401
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Vroom RJE, Koelmans AA, Besseling E, Halsband C. Aging of microplastics promotes their ingestion by marine zooplankton. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 231:987-996. [PMID: 28898955 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.08.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (<5 mm) are ubiquitous in the marine environment and are ingested by zooplankton with possible negative effects on survival, feeding, and fecundity. The majority of laboratory studies has used new and pristine microplastics to test their impacts, while aging processes such as weathering and biofouling alter the characteristics of plastic particles in the marine environment. We investigated zooplankton ingestion of polystyrene beads (15 and 30 μm) and fragments (≤30 μm), and tested the hypothesis that microplastics previously exposed to marine conditions (aged) are ingested at higher rates than pristine microplastics. Polystyrene beads were aged by soaking in natural local seawater for three weeks. Three zooplankton taxa ingested microplastics, excluding the copepod Pseudocalanus spp., but the proportions of individuals ingesting plastic and the number of particles ingested were taxon and life stage specific and dependent on plastic size. All stages of Calanus finmarchicus ingested polystyrene fragments. Aged microbeads were preferred over pristine ones by females of Acartia longiremis as well as juvenile copepodites CV and adults of Calanus finmarchicus. The preference for aged microplastics may be attributed to the formation of a biofilm. Such a coating, made up of natural microbes, may contain similar prey as the copepods feed on in the water column and secrete chemical exudates that aid chemodetection and thus increase the attractiveness of the particles as food items. Much of the ingested plastic was, however, egested within a short time period (2-4 h) and the survival of adult Calanus females was not affected in an 11-day exposure. Negative effects of microplastics ingestion were thus limited. Our findings emphasize, however, that aging plays an important role in the transformation of microplastics at sea and ingestion by grazers, and should thus be considered in future microplastics ingestion studies and estimates of microplastics transfer into the marine food web.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renske J E Vroom
- Akvaplan-niva, Fram Centre, N-9296 Tromsø, Norway; Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Albert A Koelmans
- Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands; Wageningen Marine Research, P.O. Box 68, 1970 AB IJmuiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen Besseling
- Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands; Wageningen Marine Research, P.O. Box 68, 1970 AB IJmuiden, The Netherlands
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402
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Allen AS, Seymour AC, Rittschof D. Chemoreception drives plastic consumption in a hard coral. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2017; 124:198-205. [PMID: 28743368 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The drivers behind microplastic (up to 5mm in diameter) consumption by animals are uncertain and impacts on foundational species are poorly understood. We investigated consumption of weathered, unfouled, biofouled, pre-production and microbe-free National Institute of Standards plastic by a scleractinian coral that relies on chemosensory cues for feeding. Experiment one found that corals ingested many plastic types while mostly ignoring organic-free sand, suggesting that plastic contains phagostimulents. Experiment two found that corals ingested more plastic that wasn't covered in a microbial biofilm than plastics that were biofilmed. Additionally, corals retained ~8% of ingested plastic for 24h or more and retained particles appeared stuck in corals, with consequences for energetics, pollutant toxicity and trophic transfer. The potential for chemoreception to drive plastic consumption in marine taxa has implications for conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin S Allen
- Duke University, 135 Duke Marine Lab Road, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA.
| | | | - Daniel Rittschof
- Duke University, 135 Duke Marine Lab Road, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA
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403
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Coppock RL, Cole M, Lindeque PK, Queirós AM, Galloway TS. A small-scale, portable method for extracting microplastics from marine sediments. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 230:829-837. [PMID: 28734264 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (plastic particles, 0.1 μm-5 mm in size) are widespread marine pollutants, accumulating in benthic sediments and shorelines the world over. To gain a clearer understanding of microplastic availability to marine life, and the risks they pose to the health of benthic communities, ecological processes and food security, it is important to obtain accurate measures of microplastic abundance in marine sediments. To date, methods for extracting microplastics from marine sediments have been disadvantaged by complexity, expense, low extraction efficiencies and incompatibility with very fine sediments. Here we present a new, portable method to separate microplastics from sediments of differing types, using the principle of density floatation. The Sediment-Microplastic Isolation (SMI) unit is a custom-built apparatus which consistently extracted microplastics from sediments in a single step, with a mean efficiency of 95.8% (±SE 1.6%; min 70%, max 100%). Zinc chloride, at a density of 1.5 g cm-3, was deemed an effective and relatively inexpensive floatation media, allowing fine sediment to settle whilst simultaneously enabling floatation of dense polymers. The method was validated by artificially spiking sediment with low and high density microplastics, and its environmental relevance was further tested by extracting plastics present in natural sediment samples from sites ranging in sediment type; fine silt/clay (mean size 10.25 ± SD 3.02 μm) to coarse sand (mean size 149.3 ± SD 49.9 μm). The method presented here is cheap, reproducible and is easily portable, lending itself for use in the laboratory and in the field, eg. on board research vessels. By employing this method, accurate estimates of microplastic type, distribution and abundance in natural sediments can be achieved, with the potential to further our understanding of the availability of microplastics to benthic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L Coppock
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, West Hoe, Plymouth, PL1 3DH, UK; College of Life and Environmental Sciences: Biosciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Matthew Cole
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences: Biosciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Penelope K Lindeque
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, West Hoe, Plymouth, PL1 3DH, UK.
| | - Ana M Queirós
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, West Hoe, Plymouth, PL1 3DH, UK
| | - Tamara S Galloway
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences: Biosciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
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404
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Karami A. Gaps in aquatic toxicological studies of microplastics. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 184:841-848. [PMID: 28646766 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.06.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 05/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The contamination of aquatic environments with microplastics (MPs) has spurred an unprecedented interest among scientific communities to investigate their impacts on biota. Despite the rapid growth in the number of studies on the aquatic toxicology of MPs, controversy over the fate and biological impacts of MPs is increasingly growing mainly due to the absence of standardized laboratory bioassays. Given the complex features of MPs, such as the diversity of constituent polymers, additives, shapes and sizes, as well as continuous changes in the particle buoyancy as a result of fouling and defouling processes, it is necessary to modify conventional bioassay protocols before employing them for MP toxicity testings. Moreover, several considerations including quantification of chemicals on/in the MP particles, choice of test organisms, approaches for renewing the test solution, aggregation prevention, stock solution preparation, and units used to report MP concentration in the test solution should be taken into account. This critical review suggests some important strategies to help conduct environmentally-relevant MP bioassays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Karami
- Laboratory of Aquatic Toxicology, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Selangor, Malaysia.
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405
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Pauli NC, Petermann JS, Lott C, Weber M. Macrofouling communities and the degradation of plastic bags in the sea: an in situ experiment. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2017; 4:170549. [PMID: 29134070 PMCID: PMC5666253 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.170549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The increasing amount of plastic littered into the sea may provide a new substratum for benthic organisms. These marine fouling communities on plastic have not received much scientific attention. We present, to our knowledge, the first comprehensive analysis of their macroscopic community composition, their primary production and the polymer degradation comparing conventional polyethylene (PE) and a biodegradable starch-based plastic blend in coastal benthic and pelagic habitats in the Mediterranean Sea. The biomass of the fouling layer increased significantly over time and all samples became heavy enough to sink to the seafloor. The fouling communities, consisting of 21 families, were distinct between habitats, but not between polymer types. Positive primary production was measured in the pelagic, but not in the benthic habitat, suggesting that large accumulations of floating plastic could pose a source of oxygen for local ecosystems, as well as a carbon sink. Contrary to PE, the biodegradable plastic showed a significant loss of tensile strength and disintegrated over time in both habitats. These results indicate that in the marine environment, biodegradable polymers may disintegrate at higher rates than conventional polymers. This should be considered for the development of new materials, environmental risk assessment and waste management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora-Charlotte Pauli
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Wischhofstr. 1-3, 24148 Kiel, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 1-3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jana S. Petermann
- Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 1-3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Christian Lott
- HYDRA Institute for Marine Sciences, Elba Field Station, Via del Forno 80, 57034 Campo nell'Elba (LI), Italy
| | - Miriam Weber
- HYDRA Institute for Marine Sciences, Elba Field Station, Via del Forno 80, 57034 Campo nell'Elba (LI), Italy
- Author for correspondence: Miriam Weber e-mail:
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406
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Syranidou E, Karkanorachaki K, Amorotti F, Repouskou E, Kroll K, Kolvenbach B, Corvini PFX, Fava F, Kalogerakis N. Development of tailored indigenous marine consortia for the degradation of naturally weathered polyethylene films. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183984. [PMID: 28841722 PMCID: PMC5571942 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the potential of bacterial-mediated polyethylene (PE) degradation in a two-phase microcosm experiment. During phase I, naturally weathered PE films were incubated for 6 months with the indigenous marine community alone as well as bioaugmented with strains able to grow in minimal medium with linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) as the sole carbon source. At the end of phase I the developed biofilm was harvested and re-inoculated with naturally weathered PE films. Bacteria from both treatments were able to establish an active population on the PE surfaces as the biofilm community developed in a time dependent way. Moreover, a convergence in the composition of these communities was observed towards an efficient PE degrading microbial network, comprising of indigenous species. In acclimated communities, genera affiliated with synthetic (PE) and natural (cellulose) polymer degraders as well as hydrocarbon degrading bacteria were enriched. The acclimated consortia (indigenous and bioaugmented) reduced more efficiently the weight of PE films in comparison to non-acclimated bacteria. The SEM images revealed a dense and compact biofilm layer and signs of bio-erosion on the surface of the films. Rheological results suggest that the polymers after microbial treatment had wider molecular mass distribution and a marginally smaller average molar mass suggesting biodegradation as opposed to abiotic degradation. Modifications on the surface chemistry were observed throughout phase II while the FTIR profiles of microbially treated films at month 6 were similar to the profiles of virgin PE. Taking into account the results, we can suggest that the tailored indigenous marine community represents an efficient consortium for degrading weathered PE plastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evdokia Syranidou
- School of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Crete, Chania, Greece
| | | | - Filippo Amorotti
- School of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Crete, Chania, Greece
- Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering (DICAM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Eftychia Repouskou
- School of Mineral Resources Engineering, Technical University of Crete, Chania, Greece
| | - Kevin Kroll
- Institute for Ecopreneurship, School of Life Sciences, FHNW, Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Boris Kolvenbach
- Institute for Ecopreneurship, School of Life Sciences, FHNW, Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Philippe F-X Corvini
- Institute for Ecopreneurship, School of Life Sciences, FHNW, Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Fabio Fava
- Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering (DICAM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Nicolas Kalogerakis
- School of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Crete, Chania, Greece
- * E-mail:
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407
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Saharudin MS, Wei J, Shyha I, Inam F. Biodegradation of Halloysite Nanotubes-Polyester Nanocomposites Exposed to Short Term Seawater Immersion. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:E314. [PMID: 30970992 PMCID: PMC6418935 DOI: 10.3390/polym9080314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Halloysite nanotubes (HNTs)-polyester nanocomposites with four different concentrations were produced using solution casting technique and the biodegradation effect of short-term seawater exposure (120 h) was studied. Monolithic polyester was observed to have the highest seawater absorption with 1.37%. At 0.3 wt % HNTs reinforcement, the seawater absorption dropped significantly to the lowest value of 0.77% due to increase of liquid diffusion path. For samples tested in dry conditions, the Tg, storage modulus, tensile properties and flexural properties were improved. The highest improvement of Tg was from 79.3 to 82.4 °C (increase 3.1 °C) in the case of 0.3 wt % HNTs. This can be associated with the exfoliated HNTs particles, which restrict the mobility of polymer chains and thus raised the Tg. After seawater exposure, the Tg, storage modulus, tensile properties and flexural properties of polyester and its nanocomposites were decreased. The Young's modulus of 0.3 wt % HNTs-polyester dropped 20% while monolithic polyester dropped up to 24% compared to their values in dry condition. Apart from that, 29% flexural modulus reduction was observed, which was 18% higher than monolithic polyester. In contrast, fracture toughness and surface roughness increased due to plasticization effect. The presence of various microbial communities caused gradual biodegradation on the microstructure of the polyester matrix as also evidently shown by SEM images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Shahneel Saharudin
- Department of Mechanical and Construction Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK.
