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Gamage TF, Ignatowska-Jankowska BM, Muldoon PP, Cravatt BF, Damaj MI, Lichtman AH. Differential effects of endocannabinoid catabolic inhibitors on morphine withdrawal in mice. Drug Alcohol Depend 2015; 146:7-16. [PMID: 25479915 PMCID: PMC4295928 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 11/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inhibition of endocannabinoid catabolic enzymes fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and/or monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) reduces somatic morphine withdrawal signs, but its effects on aversive aspects of withdrawal are unknown. The present study investigated whether Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the MAGL inhibitor JZL184, the FAAH inhibitor PF-3845, or the dual FAAH/MAGL inhibitor SA-57 would reduce acquisition of morphine withdrawal-induced conditioned place avoidance (CPA) and jumping. METHODS Mice were implanted with placebo or 75 mg morphine pellets, 48 h later injected with naloxone or saline and placed in the conditioning apparatus, and assessed for CPA at 72 h. Subjects were also observed for jumping behavior following naloxone challenge. RESULTS Naloxone (0.056 mg/kg) produced robust CPA in morphine-pelleted, but not placebo-pelleted, mice. Morphine pretreatment prevented the occurrence of withdrawal CPA and withdrawal jumping, while clonidine (an α2 adrenergic receptor agonist) only blocked withdrawal CPA. THC, JZL184, and SA-57 significantly reduced the percentage of mice that jumped during the conditioning session, but did not affect acquisition of withdrawal CPA. PF-3845 did not reduce morphine withdrawal CPA or jumping. Finally, neither THC nor the endocannabinoid catabolic enzyme inhibitors in non-dependent mice elicited a conditioned place preference or aversion. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that inhibiting endocannabinoid catabolic enzymes reduces somatic morphine withdrawal signs, but not aversive aspects as inferred in the CPA paradigm. The observation that non-dependent mice administered inhibitors of endocannabinoid degradation did not display place preferences is consistent with the idea that that endocannabinoid catabolic enzymes might be targeted therapeutically, with reduced risk of abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas F. Gamage
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Kontos Medical Sciences Building, 1217 East Marshall Street, Richmond, VA, 23298
| | - Bogna M. Ignatowska-Jankowska
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Kontos Medical Sciences Building, 1217 East Marshall Street, Richmond, VA, 23298
| | - Pretal P. Muldoon
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Kontos Medical Sciences Building, 1217 East Marshall Street, Richmond, VA, 23298
| | - Benjamin F. Cravatt
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd. La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - M. Imad Damaj
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Kontos Medical Sciences Building, 1217 East Marshall Street, Richmond, VA, 23298
| | - Aron H. Lichtman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Kontos Medical Sciences Building, 1217 East Marshall Street, Richmond, VA, 23298
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402
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The Potential of Inhibitors of Endocannabinoid Metabolism for Drug Development: A Critical Review. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2015; 231:95-128. [PMID: 26408159 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-20825-1_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The endocannabinoids anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol are metabolised by both hydrolytic enzymes (primarily fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MGL)) and oxygenating enzymes (e.g. cyclooxygenase-2, COX-2). In the present article, the in vivo data for compounds inhibiting endocannabinoid metabolism have been reviewed, focussing on inflammation and pain. Potential reasons for the failure of an FAAH inhibitor in a clinical trial in patients with osteoarthritic pain are discussed. It is concluded that there is a continued potential for compounds inhibiting endocannabinoid metabolism in terms of drug development, but that it is wise not to be unrealistic in terms of expectations of success.
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403
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Therapeutic potential of inhibitors of endocannabinoid degradation for the treatment of stress-related hyperalgesia in an animal model of chronic pain. Neuropsychopharmacology 2015; 40:488-501. [PMID: 25100669 PMCID: PMC4443964 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2014.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The occurrence of chronic stress, depression, and anxiety can increase nociception in humans and may facilitate the transition from localized to chronic widespread pain. The mechanisms underlying chronic widespread pain are still unknown, hindering the development of effective pharmacological therapies. Here, we exposed C57BL/6J mice to chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) to investigate how persistent stress affects nociception. Next, mice were treated with multiple intramuscular nerve growth factor (NGF) injections, which induced chronic widespread nociception. Thus, combination of CUS and NGF served as a model where psychophysiological impairment coexists with long-lasting hyperalgesia. We found that CUS increased anxiety- and depression-like behavior and enhanced basal nociception in mice. When co-applied with repeated NGF injections, CUS elicited a sustained long-lasting widespread hyperalgesia. In order to evaluate a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of chronic pain associated with stress, we hypothesized that the endocannabinoid system (ECS) may represent a target signaling system. We found that URB597, an inhibitor of the anandamide-degrading enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), and JZL184, an inhibitor of the 2-arachidonoyl glycerol-degrading enzyme monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL), increased eCB levels in the brain and periphery and were both effective in reducing CUS-induced anxiety measured by the light-dark test and CUS-induced thermal hyperalgesia. Remarkably, the long-lasting widespread hyperalgesia induced by combining CUS and NGF was effectively reduced by URB597, but not by JZL184. Simultaneous inhibition of FAAH and MAGL did not improve the overall therapeutic response. Therefore, our findings indicate that enhancement of anandamide signaling with URB597 is a promising pharmacological approach for the alleviation of chronic widespread nociception in stress-exposed mice, and thus, it could represent a potential treatment strategy for chronic pain associated with neuropsychiatric disorders in humans.
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404
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Marcaggi P. Cerebellar Endocannabinoids: Retrograde Signaling from Purkinje Cells. THE CEREBELLUM 2014; 14:341-53. [DOI: 10.1007/s12311-014-0629-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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405
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Comparative biochemical characterization of the monoacylglycerol lipase inhibitor KML29 in brain, spinal cord, liver, spleen, fat and muscle tissue. Neuropharmacology 2014; 91:148-56. [PMID: 25497453 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 11/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) is part of the endocannabinoid and the prostaglandin signaling system. MAGL degrades the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) into glycerol and arachidonic acid. MAGL-induced arachidonic acid is the primary source for prostaglandin synthesis in the brain. 2-AG mainly induces neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects, whereas prostaglandins are related to pro-inflammatory effects inducing neurotoxicity. Therefore, inhibition of MAGL represents a promising target for neurological diseases characterized by inflammation. However, as 2-AG is an agonist for the cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1), inhibition of MAGL might be associated with unwanted cannabimimetic effects. Here, we show that oral administration of KML29, a highly selective inhibitor of MAGL, induced large and dose-dependent changes in 2-AG levels in vivo in brain and spinal cord of mice. Of note, MAGL inhibition by KML29 induced a decrease in prostaglandin levels in brain and most peripheral tissues but not in the spinal cord. MAGL expression was highest in fat, liver and brain, whereas the cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2), a further enzyme responsible for arachidonic acid production, was highly expressed in spinal cord, muscle and spleen. In addition, high doses (10 mg/kg) of KML29 induced some cannabimimetic effects in vivo in the tetrad test, including hypothermia, analgesia and hypomotility without induction of cataleptic behavior. In summary, inhibition of MAGL by KML29 represents a promising strategy for targeting the cannabinoid and prostaglandin system of the brain with only a moderate induction of cannabimimetic effects.
