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Vos RC, Pijl H, Wit JM, van Zwet EW, van der Bent C, Houdijk ECAM. The effect of multidisciplinary lifestyle intervention on the pre- and postprandial plasma gut Peptide concentrations in children with obesity. ISRN ENDOCRINOLOGY 2011; 2011:353756. [PMID: 22363876 PMCID: PMC3262624 DOI: 10.5402/2011/353756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2011] [Accepted: 04/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Objective. This study aims to evaluate the effect of a multidisciplinary treatment of obesity on plasma concentrations of several gut hormones in fasting condition and in response to a mixed meal in children. Methods. Complete data were available from 36 obese children (age 13.3 ± 2.0 yr). At baseline and after the 3-month multidisciplinary treatment, fasting and postprandial blood samples were taken for glucose, insulin, ghrelin, peptide YY (PYY), and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1). Results. BMI-SDS was significantly reduced by multidisciplinary treatment (from 4.2 ± 0.7 to 4.0 ± 0.9, P < .01). The intervention significantly increased the area under the curve (AUC) of ghrelin (from 92.3 ± 18.3 to 97.9 ± 18.2 pg/L, P < .01), but no significant changes were found for PYY or GLP-1 concentrations (in fasting or postprandial condition). The insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) remained unchanged as well. Conclusion. Intensive multidisciplinary treatment induced moderate weight loss and increased ghrelin secretion, but serum PYY and GLP-1 concentrations and insulin sensitivity remained unchanged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rimke C Vos
- Department of Pediatrics, Juliana Children's Hospital/Haga Hospital, Sportlaan 600, 2566 MJ the Hague, The Netherlands
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402
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To examine recent papers linking enteroendocrine cells to lipid absorption. RECENT FINDINGS Specific inactivation of the proendocrine transcription factor neurogenin 3 (Ngn3) in the intestine leads to a loss of enteroendocrine cells, growth retardation, impaired lipid absorption and a high mortality during the weaning period. Furthermore, gain and loss of function experiments using mouse, hamster and primary enterocytes demonstrate that apoB-48-containing chylomicron formation and secretion may be regulated by enteroendocrine hormones. This seems to involve the multilineage scavenger receptor CD36, glycosylation of which is indirectly stimulated by enteroendocrine hormones. SUMMARY Hormones and peptides secreted by enteroendocrine cells are well known for their effect on food intake and appetite, the regulation of glucose homeostasis, gut motility, and various other physiological functions. What can now be added to this list is that they also influence lipid absorption, which opens up new opportunities to develop treatments for people suffering from overweight and its associated metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Mellitzer
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, INSERM U964, CNRS UMR 7104, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.
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403
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Schernthaner G, Brix JM, Kopp HP, Schernthaner GH. Cure of type 2 diabetes by metabolic surgery? A critical analysis of the evidence in 2010. Diabetes Care 2011; 34 Suppl 2:S355-60. [PMID: 21525482 PMCID: PMC3634394 DOI: 10.2337/dc11-s253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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404
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Clements RH, Saraf N, Kakade M, Yellumahanthi K, White M, Hackett JA. Nutritional effect of oral supplement enriched in beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate, glutamine and arginine on resting metabolic rate after laparoscopic gastric bypass. Surg Endosc 2011; 25:1376-82. [PMID: 20953883 PMCID: PMC3199961 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-010-1371-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2010] [Accepted: 09/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Weight regain that begins 12-18 months after laparoscopic gastric bypass has been attributed to changes in resting metabolic rate (RMR), which is largely determined by lean body mass (LBM). An oral supplement containing beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate, glutamine, and arginine (HMB/Glu/Arg) has helped to restore LBM in cachexia due to cancer and in critically ill trauma patients. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of oral HMB/Glu/Arg on LBM and RMR following laparoscopic gastric bypass (LGB). METHODS Patients who underwent LGB were randomized to receive 24 g of HMB/Glu/Arg dissolved in water twice daily for 8 weeks or to receive no supplement. Weight loss, LBM, and RMR were assessed preoperatively, 2 and 8 weeks postoperatively. LBM was determined by dual emission x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and RMR was measured by indirect calorimetry. RESULTS Thirty patients were enrolled: 80% white; 20% African American; 96.7% women; mean age 46.9±8.4 years; mean weight 113.4±11.6 kg; and mean body mass index (BMI) 43.3±4.1 kg/m2. The experimental and control groups included 14 and 16 patients, respectively, and there was no difference in baseline demographics and characteristics between the two groups. At 8 weeks, weight, BMI, LBM, and RMR significantly decreased by 15.7±2.5 kg, 6.0±1.0 kg/m2, 7.8±4.0 kg, and 290.6±234.9 kcal/day, respectively (P<0.0001 for each variable). However, when comparing these changes between the two groups, no statistical significance was observed. CONCLUSIONS There is a significant decrease in weight, BMI, LBM, and RMR in all subjects after LGB, and these changes were not affected by the use of HMB/Glu/Arg. Potential preservation of LBM as a result of HMB/Glu/Arg requires further investigation. However, its consumption (78 calories per serving) did not adversely affect weight loss in the experimental group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald H Clements
- Section of Surgical Sciences, Division of General Surgery, Vanderbilt University, 1161 Medical Center Drive, D5203, Nashville, TN 37232-7610, USA.
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405
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King JA, Wasse LK, Ewens J, Crystallis K, Emmanuel J, Batterham RL, Stensel DJ. Differential acylated ghrelin, peptide YY3-36, appetite, and food intake responses to equivalent energy deficits created by exercise and food restriction. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 96:1114-21. [PMID: 21270331 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2010-2735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Acute energy deficits imposed by food restriction increase appetite and energy intake; however, these outcomes remain unchanged when energy deficits are imposed by exercise. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to determine the potential role of acylated ghrelin and peptide YY(3-36) (PYY(3-36)) in mediating appetite and energy intake responses to identical energy deficits imposed by food restriction and exercise. DESIGN Twelve healthy males completed three 9-h trials (exercise deficit, food deficit, and control) in a randomized counterbalanced design. Participants ran for 90 min (70% of VO(2) max) at the beginning of the exercise deficit trial and then rested for 7.5 h. Participants remained sedentary throughout the food deficit and control trials. Test meals were consumed by participants at 2 and 4.75 h in all trials. The amount provided in the food deficit trial was restricted so that an energy deficit (equivalent to that imposed by exercise) was induced relative to control. Participants were permitted access to a buffet meal at 8 h. RESULTS The energy deficits imposed by food restriction (4820 ± 151 kJ) and exercise (4715 ± 113 kJ) were similar. Appetite and ad libitum energy intake responded in a compensatory fashion to food restriction yet were not influenced by exercise. Plasma acylated ghrelin concentrations increased, whereas PYY(3-36) decreased, in response to food restriction (two-way ANOVA, trial × time interaction, P < 0.001 for each). Exercise did not induce such compensatory responses. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest a mediating role of acylated ghrelin and PYY(3-36) in determining divergent feeding responses to energy deficits imposed by food restriction and exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A King
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, United Kingdom
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406
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Remmers F, Delemarre-van de Waal HA. Developmental programming of energy balance and its hypothalamic regulation. Endocr Rev 2011; 32:272-311. [PMID: 21051592 DOI: 10.1210/er.2009-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Developmental programming is an important physiological process that allows different phenotypes to originate from a single genotype. Through plasticity in early life, the developing organism can adopt a phenotype (within the limits of its genetic background) that is best suited to its expected environment. In humans, together with the relative irreversibility of the phenomenon, the low predictive value of the fetal environment for later conditions in affluent countries makes it a potential contributor to the obesity epidemic of recent decades. Here, we review the current evidence for developmental programming of energy balance. For a proper understanding of the subject, knowledge about energy balance is indispensable. Therefore, we first present an overview of the major hypothalamic routes through which energy balance is regulated and their ontogeny. With this background, we then turn to the available evidence for programming of energy balance by the early nutritional environment, in both man and rodent models. A wealth of studies suggest that energy balance can indeed be permanently affected by the early-life environment. However, the direction of the effects of programming appears to vary considerably, both between and within different animal models. Because of these inconsistencies, a comprehensive picture is still elusive. More standardization between studies seems essential to reach veritable conclusions about the role of developmental programming in adult energy balance and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floor Remmers
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany.