- Institute of Product Design and Manufacturing (UniKL IPROM), Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Cheras, 56100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Jiacheng Wei
- Department of Mechanical and Construction Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK.
| | - Islam Shyha
- Department of Mechanical and Construction Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK.
| | - Fawad Inam
- Department of Mechanical and Construction Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK.
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408
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Kooi M, Nes EHV, Scheffer M, Koelmans AA. Ups and Downs in the Ocean: Effects of Biofouling on Vertical Transport of Microplastics. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:7963-7971. [PMID: 28613852 PMCID: PMC6150669 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b04702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 371] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest size-selective removal of small plastic particles from the ocean surface, an observation that remains unexplained. We studied one of the hypotheses regarding this size-selective removal: the formation of a biofilm on the microplastics (biofouling). We developed the first theoretical model that is capable of simulating the effect of biofouling on the fate of microplastic. The model is based on settling, biofilm growth, and ocean depth profiles for light, water density, temperature, salinity, and viscosity. Using realistic parameters, the model simulates the vertical transport of small microplastic particles over time, and predicts that the particles either float, sink to the ocean floor, or oscillate vertically, depending on the size and density of the particle. The predicted size-dependent vertical movement of microplastic particles results in a maximum concentration at intermediate depths. Consequently, relatively low abundances of small particles are predicted at the ocean surface, while at the same time these small particles may never reach the ocean floor. Our results hint at the fate of "lost" plastic in the ocean, and provide a start for predicting risks of exposure to microplastics for potentially vulnerable species living at these depths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merel Kooi
- Aquatic
Ecology and Water Quality Management Group, Department of Environmental
Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
- E-mail:
| | - Egbert H. van Nes
- Aquatic
Ecology and Water Quality Management Group, Department of Environmental
Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marten Scheffer
- Aquatic
Ecology and Water Quality Management Group, Department of Environmental
Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Albert A. Koelmans
- Aquatic
Ecology and Water Quality Management Group, Department of Environmental
Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Wageningen Marine
Research, P.O. Box 68, 1970 AB IJmuiden, The Netherlands
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409
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De Tender C, Devriese LI, Haegeman A, Maes S, Vangeyte J, Cattrijsse A, Dawyndt P, Ruttink T. Temporal Dynamics of Bacterial and Fungal Colonization on Plastic Debris in the North Sea. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:7350-7360. [PMID: 28562015 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b00697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Despite growing evidence that biofilm formation on plastic debris in the marine environment may be essential for its biodegradation, the underlying processes have yet to be fully understood. Thus, far, bacterial biofilm formation had only been studied after short-term exposure or on floating plastic, yet a prominent share of plastic litter accumulates on the seafloor. In this study, we explored the taxonomic composition of bacterial and fungal communities on polyethylene plastic sheets and dolly ropes during long-term exposure on the seafloor, both at a harbor and an offshore location in the Belgian part of the North Sea. We reconstructed the sequence of events during biofilm formation on plastic in the harbor environment and identified a core bacteriome and subsets of bacterial indicator species for early, intermediate, and late stages of biofilm formation. Additionally, by implementing ITS2 metabarcoding on plastic debris, we identified and characterized for the first time fungal genera on plastic debris. Surprisingly, none of the plastics exposed to offshore conditions displayed the typical signature of a late stage biofilm, suggesting that biofilm formation is severely hampered in the natural environment where most plastic debris accumulates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline De Tender
- Institute of Agricultural, Fisheries and Food Research (ILVO) , Burgemeester Van Gansberghelaan 92, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
- Ghent University , Department of Applied Mathematics, Computer Sciences and Statistics, Krijgslaan 281 S9, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lisa I Devriese
- Institute of Agricultural, Fisheries and Food Research (ILVO) , Burgemeester Van Gansberghelaan 92, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
- Department of Environment and Health, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annelies Haegeman
- Institute of Agricultural, Fisheries and Food Research (ILVO) , Burgemeester Van Gansberghelaan 92, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Sara Maes
- Institute of Agricultural, Fisheries and Food Research (ILVO) , Burgemeester Van Gansberghelaan 92, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Jürgen Vangeyte
- Institute of Agricultural, Fisheries and Food Research (ILVO) , Burgemeester Van Gansberghelaan 92, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - André Cattrijsse
- Flanders Marine Institute , InnovOcean site, Wandelaarkaai 7, 8400 Oostende, Belgium
| | - Peter Dawyndt
- Ghent University , Department of Applied Mathematics, Computer Sciences and Statistics, Krijgslaan 281 S9, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tom Ruttink
- Institute of Agricultural, Fisheries and Food Research (ILVO) , Burgemeester Van Gansberghelaan 92, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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410
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Avio CG, Gorbi S, Regoli F. Plastics and microplastics in the oceans: From emerging pollutants to emerged threat. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 128:2-11. [PMID: 27233985 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2016.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 534] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plastic production has increased dramatically worldwide over the last 60 years and it is nowadays recognized as a serious threat to the marine environment. Plastic pollution is ubiquitous, but quantitative estimates on the global abundance and weight of floating plastics are still limited, particularly for the Southern Hemisphere and the more remote regions. Some large-scale convergence zones of plastic debris have been identified, but there is the urgency to standardize common methodologies to measure and quantify plastics in seawater and sediments. Investigations on temporal trends, geographical distribution and global cycle of plastics have management implications when defining the origin, possible drifting tracks and ecological consequences of such pollution. An elevated number of marine species is known to be affected by plastic contamination, and a more integrated ecological risk assessment of these materials has become a research priority. Beside entanglement and ingestion of macro debris by large vertebrates, microplastics are accumulated by planktonic and invertebrate organisms, being transferred along food chains. Negative consequences include loss of nutritional value of diet, physical damages, exposure to pathogens and transport of alien species. In addition, plastics contain chemical additives and efficiently adsorb several environmental contaminants, thus representing a potential source of exposure to such compounds after ingestion. Complex ecotoxicological effects are increasingly reported, but the fate and impact of microplastics in the marine environment are still far to be fully clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Giacomo Avio
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente (DiSVA), Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Stefania Gorbi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente (DiSVA), Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesco Regoli
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente (DiSVA), Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy.
