 14%±4% fat) performed RE consisting of four exercises (leg press, lat pull-downs, bench press, and leg curls). Volunteers performed four sets of 10 repetitions at 65% of 1-RM, with 2 min rest between sets for all exercises. Subjects consumed either CHO beverage (1 g•kg-1 body weight) or placebo (P) prior to, during, and after RE (randomized, double blind design). Saliva and venous blood were collected pre-, post- and 90 min post-exercise. Results No change occurred in s-IgA from rest relative to osmolality or as a secretion rate (p > 0.05). IL-2 levels were unchanged by exercise in both trials (time effect p = 0.342). IL-5 was significantly (time effect p = 0.04) decreased between rest (1.55 ± 0.07 pg•ml-1) and 90 min post-exercise (0.96 ± 0 .11 pg•ml-1), with no difference between treatments (group x time effect p = 0.610). There was no time-by-treatment interaction (p < 0.05) observed between CHO and P treatments for s-IgA or IL-5. Conclusion IL-5 decreases after RE, but s-IgA and IL-2 levels remain stable. CHO ingestion prior to-, during or following RE did not appear to alter salivary immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara A Carlson
- University of New England, 11 Hills Beach Road Pickus Biomedical Center #209, Biddeford, ME 04005, USA.
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363
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Sarcopenia, obesity, and natural killer cell immune senescence in aging: altered cytokine levels as a common mechanism. Aging (Albany NY) 2013; 4:535-46. [PMID: 22935594 PMCID: PMC3461341 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human aging is characterized by both physical and physiological frailty. A key feature of frailty, sarcopenia is the age-associated decline in skeletal muscle mass, strength, and endurance that characterize even the healthy elderly. Increases in adiposity, particularly in visceral adipose tissue, are almost universal in aging individuals and can contribute to sarcopenia and insulin resistance by increasing levels of inflammatory cytokines known collectively as adipokines. Aging also is associated with declines in adaptive and innate immunity, known as immune senescence, which are risk factors for cancer and all-cause mortality. The cytokine interleukin-15 (IL-15) is highly expressed in skeletal muscle tissue and declines in aging rodent models. IL-15 inhibits fat deposition and insulin resistance, is anabolic for skeletal muscle in certain situations, and is required for the development and survival of natural killer (NK) lymphocytes. We review the effect that adipokines and myokines have on NK cells, with special emphasis on IL-15. We posit that increased adipokine and decreased IL-15 levels during aging constitute a common mechanism for sarcopenia, obesity, and immune senescence.
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365
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Paoli A, Moro T, Marcolin G, Neri M, Bianco A, Palma A, Grimaldi K. High-Intensity Interval Resistance Training (HIRT) influences resting energy expenditure and respiratory ratio in non-dieting individuals. J Transl Med 2012; 10:237. [PMID: 23176325 PMCID: PMC3551736 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-10-237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The benefits of exercise are well established but one major barrier for many is time. It has been proposed that short period resistance training (RT) could play a role in weight control by increasing resting energy expenditure (REE) but the effects of different kinds of RT has not been widely reported. METHODS We tested the acute effects of high-intensity interval resistance training (HIRT) vs. traditional resistance training (TT) on REE and respiratory ratio (RR) at 22 hours post-exercise. In two separate sessions, seventeen trained males carried out HIRT and TT protocols. The HIRT technique consists of: 6 repetitions, 20 seconds rest, 2/3 repetitions, 20 secs rest, 2/3 repetitions with 2'30″ rest between sets, three exercises for a total of 7 sets. TT consisted of eight exercises of 4 sets of 8-12 repetitions with one/two minutes rest with a total amount of 32 sets. We measured basal REE and RR (TT0 and HIRT0) and 22 hours after the training session (TT22 and HIRT22). RESULTS HIRT showed a greater significant increase (p < 0.001) in REE at 22 hours compared to TT (HIRT22 2362 ± 118 Kcal/d vs TT22 1999 ± 88 Kcal/d). RR at HIRT22 was significantly lower (0.798 ± 0.010) compared to both HIRT0 (0.827 ± 0.006) and TT22 (0.822 ± 0.008). CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that shorter HIRT sessions may increase REE after exercise to a greater extent than TT and may reduce RR hence improving fat oxidation. The shorter exercise time commitment may help to reduce one major barrier to exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Paoli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Physiological Laboratory, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
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366
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Mo C, Romero-Suarez S, Bonewald L, Johnson M, Brotto M. Prostaglandin E2: from clinical applications to its potential role in bone- muscle crosstalk and myogenic differentiation. Recent Pat Biotechnol 2012; 6:223-9. [PMID: 23092433 DOI: 10.2174/1872208311206030223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Revised: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)), a prostanoid synthesized from arachidonic acid via the cyclooxygenase pathway, is a modulator of physiological responses including inflammation, fever, and muscle regeneration. Several patents have been filed that are related to PGE(2), one of them being directly related to skeletal muscles. In this report, we first summarize the key patents describing inventions for the utilization of PGE(2) for either diagnostic or therapeutic purposes, including skeletal muscle. In the second part of our work we present new and exciting data that demonstrates that PGE(2) accelerates skeletal muscle myogenic differentiation. Our discovery resulted from our recent and novel concept of bone-muscle crosstalk. Bone and muscle are anatomically intimate endocrine organs and we aimed to determine whether this anatomical intimacy also translates into a biochemical communication from bone cells to muscle cells at the in vitro level. The effects of MLOY4 osteocyte-like cell conditioned medium (CM) and three osteocyte-secreted factors, PGE(2), sclerostin and monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP-3), on C2C12 myogenic differentiation were evaluated using morphological analyses, a customized 96-gene PCR array, and measurements of intracellular calcium levels. MLO-Y4 CM and PGE(2), but not sclerostin and MCP-3, induced acceleration of myogenesis of C2C12 myoblasts that was linked with significant modifications in intracellular calcium homeostasis. This finding should further stimulate the pursuit of new patents to explore the use of PGE(2) and the new concept of bone-muscle crosstalk for the development and application of inventions designed to treat muscle diseases characterized by enhanced muscle wasting, such as sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenglin Mo