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407
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Gill RS, Karmali S, Sharma AM. Treating type 2 diabetes mellitus with sleeve gastrectomy in obese patients. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2011; 19:701-2. [PMID: 20966914 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2010.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richdeep S Gill
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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408
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Qian Y, Wertheimer SJ, Ahmad M, Cheung AWH, Firooznia F, Hamilton MM, Hayden S, Li S, Marcopulos N, McDermott L, Tan J, Yun W, Guo L, Pamidimukkala A, Chen Y, Huang KS, Ramsey GB, Whittard T, Conde-Knape K, Taub R, Rondinone CM, Tilley J, Bolin D. Discovery of orally active carboxylic acid derivatives of 2-phenyl-5-trifluoromethyloxazole-4-carboxamide as potent diacylglycerol acyltransferase-1 inhibitors for the potential treatment of obesity and diabetes. J Med Chem 2011; 54:2433-46. [PMID: 21413799 DOI: 10.1021/jm101580m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Diacylglycerol acyltransferase-1 (DGAT-1) is the enzyme that catalyzes the final and committed step of triglyceride formation, namely, the acylation of diacylglycerol with acyl coenzyme A. DGAT-1 deficient mice demonstrate resistance to weight gain on high fat diet, improved insulin sensitivity, and reduced liver triglyceride content. Inhibition of DGAT-1 thus represents a potential novel approach for the treatment of obesity, dyslipidemia, and metabolic syndrome. In this communication, we report the identification of the lead structure 6 and our lead optimization efforts culminating in the discovery of potent, selective, and orally efficacious carboxylic acid derivatives of 2-phenyl-5-trifluoromethyloxazole-4-carboxamides. In particular, compound 29 (DGAT-1 enzyme assay, IC(50) = 57 nM; CHO-K1 cell triglyceride formation assay, EC(50) = 0.5 μM) demonstrated dose dependent inhibition of weight gain in diet induced obese (DIO) rats (0.3, 1, and 3 mg/kg, p.o., qd) during a 21-day efficacy study. Furthermore, compound 29 demonstrated improved glucose tolerance determined by an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimin Qian
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., 340 Kingsland Street, Nutley, New Jersey 07110, United States.
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409
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Lee HJ, Choe YH, Lee JH, Sohn YB, Kim SJ, Park SW, Son JS, Kim SW, Jin DK. Delayed response of amylin levels after an oral glucose challenge in children with Prader-Willi syndrome. Yonsei Med J 2011; 52:257-62. [PMID: 21319343 PMCID: PMC3051207 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2011.52.2.257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Amylin secretion is increased parallel to insulin in obese subjects. Despite their marked obesity, a state of relative hypoinsulinemia occurs in children with Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS). Based on the hypothesis that amylin levels may be relatively low in PWS children, contributing to their excessive appetite, we studied amylin levels after oral glucose loading in children with PWS and overweight controls. MATERIALS AND METHODS Plasma levels of amylin, glucagon, insulin, and glucose were measured at 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min after a glucose challenge in children with PWS (n = 18) and overweight controls (n = 25); the relationships among the variables were investigated in these two groups. RESULTS Amylin levels were significantly correlated with insulin during fasting and during the oral glucose tolerance test in both groups. Amylin levels between 0 and 60 min after glucose loading were statistically different between the two groups. They were lower in children with PWS than in the controls between 0 and 30 min after glucose loading. CONCLUSION The relatively low levels of amylin, compared to those in overweight controls, during the early phase of glucose loading in patients with PWS, may contribute, in part, to the excessive appetite of PWS patients as compared to the overweight controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae Jeong Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Changwon Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Changwon, Korea
| | - Yon Ho Choe
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jee Hyun Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Bae Sohn
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Su Jin Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Won Park
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jun Seok Son
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Samsung Changwon Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Changwon, Korea
| | - Seon Woo Kim
- Clinical Research Center, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong-Kyu Jin
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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410
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Sanger GJ, Hellström PM, Näslund E. The hungry stomach: physiology, disease, and drug development opportunities. Front Pharmacol 2011; 1:145. [PMID: 21927604 PMCID: PMC3174087 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2010.00145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
During hunger, a series of high-amplitude contractions of the stomach and small intestine (phase III), which form part of a cycle of quiescence and contractions (known as the migrating motor complex, MMC), play a "housekeeping" role prior to the next meal, and may contribute toward the development of hunger. Several gastrointestinal (GI) hormones are associated with phase III MMC activity, but currently the most prominent is motilin, thought to at least partly mediate phase III contractions of the gastric MMC. Additional GI endocrine and neuronal systems play even more powerful roles in the development of hunger. In particular, the ghrelin-precursor gene is proving to have a complex physiology, giving rise to three different products: ghrelin itself, which is formed from a post-translational modification of des-acyl-ghrelin, and obestatin. The receptors acted on by des-acyl-ghrelin and by obestatin are currently unknown but both these peptides seem able to exert actions which oppose that of ghrelin, either indirectly or directly. An increased understanding of the actions of these peptides is helping to unravel a number of different eating disorders and providing opportunities for the discovery of new drugs to regulate dysfunctional gastric behaviors and appetite. To date, ghrelin and motilin receptor agonists and antagonists have been described. The most advanced are compounds which activate the ghrelin and motilin receptors which are being progressed for disorders associated with gastric hypomotility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth J. Sanger
- Wingate Institute of Neurogastroenterology, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of LondonLondon, UK
| | - Per M. Hellström
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala UniversityUppsala, Sweden
| | - Erik Näslund
- Division of Surgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska InstitutetStockholm, Sweden
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411
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Associations between dairy consumption and body weight: a review of the evidence and underlying mechanisms. Nutr Res Rev 2011; 24:72-95. [PMID: 21320381 DOI: 10.1017/s095442241000034x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
As the incidence of obesity is reaching 'epidemic' proportions, there is currently widespread interest in the impact of dietary components on body-weight and food intake regulation. The majority of data available from both epidemiological and intervention studies provide evidence of a negative but modest association between milk and dairy product consumption and BMI and other measures of adiposity, with indications that higher intakes result in increased weight loss and lean tissue maintenance during energy restriction. The purported physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying the impact of dairy constituents on adiposity are incompletely understood but may include effects on lipolysis, lipogeneis and fatty acid absorption. Furthermore, accumulating evidence indicates an impact of dairy constituents, in particular whey protein derivatives, on appetite regulation and food intake. The present review summarises available data and provides an insight into the likely contribution of dairy foods to strategies aimed at appetite regulation, weight loss or the prevention of weight gain.