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406
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Shonesy BC, Bluett RJ, Ramikie TS, Báldi R, Hermanson DJ, Kingsley PJ, Marnett LJ, Winder DG, Colbran RJ, Patel S. Genetic disruption of 2-arachidonoylglycerol synthesis reveals a key role for endocannabinoid signaling in anxiety modulation. Cell Rep 2014; 9:1644-1653. [PMID: 25466252 PMCID: PMC4268380 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocannabinoid (eCB) signaling has been heavily implicated in the modulation of anxiety and depressive behaviors and emotional learning. However, the role of the most-abundant endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) in the physiological regulation of affective behaviors is not well understood. Here, we show that genetic deletion of the 2-AG synthetic enzyme diacylglycerol lipase α (DAGLα) in mice reduces brain, but not circulating, 2-AG levels. DAGLα deletion also results in anxiety-like and sex-specific anhedonic phenotypes associated with impaired activity-dependent eCB retrograde signaling at amygdala glutamatergic synapses. Importantly, acute pharmacological normalization of 2-AG levels reverses both phenotypes of DAGLα-deficient mice. These data suggest 2-AG deficiency could contribute to the pathogenesis of affective disorders and that pharmacological normalization of 2-AG signaling could represent an approach for the treatment of mood and anxiety disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C Shonesy
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Rebecca J Bluett
- Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Teniel S Ramikie
- Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Rita Báldi
- Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Daniel J Hermanson
- Departments of Biochemistry, Chemistry, and Pharmacology, A.B. Hancock Jr. Memorial Laboratory for Cancer Research, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Philip J Kingsley
- Departments of Biochemistry, Chemistry, and Pharmacology, A.B. Hancock Jr. Memorial Laboratory for Cancer Research, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Lawrence J Marnett
- Departments of Biochemistry, Chemistry, and Pharmacology, A.B. Hancock Jr. Memorial Laboratory for Cancer Research, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Danny G Winder
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt-Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Roger J Colbran
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt-Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Sachin Patel
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt-Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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407
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Wyrofsky R, McGonigle P, Van Bockstaele EJ. Drug discovery strategies that focus on the endocannabinoid signaling system in psychiatric disease. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2014; 10:17-36. [PMID: 25488672 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2014.966680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The endocannabinoid (eCB) system plays an important role in the control of mood, and its dysregulation has been implicated in several psychiatric disorders. Targeting the eCB system appears to represent an attractive and novel approach to the treatment of depression and other mood disorders. However, several failed clinical trials have diminished enthusiasm for the continued development of eCB-targeted therapeutics for psychiatric disorders, despite the encouraging preclinical data and promising preliminary results obtained with the synthetic cannabinoid nabilone for treating post-traumatic stress disorder. AREAS COVERED This review describes the eCB system's role in modulating cell signaling within the brain. There is a specific focus on eCB's regulation of monoamine neurotransmission and the stress axis, as well as how dysfunction of this interaction can contribute to the development of psychiatric disorders. Additionally, the review provides discussion on compounds and drugs that target this system and might prove to be successful for the treatment of mood-related psychiatric disorders. EXPERT OPINION The discovery of increasingly selective modulators of CB receptors should enable the identification of optimal therapeutic strategies. It should also maximize the likelihood of developing safe and effective treatments for debilitating psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Wyrofsky
- Drexel University, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology , Mail Stop 400, New College Building, 245 N. 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19102 , USA
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408
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Berger ND, Gadotti VM, Petrov RR, Chapman K, Diaz P, Zamponi GW. NMP-7 inhibits chronic inflammatory and neuropathic pain via block of Cav3.2 T-type calcium channels and activation of CB2 receptors. Mol Pain 2014; 10:77. [PMID: 25481027 PMCID: PMC4271433 DOI: 10.1186/1744-8069-10-77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background T-type calcium channels and cannabinoid receptors are known to play important roles in chronic pain, making them attractive therapeutic targets. We recently reported on the design, synthesis and analgesic properties of a novel T-type channel inhibitor (NMP-7), which also shows mixed agonist activity on CB1 and CB2 receptors in vitro. Here, we analyzed the analgesic effect of systemically delivered NMP-7 (intraperitoneal (i.p.) or intragstric (i.g.) routes) on mechanical hypersensitivity in inflammatory pain induced by Complete Freund’s Adjuvant (CFA) and neuropathic pain induced by sciatic nerve injury. Results NMP-7 delivered by either i.p. or i.g. routes produced dose-dependent inhibition of mechanical hyperalgesia in mouse models of inflammatory and neuropathic pain, without altering spontaneous locomotor activity in the open-field test at the highest active dose. Neither i.p. nor i.g. treatment reduced peripheral inflammation per se, as evaluated by examining paw edema and myeloperoxidase activity. The antinociception produced by NMP-7 in the CFA test was completely abolished in CaV3.2-null mice, confirming CaV3.2 as a key target. The analgesic action of intraperitoneally delivered NMP-7 was not affected by pretreatment of mice with the CB1 antagonist AM281, but was significantly attenuated by pretreatment with the CB2 antagonist AM630, suggesting that CB2 receptors, but not CB1 receptors are involved in the action of NMP-7 in vivo. Conclusions Overall, our work shows that NMP-7 mediates a significant analgesic effect in a model of persistent inflammatory and chronic neuropathic pain by way of T-type channel modulation and CB2 receptor activation. Thus, this study provides a novel therapeutic avenue for managing chronic pain conditions via mixed CB ligands/T-type channel blockers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Gerald W Zamponi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
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409