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411
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Abstract
Microplastics are a pollutant of environmental concern. Their presence in food destined for human consumption and in air samples has been reported. Thus, microplastic exposure via diet or inhalation could occur, the human health effects of which are unknown. The current review article draws upon cross-disciplinary scientific literature to discuss and evaluate the potential human health impacts of microplastics and outlines urgent areas for future research. Key literature up to September 2016 relating to accumulation, particle toxicity, and chemical and microbial contaminants was critically examined. Although microplastics and human health is an emerging field, complementary existing fields indicate potential particle, chemical and microbial hazards. If inhaled or ingested, microplastics may accumulate and exert localized particle toxicity by inducing or enhancing an immune response. Chemical toxicity could occur due to the localized leaching of component monomers, endogenous additives, and adsorbed environmental pollutants. Chronic exposure is anticipated to be of greater concern due to the accumulative effect that could occur. This is expected to be dose-dependent, and a robust evidence-base of exposure levels is currently lacking. Although there is potential for microplastics to impact human health, assessing current exposure levels and burdens is key. This information will guide future research into the potential mechanisms of toxicity and hence therein possible health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L Wright
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Analytical and Environmental Sciences, King's College London , London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Frank J Kelly
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Analytical and Environmental Sciences, King's College London , London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
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412
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Näkki P, Setälä O, Lehtiniemi M. Bioturbation transports secondary microplastics to deeper layers in soft marine sediments of the northern Baltic Sea. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2017; 119:255-261. [PMID: 28427773 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.03.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) are observed to be present on the seafloor ranging from coastal areas to deep seas. Because bioturbation alters the distribution of natural particles on inhabited soft bottoms, a mesocosm experiment with common benthic invertebrates was conducted to study their effect on the distribution of secondary MPs (different-sized pieces of fishing line<1mm). During the study period of three weeks, the benthic community increased MP concentration in the depth of 1.7-5.1cm in the sediment. The experiment revealed a clear vertical gradient in MP distribution with their abundance being highest in the uppermost parts of the sediment and decreasing with depth. The Baltic clam Macoma balthica was the only study animal that ingested MPs. This study highlights the need to further examine the vertical distribution of MPs in natural sediments to reliably assess their abundance on the seafloor as well as their potential impacts on benthic communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinja Näkki
- Marine Research Centre, Finnish Environment Institute, P. O. Box 140, FI-00251 Helsinki, Finland; Tvärminne Zoological Station, University of Helsinki, J.A. Palménin tie 260, FI-10900 Hanko, Finland.
| | - Outi Setälä
- Marine Research Centre, Finnish Environment Institute, P. O. Box 140, FI-00251 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maiju Lehtiniemi
- Marine Research Centre, Finnish Environment Institute, P. O. Box 140, FI-00251 Helsinki, Finland
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413
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Andrady AL. The plastic in microplastics: A review. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2017; 119:12-22. [PMID: 28449819 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.01.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 902] [Impact Index Per Article: 128.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Revised: 01/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics [MPs], now a ubiquitous pollutant in the oceans, pose a serious potential threat to marine ecology and has justifiably encouraged focused biological and ecological research attention. But, their generation, fate, fragmentation and their propensity to sorb/release persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are determined by the characteristics of the polymers that constitutes them. Yet, physico-chemical characteristics of the polymers making up the MPs have not received detailed attention in published work. This review assesses the relevance of selected characteristics of plastics that composes the microplastics, to their role as a pollutant with potentially serious ecological impacts. Fragmentation leading to secondary microplastics is also discussed underlining the likelihood of a surface-ablation mechanism that can lead to preferential formation of smaller sized MPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony L Andrady
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27616, United States.
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414
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Frère L, Paul-Pont I, Rinnert E, Petton S, Jaffré J, Bihannic I, Soudant P, Lambert C, Huvet A. Influence of environmental and anthropogenic factors on the composition, concentration and spatial distribution of microplastics: A case study of the Bay of Brest (Brittany, France). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 225:211-222. [PMID: 28371735 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The concentration and spatial distribution of microplastics in the Bay of Brest (Brittany, France) was investigated in two surveys. Surface water and sediment were sampled at nine locations in areas characterized by contrasting anthropic pressures, riverine influences or water mixing. Microplastics were categorized by their polymer type and size class. Microplastic contamination in surface water and sediment was dominated by polyethylene fragments (PE, 53-67%) followed by polypropylene (PP, 16-30%) and polystyrene (PS, 16-17%) microparticles. The presence of buoyant microplastics (PE, PP and PS) in sediment suggests the existence of physical and/or biological processes leading to vertical transfer of lightweight microplastics in the bay. In sediment (upper 5 cm), the percentage of particles identified by Raman micro-spectroscopy was lower (41%) than in surface water (79%) and may explain the apparent low concentration observed in this matrix (0.97 ± 2.08 MP kg-1 dry sediment). Mean microplastic concentration was 0.24 ± 0.35 MP m-3 in surface water. We suggest that the observed spatial MP distribution is related to proximity to urbanized areas and to hydrodynamics in the bay. A particle dispersal model was used to study the influence of hydrodynamics on surface microplastic distribution. The outputs of the model showed the presence of a transitional convergence zone in the centre of the bay during flood tide, where floating debris coming from the northern and southern parts of the bay tends to accumulate before being expelled from the bay. Further modelling work and observations integrating (i) the complex vertical motion of microplastics, and (ii) their point sources is required to better understand the fate of microplastics in such a complex coastal ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Frère
- LEMAR UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer, IUEM, rue Dumont d'Urville, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - I Paul-Pont
- LEMAR UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer, IUEM, rue Dumont d'Urville, 29280 Plouzané, France.
| | - E Rinnert
- Ifremer, Laboratoire Détection, Capteurs et Mesures, Centre de Bretagne, ZI de la Pointe du Diable, CS 10070, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - S Petton
- Ifremer, LEMAR UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer, Centre de Bretagne, ZI de la Pointe du Diable, CS 10070, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - J Jaffré
- LEMAR UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer, IUEM, rue Dumont d'Urville, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - I Bihannic
- LEMAR UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer, IUEM, rue Dumont d'Urville, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - P Soudant
- LEMAR UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer, IUEM, rue Dumont d'Urville, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - C Lambert
- LEMAR UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer, IUEM, rue Dumont d'Urville, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - A Huvet
- Ifremer, LEMAR UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer, Centre de Bretagne, ZI de la Pointe du Diable, CS 10070, 29280 Plouzané, France
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415
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Potthoff A, Oelschlägel K, Schmitt-Jansen M, Rummel CD, Kühnel D. From the sea to the laboratory: Characterization of microplastic as prerequisite for the assessment of ecotoxicological impact. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2017; 13:500-504. [PMID: 28440940 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.1902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The presence of microplastic (MP) in the aquatic environment is recognized as a global-scale pollution issue. Secondary MP particles result from an ongoing fragmentation process governed by various biotic and abiotic factors. For a reliable risk assessment of these MP particles, knowledge about interactions with biota is needed. However, extensive testing with standard organisms under reproducible laboratory conditions with well-characterized MP suspensions is not available yet. As MP in the environment represents a mixture of particles differing in properties (e.g., size, color, polymer type, surface characteristics), it is likely that only specific particle fractions pose a threat towards organisms. In order to assign hazardous effects to specific particle properties, these characteristics need to be analyzed. As shown by the testing of particles (e.g. nanoparticles), characteristics other than chemical properties are important for the emergence of toxicity in organisms, and parameters such as surface area or size distribution need consideration. Therefore, the use of "well-defined" particles for ecotoxicological testing (i.e., standard particles) facilitates the establishment of causal links between physical-chemical properties of MP particles and toxic effects in organisms. However, the benefits of well-defined particles under laboratory conditions are offset by the disadvantage of the unknown comparability with MP in the environment. Therefore, weathering effects caused by biological, chemical, physical or mechanical processes have to be considered. To date, the characterization of the progression of MP weathering based on powder and suspension characterization methods is in its infancy. The aim of this commentary is to illustrate the prerequisites for testing MP in the laboratory from 3 perspectives: (i) knowledge of particle properties; (ii) behavior of MP in test setups involving ecotoxicological test organisms; and (iii) accordingly, test conditions that may need adjustment. Only under those prerequisites will reliable hazard assessment of MP be feasible. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2017;13:500-504. © 2017 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annegret Potthoff
- Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technologies and Systems - IKTS, Department Characterization, Dresden, Germany
| | - Kathrin Oelschlägel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technologies and Systems - IKTS, Department Characterization, Dresden, Germany
| | - Mechthild Schmitt-Jansen
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH - UFZ, Department Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christoph Daniel Rummel
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH - UFZ, Department Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dana Kühnel
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH - UFZ, Department Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, Leipzig, Germany
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416
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Graca B, Szewc K, Zakrzewska D, Dołęga A, Szczerbowska-Boruchowska M. Sources and fate of microplastics in marine and beach sediments of the Southern Baltic Sea-a preliminary study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:7650-7661. [PMID: 28124265 PMCID: PMC5383691 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-8419-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics' (particles size ≤5 mm) sources and fate in marine bottom and beach sediments of the brackish are strongly polluted Baltic Sea have been investigated. Microplastics were extracted using sodium chloride (1.2 g cm-3). Their qualitative identification was conducted using micro-Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (μFT-IR). Concentration of microplastics varied from 25 particles kg-1 d.w. at the open sea beach to 53 particles kg-1 d.w. at beaches of strongly urbanized bay. In bottom sediments, microplastics concentration was visibly lower compared to beach sediments (0-27 particles kg-1 d.w.) and decreased from the shore to the open, deep-sea regions. The most frequent microplastics dimensions ranged from 0.1 to 2.0 mm, and transparent fibers were predominant. Polyester, which is a popular fabrics component, was the most common type of microplastic in both marine bottom (50%) and beach sediments (27%). Additionally, poly(vinyl acetate) used in shipbuilding as well as poly(ethylene-propylene) used for packaging were numerous in marine bottom (25% of all polymers) and beach sediments (18% of all polymers). Polymer density seems to be an important factor influencing microplastics circulation. Low density plastic debris probably recirculates between beach sediments and seawater in a greater extent than higher density debris. Therefore, their deposition is potentially limited and physical degradation is favored. Consequently, low density microplastics concentration may be underestimated using current methods due to too small size of the debris. This influences also the findings of qualitative research of microplastics which provide the basis for conclusions about the sources of microplastics in the marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bożena Graca
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Environmental Protection, Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdansk, Al. Marszalka Pilsudskiego 46, 81-378, Gdynia, Poland
| | - Karolina Szewc
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Environmental Protection, Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdansk, Al. Marszalka Pilsudskiego 46, 81-378, Gdynia, Poland.