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412
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Meta-analysis of the relationship between obestatin and ghrelin levels and the ghrelin/obestatin ratio with respect to obesity. Am J Med Sci 2011; 341:48-55. [PMID: 21139496 DOI: 10.1097/maj.0b013e3181ec41ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The association between gastrointestinal hormones, obestatin and ghrelin, and obesity are controversial. Here, the authors summarize results of published works in this field by using meta-analysis. METHODS Studies that evaluated these hormones and were published before December 2009 were collected from PubMed, HighWire Press and ProQuest Health and Medical Complete. Software Review Manager 4.2 was used (Cochrane Collaboration, Oxford, England). Differences between obese and normal weight (NW) groups were compared using fixed or random effects models based on heterogeneity. RESULTS In obestatin group, 9 studies with 566 participants were included and had significant heterogeneity (I² = 98.6%, P < 0.01). Obestatin of NW groups was 64.19 pg/mL [95% confidence interval (CI) = 36.11-92.26, P < 0.01] higher than those of obese groups. In total ghrelin group, 21 studies with 1187 participants were included and had significant heterogeneity (I² = 97.9%, P < 0.01). Total ghrelin of NW groups was 145.53 pg/mL (95%CI = 109.59-181.47, P < 0.01) higher than those of obese groups. In active ghrelin group, 6 studies with 265 participants were included and had significant heterogeneity (I² = 98.10%, P < 0.01). Active ghrelin in NW groups was 53.22 pg/mL (95%CI = 25.92-80.53, P < 0.01) higher than those of obese groups. In ghrelin/obestatin group, 5 studies with 259 participants were included and had significant heterogeneity (I² = 94.2, P < 0.01). The ratios in NW groups were 2.49 pg/mL (95%CI = 0.03-4.9, P = 0.05) higher than those of obese groups but without significance. CONCLUSIONS Obestatin, total and active ghrelin in NW groups were significantly higher than those of obese groups. Ghrelin/obestatin ratios in NW groups were also higher but without significance.
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413
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Ghrelin, leptin and adiponectin as possible predictors of the hedonic value of odors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 167:112-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2010.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Revised: 12/13/2010] [Accepted: 12/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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414
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Abstract
The gut plays a unique role in the metabolic defence against energy excess and glucose imbalance. Nutrients, such as lipids, enter the small intestine and activate sensing mechanisms to maintain energy and glucose homeostasis. It is clear that a lipid-induced gut-brain axis exists and that cholecystokinin and a neuronal network are involved, yet the underlying mechanisms in gut lipid sensing that regulate homeostasis remain largely unknown. In parallel, studies underscore the importance of enzymes involved in lipid metabolism within the brain, such as adenosine monophosphate -activated protein kinase, to maintain homeostasis. In this review, we will first examine what is known regarding the mechanisms involved in this lipid-induced gut-brain neuronal axis that regulate food intake and hepatic glucose production. We will also discuss how enzymes that govern brain lipid metabolism could potentially reveal how lipids trigger the gut, and that both the gut and brain may share common biochemical pathways to sense lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danna M Breen
- Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
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415
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Ford HE, Peters V, Martin NM, Sleeth ML, Ghatei MA, Frost GS, Bloom SR. Effects of oral ingestion of sucralose on gut hormone response and appetite in healthy normal-weight subjects. Eur J Clin Nutr 2011; 65:508-13. [DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2010.291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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416
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The influence of physical activity on appetite control: an experimental system to understand the relationship between exercise-induced energy expenditure and energy intake. Proc Nutr Soc 2011; 70:171-80. [DOI: 10.1017/s0029665110004751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Investigations of the impact of physical activity on appetite control have the potential to throw light on the understanding of energy balance and therefore, upon body weight regulation and the development of obesity. Given the complexity of the landscape influencing weight regulation, research strategies should reflect this complexity. We have developed a research approach based on the concept of the psychobiological system (multi-level measurement and analysis) and an experimental platform that respects the operations of an adaptive regulating biological system. It is important that both sides of the energy balance equation (activity and diet) receive similar detailed levels of analysis. The experimental platform uses realistic and fully supervised levels of physical activity, medium-term (not acute) interventions, measurement of body composition, energy metabolism (indirect calorimetry), satiety physiology (gut peptides), homeostatic and hedonic processes of appetite control, non-exercise activity, obese adult participants and both genders. This research approach has shown that the impact of physical activity on appetite control is characterised by large individual differences. Changes in body composition, waist circumference and health benefits are more meaningful than changes in weight. Further, we are realising that the acute effects do not predict what will happen in the longer term. The psychobiological systems approach offers a strategy for simultaneously investigating biological and behavioural processes relevant to understanding obese people and how obesity can be managed. This experimental platform provides opportunities for industry to examine the impact of foods under scientifically controlled conditions relevant to the real world.
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417
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King JA, Wasse LK, Stensel DJ. The acute effects of swimming on appetite, food intake, and plasma acylated ghrelin. J Obes 2011; 2011:351628. [PMID: 20953411 PMCID: PMC2952805 DOI: 10.1155/2011/351628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2010] [Revised: 07/08/2010] [Accepted: 09/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Swimming may stimulate appetite and food intake but empirical data are lacking. This study examined appetite, food intake, and plasma acylated ghrelin responses to swimming. Fourteen healthy males completed a swimming trial and a control trial in a random order. Sixty min after breakfast participants swam for 60 min and then rested for six hours. Participants rested throughout the control trial. During trials appetite was measured at 30 min intervals and acylated ghrelin was assessed periodically (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 7.5 h. N = 10). Appetite was suppressed during exercise before increasing in the hours after. Acylated ghrelin was suppressed during exercise. Swimming did not alter energy or macronutrient intake assessed at buffet meals (total trial energy intake: control 9161 kJ, swimming 9749 kJ). These findings suggest that swimming stimulates appetite but indicate that acylated ghrelin and food intake are resistant to change in the hours afterwards.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A. King
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Lucy K. Wasse
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, UK
| | - David J. Stensel
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, UK
- *David J. Stensel:
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418
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Spitznagel MB, Benitez A, Updegraff J, Potter V, Alexander T, Glickman E, Gunstad J. Serum ghrelin is inversely associated with cognitive function in a sample of non-demented elderly. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2010; 64:608-11. [PMID: 21029250 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1819.2010.02145.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
AIM The orexigenic hormone, ghrelin, is linked to learning and memory in animal studies. No previous study has investigated whether cognition is related to ghrelin in the non-demented elderly. METHODS Thirty-five older adults underwent neuropsychological testing and fasting blood draw with subsequent serum ghrelin quantification. RESULTS Ghrelin was negatively correlated with several cognitive domains, including verbal memory, working memory, and naming. CONCLUSION Areas of cognition associated with ghrelin level were similar to the pattern of deficits observed in early Alzheimer's disease. Findings suggest a potential moderational role of ghrelin in pathological cognitive decline. Further work investigating mechanisms is needed.