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Lysenko LV, Kim J, Henry C, Tyrtyshnaia A, Kohnz RA, Madamba F, Simon GM, Kleschevnikova NE, Nomura DK, Ezekowitz R.AB, Kleschevnikov AM. Monoacylglycerol lipase inhibitor JZL184 improves behavior and neural properties in Ts65Dn mice, a model of down syndrome. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114521. [PMID: 25474204 PMCID: PMC4256450 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic alterations or pharmacological treatments affecting endocannabinoid signaling have profound effects on synaptic and neuronal properties and, under certain conditions, may improve higher brain functions. Down syndrome (DS), a developmental disorder caused by triplication of chromosome 21, is characterized by deficient cognition and inevitable development of the Alzheimer disease (AD) type pathology during aging. Here we used JZL184, a selective inhibitor of monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL), to examine the effects of chronic MAGL inhibition on the behavioral, biochemical, and synaptic properties of aged Ts65Dn mice, a genetic model of DS. In both Ts65Dn mice and their normosomic (2N) controls, JZL184-treatment increased brain levels of 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) and decreased levels of its metabolites such as arachidonic acid, prostaglandins PGD2, PGE2, PGFα, and PGJ2. Enhanced spontaneous locomotor activity of Ts65Dn mice was reduced by the JZL184-treatement to the levels observed in 2N animals. Deficient long-term memory was also improved, while short-term and working types of memory were unaffected. Furthermore, reduced hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) was increased in the JZL184-treated Ts65Dn mice to the levels observed in 2N mice. Interestingly, changes in synaptic plasticity and behavior were not observed in the JZL184-treated 2N mice suggesting that the treatment specifically attenuated the defects in the trisomic animals. The JZL184-treatment also reduced the levels of Aβ40 and Aβ42, but had no effect on the levels of full length APP and BACE1 in both Ts65Dn and 2N mice. These data show that chronic MAGL inhibition improves the behavior and brain functions in a DS model suggesting that pharmacological targeting of MAGL may be considered as a perspective new approach for improving cognition in DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larisa V. Lysenko
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Jeesun Kim
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Cassandra Henry
- Abide Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Anna Tyrtyshnaia
- School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, Sukhanova 8, Vladivostok, Russian Federation
| | - Rebecca A. Kohnz
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Francisco Madamba
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Gabriel M. Simon
- Abide Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Natalia E. Kleschevnikova
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Daniel K. Nomura
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | | | - Alexander M. Kleschevnikov
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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410
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Zhou Y, Oudin MJ, Gajendra S, Sonego M, Falenta K, Williams G, Lalli G, Doherty P. Regional effects of endocannabinoid, BDNF and FGF receptor signalling on neuroblast motility and guidance along the rostral migratory stream. Mol Cell Neurosci 2014; 64:32-43. [PMID: 25481343 PMCID: PMC4324876 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
During development and after birth neural stem cells in the subventricular zone (SVZ) generate neuroblasts that migrate along the rostral migratory stream (RMS) to populate the olfactory bulb (OB) with neurons. Multiple factors promote neuroblast migration, but the contribution that many of these make to guidance within the intact RMS is not known. In the present study we have characterised in detail how endocannabinoid (eCB), BDNF and FGF receptor (FGFR) signalling regulates motility and guidance, and also determined whether any of these receptors operate in a regionally restricted manner. We used in vivo electroporation in postnatal mice to fluorescently label neuroblasts, and live cell imaging to detail their migratory properties. Cannabinoid receptor antagonists rendered neuroblasts less mobile, and when they did move guidance was lost. Similar results were obtained when eCB synthesis was blocked with diacylglycerol lipase (DAGL) inhibitors, and importantly eCB function is required for directed migration at both ends of the RMS. Likewise, inhibition of BDNF signalling disrupted motility and guidance in a similar manner along the entire RMS. In contrast, altering FGFR signalling inhibits motility and perturbs guidance, but only at the beginning of the stream. Inhibition of FGFR signalling in vivo also reduces the length of the leading process on migratory neuroblasts in a graded manner along the RMS. These results provide evidence for a guidance function for all three of the above receptor systems in the intact RMS, but show that FGFR signalling is unique as it is required in a regionally specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Zhou
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| | - Madeleine J Oudin
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| | - Sangeetha Gajendra
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| | - Martina Sonego
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| | - Katarzyna Falenta
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth Williams
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| | - Giovanna Lalli
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom.
| | - Patrick Doherty
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom.
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411
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Schmitz K, Barthelmes J, Stolz L, Beyer S, Diehl O, Tegeder I. "Disease modifying nutricals" for multiple sclerosis. Pharmacol Ther 2014; 148:85-113. [PMID: 25435020 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The association between vitamin D and multiple sclerosis has (re)-opened new interest in nutrition and natural compounds in the prevention and treatment of this neuroinflammatory disease. The dietary amount and type of fat, probiotics and biologicals, salmon proteoglycans, phytoestrogens and protease inhibitor of soy, sodium chloride and trace elements, and fat soluble vitamins including D, A and E were all considered as disease-modifying nutraceuticals. Studies in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mice suggest that poly-unsaturated fatty acids and their 'inflammation-resolving' metabolites and the gut microflora may reduce auto-aggressive immune cells and reduce progression or risk of relapse, and infection with whipworm eggs may positively change the gut-brain communication. Encouraged by the recent interest in multiple sclerosis-nutrition nature's pharmacy has been searched for novel compounds with anti-inflammatory, immune-modifying and antioxidative properties, the most interesting being the scorpion toxins that inhibit specific potassium channels of T cells and antioxidative compounds including the green tea flavonoid epigallocatechin-3-gallate, curcumin and the mustard oil glycoside from e.g. broccoli and sulforaphane. They mostly also inhibit pro-inflammatory signaling through NF-κB or toll-like receptors and stabilize the blood brain barrier. Disease modifying functions may also complement analgesic and anti-spastic effects of cannabis, its constituents, and of 'endocannabinoid enhancing' drugs or nutricals like inhibitors of fatty acid amide hydrolase. Nutricals will not solve multiple sclerosis therapeutic challenges but possibly support pharmacological interventions or unearth novel structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Schmitz
- The MS Study Group of the TRIP-Graduate School, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Julia Barthelmes
- The MS Study Group of the TRIP-Graduate School, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Leonie Stolz
- The MS Study Group of the TRIP-Graduate School, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Susanne Beyer
- The MS Study Group of the TRIP-Graduate School, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Olaf Diehl
- The MS Study Group of the TRIP-Graduate School, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Irmgard Tegeder
- The MS Study Group of the TRIP-Graduate School, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany.