- University of Missouri-Kansas City, Muscle Biology Research Group-MUBIG, School of Nursing, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA
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367
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Kaitetzidou E, Crespo D, Vraskou Y, Antonopoulou E, Planas JV. Transcriptomic response of skeletal muscle to lipopolysaccharide in the gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata). MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2012; 14:605-619. [PMID: 22825392 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-012-9469-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The physiological consequences of the activation of the immune system in fish are not well understood. In particular, skeletal muscle, due to its essential role in locomotion and whole-animal energy homeostasis, is a potentially important target of inflammation. In this study, we have evaluated the in vivo effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on the white and red skeletal muscle transcriptome of the gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) by microarray analysis at 24 and 72 h after injection. In white muscle, the transcriptomic response was characterized by an up-regulation of genes involved in carbohydrate catabolism and protein synthesis at 24 h and a complete reversal of this pattern at 72 h. In red muscle, an up-regulation of genes involved in carbohydrate catabolism and protein synthesis was observed only at 72 h after LPS administration. Interestingly, both white and red muscles showed a similar consistent down-regulation of immune genes at 72 h post-injection. However, genes involved in muscle contraction showed a general up-regulation in response to LPS in both types of muscle. In summary, LPS administration causes muscle type-specific responses regarding the expression of genes involved in carbohydrate and protein metabolism and a common decreased expression of immune genes in skeletal muscle, concomitant with increased expression of genes for contractile elements. Our results evidence a robust and tissue-specific transcriptomic response of the skeletal muscle to an acute inflammatory challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisavet Kaitetzidou
- Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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368
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Jähn K, Lara-Castillo N, Brotto L, Mo CL, Johnson ML, Brotto M, Bonewald LF, Bonewald LF. Skeletal muscle secreted factors prevent glucocorticoid-induced osteocyte apoptosis through activation of β-catenin. Eur Cell Mater 2012; 24:197-209; discussion 209-10. [PMID: 22972510 PMCID: PMC3484168 DOI: 10.22203/ecm.v024a14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
It is a widely held belief that the sole effect of muscle on bone is through mechanical loading. However, as the two tissues are intimately associated, we hypothesized that muscle myokines may have positive effects on bone. We found that factors produced by muscle will protect osteocytes from undergoing cell death induced by dexamethasone (dex), a glucocorticoid known to induce osteocyte apoptosis thereby compromising their capacity to regulate bone remodeling. Both the trypan blue exclusion assay for cell death and nuclear fragmentation assay for apoptosis were used. MLO-Y4 osteocytes, primary osteocytes, and MC3T3 osteoblastic cells were protected against dex-induced apoptosis by C2C12 myotube conditioned media (MT-CM) or by CM from ex vivo electrically stimulated, intact extensor digitorum longus (EDL) or soleus muscle derived from 4 month-old mice. C2C12 MT-CM, but not undifferentiated myoblast CM prevented dex-induced cell apoptosis and was potent down to 0.1 % CM. The CM from EDL muscle electrically stimulated tetanically at 80 Hz was more potent (10 fold) in prevention of dex-induced osteocyte death than CM from soleus muscle stimulated at the same frequency or CM from EDL stimulated at 1 Hz. This suggests that electrical stimulation increases production of factors that preserve osteocyte viability and that type II fibers are greater producers than type I fibers. The muscle factor(s) appears to protect osteocytes from cell death through activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, as MT-CM induces β-catenin nuclear translocation and β-catenin siRNA abrogated the positive effects of MT-CM on dex-induced apoptosis. We conclude that muscle cells naturally secrete factor(s) that preserve osteocyte viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Jähn
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - N. Lara-Castillo
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - L. Brotto
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Nursing, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - C. L. Mo
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Nursing, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA,Department of Oral Biology, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - M. L. Johnson
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - M. Brotto
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Nursing, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA,Department of Oral Biology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - L. F. Bonewald