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419
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Polyák É, Gombos K, Hajnal B, Bonyár-Müller K, Szabó S, Gubicskó-Kisbenedek A, Marton K, Ember I. Effects of artificial sweeteners on body weight, food and drink intake. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 97:401-7. [DOI: 10.1556/aphysiol.97.2010.4.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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420
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Effects of changing dietary fat content on plasma gut hormone concentrations in diet-induced obese and diet-resistant rats. Br J Nutr 2010; 105:879-86. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114510004381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Gut hormones play key roles in the regulation of energy homeostasis. However, little is known about the long- and short-term effects of changing dietary fat content on gut hormones. We aim to examine the effects of changing dietary fat content on plasma gut hormone concentrations in diet-induced obese (DIO) and diet-resistant (DR) rats. After inducing obesity with a high-fat (HF) diet, male Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into three groups according to their body-weight gain: DIO; DR; control (CON). The DIO and DR rats were further divided in random into two groups. One continued on a HF diet and the other switched to a low-fat (LF) diet for an additional 4 weeks. Finally, each group was randomly divided into three subgroups (n 8): fasted; fasted-refed HF; fasted-refed LF diet groups. Replacing a HF diet with a LF diet for 4 weeks resulted in less fat mass, higher fasting and post-HF plasma ghrelin concentration and lower postprandial plasma cholecystokinin concentration in the DIO and DR rats. Acute switching dietary fat resulted in significantly higher post-HF plasma ghrelin concentrations than post-LF ghrelin concentrations in the DR rats on LF diet (DRLF) and DIO rats on LF diet (DIOLF) rats, and significantly higher post-HF obestatin concentrations than post-LF obestatin concentrations in the CON, DR rats on HF diet (DRHF) and DRLF rats. Dietary fat content appears to play a role in the gut hormone profile, which may consequently influence fat mass.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To review the role of gut hormones involved in appetite regulation and their potential in the treatment of obesity. RECENT FINDINGS The medical treatment of obesity has been fraught with challenges. With two centrally acting agents having been recently withdrawn from the market, new therapies are required. The gut hormones are especially promising therapeutic targets. This article looks at the interplay between gut and brain which mediates the regulation of appetite and energy expenditure. Some recent developments that point the way towards the future development of gut hormone analogues as treatments for obesity are reviewed. SUMMARY Our understanding of the interaction between gut hormones and the neuronal circuits controlling appetite regulation has made great advances over recent years. This knowledge is essential if these peptides are to become potential obesity therapies, both from an efficacy and safety perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaimini Cegla
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, UK
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422
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Gill RS, Birch DW, Shi X, Sharma AM, Karmali S. Sleeve gastrectomy and type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2010; 6:707-13. [PMID: 20947447 DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2010.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2010] [Revised: 06/02/2010] [Accepted: 07/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Existing evidence has suggested that bariatric surgery produces sustainable weight loss and remission or cure of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) has garnered considerable interest as a low morbidity bariatric surgical procedure that leads to effective weight loss and control of co-morbid disease. The objective of the present study was to systematically review the effect of LSG on type 2 DM. METHODS An electronic data search of MEDLINE, PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Dare, Clinical Evidence, TRIP, Health Technology Database, Conference abstracts, clinical trials, and the Cochrane Library database was completed. The search terms used included LSG, vertical gastrectomy, bariatric surgery, metabolic surgery, and diabetes (DM), type 2 DM, or co-morbidities. All human studies, not limited to those in the English language, that had been reported from 2000 to April 2010 were included. RESULTS After an initial screen of 3621 titles, 289 abstracts were reviewed, and 28 studies met the inclusion criteria and the full report was assessed. One study was excluded after a careful assessment because the investigators had combined LSG with ileal interposition. A total of 27 studies and 673 patients were analyzed. The baseline mean body mass index for the 673 patients was 47.4 kg/m(2) (range 31.0-53.5). The mean percentage of excess weight loss was 47.3% (range 6.3-74.6%), with a mean follow-up of 13.1 months (range 3-36). DM had resolved in 66.2% of the patients, improved in 26.9%, and remained stable in 13.1%. The mean decrease in blood glucose and hemoglobin A1c after sleeve gastrectomy was -88.2 mg/dL and -1.7%, respectively. CONCLUSION Most patients with type 2 DM experienced resolution or improvement in DM markers after LSG. LSG might play an important role as a metabolic therapy for patients with type 2 DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richdeep S Gill
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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423
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Bacterial heat-stable enterotoxins: translation of pathogenic peptides into novel targeted diagnostics and therapeutics. Toxins (Basel) 2010; 2:2028-54. [PMID: 22069671 PMCID: PMC3153287 DOI: 10.3390/toxins2082028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2010] [Accepted: 08/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat-stable toxins (STs) produced by enterotoxigenic bacteria cause endemic and traveler’s diarrhea by binding to and activating the intestinal receptor guanylyl cyclase C (GC-C). Advances in understanding the biology of GC-C have extended ST from a diarrheagenic peptide to a novel therapeutic agent. Here, we summarize the physiological and pathophysiological role of GC-C in fluid-electrolyte regulation and intestinal crypt-villus homeostasis, as well as describe translational opportunities offered by STs, reflecting the unique characteristics of GC-C, in treating irritable bowel syndrome and chronic constipation, and in preventing and treating colorectal cancer.
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424
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de Lartigue G, Lur G, Dimaline R, Varro A, Raybould H, Dockray GJ. EGR1 Is a target for cooperative interactions between cholecystokinin and leptin, and inhibition by ghrelin, in vagal afferent neurons. Endocrinology 2010; 151:3589-99. [PMID: 20534729 PMCID: PMC2940532 DOI: 10.1210/en.2010-0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Food intake is regulated by signals from peripheral organs, but the way these are integrated remains uncertain. Cholecystokinin (CCK) from the intestine and leptin from adipocytes interact to inhibit food intake. Our aim was to examine the hypothesis that these interactions occur at the level of vagal afferent neurons via control of the immediate early gene EGR1. We now report that CCK stimulates redistribution to the nucleus of early growth response factor-1 (EGR1) in these neurons in vivo and in culture, and these effects are not dependent on EGR1 synthesis. Leptin stimulates EGR1 expression; leptin alone does not stimulate nuclear translocation, but it strongly potentiates the action of CCK. Ghrelin inhibits CCK-stimulated nuclear translocation of EGR1 and leptin-stimulated EGR1 expression. Expression of the gene encoding the satiety peptide cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CARTp) is stimulated by CCK via an EGR1-dependent mechanism, and this is strongly potentiated by leptin. Leptin potentiated inhibition of food intake by endogenous CCK in the rat in conditions reflecting changes in EGR1 activation. The data indicate that by separately regulating EGR1 activation and synthesis, CCK and leptin interact cooperatively to define the capacity for satiety signaling by vagal afferent neurons; manipulation of these interactions may be therapeutically beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume de Lartigue
- Physiological Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
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425
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Nandagopal R, Brown RJ, Rother KI. Resolution of type 2 diabetes following bariatric surgery: implications for adults and adolescents. Diabetes Technol Ther 2010; 12:671-7. [PMID: 20615109 PMCID: PMC2936261 DOI: 10.1089/dia.2010.0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Bariatric surgery is now widely reported to ameliorate or resolve type 2 diabetes mellitus in adults. Some clinical investigators even suggest its use as an early therapeutic intervention for type 2 diabetes in patients not meeting standard criteria for bariatric surgery. However, little is known about the exact mechanisms explaining the metabolic consequences, and much active investigation is underway to identify hormonal changes leading to diabetes resolution. This review includes a detailed description of various bariatric surgical procedures, including the latest less-invasive techniques, and a summary of current data providing insight into the short- and long-term metabolic effects. We outline current hypotheses regarding the mechanisms by which these surgical procedures affect diabetes and report on morbidity and mortality. Finally, we discuss the available data on bariatric surgery in adolescent patients, including special considerations in this potentially vulnerable population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radha Nandagopal