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412
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Jackson KJ, Muldoon PP, De Biasi M, Damaj MI. New mechanisms and perspectives in nicotine withdrawal. Neuropharmacology 2014; 96:223-34. [PMID: 25433149 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Diseases associated with tobacco use constitute a major health problem worldwide. Upon cessation of tobacco use, an unpleasant withdrawal syndrome occurs in dependent individuals. Avoidance of the negative state produced by nicotine withdrawal represents a motivational component that promotes continued tobacco use and relapse after smoking cessation. With the modest success rate of currently available smoking cessation therapies, understanding mechanisms involved in the nicotine withdrawal syndrome are crucial for developing successful treatments. Animal models provide a useful tool for examining neuroadaptative mechanisms and factors influencing nicotine withdrawal, including sex, age, and genetic factors. Such research has also identified an important role for nicotinic receptor subtypes in different aspects of the nicotine withdrawal syndrome (e.g., physical vs. affective signs). In addition to nicotinic receptors, the opioid and endocannabinoid systems, various signal transduction pathways, neurotransmitters, and neuropeptides have been implicated in the nicotine withdrawal syndrome. Animal studies have informed human studies of genetic variants and potential targets for smoking cessation therapies. Overall, the available literature indicates that the nicotine withdrawal syndrome is complex, and involves a range of neurobiological mechanisms. As research in nicotine withdrawal progresses, new pharmacological options for smokers attempting to quit can be identified, and treatments with fewer side effects that are better tailored to the unique characteristics of patients may become available. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'The Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor: From Molecular Biology to Cognition'.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Jackson
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 E. Leigh St., Richmond, VA 23219, USA
| | - P P Muldoon
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1220 E. Marshall St., Richmond, VA 23219, USA
| | - M De Biasi
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - M I Damaj
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1220 E. Marshall St., Richmond, VA 23219, USA.
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413
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Zelasko S, Arnold WR, Das A. Endocannabinoid metabolism by cytochrome P450 monooxygenases. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2014; 116-117:112-23. [PMID: 25461979 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The endogenous cannabinoid system was first uncovered following studies of the recreational drug Cannabis sativa. It is now recognized as a vital network of signaling pathways that regulate several physiological processes. Following the initial discovery of the cannabinoid receptors 1 (CB1) and 2 (CB2), activated by Cannabis-derived analogs, many endogenous fatty acids termed "endocannabinoids" are now known to be partial agonists of the CB receptors. At present, the most thoroughly studied endocannabinoid signaling molecules are anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonylglycerol (2-AG), which are both derived from arachidonic acid. Both AEA and 2-AG are also substrates for the eicosanoid-synthesizing pathways, namely, certain cyclooxygenase (COX), lipoxygenase (LOX), and cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes. In the past, research in the endocannabinoid field focused on the interaction of AEA and 2-AG with the COX and LOX enzymes, but accumulating evidence also points to the involvement of CYPs in modulating endocannabinoid signaling. The focus of this review is to explore the current understanding of CYP-mediated metabolism of endocannabinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Zelasko
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, United States
| | - William R Arnold
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, United States
| | - Aditi Das
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, United States; Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, United States; Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, United States; Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, United States.
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414
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Afzal O, Kumar S, Kumar R, Jaggi M, Bawa S. 3D-QSAR study of benzotriazol-1-yl carboxamide scaffold as monoacylglycerol lipase inhibitors. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2014; 6:260-6. [PMID: 25400409 PMCID: PMC4231386 DOI: 10.4103/0975-7406.142957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The purpose of this study is to build up the 3D pharmacophore of Monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) inhibitor and to provide the basis to design the novel and potent MAGL inhibitors. Material and Method: A 3D-QSAR study on benztriazol-1-yl carboxamide derivatives as monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) inhibitors was successfully performed by means of pharmacophore mapping using PHASE 3.5 module of Schrφdinger-9.4. Result: The 3D-QSAR obtained from APRRR-105 hypothesis was found to be statistically good with r2 = 0.9228 and q2 = 0.871, taking PLS factor 4. The statistical significance of the model was also confirmed by a high value of Fisher's ratio of 82.8 and a very low value of root-mean-square error (RMSE) 0.2564. Another parameter which signifies the model predictivity is Pearson R. Its value of 0.9512 showed that the correlation between predicted and observed activities for the test set compounds is excellent. Conclusion: The study suggested that one H-bond acceptor, one positive center, and proper positioning of hydrophobic groups near the distal aromatic ring C are the crucial determinants for MAGL inhibition. Thus, it can be assumed that the present QSAR analysis is enough to demonstrate MAGL inhibition with the help of APRRR-105 hypothesis and will be helpful in designing novel and potent MAGL inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Obaid Afzal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University, New Delhi, India
| | - Suresh Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajiv Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University, New Delhi, India
| | - Manu Jaggi
- Director of Research and Development in Dabur Research Foundation, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sandhya Bawa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University, New Delhi, India
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415
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Wiebelhaus JM, Grim TW, Owens RA, Lazenka MF, Sim-Selley LJ, Abdullah RA, Niphakis MJ, Vann RE, Cravatt BF, Wiley JL, Negus SS, Lichtman AH. Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and endocannabinoid degradative enzyme inhibitors attenuate intracranial self-stimulation in mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2014; 352:195-207. [PMID: 25398241 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.114.218677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing body of evidence implicates endogenous cannabinoids as modulators of the mesolimbic dopamine system and motivated behavior. Paradoxically, the reinforcing effects of Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the primary psychoactive constituent of cannabis, have been difficult to detect in preclinical rodent models. In this study, we investigated the impact of THC and inhibitors of the endocannabinoid hydrolytic enzymes fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) on operant responding for electrical stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle [intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS)], which is known to activate the mesolimbic dopamine system. These drugs were also tested in assays of operant responding for food reinforcement and spontaneous locomotor activity. THC and the MAGL inhibitor JZL184 (4-[bis(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)hydroxymethyl]-1-piperidinecarboxylic acid 4-nitrophenyl ester) attenuated operant responding for ICSS and food, and also reduced spontaneous locomotor activity. In contrast, the FAAH inhibitor PF-3845 (N-3-pyridinyl-4-[[3-[[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl]oxy]phenyl]methyl]-1-piperidinecarboxamide) was largely without effect in these assays. Consistent with previous studies showing that combined inhibition of FAAH and MAGL produces a substantially greater cannabimimetic profile than single enzyme inhibition, the dual FAAH-MAGL inhibitor SA-57 (4-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)ethyl]-1-piperidinecarboxylic acid 2-(methylamino)-2-oxoethyl ester) produced a similar magnitude of ICSS depression as that produced by THC. ICSS attenuation by JZL184 was associated with increased brain levels of 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), whereas peak effects of SA-57 were associated with increased levels of both N-arachidonoylethanolamine (anandamide) and 2-AG. The cannabinoid receptor type 1 receptor antagonist rimonabant, but not the cannabinoid receptor type 2 receptor antagonist SR144528, blocked the attenuating effects of THC, JZL184, and SA-57 on ICSS. Thus, THC, MAGL inhibition, and dual FAAH-MAGL inhibition not only reduce ICSS, but also decrease other reinforced and nonreinforced behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Wiebelhaus
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia (J.M.W., T.W.G., R.A.O., M.F.L., L.J.S.-S., R.A.A., R.E.V., S.S.N., A.H.L.); Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemical Physiology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California (M.J.N., B.F.C.); and RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.L.W.)
| | - Travis W Grim
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia (J.M.W., T.W.G., R.A.O., M.F.L., L.J.S.-S., R.A.A., R.E.V., S.S.N., A.H.L.); Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemical Physiology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California (M.J.N., B.F.C.); and RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.L.W.)