| | - Danuta Zakrzewska
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Environmental Protection, Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdansk, Al. Marszalka Pilsudskiego 46, 81-378, Gdynia, Poland
| | - Anna Dołęga
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Magdalena Szczerbowska-Boruchowska
- Department of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. Adama Mickiewicza 30, 30-059, Krakow, Poland
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417
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Hoffman MJ, Hittinger E. Inventory and transport of plastic debris in the Laurentian Great Lakes. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2017; 115:273-281. [PMID: 27988025 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.11.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Plastic pollution in the world's oceans has received much attention, but there has been increasing concern about the high concentrations of plastic debris in the Laurentian Great Lakes. Using census data and methodologies used to study ocean debris we derive a first estimate of 9887 metric tonnes per year of plastic debris entering the Great Lakes. These estimates are translated into population-dependent particle inputs which are advected using currents from a hydrodynamic model to map the spatial distribution of plastic debris in the Great Lakes. Model results compare favorably with previously published sampling data. The samples are used to calibrate the model to derive surface microplastic mass estimates of 0.0211 metric tonnes in Lake Superior, 1.44 metric tonnes in Huron, and 4.41 metric tonnes in Erie. These results have many applications, including informing cleanup efforts, helping target pollution prevention, and understanding the inter-state or international flows of plastic pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Hoffman
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Rochester Institute of Technology, 85 Lomb Memorial Dr., Rochester, NY14623, United States.
| | - Eric Hittinger
- Department of Public Policy, Rochester Institute of Technology, 92 Lomb Memorial Dr., Rochester, NY14623, United States
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418
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Zobkov M, Esiukova E. Microplastics in Baltic bottom sediments: Quantification procedures and first results. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2017; 114:724-732. [PMID: 27810093 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.10.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics in the marine environment are known as a global ecological problem but there are still no standardized analysis procedures for their quantification. The first breakthrough in this direction was the NOAA Laboratory Methods for quantifying synthetic particles in water and sediments, but fibers numbers have been found to be underestimated with this approach. We propose modifications for these methods that will allow us to analyze microplastics in bottom sediments, including small fibers. Addition of an internal standard to sediment samples and occasional empty runs are advised for analysis quality control. The microplastics extraction efficiency using the proposed modifications is 92±7%. Distribution of microplastics in bottom sediments of the Russian part of the Baltic Sea is presented. Microplastic particles were found in all of the samples with an average concentration of 34±10 items/kg DW and have the same order of magnitude as neighbor studies reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zobkov
- Atlantic Branch of P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospect Mira, 1, Kaliningrad 236022, Russia.
| | - E Esiukova
- Atlantic Branch of P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospect Mira, 1, Kaliningrad 236022, Russia
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419
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Degradation of Various Plastics in the Environment. THE HANDBOOK OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/698_2017_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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420
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Besseling E, Quik JTK, Sun M, Koelmans AA. Fate of nano- and microplastic in freshwater systems: A modeling study. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 220:540-548. [PMID: 27743792 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 403] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Riverine transport to the marine environment is an important pathway for microplastic. However, information on fate and transport of nano- and microplastic in freshwater systems is lacking. Here we present scenario studies on the fate and transport of nano-to millimetre sized spherical particles like microbeads (100 nm-10 mm) with a state of the art spatiotemporally resolved hydrological model. The model accounts for advective transport, homo- and heteroaggregation, sedimentation-resuspension, polymer degradation, presence of biofilm and burial. Literature data were used to parameterize the model and additionally the attachment efficiency for heteroaggregation was determined experimentally. The attachment efficiency ranged from 0.004 to 0.2 for 70 nm and 1050 nm polystyrene particles aggregating with kaolin or bentonite clays in natural freshwater. Modeled effects of polymer density (1-1.5 kg/L) and biofilm formation were not large, due to the fact that variations in polymer density are largely overwhelmed by excess mass of suspended solids that form heteroaggregates with microplastic. Particle size had a dramatic effect on the modeled fate and retention of microplastic and on the positioning of the accumulation hot spots in the sediment along the river. Remarkably, retention was lowest (18-25%) for intermediate sized particles of about 5 μm, which implies that the smaller submicron particles as well as larger micro- and millimetre sized plastic are preferentially retained. Our results suggest that river hydrodynamics affect microplastic size distributions with profound implications for emissions to marine systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Besseling
- Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands; Wageningen Marine Research, P.O. Box 68, 1970 AB IJmuiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Joris T K Quik
- Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM-DMG), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Muzhi Sun
- Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Albert A Koelmans
- Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands; Wageningen Marine Research, P.O. Box 68, 1970 AB IJmuiden, The Netherlands
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421
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Microplastics – Occurrence, Fate and Behaviour in the Environment. CHARACTERIZATION AND ANALYSIS OF MICROPLASTICS 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.coac.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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422
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Vermeiren P, Muñoz CC, Ikejima K. Sources and sinks of plastic debris in estuaries: A conceptual model integrating biological, physical and chemical distribution mechanisms. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2016; 113:7-16. [PMID: 27726938 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2016] [Revised: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Micro- and macroplastic accumulation threatens estuaries worldwide because of the often dense human populations, diverse plastic inputs and high potential for plastic degradation and storage in these ecosystems. Nonetheless, our understanding of plastic sources and sinks remains limited. We designed conceptual models of the local and estuary-wide transport of plastics. We identify processes affecting the position of plastics in the water column; processes related to the mixing of fresh and salt water; and processes resulting from the influences of wind, topography, and organism-plastic interactions. The models identify gaps in the spatial context of plastic-organisms interactions, the chemical behavior of plastics in estuaries, effects of wind on plastic suspension-deposition cycles, and the relative importance of processes affecting the position in the water column. When interpreted in the context of current understanding, sinks with high management potential can be identified. However, source-sink patterns vary among estuary types and with local scale processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Vermeiren
- Dept. Systems Analysis, Integrated Assessment and Modelling, EAWAG, Uberlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; Freelance Scientist, Switzerland.
| | | | - Kou Ikejima
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kochi University, 200 Monobe-Otsu, Nankoku-shi, Kochi 783-8502, Japan
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423
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Savoca MS, Wohlfeil ME, Ebeler SE, Nevitt GA. Marine plastic debris emits a keystone infochemical for olfactory foraging seabirds. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2016; 2:e1600395. [PMID: 28861463 PMCID: PMC5569953 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1600395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plastic debris is ingested by hundreds of species of organisms, from zooplankton to baleen whales, but how such a diversity of consumers can mistake plastic for their natural prey is largely unknown. The sensory mechanisms underlying plastic detection and consumption have rarely been examined within the context of sensory signals driving marine food web dynamics. We demonstrate experimentally that marine-seasoned microplastics produce a dimethyl sulfide (DMS) signature that is also a keystone odorant for natural trophic interactions. We further demonstrate a positive relationship between DMS responsiveness and plastic ingestion frequency using procellariiform seabirds as a model taxonomic group. Together, these results suggest that plastic debris emits the scent of a marine infochemical, creating an olfactory trap for susceptible marine wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S. Savoca
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Graduate Group in Ecology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Corresponding author. (M.S.S.); (G.A.N.)
| | - Martha E. Wohlfeil
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Graduate Group in Ecology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Susan E. Ebeler
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Gabrielle A. Nevitt
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Graduate Group in Ecology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Corresponding author. (M.S.S.); (G.A.N.)