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA,Address for correspondence: Lynda F. Bonewald, Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 650 E. 25th Street, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA, Telephone Number: 1-816-235-2068, FAX Number: 1-816-235-5524,
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369
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The impact of mRNA turnover and translation on age-related muscle loss. Ageing Res Rev 2012; 11:432-41. [PMID: 22687959 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2012.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Revised: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The deterioration of skeletal muscle that develops slowly with age, termed sarcopenia, often leads to disability and mortality in the elderly population. As the proportion of elderly citizens continues to increase due to the dramatic rise in life expectancy, there are rising concerns about the healthcare cost and social burden of caring for geriatric patients. Thus, there is a growing need to understand the underlying mechanisms of sarcopenic muscle loss so that more efficacious therapies may be developed. Building evidence suggests that the onset of age-related muscle loss is linked to the age-related changes in gene expression that occur during sarcopenia. In recent work, the posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression by RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) and microRNA (miRNA) involved in the turnover and translation of mRNA were shown as key players believed to be involved in the induction of muscle wasting. Furthermore, posttranscriptional regulation may also be linked to the reduced ability of muscle satellite cells to contribute to muscle mass during ageing, a key contributing factor to sarcopenic progression. Here we highlight how the activation of pathways such as the p38 MAPK and the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) pathways alter the ability of RBPs to regulate the expression of their target mRNAs encoding proteins involved in cell cycle (p21 and p16), as well as myogenesis (Pax7, myogenin and MyoD). Further investigation into the role of RBPs and miRNA during sarcopenia may provide new insights into the development and progression of this disorder, which may lead to the development of new treatment options for elderly patients suffering from sarcopenia.
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370
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Roca-Rivada A, Al-Massadi O, Castelao C, Senín LL, Alonso J, Seoane LM, García-Caballero T, Casanueva FF, Pardo M. Muscle tissue as an endocrine organ: Comparative secretome profiling of slow-oxidative and fast-glycolytic rat muscle explants and its variation with exercise. J Proteomics 2012; 75:5414-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2012.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Revised: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 06/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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371
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Abstract
Sarcopenia remains largely undiagnosed and undertreated because of the lack of a universally accepted definition, effective ways to measure it, and identification of the outcomes that should guide treatment efficacy. An ever-growing number of clinicians and researchers along with funding and regulatory agencies have gradually recognized that sarcopenia is a human condition that requires both prevention and treatment. In this article, we review sarcopenia and its common and less known pharmacological treatments, attempt to define sarcopenia in its broader context, and present some new ideas for potential future treatment for this devastating condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Brotto
- Muscle Biology Research Group-MUBIG, University of Missouri-Kansas City, School of Nursing, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA.
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372
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Chan JKK, Harry L, Williams G, Nanchahal J. Soft-tissue reconstruction of open fractures of the lower limb: muscle versus fasciocutaneous flaps. Plast Reconstr Surg 2012; 130:284e-295e. [PMID: 22842425 PMCID: PMC3408595 DOI: 10.1097/prs.0b013e3182589e63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Early vascularized soft-tissue closure has long been recognized to be essential in achieving eventual infection-free union. The question of whether muscle or fasciocutaneous tissue is superior in terms of promoting fracture healing remains unresolved. In this article, the authors review the experimental and clinical evidence for the different tissue types and advocate that the biological role of flaps should be included as a key consideration during flap selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- James K-K Chan
- London, United Kingdom From the Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford
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373
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Abstract
Cytokines and other peptides are secreted from skeletal muscles in response to exercise and function as hormones either locally within the muscle or by targeting distant organs. Such proteins are recognized as myokines, with the prototype myokine being IL-6. Several studies have established a role of these muscle-derived factors as important contributors of the beneficial effects of exercise, and the myokines are central to our understanding of the cross talk during and after exercise between skeletal muscles and other organs. In a study into the mechanisms of a newly defined myokine, CXCL-1, we found that CXCL-1 overexpression increases muscular fatty acid oxidation with concomitant attenuation of diet-induced fat accumulation in the adipose tissue. Clearly this study adds to the concept of myokines playing an important role in mediating the whole-body adaptive effects of exercise through the regulation of skeletal muscle metabolism. Yet, myokines also contribute to whole-body metabolism by directly signaling to distant organs, regulating metabolic processes in liver and adipose tissue. Thus accumulating data shows that myokines play an important role in restoring a healthy cellular environment, reducing low-grade inflammation and thereby preventing metabolic related diseases like insulin resistance and cancer.