- Clinical Endocrinology Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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426
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Sauseng W, Nagel B, Gamillscheg A, Aigner R, Borkenstein M, Zotter H. Acylated ghrelin increases after controlled short-time exercise in school-aged children. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2010; 21:e100-5. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2010.01165.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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427
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Kim ER, Mizuno TM. Xenin delays gastric emptying rate and activates the brainstem in mice. Neurosci Lett 2010; 481:59-63. [PMID: 20599589 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.06.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2010] [Revised: 05/24/2010] [Accepted: 06/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Xenin, a 25-amino acid gastrointestinal peptide, inhibits feeding by acting through the central nervous system. Gastrointestinal hormones reduce food intake partly by activating the brainstem and inhibiting gastric emptying. Therefore, we hypothesized that xenin delays gastric emptying through the activation of the brainstem cells. To address this hypothesis, we examined the effect of intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of xenin on gastric emptying rate and brainstem Fos expression in mice. Gastric emptying rate was reduced by about 93% in xenin-treated mice compared to saline-treated control mice. The i.p. xenin injection significantly increased Fos-immunoreactive cells in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) of the brainstem, but not area postrema (AP) and dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV). These findings support the hypothesis that xenin-induced anorexia is at least partly due to delayed gastric emptying and the activation of the NTS cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Ran Kim
- Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E0J9, Canada
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428
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King JA, Miyashita M, Wasse LK, Stensel DJ. Influence of prolonged treadmill running on appetite, energy intake and circulating concentrations of acylated ghrelin. Appetite 2010; 54:492-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2010.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2009] [Revised: 12/14/2009] [Accepted: 02/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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429
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Terrien J, Ambid L, Nibbelink M, Saint-Charles A, Aujard F. Non-shivering thermogenesis activation and maintenance in the aging gray mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus). Exp Gerontol 2010; 45:442-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2010.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2009] [Revised: 02/15/2010] [Accepted: 03/17/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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430
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Al-Anzi B, Armand E, Nagamei P, Olszewski M, Sapin V, Waters C, Zinn K, Wyman RJ, Benzer S. The leucokinin pathway and its neurons regulate meal size in Drosophila. Curr Biol 2010; 20:969-78. [PMID: 20493701 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2010.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2009] [Revised: 03/12/2010] [Accepted: 04/19/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Total food intake is a function of meal size and meal frequency, and adjustments to these parameters allow animals to maintain a stable energy balance in changing environmental conditions. The physiological mechanisms that regulate meal size have been studied in blowflies but have not been previously examined in Drosophila. RESULTS Here we show that mutations in the leucokinin neuropeptide (leuc) and leucokinin receptor (lkr) genes cause phenotypes in which Drosophila adults have an increase in meal size and a compensatory reduction in meal frequency. Because mutant flies take larger but fewer meals, their caloric intake is the same as that of wild-type flies. The expression patterns of the leuc and lkr genes identify small groups of brain neurons that regulate this behavior. Leuc-containing presynaptic terminals are found close to Lkr neurons in the brain and ventral ganglia, suggesting that they deliver Leuc peptide to these neurons. Lkr neurons innervate the foregut. Flies in which Leuc or Lkr neurons are ablated have defects identical to those of leucokinin pathway mutants. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that the increase in meal size in leuc and lkr mutants is due to a meal termination defect, perhaps arising from impaired communication of gut distension signals to the brain. Leucokinin and the leucokinin receptor are homologous to vertebrate tachykinin and its receptor, and injection of tachykinins reduces food consumption. Our results suggest that the roles of the tachykinin system in regulating food intake might be evolutionarily conserved between insects and vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bader Al-Anzi
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
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431
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Bueter M, Löwenstein C, Olbers T, Wang M, Cluny NL, Bloom SR, Sharkey KA, Lutz TA, le Roux CW. Gastric bypass increases energy expenditure in rats. Gastroenterology 2010; 138:1845-53. [PMID: 19931268 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2009.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2009] [Revised: 10/15/2009] [Accepted: 11/06/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Mechanisms underlying weight loss maintenance after gastric bypass are poorly understood. Our aim was to examine the effects of gastric bypass on energy expenditure in rats. METHODS Thirty diet-induced obese male Wistar rats underwent either gastric bypass (n = 14), sham-operation ad libitum fed (n = 8), or sham-operation body weight-matched (n = 8). Energy expenditure was measured in an open circuit calorimetry system. RESULTS Twenty-four-hour energy expenditure was increased after gastric bypass (4.50 +/- 0.04 kcal/kg/h) compared with sham-operated, ad libitum fed (4.29 +/- 0.08 kcal/kg/h) and sham-operated, body weight-matched controls (3.98 +/- 0.10 kcal/kg/h, P < .001). Gastric bypass rats showed higher energy expenditure during the light phase than sham-operated control groups (sham-operated, ad libitum fed: 3.63 +/- 0.04 kcal/kg/h vs sham-operated, body weight-matched: 3.42 +/- 0.05 kcal/kg/h vs bypass: 4.12 +/- 0.03 kcal/kg/h, P < .001). Diet-induced thermogenesis was elevated after gastric bypass compared with sham-operated, body weight-matched controls 3 hours after a test meal (0.41% +/- 1.9% vs 10.5% +/- 2.0%, respectively, P < .05). The small bowel of gastric bypass rats was 72.1% heavier because of hypertrophy compared with sham-operated, ad libitum fed rats (P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS Gastric bypass in rats prevented the decrease in energy expenditure after weight loss. Diet-induced thermogenesis was higher after gastric bypass compared with body weight-matched controls. Raised energy expenditure may be a mechanism explaining the physiologic basis of weight loss after gastric bypass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Bueter
- Department of Investigative Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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432
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Kim EH, Son RH, Myoung HJ, Mar WC, Kim WK, Nam KW. The Inhibitory Effect of Baicalin on the Short-Term Food Intake in C57BL/6J Mice. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2010. [DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2010.18.2.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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433
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Abstract
In type 2 diabetes and obesity, the homeostatic control of glucose and energy balance is impaired, leading to hyperglycemia and hyperphagia. Recent studies indicate that nutrient-sensing mechanisms in the body activate negative-feedback systems to regulate energy and glucose homeostasis through a neuronal network. Direct metabolic signaling within the intestine activates gut-brain and gut-brain-liver axes to regulate energy and glucose homeostasis, respectively. In parallel, direct metabolism of nutrients within the hypothalamus regulates food intake and blood glucose levels. These findings highlight the importance of the central nervous system in mediating the ability of nutrient sensing to maintain homeostasis. Futhermore, they provide a physiological and neuronal framework by which enhancing or restoring nutrient sensing in the intestine and the brain could normalize energy and glucose homeostasis in diabetes and obesity.