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424
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Ziajahromi S, Neale PA, Leusch FDL. Wastewater treatment plant effluent as a source of microplastics: review of the fate, chemical interactions and potential risks to aquatic organisms. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2016; 74:2253-2269. [PMID: 27858783 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2016.414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent has been identified as a potential source of microplastics in the aquatic environment. Microplastics have recently been detected in wastewater effluent in Western Europe, Russia and the USA. As there are only a handful of studies on microplastics in wastewater, it is difficult to accurately determine the contribution of wastewater effluent as a source of microplastics. However, even the small amounts of microplastics detected in wastewater effluent may be a remarkable source given the large volumes of wastewater treatment effluent discharged to the aquatic environment annually. Further, there is strong evidence that microplastics can interact with wastewater-associated contaminants, which has the potential to transport chemicals to aquatic organisms after exposure to contaminated microplastics. In this review we apply lessons learned from the literature on microplastics in the aquatic environment and knowledge on current wastewater treatment technologies, with the aim of identifying the research gaps in terms of (i) the fate of microplastics in WWTPs, (ii) the potential interaction of wastewater-based microplastics with trace organic contaminants and metals, and (iii) the risk for aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shima Ziajahromi
- Smart Water Research Centre, Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith School of Environment, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia E-mail:
| | - Peta A Neale
- Smart Water Research Centre, Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith School of Environment, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia E-mail:
| | - Frederic D L Leusch
- Smart Water Research Centre, Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith School of Environment, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia E-mail:
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425
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Kooi M, Reisser J, Slat B, Ferrari FF, Schmid MS, Cunsolo S, Brambini R, Noble K, Sirks LA, Linders TEW, Schoeneich-Argent RI, Koelmans AA. The effect of particle properties on the depth profile of buoyant plastics in the ocean. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33882. [PMID: 27721460 PMCID: PMC5056413 DOI: 10.1038/srep33882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Most studies on buoyant microplastics in the marine environment rely on sea surface sampling. Consequently, microplastic amounts can be underestimated, as turbulence leads to vertical mixing. Models that correct for vertical mixing are based on limited data. In this study we report measurements of the depth profile of buoyant microplastics in the North Atlantic subtropical gyre, from 0 to 5 m depth. Microplastics were separated into size classes (0.5-1.5 and 1.5-5.0 mm) and types ('fragments' and 'lines'), and associated with a sea state. Microplastic concentrations decreased exponentially with depth, with both sea state and particle properties affecting the steepness of the decrease. Concentrations approached zero within 5 m depth, indicating that most buoyant microplastics are present on or near the surface. Plastic rise velocities were also measured, and were found to differ significantly for different sizes and shapes. Our results suggest that (1) surface samplers such as manta trawls underestimate total buoyant microplastic amounts by a factor of 1.04-30.0 and (2) estimations of depth-integrated buoyant plastic concentrations should be done across different particle sizes and types. Our findings can assist with improving buoyant ocean plastic vertical mixing models, mass balance exercises, impact assessments and mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merel Kooi
- The Ocean Cleanup Foundation, Martinus Nijhofflaan 2, 2624 ES Delft, The Netherlands.,Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University &Research, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Julia Reisser
- The Ocean Cleanup Foundation, Martinus Nijhofflaan 2, 2624 ES Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Boyan Slat
- The Ocean Cleanup Foundation, Martinus Nijhofflaan 2, 2624 ES Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Francesco F Ferrari
- The Ocean Cleanup Foundation, Martinus Nijhofflaan 2, 2624 ES Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Moritz S Schmid
- The Ocean Cleanup Foundation, Martinus Nijhofflaan 2, 2624 ES Delft, The Netherlands.,Takuvik Joint International Laboratory, Département de biologie et Québec-Océan, Université Laval, Quebec G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Serena Cunsolo
- The Ocean Cleanup Foundation, Martinus Nijhofflaan 2, 2624 ES Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Roberto Brambini
- The Ocean Cleanup Foundation, Martinus Nijhofflaan 2, 2624 ES Delft, The Netherlands.,Civil Engineering Department, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vei 5, 9100 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Kimberly Noble
- The Ocean Cleanup Foundation, Martinus Nijhofflaan 2, 2624 ES Delft, The Netherlands.,Roger Williams University, Bristol, USA
| | - Lys-Anne Sirks
- The Ocean Cleanup Foundation, Martinus Nijhofflaan 2, 2624 ES Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Theo E W Linders
- CABI Europe-Switzerland, Rue des Grillons 1, 2800 Delémont, Switzerland
| | - Rosanna I Schoeneich-Argent
- The Ocean Cleanup Foundation, Martinus Nijhofflaan 2, 2624 ES Delft, The Netherlands.,Carl von Ossietzky, University Oldenburg, ICBM-Terramare, Schleusenstr. 1, 26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| | - Albert A Koelmans
- Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University &Research, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.,IMARES - Institute for Marine Resources &Ecosystem Studies, Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 68, 1970 AB IJmuiden, The Netherlands
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426
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Li WC, Tse HF, Fok L. Plastic waste in the marine environment: A review of sources, occurrence and effects. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 566-567:333-349. [PMID: 27232963 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 654] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
This review article summarises the sources, occurrence, fate and effects of plastic waste in the marine environment. Due to its resistance to degradation, most plastic debris will persist in the environment for centuries and may be transported far from its source, including great distances out to sea. Land- and ocean-based sources are the major sources of plastic entering the environment, with domestic, industrial and fishing activities being the most important contributors. Ocean gyres are particular hotspots of plastic waste accumulation. Both macroplastics and microplastics pose a risk to organisms in the natural environment, for example, through ingestion or entanglement in the plastic. Many studies have investigated the potential uptake of hydrophobic contaminants, which can then bioaccumulate in the food chain, from plastic waste by organisms. To address the issue of plastic pollution in the marine environment, governments should first play an active role in addressing the issue of plastic waste by introducing legislation to control the sources of plastic debris and the use of plastic additives. In addition, plastics industries should take responsibility for the end-of-life of their products by introducing plastic recycling or upgrading programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- W C Li
- Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Hong Kong Institute of Education, Hong Kong.
| | - H F Tse
- Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Hong Kong Institute of Education, Hong Kong
| | - L Fok
- Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Hong Kong Institute of Education, Hong Kong
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427
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da Costa JP, Santos PSM, Duarte AC, Rocha-Santos T. (Nano)plastics in the environment - Sources, fates and effects. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 566-567:15-26. [PMID: 27213666 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 486] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- João Pinto da Costa
- CESAM and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Patrícia S M Santos
- CESAM and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Armando C Duarte
- CESAM and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Teresa Rocha-Santos
- CESAM and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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428
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Fazey FMC, Ryan PG. Debris size and buoyancy influence the dispersal distance of stranded litter. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2016; 110:371-377. [PMID: 27389460 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent at sea surveys of floating macro-debris in the southeast Atlantic Ocean found that debris increases in size with distance from shore, suggesting that many smaller items, which dominate litter close to urban source areas, sink before dispersing far into the ocean. We test whether this pattern is evident in beach litter in the same region. Freshly stranded beach litter was collected at increasing distances (0km, 100km, 200km and 2800km) from Cape Town, a major urban litter source. Mean size and buoyancy of litter items increased significantly with distance from Cape Town. Size-specific sedimentation due to the ballasting effect of biofouling is a plausible explanation for the disappearance of smaller, less buoyant items. Our results provide further evidence that many low buoyancy items sink and support the hypothesis that size and buoyancy are strong predictors of dispersal distance for floating debris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca M C Fazey
- Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, DST-NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa.
| | - Peter G Ryan
- Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, DST-NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
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429
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Kirstein IV, Kirmizi S, Wichels A, Garin-Fernandez A, Erler R, Löder M, Gerdts G. Dangerous hitchhikers? Evidence for potentially pathogenic Vibrio spp. on microplastic particles. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 120:1-8. [PMID: 27411093 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 447] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The taxonomic composition of biofilms on marine microplastics is widely unknown. Recent sequencing results indicate that potentially pathogenic Vibrio spp. might be present on floating microplastics. Hence, these particles might function as vectors for the dispersal of pathogens. Microplastics and water samples collected in the North and Baltic Sea were subjected to selective enrichment for pathogenic Vibrio species. Bacterial colonies were isolated from CHROMagar™Vibrio and assigned to Vibrio spp. on the species level by MALDI-TOF MS (Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionisation - Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry). Respective polymers were identified by ATR FT-IR (Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform - Infrared Spectroscopy). We discovered potentially pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus on a number of microplastic particles, e.g. polyethylene, polypropylene and polystyrene from North/Baltic Sea. This study confirms the indicated occurrence of potentially pathogenic bacteria on marine microplastics and highlights the urgent need for detailed biogeographical analyses of marine microplastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga V Kirstein
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, Alfred-Wegener-Institute Helmholtz-Center for Polar and Marine Research, Biological Station Helgoland, Helgoland, Germany.