| | - Robert A Owens
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia (J.M.W., T.W.G., R.A.O., M.F.L., L.J.S.-S., R.A.A., R.E.V., S.S.N., A.H.L.); Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemical Physiology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California (M.J.N., B.F.C.); and RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.L.W.)
| | - Matthew F Lazenka
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia (J.M.W., T.W.G., R.A.O., M.F.L., L.J.S.-S., R.A.A., R.E.V., S.S.N., A.H.L.); Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemical Physiology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California (M.J.N., B.F.C.); and RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.L.W.)
| | - Laura J Sim-Selley
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia (J.M.W., T.W.G., R.A.O., M.F.L., L.J.S.-S., R.A.A., R.E.V., S.S.N., A.H.L.); Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemical Physiology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California (M.J.N., B.F.C.); and RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.L.W.)
| | - Rehab A Abdullah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia (J.M.W., T.W.G., R.A.O., M.F.L., L.J.S.-S., R.A.A., R.E.V., S.S.N., A.H.L.); Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemical Physiology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California (M.J.N., B.F.C.); and RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.L.W.)
| | - Micah J Niphakis
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia (J.M.W., T.W.G., R.A.O., M.F.L., L.J.S.-S., R.A.A., R.E.V., S.S.N., A.H.L.); Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemical Physiology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California (M.J.N., B.F.C.); and RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.L.W.)
| | - Robert E Vann
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia (J.M.W., T.W.G., R.A.O., M.F.L., L.J.S.-S., R.A.A., R.E.V., S.S.N., A.H.L.); Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemical Physiology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California (M.J.N., B.F.C.); and RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.L.W.)
| | - Benjamin F Cravatt
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia (J.M.W., T.W.G., R.A.O., M.F.L., L.J.S.-S., R.A.A., R.E.V., S.S.N., A.H.L.); Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemical Physiology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California (M.J.N., B.F.C.); and RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.L.W.)
| | - Jenny L Wiley
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia (J.M.W., T.W.G., R.A.O., M.F.L., L.J.S.-S., R.A.A., R.E.V., S.S.N., A.H.L.); Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemical Physiology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California (M.J.N., B.F.C.); and RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.L.W.)
| | - S Stevens Negus
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia (J.M.W., T.W.G., R.A.O., M.F.L., L.J.S.-S., R.A.A., R.E.V., S.S.N., A.H.L.); Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemical Physiology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California (M.J.N., B.F.C.); and RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.L.W.)
| | - Aron H Lichtman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia (J.M.W., T.W.G., R.A.O., M.F.L., L.J.S.-S., R.A.A., R.E.V., S.S.N., A.H.L.); Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemical Physiology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California (M.J.N., B.F.C.); and RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.L.W.)
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416
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Enhanced endocannabinoid-mediated modulation of rostromedial tegmental nucleus drive onto dopamine neurons in Sardinian alcohol-preferring rats. J Neurosci 2014; 34:12716-24. [PMID: 25232109 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1844-14.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The progressive predominance of rewarding effects of addictive drugs over their aversive properties likely contributes to the transition from drug use to drug dependence. By inhibiting the activity of DA neurons in the VTA, GABA projections from the rostromedial tegmental nucleus (RMTg) are well suited to shift the balance between drug-induced reward and aversion. Since cannabinoids suppress RMTg inputs to DA cells and CB1 receptors affect alcohol intake in rodents, we hypothesized that the endocannabinoid system, by modulating this pathway, might contribute to alcohol preference. Here we found that RMTg afferents onto VTA DA neurons express CB1 receptors and display a 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG)-dependent form of short-term plasticity, that is, depolarization-induced suppression of inhibition (DSI). Next, we compared rodents with innate opposite alcohol preference, the Sardinian alcohol-preferring (sP) and alcohol-nonpreferring (sNP) rats. We found that DA cells from alcohol-naive sP rats displayed a decreased probability of GABA release and a larger DSI. This difference was due to the rate of 2-AG degradation. In vivo, we found a reduced RMTg-induced inhibition of putative DA neurons in sP rats that negatively correlated with an increased firing. Finally, alcohol failed to enhance RMTg spontaneous activity and to prolong RMTg-induced silencing of putative DA neurons in sP rats. Our results indicate functional modifications of RMTg projections to DA neurons that might impact the reward/aversion balance of alcohol attributes, which may contribute to the innate preference observed in sP rats and to their elevated alcohol intake.
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417
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Endocannabinoids, related compounds and their metabolic routes. Molecules 2014; 19:17078-106. [PMID: 25347455 PMCID: PMC6271436 DOI: 10.3390/molecules191117078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocannabinoids are lipid mediators able to bind to and activate cannabinoid receptors, the primary molecular targets responsible for the pharmacological effects of the Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol. These bioactive lipids belong mainly to two classes of compounds: N-acylethanolamines and acylesters, being N-arachidonoylethanolamine (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), respectively, their main representatives. During the last twenty years, an ever growing number of fatty acid derivatives (endocannabinoids and endocannabinoid-like compounds) have been discovered and their activities biological is the subject of intense investigations. Here, the most recent advances, from a therapeutic point of view, on endocannabinoids, related compounds, and their metabolic routes will be reviewed.