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374
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Body fat free mass is associated with the serum metabolite profile in a population-based study. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40009. [PMID: 22761945 PMCID: PMC3384624 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterise the influence of the fat free mass on the metabolite profile in serum samples from participants of the population-based KORA (Cooperative Health Research in the Region of Augsburg) S4 study. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Analyses were based on metabolite profile from 965 participants of the S4 and 890 weight-stable subjects of its seven-year follow-up study (KORA F4). 190 different serum metabolites were quantified in a targeted approach including amino acids, acylcarnitines, phosphatidylcholines (PCs), sphingomyelins and hexose. Associations between metabolite concentrations and the fat free mass index (FFMI) were analysed using adjusted linear regression models. To draw conclusions on enzymatic reactions, intra-metabolite class ratios were explored. Pairwise relationships among metabolites were investigated and illustrated by means of Gaussian graphical models (GGMs). RESULTS We found 339 significant associations between FFMI and various metabolites in KORA S4. Among the most prominent associations (p-values 4.75 × 10(-16)-8.95 × 10(-06)) with higher FFMI were increasing concentrations of the branched chained amino acids (BCAAs), ratios of BCAAs to glucogenic amino acids, and carnitine concentrations. For various PCs, a decrease in chain length or in saturation of the fatty acid moieties could be observed with increasing FFMI, as well as an overall shift from acyl-alkyl PCs to diacyl PCs. These findings were reproduced in KORA F4. The established GGMs supported the regression results and provided a comprehensive picture of the relationships between metabolites. In a sub-analysis, most of the discovered associations did not exist in obese subjects in contrast to non-obese subjects, possibly indicating derangements in skeletal muscle metabolism. CONCLUSION A set of serum metabolites strongly associated with FFMI was identified and a network explaining the relationships among metabolites was established. These results offer a novel and more complete picture of the FFMI effects on serum metabolites in a data-driven network.
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375
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Terra R, Silva SAGD, Pinto VS, Dutra PML. Efeito do exercício no sistema imune: resposta, adaptação e sinalização celular. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2012. [DOI: 10.1590/s1517-86922012000300015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUÇÃO: Durante o último século, o homem tornou-se menos ativo fisicamente, adotando hábitos cada vez mais sedentários. Isto promoveu aumento na incidência de doenças crônicas tais como doenças cardiovasculares, diabetes do tipo 2 e síndrome metabólica. A prática de atividade física pode influenciar o estado de higidez alterando estados metabólicos e também o sistema imunológico. OBJETIVO: Revisar na literatura estudos que abordem os efeitos promovidos pelo exercício físico no desenvolvimento da resposta imunológica e suas possíveis vias de transdução de sinais. MÉTODOS: Foram consultadas as bases de dados SciELO e PubMed. RESULTADOS: A literatura disponível mostra que durante a prática de exercício, várias subpopulações de leucócitos são alteradas de acordo com a intensidade e duração da atividade desempenhada. Exercícios de intensidade moderada estimulam uma resposta pró-inflamatória, enquanto aqueles de alta intensidade tendem a promover respostas anti-inflamatórias visando diminuir os danos na musculatura esquelética. Tais alterações são vistas em células apresentadoras de antígeno (como macrófagos e células dendríticas), neutrófilos, células natural killers (NK) e em moléculas de superfície como os receptores do tipo Toll (TLR) e do complexo principal de histocompatibilidade de classe II (MHC II), além das modificações promovidas em todo o repertório de citocinas. CONCLUSÃO: O estado atual do conhecimento permite considerar que as alterações no sistema imune são dependentes dos parâmetros inerentes ao exercício e que para que todas estas alterações ocorram, algumas cascatas de sinalização celular são acionadas, dando origem a um complexo processo de fosforilação/desfosforilação que culmina em ativação de fatores de transcrição, tradução de RNAm, síntese proteica e proliferação celular.