| | - Sidika Kirmizi
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, Alfred-Wegener-Institute Helmholtz-Center for Polar and Marine Research, Biological Station Helgoland, Helgoland, Germany
| | - Antje Wichels
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, Alfred-Wegener-Institute Helmholtz-Center for Polar and Marine Research, Biological Station Helgoland, Helgoland, Germany
| | - Ale Garin-Fernandez
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, Alfred-Wegener-Institute Helmholtz-Center for Polar and Marine Research, Biological Station Helgoland, Helgoland, Germany
| | - Rene Erler
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, Alfred-Wegener-Institute Helmholtz-Center for Polar and Marine Research, Biological Station Helgoland, Helgoland, Germany
| | - Martin Löder
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, Alfred-Wegener-Institute Helmholtz-Center for Polar and Marine Research, Biological Station Helgoland, Helgoland, Germany; Animal Ecology I, University of Bayreuth, NWI 5.0.01.43.1, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Gunnar Gerdts
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, Alfred-Wegener-Institute Helmholtz-Center for Polar and Marine Research, Biological Station Helgoland, Helgoland, Germany
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430
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Kowalski N, Reichardt AM, Waniek JJ. Sinking rates of microplastics and potential implications of their alteration by physical, biological, and chemical factors. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2016; 109:310-319. [PMID: 27297594 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.05.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
To follow the pathways of microplastics in aquatic environments, profound knowledge about the behaviour of microplastics is necessary. Therefore, sinking experiments were conducted with diverse polymer particles using fluids with different salinity. Particles ranged from 0.3 and 3.6mm with sinking rates between 6 and 91×10(-3)ms(-1). The sinking velocity was not solely related to particle density, size and fluid density but also to the particles shape leading to considerable deviation from calculated theoretical values. Thus, experimental studies are indispensable to get basic knowledge about the sinking behaviour and to gain representative datasets for model approaches estimating the distribution of microplastics in aquatic systems. The sinking behaviour may be altered considerably by weathering and biofouling demanding further studies with aged and fouled plastic particles. Furthermore, assumptions are made about the influence of sinking fouled microplastics on the marine carbon pump by transferring organic carbon to deeper water depths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Kowalski
- Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemuende, Seestraße 15, 18119 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Aurelia M Reichardt
- Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemuende, Seestraße 15, 18119 Rostock, Germany
| | - Joanna J Waniek
- Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemuende, Seestraße 15, 18119 Rostock, Germany
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431
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Oberbeckmann S, Osborn AM, Duhaime MB. Microbes on a Bottle: Substrate, Season and Geography Influence Community Composition of Microbes Colonizing Marine Plastic Debris. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159289. [PMID: 27487037 PMCID: PMC4972250 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Plastic debris pervades in our oceans and freshwater systems and the potential ecosystem-level impacts of this anthropogenic litter require urgent evaluation. Microbes readily colonize aquatic plastic debris and members of these biofilm communities are speculated to include pathogenic, toxic, invasive or plastic degrading-species. The influence of plastic-colonizing microorganisms on the fate of plastic debris is largely unknown, as is the role of plastic in selecting for unique microbial communities. This work aimed to characterize microbial biofilm communities colonizing single-use poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) drinking bottles, determine their plastic-specificity in contrast with seawater and glass-colonizing communities, and identify seasonal and geographical influences on the communities. A substrate recruitment experiment was established in which PET bottles were deployed for 5–6 weeks at three stations in the North Sea in three different seasons. The structure and composition of the PET-colonizing bacterial/archaeal and eukaryotic communities varied with season and station. Abundant PET-colonizing taxa belonged to the phylum Bacteroidetes (e.g. Flavobacteriaceae, Cryomorphaceae, Saprospiraceae—all known to degrade complex carbon substrates) and diatoms (e.g. Coscinodiscophytina, Bacillariophytina). The PET-colonizing microbial communities differed significantly from free-living communities, but from particle-associated (>3 μm) communities or those inhabiting glass substrates. These data suggest that microbial community assembly on plastics is driven by conventional marine biofilm processes, with the plastic surface serving as raft for attachment, rather than selecting for recruitment of plastic-specific microbial colonizers. A small proportion of taxa, notably, members of the Cryomorphaceae and Alcanivoraceae, were significantly discriminant of PET but not glass surfaces, conjuring the possibility that these groups may directly interact with the PET substrate. Future research is required to investigate microscale functional interactions at the plastic surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Oberbeckmann
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull HU6 7RX, United Kingdom
- School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool Lincoln LN6 7TS, United Kingdom
- Environmental Microbiology Working Group, Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research, Warnemünde, Germany
| | - A. Mark Osborn
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull HU6 7RX, United Kingdom
- School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool Lincoln LN6 7TS, United Kingdom
- School of Applied Sciences, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, PO Box 77, Bundoora, VIC3083, Australia
| | - Melissa B. Duhaime
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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432
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Lagarde F, Olivier O, Zanella M, Daniel P, Hiard S, Caruso A. Microplastic interactions with freshwater microalgae: Hetero-aggregation and changes in plastic density appear strongly dependent on polymer type. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 215:331-339. [PMID: 27236494 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 350] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the interactions between microplastics, chosen among the most widely used in industry such as polypropylene (PP) and high-density polyethylene (HDPE), and a model freshwater microalgae, Chlamydomas reinhardtii, were investigated. It was shown that the presence of high concentrations of microplastics with size >400 μm did not directly impact the growth of microalgae in the first days of contact and that the expression of three genes involved in the stress response was not modified after 78 days. In parallel, a similar colonization was observed for the two polymers. However, after 20 days of contact, in the case of PP only, hetero-aggregates constituted of microalgae, microplastics and exopolysaccharides were formed. An estimation of the hetero-aggregates composition was approximately 50% of PP fragments and 50% of microalgae, which led to a final density close to 1.2. Such hetero-aggregates appear as an important pathway for the vertical transport of PP microplastics from the water surface to sediment. Moreover, after more than 70 days of contact with microplastics, the microalgae genes involved in the sugar biosynthesis pathways were strongly over-expressed compared to control conditions. The levels of over-expression were higher in the case of HDPE than in PP condition. This work presents the first evidence that depending on their chemical nature, microplastics will follow different fates in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Lagarde
- Institut des Molécules et des Matériaux du Mans, UMR CNRS 6283, Université du Maine, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans Cedex, France.
| | - Ophélie Olivier
- Institut des Molécules et des Matériaux du Mans, UMR CNRS 6283, Université du Maine, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans Cedex, France; Laboratoire Mer, Molécules, Santé (EA 2160), Université du Maine, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans Cedex, France
| | - Marie Zanella
- Laboratoire Mer, Molécules, Santé (EA 2160), Université du Maine, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans Cedex, France
| | - Philippe Daniel
- Institut des Molécules et des Matériaux du Mans, UMR CNRS 6283, Université du Maine, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans Cedex, France
| | - Sophie Hiard
- Laboratoire Mer, Molécules, Santé (EA 2160), Université du Maine, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans Cedex, France
| | - Aurore Caruso
- Laboratoire Mer, Molécules, Santé (EA 2160), Université du Maine, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans Cedex, France
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433
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Ziccardi LM, Edgington A, Hentz K, Kulacki KJ, Kane Driscoll S. Microplastics as vectors for bioaccumulation of hydrophobic organic chemicals in the marine environment: A state-of-the-science review. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2016; 35:1667-76. [PMID: 27093569 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 08/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A state-of-the-science review was conducted to examine the potential for microplastics to sorb hydrophobic organic chemicals (HOCs) from the marine environment, for aquatic organisms to take up these HOCs from the microplastics, and for this exposure to result in adverse effects to ecological and human health. Despite concentrations of HOCs associated with microplastics that can be orders of magnitude greater than surrounding seawater, the relative importance of microplastics as a route of exposure is difficult to quantify because aquatic organisms are typically exposed to HOCs from various compartments, including water, sediment, and food. Results of laboratory experiments and modeling studies indicate that HOCs can partition from microplastics to organisms or from organisms to microplastics, depending on experimental conditions. Very little information is available to evaluate ecological or human health effects from this exposure. Most of the available studies measured biomarkers that are more indicative of exposure than effects, and no studies showed effects to ecologically relevant endpoints. Therefore, evidence is weak to support the occurrence of ecologically significant adverse effects on aquatic life as a result of exposure to HOCs sorbed to microplastics or to wildlife populations and humans from secondary exposure via the food chain. More data are needed to fully understand the relative importance of exposure to HOCs from microplastics compared with other exposure pathways. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:1667-1676. © 2016 SETAC.
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434
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Keswani A, Oliver DM, Gutierrez T, Quilliam RS. Microbial hitchhikers on marine plastic debris: Human exposure risks at bathing waters and beach environments. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 118:10-9. [PMID: 27128352 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Marine plastic debris is well characterized in terms of its ability to negatively impact terrestrial and marine environments, endanger coastal wildlife, and interfere with navigation, tourism and commercial fisheries. However, the impacts of potentially harmful microorganisms and pathogens colonising plastic litter are not well understood. The hard surface of plastics provides an ideal environment for opportunistic microbial colonisers to form biofilms and might offer a protective niche capable of supporting a diversity of different microorganisms, known as the "Plastisphere". This biotope could act as an important vector for the persistence and spread of pathogens, faecal indicator organisms (FIOs) and harmful algal bloom species (HABs) across beach and bathing environments. This review will focus on the existent knowledge and research gaps, and identify the possible consequences of plastic-associated microbes on human health, the spread of infectious diseases and bathing water quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anisha Keswani
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK.
| | - David M Oliver
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Tony Gutierrez
- School of Life Sciences, Herriot Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Richard S Quilliam
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
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435
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Nakashima E, Isobe A, Kako S, Itai T, Takahashi S, Guo X. The potential of oceanic transport and onshore leaching of additive-derived lead by marine macro-plastic debris. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2016; 107:333-339. [PMID: 27095373 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The long-distance transport potential of toxic lead (Pb) by plastic marine debris was examined by pure water leaching experiments using plastic fishery floats containing high level of additive-Pb such as 5100±74.3mgkg(-1). The leaching of Pb ended after sequential 480-h leaching experiments, and the total leaching amount is equivalent to approximately 0.1% of total Pb in a float. But it recovered when the float was scratched using sandpaper. We propose that a "low-Pb layer," in which Pb concentration is negligibly small, be generated on the float surface by the initial leaching process. Thickness of the layer is estimated at 2.5±1.2μm, much shallower than flaws on floats scratched by sandpaper and floats littering beaches. The result suggests that the low-Pb layer is broken by physical abrasion when floats are washed ashore, and that Pb inside the floats can thereafter leach into beaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etsuko Nakashima
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan.