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418
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Gasperi V, Evangelista D, Oddi S, Florenzano F, Chiurchiù V, Avigliano L, Catani MV, Maccarrone M. Regulation of inflammation and proliferation of human bladder carcinoma cells by type-1 and type-2 cannabinoid receptors. Life Sci 2014; 138:41-51. [PMID: 25445433 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Pro-inflammatory cytokines, growth and angiogenic factors released by leukocytes are involved in carcinogenesis and cancer progression, but they are also crucial for fighting tumour growth and spreading. We have previously demonstrated that endocannabinoids modulate cell-to-cell crosstalk during inflammation. Here, we investigated the inflammatory and tumourigenic properties of endocannabinoids in a human urinary bladder carcinoma cell line. MAIN METHODS Endocannabinoid-treated ECV304 cells were checked for tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α secretion (by ELISA assay) and surface exposure of selectins (by in situ ELISA and FACS analysis). ECV304/Jurkat T cell interaction was assessed by adhesion and live imaging experiments. Proliferation rate, cell death and cell cycle were determined by FACS analysis. KEY FINDINGS By binding to type-1 (CB1) and type-2 (CB2) cannabinoid receptors, the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) exacerbates the pro-inflammatory status surrounding bladder carcinoma ECV304 cells, by: (i) enhancing TNF-α release, (ii) increasing surface exposure of P- and E-selectins, and (iii) allowing Jurkat T lymphocytes to adhere to treated cancer cells. We also found that the CB1 inverse agonist AM281, unlike 2-AG, decreases cancer proliferation by delaying cell cycle progression. SIGNIFICANCE Our data suggest that 2-AG modulates the inflammatory milieu of cancer cells in vitro, while AM281 plays a more specific role in proliferation. Collectively, these findings suggest that CB receptors may play distinct roles in cancer biology, depending on the specific ligand employed. CONCLUSIONS The in vivo assessment of the role of CB receptors in inflammation and cancer might be instrumental in broadening the understanding about bladder cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Gasperi
- Department of Experimental Medicine & Surgery, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Evangelista
- Department of Experimental Medicine & Surgery, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Sergio Oddi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy; European Center for Brain Research (CERC)/IRCCS S. Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Valerio Chiurchiù
- European Center for Brain Research (CERC)/IRCCS S. Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy; Center of Integrated Research, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Luciana Avigliano
- Department of Experimental Medicine & Surgery, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - M Valeria Catani
- Department of Experimental Medicine & Surgery, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | - Mauro Maccarrone
- European Center for Brain Research (CERC)/IRCCS S. Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy; Center of Integrated Research, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
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419
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Manna JD, Wepy JA, Hsu KL, Chang JW, Cravatt BF, Marnett LJ. Identification of the major prostaglandin glycerol ester hydrolase in human cancer cells. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:33741-53. [PMID: 25301951 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.582353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandin glycerol esters (PG-Gs) are produced as a result of the oxygenation of the endocannabinoid, 2-arachidonoylglycerol, by cyclooxygenase 2. Understanding the role that PG-Gs play in a biological setting has been difficult because of their sensitivity to enzymatic hydrolysis. By comparing PG-G hydrolysis across human cancer cell lines to serine hydrolase activities determined by activity-based protein profiling, we identified lysophospholipase A2 (LYPLA2) as a major enzyme responsible for PG-G hydrolysis. The principal role played by LYPLA2 in PGE2-G hydrolysis was confirmed by siRNA knockdown. Purified recombinant LYPLA2 hydrolyzed PG-Gs in the following order of activity: PGE2-G > PGF2α-G > PGD2-G; LYPLA2 hydrolyzed 1- but not 2-arachidonoylglycerol or arachidonoylethanolamide. Chemical inhibition of LYPLA2 in the mouse macrophage-like cell line, RAW264.7, elicited an increase in PG-G production. Our data indicate that LYPLA2 serves as a major PG-G hydrolase in human cells. Perturbation of this enzyme should enable selective modulation of PG-Gs without alterations in endocannabinoids, thereby providing a means to decipher the unique functions of PG-Gs in biology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph D Manna
- From the A. B. Hancock Jr. Memorial Laboratory for Cancer Research, Departments of Biochemistry, Chemistry, and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232 and
| | - James A Wepy
- From the A. B. Hancock Jr. Memorial Laboratory for Cancer Research, Departments of Biochemistry, Chemistry, and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232 and
| | - Ku-Lung Hsu
- the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and the Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Jae Won Chang
- the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and the Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Benjamin F Cravatt
- the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and the Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Lawrence J Marnett
- From the A. B. Hancock Jr. Memorial Laboratory for Cancer Research, Departments of Biochemistry, Chemistry, and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232 and
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420
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Hernández-Torres G, Cipriano M, Hedén E, Björklund E, Canales Á, Zian D, Feliú A, Mecha M, Guaza C, Fowler CJ, Ortega-Gutiérrez S, López-Rodríguez ML. A Reversible and Selective Inhibitor of Monoacylglycerol Lipase Ameliorates Multiple Sclerosis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201407807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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421
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Hernández-Torres G, Cipriano M, Hedén E, Björklund E, Canales Á, Zian D, Feliú A, Mecha M, Guaza C, Fowler CJ, Ortega-Gutiérrez S, López-Rodríguez ML. A reversible and selective inhibitor of monoacylglycerol lipase ameliorates multiple sclerosis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:13765-70. [PMID: 25298214 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201407807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) is the enzyme responsible for the inactivation of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG). MAGL inhibitors show analgesic and tissue-protecting effects in several disease models. However, the few efficient and selective MAGL inhibitors described to date block the enzyme irreversibly, and this can lead to pharmacological tolerance. Hence, additional classes of MAGL inhibitors are needed to validate this enzyme as a therapeutic target. Here we report a potent, selective, and reversible MAGL inhibitor (IC50=0.18 μM) which is active in vivo and ameliorates the clinical progression of a multiple sclerosis (MS) mouse model without inducing undesirable CB1 -mediated side effects. These results support the interest in MAGL as a target for the treatment of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Hernández-Torres
- Department of Organic Chemistry I, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid (Spain) http://www.ucm.es/info/quimicamedica
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422
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Kerr DM, Harhen B, Okine BN, Egan LJ, Finn DP, Roche M. The monoacylglycerol lipase inhibitor JZL184 attenuates LPS-induced increases in cytokine expression in the rat frontal cortex and plasma: differential mechanisms of action. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 169:808-19. [PMID: 23043675 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.02237.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Revised: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE JZL184 is a selective inhibitor of monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL), the enzyme that preferentially catabolizes the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG). Here, we have studied the effects of JZL184 on inflammatory cytokines in the brain and plasma following an acute immune challenge and the underlying receptor and molecular mechanisms involved. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH JZL184 and/or the CB₁ receptor antagonist, AM251 or the CB₂ receptor antagonist, AM630 were administered to rats 30 min before lipopolysaccharide (LPS). 2 h later cytokine expression and levels, MAGL activity, 2-AG, arachidonic acid and prostaglandin levels were measured in the frontal cortex, plasma and spleen. KEY RESULTS JZL184 attenuated LPS-induced increases in IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and IL-10 but not the expression of the inhibitor of NFkB (IκBα) in rat frontal cortex. AM251 attenuated JZL184-induced decreases in frontal cortical IL-1β expression. Although arachidonic acid levels in the frontal cortex were reduced in JZL184-treated rats, MAGL activity, 2-AG, PGE₂ and PGD₂ were unchanged. In comparison, MAGL activity was inhibited and 2-AG levels enhanced in the spleen following JZL184. In plasma, LPS-induced increases in TNF-α and IL-10 levels were attenuated by JZL184, an effect partially blocked by AM251. In addition, AM630 blocked LPS-induced increases in plasma IL-1β in the presence, but not absence, of JZL184. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Inhibition of peripheral MAGL in rats by JZL184 suppressed LPS-induced circulating cytokines that in turn may modulate central cytokine expression. The data provide further evidence for the endocannabinoid system as a therapeutic target in treatment of central and peripheral inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Kerr
- Physiology, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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423
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Bisogno T, Mahadevan A, Coccurello R, Chang JW, Allarà M, Chen Y, Giacovazzo G, Lichtman A, Cravatt B, Moles A, Di Marzo V. A novel fluorophosphonate inhibitor of the biosynthesis of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol with potential anti-obesity effects. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 169:784-93. [PMID: 23072382 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Revised: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The development of potent and selective inhibitors of the biosynthesis of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) via DAG lipases (DAGL) α and β is just starting to be considered as a novel and promising source of pharmaceuticals for the treatment of disorders that might benefit from a reduction in endocannabinoid tone, such as hyperphagia in obese subjects. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Three new fluorophosphonate compounds O-7458, O-7459 and O-7460 were synthesized and characterized in various enzymatic assays. The effects of O-7460 on high-fat diet intake were tested in mice. KEY RESULTS Of the new compounds, O-7460 exhibited the highest potency (IC₅₀ = 690 nM) against the human recombinant DAGLα, and selectivity (IC₅₀ > 10 μM) towards COS-7 cell and human monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL), and rat brain fatty acid amide hydrolase. Competitive activity-based protein profiling confirmed that O-7460 inhibits mouse brain MAGL only at concentrations ≥ 10 μM, and showed that this compound has only one major 'off-target', that is, the serine hydrolase KIAA1363. O-7460 did not exhibit measurable affinity for human recombinant CB₁ or CB₂ cannabinoid receptors (Ki > 10 μM). In mouse neuroblastoma N18TG2 cells stimulated with ionomycin, O-7460 (10 μM) reduced 2-AG levels. When administered to mice, O-7460 dose-dependently (0-12 mg·kg⁻¹, i.p.) inhibited the intake of a high-fat diet over a 14 h observation period, and, subsequently, slightly but significantly reduced body weight. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS O-7460 might be considered a useful pharmacological tool to investigate further the role played by 2-AG both in vitro and in vivo under physiological as well as pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Bisogno
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, C.N.R., Pozzuoli, Italy.