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434
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Beckman LM, Beckman TR, Earthman CP. Changes in gastrointestinal hormones and leptin after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass procedure: a review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 110:571-84. [PMID: 20338283 DOI: 10.1016/j.jada.2009.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2009] [Accepted: 06/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Roux-en-Y gastric bypass is a well-accepted tool for the treatment of obesity and, compared to conventional weight loss methods (eg, diet and exercise) and other weight loss surgeries (eg, gastric banding), it results in considerable weight loss that is maintained long term. Although successful, the mechanisms for weight loss are not completely understood and it is thought that gastrointestinal hormones play a role. Several gastrointestinal hormones have been identified for their effects on appetite, including glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), peptide tyrosine-tyrosine (PYY), leptin, and ghrelin. This review encompasses a literature search that included 45 primary articles and shows that there are alterations in GLP-1, PYY, leptin, and ghrelin postoperatively. GLP-1 and PYY concentrations were usually found to be higher, whereas ghrelin levels were typically lower post- Roux-en-Y gastric bypass than in individuals with obesity, those who were overweight or of normal weight, and in those who underwent procedures other than Roux-en-Y gastric bypass or who achieved weight loss by lifestyle modification. An understanding of how gastrointestinal hormones change after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass may help dietetics practitioners optimize nutrition care for this patient population. A review of the literature also highlighted some research gaps that should be taken into consideration when designing future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Beckman
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, 225 Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, 1334 Eckles Ave, St Paul, MN 55108-6099, USA
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435
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Lassman DJ, McKie S, Gregory LJ, Lal S, D'Amato M, Steele I, Varro A, Dockray GJ, Williams SCR, Thompson DG. Defining the role of cholecystokinin in the lipid-induced human brain activation matrix. Gastroenterology 2010; 138:1514-24. [PMID: 20080096 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2009.12.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2009] [Revised: 12/04/2009] [Accepted: 12/29/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS In human beings, as in most vertebrates, the release of the intestinal peptide cholecystokinin (CCK) by ingested food plays a major role both in digestion and the regulation of further food intake, but the changes in brain function and their underlying activation mechanisms remain unknown. Our aim was to explore, using a novel physiologic magnetic resonance imaging approach, the temporospatial brain activation matrix, in response to ingestion of a lipid meal and, by use of a CCK-1 receptor antagonist, to define the role of CCK in this activation. METHODS We studied, in 19 healthy subjects, the brain activation responses to ingested lipid (dodecanoic acid) or saline (control) with magnetic resonance imaging. Gallbladder volume, plasma CCK levels, and subjective hunger and fullness scores were also recorded. The experiment was then repeated, with and without prior administration of the CCK-1 receptor antagonist dexloxiglumide (600 mg orally) with a controlled, randomized order, latin-square design. RESULTS Ingested lipid activated bilaterally a matrix of brain areas, particularly the brain stem, pons, hypothalamus, and also cerebellum and motor cortical areas. These activations were abolished by dexloxiglumide, indicating a CCK-mediated pathway, independent of any nutrient-associated awareness cues. CONCLUSION The identification of these activations now defines the lipid-activated brain matrix and provides a means by which the gut-derived homeostatic mechanisms of food regulation can be distinguished from secondary sensory and hedonic cues, thereby providing a new approach to exploring aberrant human gastrointestinal responses and eating behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Lassman
- Gastrointestinal Sciences, University of Manchester, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, United Kingdom
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436
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Regulation of autonomic nerve activities by central pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 161:73-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2010.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2009] [Revised: 01/18/2010] [Accepted: 02/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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437
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Mellitzer G, Beucher A, Lobstein V, Michel P, Robine S, Kedinger M, Gradwohl G. Loss of enteroendocrine cells in mice alters lipid absorption and glucose homeostasis and impairs postnatal survival. J Clin Invest 2010; 120:1708-21. [PMID: 20364088 DOI: 10.1172/jci40794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2009] [Accepted: 01/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
At least 10 enteroendocrine cell types have been identified, and the peptide hormones they secrete have diverse functions that include regulation of glucose homeostasis, food intake, and gastric emptying. Mice lacking individual enteroendocrine hormones, their receptors, or combinations of these have shed light on the role of these hormones in the regulation of energy homeostasis. However, because enteroendocrine hormones have partially overlapping functions, these loss-of-function studies produced only minor phenotypes, and none of the enteroendocrine hormones was shown to be essential for life. To examine the effect of loss of all enteroendocrine cells and hormones on energy homeostasis, we generated mice with intestinal-specific ablation of the proendocrine transcription factor neurogenin 3 (referred to herein as Ngn3Deltaint mice). Ngn3Deltaint mice were deficient for all enteroendocrine cells and hormones, and died with a high frequency during the first week of life. Mutant mice were growth retarded and had yellowish stool suggestive of steatorrhea. Subsequent analyses revealed that Ngn3Deltaint mice had impaired lipid absorption, reduced weight gain, and improved glucose homeostasis. Furthermore, intestinal epithelium of the mutant mice showed an enlarged proliferative crypt compartment and accelerated cell turnover but no changes to goblet and Paneth cell numbers. Enterocytes had shorter microvilli, but the expression of the main brush border enzymes was unaffected. Our data help unravel the role of enteroendocrine cells and hormones in lipid absorption and maintenance of the intestinal epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Mellitzer
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, INSERM U964, CNRS UMR 7104, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
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438
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Tocchetti A, Ekalle Soppo CB, Zani F, Bianchi F, Gagliani MC, Pozzi B, Rozman J, Elvert R, Ehrhardt N, Rathkolb B, Moerth C, Horsch M, Fuchs H, Gailus-Durner V, Beckers J, Klingenspor M, Wolf E, de Angelis MH, Scanziani E, Tacchetti C, Scita G, Di Fiore PP, Offenhäuser N. Loss of the actin remodeler Eps8 causes intestinal defects and improved metabolic status in mice. PLoS One 2010; 5:e9468. [PMID: 20209148 PMCID: PMC2830459 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2009] [Accepted: 02/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In a variety of organisms, including mammals, caloric restriction improves metabolic status and lowers the incidence of chronic-degenerative diseases, ultimately leading to increased lifespan. Methodology/Principal Findings Here we show that knockout mice for Eps8, a regulator of actin dynamics, display reduced body weight, partial resistance to age- or diet-induced obesity, and overall improved metabolic status. Alteration in the liver gene expression profile, in behavior and metabolism point to a calorie restriction-like phenotype in Eps8 knockout mice. Additionally, and consistent with a calorie restricted metabolism, Eps8 knockout mice show increased lifespan. The metabolic alterations in Eps8 knockout mice correlated with a significant reduction in intestinal fat absorption presumably caused by a 25% reduction in intestinal microvilli length. Conclusions/Significance Our findings implicate actin dynamics as a novel variable in the determination of longevity. Additionally, our observations suggest that subtle differences in energy balance can, over time, significantly affect bodyweight and metabolic status in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fabio Zani
- Fondazione Instituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Bianchi
- Fondazione Instituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare, Milan, Italy
- Dipartimento di Medicina, Chirurgia ed Odontoiatria, Universita' degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Gagliani
- Fondazione Instituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare, Milan, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Benedetta Pozzi
- Fondazione Instituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare, Milan, Italy
| | - Jan Rozman
- German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich/Neuherberg, Germany
- Molecular Nutritional Medicine, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Ralf Elvert
- German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich/Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Nicole Ehrhardt