| | - Atsuhiko Isobe
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
| | - Shin'ichiro Kako
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
| | - Takaaki Itai
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
| | - Shin Takahashi
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
| | - Xinyu Guo
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
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436
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Diversity and Activity of Communities Inhabiting Plastic Debris in the North Pacific Gyre. mSystems 2016; 1:mSystems00024-16. [PMID: 27822538 PMCID: PMC5069773 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00024-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine plastic debris has become a significant concern in ocean ecosystems worldwide. Little is known, however, about its influence on microbial community structure and function. In 2008, we surveyed microbial communities and metabolic activities in seawater and on plastic on an oceanographic expedition through the "great Pacific garbage patch." The concentration of plastic particles in surface seawater within different size classes (2 to 5 mm and >5 mm) ranged from 0.35 to 3.7 particles m-3 across sampling stations. These densities and the particle size distribution were consistent with previous values reported in the North Pacific Ocean. Net community oxygen production (NCP = gross primary production - community respiration) on plastic debris was positive and so net autotrophic, whereas NCP in bulk seawater was close to zero. Scanning electron microscopy and metagenomic sequencing of plastic-attached communities revealed the dominance of a few metazoan taxa and a diverse assemblage of photoautotrophic and heterotrophic protists and bacteria. Bryozoa, Cyanobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, and Bacteroidetes dominated all plastic particles, regardless of particle size. Bacteria inhabiting plastic were taxonomically distinct from the surrounding picoplankton and appeared well adapted to a surface-associated lifestyle. Genes with significantly higher abundances among plastic-attached bacteria included che genes, secretion system genes, and nifH genes, suggesting enrichment for chemotaxis, frequent cell-to-cell interactions, and nitrogen fixation. In aggregate, our findings suggest that plastic debris forms a habitat for complex microbial assemblages that have lifestyles, metabolic pathways, and biogeochemical activities that are distinct from those of free-living planktonic microbial communities. IMPORTANCE Marine plastic debris is a growing concern that has captured the general public's attention. While the negative impacts of plastic debris on oceanic macrobiota, including mammals and birds, are well documented, little is known about its influence on smaller marine residents, including microbes that have key roles in ocean biogeochemistry. Our work provides a new perspective on microbial communities inhabiting microplastics that includes its effect on microbial biogeochemical activities and a description of the cross-domain communities inhabiting plastic particles. This study is among the first molecular ecology, plastic debris biota surveys in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre. It has identified fundamental differences in the functional potential and taxonomic composition of plastic-associated microbes versus planktonic microbes found in the surrounding open-ocean habitat. Author Video: An author video summary of this article is available.
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437
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Fazey FMC, Ryan PG. Biofouling on buoyant marine plastics: An experimental study into the effect of size on surface longevity. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 210:354-60. [PMID: 26803792 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Recent estimates suggest that roughly 100 times more plastic litter enters the sea than is found floating at the sea surface, despite the buoyancy and durability of many plastic polymers. Biofouling by marine biota is one possible mechanism responsible for this discrepancy. Microplastics (<5 mm in diameter) are more scarce than larger size classes, which makes sense because fouling is a function of surface area whereas buoyancy is a function of volume; the smaller an object, the greater its relative surface area. We tested whether plastic items with high surface area to volume ratios sank more rapidly by submerging 15 different sizes of polyethylene samples in False Bay, South Africa, for 12 weeks to determine the time required for samples to sink. All samples became sufficiently fouled to sink within the study period, but small samples lost buoyancy much faster than larger ones. There was a direct relationship between sample volume (buoyancy) and the time to attain a 50% probability of sinking, which ranged from 17 to 66 days of exposure. Our results provide the first estimates of the longevity of different sizes of plastic debris at the ocean surface. Further research is required to determine how fouling rates differ on free floating debris in different regions and in different types of marine environments. Such estimates could be used to improve model predictions of the distribution and abundance of floating plastic debris globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca M C Fazey
- Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, DST-NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa.
| | - Peter G Ryan
- Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, DST-NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
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438
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Nauendorf A, Krause S, Bigalke NK, Gorb EV, Gorb SN, Haeckel M, Wahl M, Treude T. Microbial colonization and degradation of polyethylene and biodegradable plastic bags in temperate fine-grained organic-rich marine sediments. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2016; 103:168-178. [PMID: 26790603 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
To date, the longevity of plastic litter at the sea floor is poorly constrained. The present study compares colonization and biodegradation of plastic bags by aerobic and anaerobic benthic microbes in temperate fine-grained organic-rich marine sediments. Samples of polyethylene and biodegradable plastic carrier bags were incubated in natural oxic and anoxic sediments from Eckernförde Bay (Western Baltic Sea) for 98 days. Analyses included (1) microbial colonization rates on the bags, (2) examination of the surface structure, wettability, and chemistry, and (3) mass loss of the samples during incubation. On average, biodegradable plastic bags were colonized five times higher by aerobic and eight times higher by anaerobic microbes than polyethylene bags. Both types of bags showed no sign of biodegradation during this study. Therefore, marine sediment in temperate coastal zones may represent a long-term sink for plastic litter and also supposedly compostable material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Nauendorf
- Department of Marine Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR), 24148 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Stefan Krause
- Department of Marine Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR), 24148 Kiel, Germany
| | - Nikolaus K Bigalke
- Department of Marine Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR), 24148 Kiel, Germany
| | - Elena V Gorb
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute, Kiel University, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Stanislav N Gorb
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute, Kiel University, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Matthias Haeckel
- Department of Marine Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR), 24148 Kiel, Germany
| | - Martin Wahl
- Department of Benthic Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR), 24148 Kiel, Germany
| | - Tina Treude
- Department of Marine Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR), 24148 Kiel, Germany.
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439
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Wang J, Tan Z, Peng J, Qiu Q, Li M. The behaviors of microplastics in the marine environment. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 113:7-17. [PMID: 26559150 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2015.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 367] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Despite the pollution of microplastics being internationally recognized, the understanding of their behaviors in marine environment is still developing. Microplastics are ubiquitous in the marine environment, with the potential to cause harm to marine ecosystem. Here, we would classify the behaviors of microplastics as physical behaviors (i.e. migration, sedimentation and accumulation), chemical behaviors (i.e. degradation and adsorption) and biobehaviors (i.e. ingestion, translocation and biodegradation), and a further discussion on their behavioral mechanisms were presented to better understand their impacts for the marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jundong Wang
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 51006, China
| | - Zhi Tan
- Dongguan Environmental Monitoring Central Station, Dongguan 523009, China
| | - Jinping Peng
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 51006, China.
| | - Qiongxuan Qiu
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 51006, China
| | - Meimin Li
- Dongguan Environmental Monitoring Central Station, Dongguan 523009, China
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440
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Suhrhoff TJ, Scholz-Böttcher BM. Qualitative impact of salinity, UV radiation and turbulence on leaching of organic plastic additives from four common plastics - A lab experiment. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2016; 102:84-94. [PMID: 26696590 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.11.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Four common consumer plastic samples (polyethylene, polystyrene, polyethylene terephthalate, polyvinylchloride) were studied to investigate the impact of physical parameters such as turbulence, salinity and UV irradiance on leaching behavior of selected plastic components. Polymers were exposed to two different salinities (i.e. 0 and 35 g/kg), UV radiation and turbulence. Additives (e.g. bisphenol A, phthalates, citrates, and Irgafos® 168 phosphate) and oligomers were detected in initial plastics and aqueous extracts. Identification and quantification was performed by GC-FID/MS. Bisphenol A and citrate based additives are leached easier compared to phthalates. The print highly contributed to the chemical burden of the analyzed polyethylene bag. The study underlines a positive relationship between turbulence and magnitude of leaching. Salinity had a minor impact that differs for each analyte. Global annual release of additives from assessed plastics into marine environments is estimated to be between 35 and 917 tons, of which most are derived from plasticized polyvinylchloride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Jesper Suhrhoff
- Jacobs University Bremen, Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, Campus Ring 1, D-28759 Bremen, Germany
| | - Barbara M Scholz-Böttcher
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, PO Box 2503, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany.
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441
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Sources, Distribution, and Fate of Microscopic Plastics in Marine Environments. THE HANDBOOK OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/698_2016_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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442
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Sorption of Hydrophobic Organic Compounds to Plastics in the Marine Environment: Equilibrium. THE HANDBOOK OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/698_2016_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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443
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Green DS, Boots B, Sigwart J, Jiang S, Rocha C. Effects of conventional and biodegradable microplastics on a marine ecosystem engineer (Arenicola marina) and sediment nutrient cycling. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 208:426-34. [PMID: 26552519 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Effects of microplastic pollution on benthic organisms and ecosystem services provided by sedimentary habitats are largely unknown. An outdoor mesocosm experiment was done to realistically assess the effects of three different types of microplastic pollution (one biodegradable type; polylactic acid and two conventional types; polyethylene and polyvinylchloride) at increasing concentrations (0.02, 0.2 and 2% of wet sediment weight) on the health and biological activity of lugworms, Arenicola marina (Linnaeus, 1758), and on nitrogen cycling and primary productivity of the sediment they inhabit. After 31 days, A. marina produced less casts in sediments containing microplastics. Metabolic rates of A. marina increased, while microalgal biomass decreased at high concentrations, compared to sediments with low concentrations or without microplastics. Responses were strongest to polyvinylchloride, emphasising that different materials may have differential effects. Each material needs to be carefully evaluated in order to assess their risks as microplastic pollution. Overall, both conventional and biodegradable microplastics in sandy sediments can affect the health and behaviour of lugworms and directly or indirectly reduce primary productivity of these habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dannielle Senga Green
- Biogeochemistry Research Group, Geography Department, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Queens University Belfast, Marine Laboratory, Portaferry, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom.