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424
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Kohnz RA, Nomura DK. Chemical approaches to therapeutically target the metabolism and signaling of the endocannabinoid 2-AG and eicosanoids. Chem Soc Rev 2014; 43:6859-69. [PMID: 24676249 PMCID: PMC4159426 DOI: 10.1039/c4cs00047a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system, most popularly known as the target of the psychoactive component of marijuana, Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), is a signaling network that modulates a diverse range of physiological processes including nociception, behavior, cognitive function, appetite, metabolism, motor control, memory formation, and inflammation. While THC and its derivatives have garnered notoriety in the eyes of the public, the endocannabinoid system consists of two endogenous signaling lipids, 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) and N-arachidonoylethanolamine (anandamide), which activate cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2 in the nervous system and peripheral tissues. This review will focus on the recent efforts to chemically manipulate 2-AG signaling through the development of inhibitors of the 2-AG-synthesizing enzyme diacylglycerol lipase (DAGL) or the 2-AG-degrading enzyme monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL), and assessing the therapeutic potential of DAGL and MAGL inhibitors in pain, inflammation, degenerative diseases, tissue injury, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Kohnz
- Program in Metabolic Biology, University of California, Berkeley, 127 Morgan Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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425
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Khasabova IA, Yao X, Paz J, Lewandowski CT, Lindberg AE, Coicou L, Burlakova N, Simone DA, Seybold VS. JZL184 is anti-hyperalgesic in a murine model of cisplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy. Pharmacol Res 2014; 90:67-75. [PMID: 25304184 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2014.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cisplatin has been used effectively to treat a variety of cancers but its use is limited by the development of painful peripheral neuropathy. Because the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycerol (2-AG) is anti-hyperalgesic in several preclinical models of chronic pain, the anti-hyperalgesic effect of JZL184, an inhibitor of 2-AG hydrolysis, was tested in a murine model of cisplatin-induced hyperalgesia. Systemic injection of cisplatin (1mg/kg) produced mechanical hyperalgesia when administered daily for 7 days. Daily peripheral administration of a low dose of JZL184 in conjunction with cisplatin blocked the expression of mechanical hyperalgesia. Acute injection of a cannabinoid (CB)-1 but not a CB2 receptor antagonist reversed the anti-hyperalgesic effect of JZL184 indicating that downstream activation of CB1 receptors suppressed the expression of mechanical hyperalgesia. Components of endocannabinoid signaling in plantar hind paw skin and lumbar dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) were altered by treatments with cisplatin and JZL184. Treatment with cisplatin alone reduced levels of 2-AG and AEA in skin and DRGs as well as CB2 receptor protein in skin. Combining treatment of JZL184 with cisplatin increased 2-AG in DRGs compared to cisplatin alone but had no effect on the amount of 2-AG in skin. Evidence that JZL184 decreased the uptake of [(3)H]AEA into primary cultures of DRGs at a concentration that also inhibited the enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase, in conjunction with data that 2-AG mimicked the effect of JZL184 on [(3)H]AEA uptake support the conclusion that AEA most likely mediates the anti-hyperalgesic effect of JZL184 in this model.
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MESH Headings
- Amides
- Analgesics/pharmacology
- Analgesics/therapeutic use
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents
- Arachidonic Acids/metabolism
- Arachidonic Acids/pharmacology
- Benzodioxoles/pharmacology
- Benzodioxoles/therapeutic use
- Cells, Cultured
- Cisplatin
- Disease Models, Animal
- Endocannabinoids/metabolism
- Endocannabinoids/pharmacology
- Ethanolamines/metabolism
- Ganglia, Spinal/cytology
- Ganglia, Spinal/drug effects
- Ganglia, Spinal/metabolism
- Glycerides/metabolism
- Glycerides/pharmacology
- Hyperalgesia/drug therapy
- Hyperalgesia/metabolism
- Indoles/pharmacology
- Male
- Mesencephalon/drug effects
- Mesencephalon/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Monoacylglycerol Lipases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Morpholines/pharmacology
- Neuralgia/chemically induced
- Neuralgia/drug therapy
- Neuralgia/metabolism
- Palmitic Acids/metabolism
- Piperidines/pharmacology
- Piperidines/therapeutic use
- Polyunsaturated Alkamides/metabolism
- Pyrazoles/pharmacology
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/metabolism
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/metabolism
- Skin/drug effects
- Skin/metabolism
- Spinal Cord/drug effects
- Spinal Cord/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Iryna A Khasabova
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, Dental School, University of Minnesota, USA
| | - Xu Yao
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, Dental School, University of Minnesota, USA
| | - Justin Paz
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, Dental School, University of Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Amy E Lindberg
- Pharmacology Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, USA
| | - Lia Coicou
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical School, University of Minnesota, USA
| | - Natasha Burlakova
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, Dental School, University of Minnesota, USA
| | - Don A Simone
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, Dental School, University of Minnesota, USA
| | - Virginia S Seybold
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical School, University of Minnesota, USA.