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376
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Abstract
A sedentary lifestyle or physical inactivity is recognized as an important risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Regular physical activity improves muscular function, cardiac function, and metabolic syndrome-related disorders. Leisure time physical activity reduces all-cause mortality by 22-34% and cardiovascular mortality by 27-35%. These data have been shown in many prospective cohort studies and published in four large meta-analyses with more than 800,000 participants (evidence IA). The risk reduction is somewhat more pronounced in the elderly and in women (IB). In addition to reduced mortality, physical activity also improves cardiopulmonary function and quality of life (IB). This also holds true for coronary artery disease, cardiac failure, and arterial hypertension with high-grade evidence (IA). Furthermore, evidence has been shown a risk reduction in stroke, development of cognitive dysfunction, and intermittent claudication. Training recommendations for physical activity have reached high-grade evidence (IA). Therefore, regular physical activity is one of the most important components of a healthy lifestyle. All physicians should ask their patients at all clinic and office visits about physical activity and recommend activity for prevention and therapy.
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377
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Lukaszuk B, Bialuk I, Górski J, Zajączkiewicz M, Winnicka MM, Chabowski A. A single bout of exercise increases the expression of glucose but not fatty acid transporters in skeletal muscle of IL-6 KO mice. Lipids 2012; 47:763-72. [PMID: 22623023 PMCID: PMC3404280 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-012-3678-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
IL-6 is a biologically active cytokine released during exercise by contracting skeletal muscles. It appears to be highly involved in the regulation of muscles energy substrate utilization. Whether an ablation of IL-6 (IL-6 KO) in mice subjected to a single bout of exercise affects lipid and/or glucose metabolism is currently unknown. In the present study we examined fatty acid (FAT/CD36, FABPpm, FATP-1, FATP-4) as well as glucose (GLUT-1, GLUT-4) transporters expression in IL-6 KO mice. In addition, intramuscular glycogen and lipid content was also evaluated. The expression of all fatty acid transporters (FAT/CD36: +25 %; FATP-1: +31 %; FABPpm: +12.7 %; FATP-4: +7.2 %) was increased in muscles from IL-6 KO mice compared to wild type (WT) mice. Accordingly intramuscular lipid content was also increased in these muscles (FFA: +38 %; DAG: +36 % and TAG: +160 %). Interestingly, IL-6 deficiency had only minor effect on glucose transporters expression (GLUT-1: -4 %, and GLUT-4: -5.1 %), with no apparent difference in muscular glycogen content. A single bout of exercise increased the glucose transporters (GLUT-1: +8 %; GLUT-4: +15 %) as well as FA transporters (FAT/CD36: +13 %; FABPpm: +4.5 %; FATP: +2.5 %, FATP-4: +10 %) expression but only in WT skeletal muscles. In muscles from IL-6 KO mice exercise induced changes only in glucose (GLUT-1: +20 %; GLUT-4: +35 %) but not in the content of FA transporters. Concomitantly, IL-6 KO mice displayed shorter time toward exhaustion with more pronounced reductions in intramuscular lipid and glycogen content. We may speculate, that IL-6 deficiency provokes more pronounced glucose utilization over lipid oxidation during a single bout of exhausting exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Lukaszuk
- Department of Physiology, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. Mickiewicza 2C, Bialystok, Poland
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378
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Laube W, von Heymann W. Das sensomotorische System und die Auswirkungen der Physiologie des Alterungsprozesses. MANUELLE MEDIZIN 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00337-012-0901-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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379
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Hamrick MW. The skeletal muscle secretome: an emerging player in muscle-bone crosstalk. BONEKEY REPORTS 2012; 1:60. [PMID: 23951457 DOI: 10.1038/bonekey.2012.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In vitro and in vivo studies provide evidence that a variety of growth factors and cytokines are actively secreted by muscle tissue. Muscle can therefore function as an endocrine and paracrine organ. These peptides characterize the muscle secretome, and many muscle-derived factors such as insulin-like growth factor-1, basic fibroblast growth factor, interleukin-15, myostatin and secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (osteonectin) are also known to have significant effects on bone metabolism. The factors secreted by muscle may vary according to muscle activity, in that muscle contraction, muscle atrophy or traumatic muscle injury can alter the type and relative abundance of particular factors released from muscle cells. The molecular and cellular pathways by which muscle-derived factors affect different types of bone cells (for example, osteoblasts, osteoclasts and osteocytes) are, however, poorly understood. Nevertheless, these findings further underscore the complex nature of muscle-bone interactions, and highlight the importance of integrating muscle biology and physiology into our understanding of bone growth, development and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark W Hamrick