- German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich/Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Birgit Rathkolb
- German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich/Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Ludwig Maximilians Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Corinna Moerth
- German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich/Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Ludwig Maximilians Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Marion Horsch
- German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich/Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Helmut Fuchs
- German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich/Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - Johannes Beckers
- German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich/Neuherberg, Germany
- Lehrstuhl für Experimentelle Genetik, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Martin Klingenspor
- Molecular Nutritional Medicine, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Eckhard Wolf
- Institute of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Ludwig Maximilians Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Hrabé de Angelis
- German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich/Neuherberg, Germany
- Lehrstuhl für Experimentelle Genetik, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Eugenio Scanziani
- Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Tacchetti
- Fondazione Instituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare, Milan, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Giorgio Scita
- Fondazione Instituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare, Milan, Italy
- Dipartimento di Medicina, Chirurgia ed Odontoiatria, Universita' degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Pier Paolo Di Fiore
- Fondazione Instituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare, Milan, Italy
- Dipartimento di Medicina, Chirurgia ed Odontoiatria, Universita' degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, Milan, Italy
- * E-mail: (PPDF); (NO)
| | - Nina Offenhäuser
- Fondazione Instituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare, Milan, Italy
- * E-mail: (PPDF); (NO)
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439
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Maffeis C, Surano MG, Cordioli S, Gasperotti S, Corradi M, Pinelli L. A high-fat vs. a moderate-fat meal in obese boys: nutrient balance, appetite, and gastrointestinal hormone changes. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2010; 18:449-55. [PMID: 19713952 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2009.271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Meal composition is a contributing factor to fat gain. In this study, we investigated the relationship between postprandial nutrient balance, satiety, and hormone changes induced by a high-fat meal vs. a moderate-fat meal. Ten prepubertal obese boys (BMI z-score range: 1.3-3.0) were recruited. Two meals (energy: 590 kcal) were compared: (i) high-fat (HF) meal: 12% protein, 52% fat, 36% carbohydrates; (ii) moderate-fat (MF) meal: 12% protein, 27% fat, 61% carbohydrates. Pre- and postprandial (5 h) substrate oxidation (indirect calorimetry), appetite (visual analogue scale), biochemical parameters and gastrointestinal hormone concentrations were measured. Carbohydrate balance was significantly (P < 0.001) lower (31.3 (5.7) g/5 h vs. 66.9 (5.9) g/5 h) and fat balance was significantly (P < 0.001) higher (11.5 (3.3) g/5 h vs. -0.7 (2.9) g/5 h) after HF than MF meal. Appetite (area under the curve (AUC)) was significantly reduced after an MF than an HF meal (494 (55) cm.300 min vs. 595 (57) cm.300 min, P < 0.05). Postprandial triglyceride concentration (AUC) was significantly (P < 0.05) higher after an HF than an MF meal: 141.1 (30.3) mmol.300 min/l vs. 79.3 (23.8) mmol.300 min/l, respectively. Peptide YY (PYY), cholecystokinin (CCK), and ghrelin concentrations (AUC) were not significantly different after an HF and MF meal. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) was significantly (P < 0.05) higher after an HF than after an MF meal (72.3 (9.8) ng/ml vs. 22.7 (7.6) ng/ml, respectively), but it did not affect subjective appetite. In conclusion, an MF meal induced a better postprandial metabolic nutrient balance, triglyceride levels, and appetite suppression than an HF meal. Gastrointestinal hormones were not related to clinically assessed hunger suppression after both meals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Maffeis
- Regional Center for Juvenile Diabetes, Department of Mother and Child, Biology-Genetics, Section of Pediatrics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
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440
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Regulation of body weight, food intake and appetite is complex and the gastrointestinal tract represents a central organ participating in the regulation of energy homeostasis by signaling to other tissues relevant in this context. This update will provide information regarding recent advances in the understanding of the interaction of gastrointestinal peptides with adipocytes in fat tissue and which biological effects they may exert. RECENT FINDINGS Several gastrointestinal peptides signal to their functional cognate receptors on adipocytes in white adipose tissue (WAT) thereby regulating glucose homeostasis, lipogenesis, lipolysis, free fatty acid release and may also participate in adipocyte differentiation. SUMMARY Gastrointestinal peptides emanate from enteroendocrine cells in the luminal digestive tract and are critical regulators of energy homeostasis, food intake and appetite. Recent studies have identified that gastrointestinal peptides communicate with WAT and exert their biological effects on fat cells. Fundamental understanding of gastrointestinal peptides and their interaction with adipocytes will provide future insights for the development of pharmacological targets in the treatment of obesity and insulin resistant states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishita D Majumdar
- Section of Gastroenterology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118-2518, USA
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441
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Arruda AP, Milanski M, Romanatto T, Solon C, Coope A, Alberici LC, Festuccia WT, Hirabara SM, Ropelle E, Curi R, Carvalheira JB, Vercesi AE, Velloso LA. Hypothalamic actions of tumor necrosis factor alpha provide the thermogenic core for the wastage syndrome in cachexia. Endocrinology 2010; 151:683-94. [PMID: 19996183 DOI: 10.1210/en.2009-0865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
TNFalpha is an important mediator of catabolism in cachexia. Most of its effects have been characterized in peripheral tissues, such as skeletal muscle and fat. However, by acting directly in the hypothalamus, TNFalpha can activate thermogenesis and modulate food intake. Here we show that high concentration TNFalpha in the hypothalamus leads to increased O(2) consumption/CO(2) production, increased body temperature, and reduced caloric intake, resulting in loss of body mass. Most of the thermogenic response is produced by beta 3-adrenergic signaling to the brown adipose tissue (BAT), leading to increased BAT relative mass, reduction in BAT lipid quantity, and increased BAT mitochondria density. The expression of proteins involved in BAT thermogenesis, such as beta 3-adrenergic receptor, peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1 alpha, and uncoupling protein-1, are increased. In the hypothalamus, TNFalpha produces reductions in neuropeptide Y, agouti gene-related peptide, proopiomelanocortin, and melanin-concentrating hormone, and increases CRH and TRH. The activity of the AMP-activated protein kinase signaling pathway is also decreased in the hypothalamus of TNFalpha-treated rats. Upon intracerebroventricular infliximab treatment, tumor-bearing and septic rats present a significantly increased survival. In addition, the systemic inhibition of beta 3-adrenergic signaling results in a reduced body mass loss and increased survival in septic rats. These data suggest hypothalamic TNFalpha action to be important mediator of the wastage syndrome in cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Arruda
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, University of Campinas, 13084-960 Campinas SP, Brazil
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442
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Abstract
Alterations of both central and peripheral feeding regulatory substances occur in the acute phases of anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN) and, generally, reverse after recovery. Some of these alterations are believed not only to sustain the altered eating behavior but also to contribute to certain psychopathological aspects and/or etiopathogenetic processes of eating disorders (EDs). It has been suggested that EDs are clinical conditions linked to reward-related mechanisms leading to a kind of addiction to self-starvation and/or overeating. Most of the feeding regulatory substances, which are dysregulated in EDs, are also implicated in the modulation of reward, emotional, and cognitive functions, thus representing possible links between altered nutritional regulation, motivated behaviors and reward processes. In this chapter, the ED literature dealing with ghrelin, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, opioid peptides, and endocannabinoids, which have prominent effects on eating behavior, body weight, reward, emotional, and cognitive functions, is reviewed in view of the above suggested links. Moreover, the potential therapeutics of new medications developed on the basis of neuroendocrine aberrations found in EDs is also presented.