| | - Bas Boots
- School of Biosystems Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland; School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Julia Sigwart
- Queens University Belfast, Marine Laboratory, Portaferry, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Shan Jiang
- Biogeochemistry Research Group, Geography Department, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Carlos Rocha
- Biogeochemistry Research Group, Geography Department, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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444
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Biofilms on Plastic Debris and Their Influence on Marine Nutrient Cycling, Productivity, and Hazardous Chemical Mobility. THE HANDBOOK OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/698_2016_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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445
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Mani T, Hauk A, Walter U, Burkhardt-Holm P. Microplastics profile along the Rhine River. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17988. [PMID: 26644346 PMCID: PMC4672315 DOI: 10.1038/srep17988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 369] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microplastics result from fragmentation of plastic debris or are released to the environment as pre-production pellets or components of consumer and industrial products. In the oceans, they contribute to the ‘great garbage patches’. They are ingested by many organisms, from protozoa to baleen whales, and pose a threat to the aquatic fauna. Although as much as 80% of marine debris originates from land, little attention was given to the role of rivers as debris pathways to the sea. Worldwide, not a single great river has yet been studied for the surface microplastics load over its length. We report the abundance and composition of microplastics at the surface of the Rhine, one of the largest European rivers. Measurements were made at 11 locations over a stretch of 820 km. Microplastics were found in all samples, with 892,777 particles km −2 on average. In the Rhine-Ruhr metropolitan area, a peak concentration of 3.9 million particles km −2 was measured. Microplastics concentrations were diverse along and across the river, reflecting various sources and sinks such as waste water treatment plants, tributaries and weirs. Measures should be implemented to avoid and reduce the pollution with anthropogenic litter in aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Mani
- Man-Society-Environment (Programme MGU), Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Vesalgasse 1, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Patricia Burkhardt-Holm
- Man-Society-Environment (Programme MGU), Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Vesalgasse 1, 4051 Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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446
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Gorokhova E. Screening for microplastic particles in plankton samples: How to integrate marine litter assessment into existing monitoring programs? MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2015; 99:271-5. [PMID: 26231064 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.07.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) are a newly recognized type of environmental pollution in aquatic systems; however no monitoring of these contaminants is conducted, mostly due to the lack of routine quantification. In the net samples collected with a 90-μm WP2 net, pelagic MP abundance was quantified by light microscopy and evaluated as a function of inshore-offshore gradient, depth, and season; the same samples were used for zooplankton analysis. The MP abundance was ∼10(2)-10(4)particlesm(-3), with no significant inshore-offshore gradient during summer but increasing offshore in winter. MP abundance in deeper layers was positively affected by zooplankton abundance in the upper layers and significantly lower during winter compared to summer. These findings indicate heterogeneity of MP distribution due to biotic and abiotic factors and suggest that samples collected for other purposes can be used for quantification of MPs in the Baltic Sea, thus facilitating integration of MP assessment into existing monitoring schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Gorokhova
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
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447
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Van Cauwenberghe L, Devriese L, Galgani F, Robbens J, Janssen CR. Microplastics in sediments: A review of techniques, occurrence and effects. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 111:5-17. [PMID: 26095706 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2015.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 543] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 06/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics are omnipresent in the marine environment and sediments are hypothesized to be major sinks of these plastics. Here, over 100 articles spanning the last 50 year are reviewed with following objectives: (i) to evaluate current microplastic extraction techniques, (ii) to discuss the occurrence and worldwide distribution of microplastics in sediments, and (iii) to make a comprehensive assessment of the possible adverse effects of this type of pollution to marine organisms. Based on this review we propose future research needs and conclude that there is a clear need for a standardized techniques, unified reporting units and more realistic effect assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisbeth Van Cauwenberghe
- Ghent University, Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology, Jozef Plateaustraat 22, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Lisa Devriese
- Institute of Agricultural and Fisheries Research, Animal Sciences Unit - Aquatic Environment and Quality, Ankerstraat 1, 8400 Ostend, Belgium
| | | | - Johan Robbens
- Institute of Agricultural and Fisheries Research, Animal Sciences Unit - Aquatic Environment and Quality, Ankerstraat 1, 8400 Ostend, Belgium
| | - Colin R Janssen
- Ghent University, Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology, Jozef Plateaustraat 22, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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448
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Collard F, Gilbert B, Eppe G, Parmentier E, Das K. Detection of Anthropogenic Particles in Fish Stomachs: An Isolation Method Adapted to Identification by Raman Spectroscopy. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2015; 69:331-9. [PMID: 26289815 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-015-0221-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Microplastic particles (MP) contaminate oceans and affect marine organisms in several ways. Ingestion combined with food intake is generally reported. However, data interpretation often is circumvented by the difficulty to separate MP from bulk samples. Visual examination often is used as one or the only step to sort these particles. However, color, size, and shape are insufficient and often unreliable criteria. We present an extraction method based on hypochlorite digestion and isolation of MP from the membrane by sonication. The protocol is especially well adapted to a subsequent analysis by Raman spectroscopy. The method avoids fluorescence problems, allowing better identification of anthropogenic particles (AP) from stomach contents of fish by Raman spectroscopy. It was developed with commercial samples of microplastics and cotton along with stomach contents from three different Clupeiformes fishes: Clupea harengus, Sardina pilchardus, and Engraulis encrasicolus. The optimized digestion and isolation protocol showed no visible impact on microplastics and cotton particles while the Raman spectroscopic spectrum allowed the precise identification of microplastics and textile fibers. Thirty-five particles were isolated from nine fish stomach contents. Raman analysis has confirmed 11 microplastics and 13 fibers mainly made of cellulose or lignin. Some particles were not completely identified but contained artificial dyes. The novel approach developed in this manuscript should help to assess the presence, quantity, and composition of AP in planktivorous fish stomachs.
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Affiliation(s)
- France Collard
- Laboratory of Functional and Evolutionary Morphology, AFFISH-RC, University of Liege, B6c, Liège, Belgium.
- Laboratory of Oceanology - MARE Center, University of Liege, B6c, Liège, Belgium.
| | - Bernard Gilbert
- Inorganic Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Liege, Liège, Belgium
| | - Gauthier Eppe
- Inorganic Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Liege, Liège, Belgium
| | - Eric Parmentier
- Laboratory of Functional and Evolutionary Morphology, AFFISH-RC, University of Liege, B6c, Liège, Belgium
| | - Krishna Das
- Laboratory of Oceanology - MARE Center, University of Liege, B6c, Liège, Belgium.
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449
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Biofilm and Diatom Succession on Polyethylene (PE) and Biodegradable Plastic Bags in Two Marine Habitats: Early Signs of Degradation in the Pelagic and Benthic Zone? PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137201. [PMID: 26394047 PMCID: PMC4578875 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of biodegradable plastic is increasing. Given the augmented littering of these products an increasing input into the sea is expected. Previous laboratory experiments have shown that degradation of plastic starts within days to weeks. Little is known about the early composition and activity of biofilms found on biodegradable and conventional plastic debris and its correlation to degradation in the marine environment. In this study we investigated the early formation of biofilms on plastic shopper bags and its consequences for the degradation of plastic. Samples of polyethylene and biodegradable plastic were tested in the Mediterranean Sea for 15 and 33 days. The samples were distributed equally to a shallow benthic (sedimentary seafloor at 6 m water depth) and a pelagic habitat (3 m water depth) to compare the impact of these different environments on fouling and degradation. The amount of biofilm increased on both plastic types and in both habitats. The diatom abundance and diversity differed significantly between the habitats and the plastic types. Diatoms were more abundant on samples from the pelagic zone. We anticipate that specific surface properties of the polymer types induced different biofilm communities on both plastic types. Additionally, different environmental conditions between the benthic and pelagic experimental site such as light intensity and shear forces may have influenced unequal colonisation between these habitats. The oxygen production rate was negative for all samples, indicating that the initial biofilm on marine plastic litter consumes oxygen, regardless of the plastic type or if exposed in the pelagic or the benthic zone. Mechanical tests did not reveal degradation within one month of exposure. However, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis displayed potential signs of degradation on the plastic surface, which differed between both plastic types. This study indicates that the early biofilm formation and composition are affected by the plastic type and habitat. Further, it reveals that already within two weeks biodegradable plastic shows signs of degradation in the benthic and pelagic habitat.
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450
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Corcoran PL, Norris T, Ceccanese T, Walzak MJ, Helm PA, Marvin CH. Hidden plastics of Lake Ontario, Canada and their potential preservation in the sediment record. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 204:17-25. [PMID: 25898233 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics are a source of environmental pollution resulting from degradation of plastic products and spillage of resin pellets. We report the amounts of microplastics from various sites of Lake Ontario and evaluate their potential for preservation in the sediment record. A total of 4635 pellets were sampled from the Humber Bay shoreline on three sampling dates. Pellet colours were similar to those from the Humber River bank, suggesting that the river is a pathway for plastics transport into Lake Ontario. Once in the lake, high density microplastics, including mineral-polyethylene and mineral-polypropylene mixtures, sink to the bottom. The minerals may be fillers that were combined with plastics during production, or may have adsorbed to the surfaces of the polymers in the water column or on the lake bottom. Based on sediment depths and accumulation rates, microplastics have accumulated in the offshore region for less than 38 years. Their burial increases the chance of microplastics preservation. Shoreline pellets may not be preserved because they are mingled with organic debris that is reworked during storm events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia L Corcoran
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada.
| | - Todd Norris
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Trevor Ceccanese
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Mary Jane Walzak
- Surface Science Western, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6G 0J3, Canada
| | - Paul A Helm
- Environmental Monitoring and Reporting Branch, Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Toronto, Ontario M9P 3V6, Canada
| | - Chris H Marvin
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment Canada, Burlington, Ontario L7R 4A6, Canada
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