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Georgia Health Sciences University , Augusta, GA, USA
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380
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Lambernd S, Taube A, Schober A, Platzbecker B, Görgens SW, Schlich R, Jeruschke K, Weiss J, Eckardt K, Eckel J. Contractile activity of human skeletal muscle cells prevents insulin resistance by inhibiting pro-inflammatory signalling pathways. Diabetologia 2012; 55:1128-39. [PMID: 22282161 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-012-2454-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Obesity is closely associated with muscle insulin resistance and is a major risk factor for the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. Regular physical activity not only prevents obesity, but also considerably improves insulin sensitivity and skeletal muscle metabolism. We sought to establish and characterise an in vitro model of human skeletal muscle contraction, with a view to directly studying the signalling pathways and mechanisms that are involved in the beneficial effects of muscle activity. METHODS Contracting human skeletal muscle cell cultures were established by applying electrical pulse stimulation. To induce insulin resistance, skeletal muscle cells were incubated with human adipocyte-derived conditioned medium, monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1 and chemerin. RESULTS Similarly to in exercising skeletal muscle in vivo, electrical pulse stimulation induced contractile activity in human skeletal muscle cells, combined with the formation of sarcomeres, activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and increased IL-6 secretion. Insulin-stimulated glucose uptake was substantially elevated in contracting cells compared with control. The incubation of skeletal muscle cells with adipocyte-conditioned media, chemerin and MCP-1 significantly reduced the insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of Akt. This effect was abrogated by concomitant pulse stimulation of the cells. Additionally, pro-inflammatory signalling by adipocyte-derived factors was completely prevented by electrical pulse stimulation of the myotubes. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION We showed that the effects of electrical pulse stimulation on skeletal muscle cells were similar to the effect of exercise on skeletal muscle in vivo in terms of enhanced AMPK activation and IL-6 secretion. In our model, muscle contractile activity eliminates insulin resistance by blocking pro-inflammatory signalling pathways. This novel model therefore provides a unique tool for investigating the molecular mechanisms that mediate the beneficial effects of muscle contraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lambernd
- German Diabetes Center, Auf´m Hennekamp 65, Duesseldorf, Germany
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381
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Winkelman C, Johnson KD, Hejal R, Gordon NH, Rowbottom J, Daly J, Peereboom K, Levine AD. Examining the positive effects of exercise in intubated adults in ICU: a prospective repeated measures clinical study. Intensive Crit Care Nurs 2012; 28:307-18. [PMID: 22458998 DOI: 10.1016/j.iccn.2012.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Revised: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/29/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Determining the optimal timing and progression of mobility exercise has the potential to affect functional recovery of critically ill adults. This study compared standard care with care delivered using a mobility protocol. We examined the effects of exercise on vital signs and inflammatory biomarkers and the effects of the nurse-initiated mobility protocol on outcomes. METHODS Prospective, repeated measures study with a control (standard care) and intervention (protocol) period. RESULTS 75 heterogeneous subjects admitted to a Medical or Surgical intensive care unit (ICU) were enrolled. In <5% of exercise periods, there was a concerning alteration in respiratory rate or peripheral oxygen saturation; no other adverse events occurred. Findings suggested the use of a protocol with one 20 minute episode of exercise daily for 2 or more days reduced ICU length of stay. Duration of exercise was linked to increased IL-10, suggesting brief episodes of low intensity exercise positively altered inflammatory dysregulation in this sample. CONCLUSION A growing body of evidence demonstrates that early, progressive exercise has significant benefits to intubated adults. These results should encourage clinicians to add mobility protocols to the care of ICU adults and lead to future studies to determine optimal "dosing" of exercise in ICU patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Winkelman
- Case Western Reserve University, Frances Payne Bolton School of Nursing, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44016, USA.