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443
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De Giorgio MR, Yoshioka M, St-Amand J. Feeding regulates the expression of pancreatic genes in gastric mucosa. J Obes 2010; 2010:371950. [PMID: 21234387 PMCID: PMC3017904 DOI: 10.1155/2010/371950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2010] [Revised: 11/19/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The ineffective short-term control of feeding behavior compromises energy homeostasis and can lead to obesity. The gastrointestinal tract secretes several regulatory peptides. However, little is known about the stomach peptide contribution to the acute regulation of intake. In an attempt to identify new gastric signals, the serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) method was used for the transcription profiling of stomach mucosa in 7 groups of mice: fasting and sacrificed 30 minutes, 1 hour, 3 hours after a low-fat (LF) or high-fat (HF) ad libitum meal. In total, 35 genes were differentially modulated by LF and HF meals compared to fasting, including 15 mRNAs coding for digestive enzymes/secretory proteins, and 10 novel transcripts. Although the basic expression profile did not undergo substantial variations, both LF and HF meals influenced the transcription. This study represents the first global analysis of stomach transcriptome as induced by different nutritional stimuli. Further studies including the characterization of novel genes may help to identify new targets for the therapy and prevention of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rita De Giorgio
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, CREMOGH, CRCHUQ, and Department of Molecular Medicine, Laval University, 2705 Boulevard Laurier, Quebec city, QC, Canada G1V 4G2
| | - Mayumi Yoshioka
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, CREMOGH, CRCHUQ, and Department of Molecular Medicine, Laval University, 2705 Boulevard Laurier, Quebec city, QC, Canada G1V 4G2
| | - Jonny St-Amand
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, CREMOGH, CRCHUQ, and Department of Molecular Medicine, Laval University, 2705 Boulevard Laurier, Quebec city, QC, Canada G1V 4G2
- *Jonny St-Amand:
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444
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Abstract
Proper nutrition, avoidance of ingesting substances that are harmful to the whole organism, and maintenance of energy homeostasis are crucial for living organisms. Additionally, mammals possess a sophisticated system to control the types and content of food that we swallow. Gustation is a vital sensory skill for determining which food stuffs to ingest and which to avoid, and for maintaining metabolic homeostasis. It is becoming apparent that there is a strong link between metabolic control and flavor perception. Although the gustatory system critically influences food preference, food intake, and metabolic homeostasis, the mechanisms for modulating taste sensitivity by metabolic hormones are just now being explored. It is likely that hormones produced in the tongue influence the amounts and types of food that we eat: the hormones that we associate with appetite control, glucose homeostasis and satiety, such as glucagon-like peptide-1, cholecystokinin, and neuropeptide Y are also produced locally in taste buds. In this report, we will provide an overview of the peptidergic endocrine hormone factors that are present or are known to have effects within the gustatory system, and we will discuss their roles, where known, in taste signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Kyong Shin
- Diabetes Section/NIA/NIH, 251 Bayview Blvd, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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445
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Alcedo J, Maier W, Ch’ng Q. Sensory Influence on Homeostasis and Lifespan: Molecules and Circuits. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-7002-2_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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446
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Seo J, Fortuno ES, Suh JM, Stenesen D, Tang W, Parks EJ, Adams CM, Townes T, Graff JM. Atf4 regulates obesity, glucose homeostasis, and energy expenditure. Diabetes 2009; 58:2565-73. [PMID: 19690063 PMCID: PMC2768187 DOI: 10.2337/db09-0335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We evaluate a potential role of activating transcription factor 4 (Atf4) in invertebrate and mammalian metabolism. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS With two parallel approaches-a fat body-specific green fluorescent protein enhancer trap screen in D. melanogaster and expression profiling of developing murine fat tissues-we identified Atf4 as expressed in invertebrate and vertebrate metabolic tissues. We assessed the functional relevance of the evolutionarily conserved expression by analyzing Atf4 mutant flies and Atf4 mutant mice for possible metabolic phenotypes. RESULTS Flies with insertions at the Atf4 locus have reduced fat content, increased starvation sensitivity, and lower levels of circulating carbohydrate. Atf4 null mice are also lean, and they resist age-related and diet-induced obesity. Atf4 null mice have increased energy expenditure potentially accounting for the lean phenotype. Atf4 null mice are hypoglycemic, even before substantial changes in fat content, indicating that Atf4 regulates mammalian carbohydrate metabolism. In addition, the Atf4 mutation blunts diet-induced diabetes as well as hyperlipidemia and hepatosteatosis. Several aspects of the Atf4 mutant phenotype resemble mice with mutations in components of the target of rapamycin (TOR) pathway. Consistent with the phenotypic similarities, Atf4 null mice have reduced expression of genes that regulate intracellular amino acid concentrations and lower intracellular concentration of amino acids, a key TOR input. Further, Atf4 mutants have reduced S6K activity in liver and adipose tissues. CONCLUSIONS Atf4 regulates age-related and diet-induced obesity as well as glucose homeostasis in mammals and has conserved metabolic functions in flies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Seo
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Edgardo S. Fortuno
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Jae Myoung Suh
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Drew Stenesen
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Wei Tang
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Elizabeth J. Parks
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Christopher M. Adams
- Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Tim Townes
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Jonathan M. Graff
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
- Corresponding author: Jonathan M. Graff,
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447
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Goldstone AP, Prechtl de Hernandez CG, Beaver JD, Muhammed K, Croese C, Bell G, Durighel G, Hughes E, Waldman AD, Frost G, Bell JD. Fasting biases brain reward systems towards high-calorie foods. Eur J Neurosci 2009; 30:1625-35. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.06949.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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448
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Brey CW, Nelder MP, Hailemariam T, Gaugler R, Hashmi S. Krüppel-like family of transcription factors: an emerging new frontier in fat biology. Int J Biol Sci 2009; 5:622-36. [PMID: 19841733 PMCID: PMC2757581 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.5.622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2009] [Accepted: 09/28/2009] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals, adipose tissue stores energy in the form of fat. The ability to regulate fat storage is essential for the growth, development and reproduction of most animals, thus any abnormalities caused by excess fat accumulation can result in pathological conditions which are linked to several interrelated diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and obesity. In recent years significant effort has been applied to understand basic mechanism of fat accumulation in mammalian system. Work in mouse has shown that the family of Krüppel-like factors (KLFs), a conserved and important class of transcription factors, regulates adipocyte differentiation in mammals. However, how fat storage is coordinated in response to positive and negative feedback signals is still poorly understood. To address mechanisms underlying fat storage we have studied two Caenorhabditis elegans KLFs and demonstrate that both worm klfs are key regulators of fat metabolism in C. elegans. These results provide the first in vivo evidence supporting essential regulatory roles for KLFs in fat metabolism in C. elegans and shed light on the human counterpart in disease-gene association. This finding allows us to pursue a more comprehensive approach to understand fat biology and provides an opportunity to learn about the cascade of events that regulate KLF activation, repression and interaction with other factors in exerting its biological function at an organismal level. In this review, we provide an overview of the most current information on the key regulatory components in fat biology, synthesize the diverse literature, pose new questions, and propose a new model organism for understanding fat biology using KLFs as the central theme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher W Brey
- Center for Vector Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA
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449
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Abstract
Desde o descobrimento da leptina, avanços consideráveis foram obtidos na caracterização dos mecanismos hipotalâmicos do controle da ingestão alimentar e, atualmente, a oxintomodulina é reconhecida como um regulador da homeostase energética. O presente artigo de revisão enfoca algumas das mais relevantes inter-relações do hormônio oxintomodulina com o apetite, a homeostase energética e aspectos de seu papel na bioquímica e fisiologia nutricional. A oxintomodulina é um peptídeo intestinal anorexígeno produzido pelas células L do intestino. Recentes estudos têm demonstrado que em longo prazo a administração de oxintomodulina reduz a ingestão alimentar e o ganho de peso. Pesquisas em humanos têm verificado que o seu uso reduz o consumo energértico em 25%. Portanto, a oxintomodulina representa uma potente terapia anti-obesidade. Entretanto, o mecanismo de ação da oxintomodulina ainda é desconhecido. Atuais evidências sugerem que tem ação via receptor do peptídeo semelhante ao glucagon 1. Além disso, a literatura mostra que, juntamente com a adoção de hábitos saudáveis e a mudança do estilo de vida, a oxintomodulina pode proporcionar menor avanço da obesidade.
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450
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Chollet C, Meyer K, Beck-Sickinger AG. Ghrelin-a novel generation of anti-obesity drug: design, pharmacomodulation and biological activity of ghrelin analogues. J Pept Sci 2009; 15:711-30. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.1177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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