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382
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Abbott MJ, Constantinescu S, Turcotte LP. AMP-activated protein kinase α2 is an essential signal in the regulation of insulin-stimulated fatty acid uptake in control-fed and high-fat-fed mice. Exp Physiol 2012; 97:603-17. [DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.2012.064402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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383
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Chłopicki S, Kurdziel M, Sternak M, Szafarz M, Szymura-Oleksiak J, Kamiński K, Żołądź JA. Single bout of endurance exercise increases NNMT activity in the liver and MNA concentration in plasma; the role of IL-6. Pharmacol Rep 2012; 64:369-76. [DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(12)70777-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Revised: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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384
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PEDERSEN BENTEKLARLUND. Muscular Interleukin-6 and Its Role as an Energy Sensor. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2012; 44:392-6. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e31822f94ac] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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385
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Abstract
Macrophages are key innate immune effector cells best known for their role as professional phagocytes, which also include neutrophils and dendritic cells. Recent evidence indicates that macrophages are also key players in metabolic homoeostasis. Macrophages can be found in many tissues, where they respond to metabolic cues and produce pro- and/or anti-inflammatory mediators to modulate metabolite programmes. Certain metabolites, such as fatty acids, ceramides and cholesterol crystals, elicit inflammatory responses through pathogen-sensing signalling pathways, implicating a maladaptation of macrophages and the innate immune system to elevated metabolic stress associated with overnutrition in modern societies. The outcome of this maladaptation is a feedforward inflammatory response leading to a state of unresolved inflammation and a collection of metabolic pathologies, including insulin resistance, fatty liver, atherosclerosis and dyslipidaemia. The present review summarizes what is known about the contributions of macrophages to metabolic diseases and the signalling pathways that are involved in metabolic stress-induced macrophage activation. Understanding the role of macrophages in these processes will help us to develop therapies against detrimental effects of the metabolic syndrome.
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386
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Abstract
The increasing prevalence of obesity and its comorbidities represents a major threat to human health globally. Pharmacological treatments exist to achieve weight loss, but the subsequent weight maintenance is prone to fail in the long run. Accordingly, efficient new strategies to persistently control body weight need to be elaborated. Exercise and dietary interventions constitute classical approaches to reduce and maintain body weight, yet people suffering from metabolic diseases are often unwilling or unable to move adequately. The administration of drugs that partially mimic exercise adaptation might circumvent this problem by easing and supporting physical activity. The thermogenic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) largely mediates the adaptive response of skeletal muscle to endurance exercise and is a potential target for such interventions. Here, we review the role of PGC-1α in mediating exercise adaptation, coordinating metabolic circuits and enhancing thermogenic capacity in skeletal muscle. We suggest a combination of elevated muscle PGC-1α and exercise as a modified approach for the efficient long-term control of body weight and the treatment of the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Summermatter
- Biozentrum, Division of Pharmacology/Neurobiology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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387
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Mormeneo E, Jimenez-Mallebrera C, Palomer X, De Nigris V, Vázquez-Carrera M, Orozco A, Nascimento A, Colomer J, Lerín C, Gómez-Foix AM. PGC-1α induces mitochondrial and myokine transcriptional programs and lipid droplet and glycogen accumulation in cultured human skeletal muscle cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e29985. [PMID: 22272266 PMCID: PMC3260188 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcriptional coactivator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC-1α) is a chief activator of mitochondrial and metabolic programs and protects against atrophy in skeletal muscle (skm). Here we tested whether PGC-1α overexpression could restructure the transcriptome and metabolism of primary cultured human skm cells, which display a phenotype that resembles the atrophic phenotype. An oligonucleotide microarray analysis was used to reveal the effects of PGC-1α on the whole transcriptome. Fifty-three different genes showed altered expression in response to PGC-1α: 42 upregulated and 11 downregulated. The main gene ontologies (GO) associated with the upregulated genes were mitochondrial components and processes and this was linked with an increase in COX activity, an indicator of mitochondrial content. Furthermore, PGC-1α enhanced mitochondrial oxidation of palmitate and lactate to CO2, but not glucose oxidation. The other most significantly associated GOs for the upregulated genes were chemotaxis and cytokine activity, and several cytokines, including IL-8/CXCL8, CXCL6, CCL5 and CCL8, were within the most highly induced genes. Indeed, PGC-1α highly increased IL-8 cell protein content. The most upregulated gene was PVALB, which is related to calcium signaling. Potential metabolic regulators of fatty acid and glucose storage were among mainly regulated genes. The mRNA and protein level of FITM1/FIT1, which enhances the formation of lipid droplets, was raised by PGC-1α, while in oleate-incubated cells PGC-1α increased the number of smaller lipid droplets and modestly triglyceride levels, compared to controls. CALM1, the calcium-modulated δ subunit of phosphorylase kinase, was downregulated by PGC-1α, while glycogen phosphorylase was inactivated and glycogen storage was increased by PGC-1α. In conclusion, of the metabolic transcriptome deficiencies of cultured skm cells, PGC-1α rescued the expression of genes encoding mitochondrial proteins and FITM1. Several myokine genes, including IL-8 and CCL5, which are known to be constitutively expressed in human skm cells, were induced by PGC-1α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Mormeneo
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas, Barcelona, Spain.
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388
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Manabe Y, Miyatake S, Takagi M. Myokines: Do they really exist? JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL FITNESS AND SPORTS MEDICINE 2012. [DOI: 10.7600/jpfsm.1.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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389
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Age-related chronic low-grade inflammatory profile (CLIP) has been recognized as an important causative factor for sarcopenia. Here, we report the recent evidence concerning CLIP and sarcopenia. RECENT FINDINGS Twenty-one studies were included (12 observational, five interventional studies and four randomized controlled trials). Observational studies strengthen the association between CLIP and sarcopenia in cross-sectional and longitudinal designs. Interleukin (IL)-6 and tumour necrosis factor-α are the most reported inflammatory parameters. Biopsy studies confirm the role of oxidative mechanisms, protein kinase B and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells pathways and implicate stress response mechanisms and heat shock protein. Adipose tissue as source of inflammatory cytokines remains unclear and correction for fat mass is advisable in new research. Exercise interventions (both aerobic and resistance training) demonstrate beneficial effects on CLIP even in the absence of decreases in weight, BMI or fat mass. IL-6 is also released during exercise, in hormone-like fashion unrelated to inflammation, and exercise-induced IL-6 changes require careful interpretation. Soy supplementation in one study showed no influence on CLIP and no recent pharmacological trials were retrieved. SUMMARY Associations between CLIP and sarcopenia are observed quite consistently and underlying mechanisms become apparent. Exercise remains the mainstay intervention to lower CLIP and counter sarcopenia. More research is warranted to unravel the exact dose-response relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Beyer
- Geriatrics Department, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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390
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Zhang X, Xie M, Yan Y, Wu Y, Xu J. Reactive Oxygen Species and p38 Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Mediate Exercise-induced Skeletal Muscle-derived Interleukin-6 Expression. J Exerc Sci Fit 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s1728-869x(12)60008-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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391
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Zisa D, Shabbir A, Mastri M, Taylor T, Aleksic I, McDaniel M, Suzuki G, Lee T. Intramuscular VEGF activates an SDF1-dependent progenitor cell cascade and an SDF1-independent muscle paracrine cascade for cardiac repair. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2011; 301:H2422-32. [PMID: 21963833 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00343.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The skeletal muscle is endowed with an impressive ability to regenerate after injury, and this ability is coupled to paracrine production of many trophic factors possessing cardiovascular benefits. Taking advantage of this humoral capacity of the muscle, we recently demonstrated an extracardiac therapeutic regimen based on intramuscular delivery of VEGF-A(165) for repair of the failing hamster heart. This distal organ repair mechanism activates production from the injected hamstring of many trophic factors, among which stromal-derived factor-1 (SDF1) prominently mobilized multi-lineage progenitor cells expressing CXCR4 and their recruitment to the heart. The mobilized bone marrow progenitor cells express the cardiac transcription factors myocyte enhancer factor 2c and GATA4 and several major trophic factors, most notably IGF1 and VEGF. SDF1 blockade abrogated myocardial recruitment of CXCR4(+) and c-kit(+) progenitor cells with an insignificant effect on the hematopoietic progenitor lineage. The knockdown of cardiac progenitor cells led to deprivation of myocardial trophic factors, resulting in compromised cardiomyogenesis and angiogenesis. However, the VEGF-injected hamstring continued to synthesize cardioprotective factors, contributing to moderate myocardial tissue viability and function even in the presence of SDF1 blockade. These findings thus uncover two distinct but synergistic cardiac therapeutic mechanisms activated by intramuscular VEGF. Whereas the SDF1/CXCR4 axis activates the progenitor cell cascade and its trophic support of cardiomyogenesis intramuscularly, VEGF amplifies the skeletal muscle paracrine cascade capable of directly promoting myocardial survival independent of SDF1. Given that recent clinical trials of cardiac repair based on the use of marrow-mobilizing agents have been disappointing, the proposed dual therapeutic modality warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Zisa
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Engineering, Center for Research in Cardiovascular Medicine, University at Buffalo, New York, USA
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392
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González-Reimers E, Fernández-Rodríguez CM, Santolaria-Fernández F, Vega-Prieto MJDL, Martín-González C, Gómez-Rodríguez MÁ, Alemán-Valls M, Rodríguez-Gaspar M. Interleukin-15 and Other Myokines in Chronic Alcoholics. Alcohol Alcohol 2011; 46:529-533. [DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agr064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
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