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426
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Pietrzak RH, Huang Y, Corsi-Travali S, Zheng MQ, Lin SF, Henry S, Potenza MN, Piomelli D, Carson RE, Neumeister A. Cannabinoid type 1 receptor availability in the amygdala mediates threat processing in trauma survivors. Neuropsychopharmacology 2014; 39:2519-28. [PMID: 24820537 PMCID: PMC4207337 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2014.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Attentional bias to threat is a key endophenotype that contributes to the chronicity of trauma-related psychopathology. However, little is known about the neurobiology of this endophenotype and no known in vivo molecular imaging study has been conducted to evaluate candidate receptor systems that may be implicated in this endophenotype or the phenotypic expression of trauma-related psychopathology that comprises threat (ie, re-experiencing, avoidance, and hyperarousal) and loss (ie, emotional numbing, depression/dysphoria, generalized anxiety) symptomatology. Using the radioligand [(11)C]OMAR and positron emission tomography (PET), we evaluated the relationship between in vivo cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) receptor availability in the amygdala, and performance on a dot-probe measure of attentional bias to threat, and clinician interview-based measures of trauma-related psychopathology. The sample comprised adults presenting with a broad spectrum of trauma-related psychopathology, ranging from nontrauma-exposed, psychiatrically healthy adults to trauma-exposed adults with severe trauma-related psychopathology. Results revealed that increased CB1 receptor availability in the amygdala was associated with increased attentional bias to threat, as well as increased severity of threat, but not loss, symptomatology; greater peripheral anandamide levels were associated with decreased attentional bias to threat. A mediation analysis further suggested that attentional bias to threat mediated the relationship between CB1 receptor availability in the amygdala and severity of threat symptomatology. These data substantiate a key role for compromised endocannabinoid function in mediating both the endophenotypic and phenotypic expression of threat symptomatology in humans. They further suggest that novel pharmacotherapies that target the CB1 system may provide a more focused, mechanism-based approach to mitigating this core aspect of trauma-related psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Pietrzak
- Clinical Neurosciences Division, National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yiyun Huang
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Stefani Corsi-Travali
- Departments of Psychiatry and Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ming-Qiang Zheng
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Shu-fei Lin
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Shannan Henry
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Marc N Potenza
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Daniele Piomelli
- Anatomy & Neurobiology School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Richard E Carson
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Alexander Neumeister
- Departments of Psychiatry and Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA,Departments of Psychiatry and Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, One Park Avenue, 8th Floor, Room 225, New York, NY 10016, USA, Tel: +1 646 754 4827, Fax: +1 646 754 4781, E-mail:
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427
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Horváth E, Woodhams SG, Nyilas R, Henstridge CM, Kano M, Sakimura K, Watanabe M, Katona I. Heterogeneous presynaptic distribution of monoacylglycerol lipase, a multipotent regulator of nociceptive circuits in the mouse spinal cord. Eur J Neurosci 2014; 39:419-34. [PMID: 24494682 PMCID: PMC3979158 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Monoacylglycerol lipase (MGL) is a multifunctional serine hydrolase, which terminates anti-nociceptive endocannabinoid signaling and promotes pro-nociceptive prostaglandin signaling. Accordingly, both acute nociception and its sensitization in chronic pain models are prevented by systemic or focal spinal inhibition of MGL activity. Despite its analgesic potential, the neurobiological substrates of beneficial MGL blockade have remained unexplored. Therefore, we examined the regional, cellular and subcellular distribution of MGL in spinal circuits involved in nociceptive processing. All immunohistochemical findings obtained with light, confocal or electron microscopy were validated in MGL-knockout mice. Immunoperoxidase staining revealed a highly concentrated accumulation of MGL in the dorsal horn, especially in superficial layers. Further electron microscopic analysis uncovered that the majority of MGL-immunolabeling is found in axon terminals forming either asymmetric glutamatergic or symmetric γ-aminobutyric acid/glycinergic synapses in laminae I/IIo. In line with this presynaptic localization, analysis of double-immunofluorescence staining by confocal microscopy showed that MGL colocalizes with neurochemical markers of peptidergic and non-peptidergic nociceptive terminals, and also with markers of local excitatory or inhibitory interneurons. Interestingly, the ratio of MGL-immunolabeling was highest in calcitonin gene-related peptide-positive peptidergic primary afferents, and the staining intensity of nociceptive terminals was significantly reduced in MGL-knockout mice. These observations highlight the spinal nociceptor synapse as a potential anatomical site for the analgesic effects of MGL blockade. Moreover, the presence of MGL in additional terminal types raises the possibility that MGL may play distinct regulatory roles in synaptic endocannabinoid or prostaglandin signaling according to its different cellular locations in the dorsal horn pain circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Horváth
- Momentum Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony utca 43., H-1083, Budapest, Hungary
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428
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Korhonen J, Kuusisto A, van Bruchem J, Patel JZ, Laitinen T, Navia-Paldanius D, Laitinen JT, Savinainen JR, Parkkari T, Nevalainen TJ. Piperazine and piperidine carboxamides and carbamates as inhibitors of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL). Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:6694-6705. [PMID: 25282655 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The key hydrolytic enzymes of the endocannabinoid system, fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL), are potential targets for various therapeutic applications. In this paper, we present more extensively the results of our previous work on piperazine and piperidine carboxamides and carbamates as FAAH and MAGL inhibitors. The best compounds of these series function as potent and selective MAGL/FAAH inhibitors or as dual FAAH/MAGL inhibitors at nanomolar concentrations. This study revealed that MAGL inhibitors should comprise leaving-groups with a conjugate acid pKa of 8-10, while diverse leaving groups are tolerated for FAAH inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jani Korhonen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FIN-7021 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anne Kuusisto
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FIN-7021 Kuopio, Finland
| | - John van Bruchem
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FIN-7021 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jayendra Z Patel
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FIN-7021 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tuomo Laitinen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FIN-7021 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Dina Navia-Paldanius
- School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FIN-7021 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jarmo T Laitinen
- School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FIN-7021 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Juha R Savinainen
- School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FIN-7021 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Teija Parkkari
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FIN-7021 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tapio J Nevalainen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FIN-7021 Kuopio, Finland.
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429
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Lau BK, Drew GM, Mitchell VA, Vaughan CW. Endocannabinoid modulation by FAAH and monoacylglycerol lipase within the analgesic circuitry of the periaqueductal grey. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:5225-36. [PMID: 25041240 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Endogenous cannabinoids (endocannabinoids) in the periaqueductal grey (PAG) play a vital role in mediating stress-induced analgesia. This analgesic effect of endocannabinoids is enhanced by pharmacological inhibition of their degradative enzymes. However, the specific effects of endocannabinoids and the inhibitors of their degradation are largely unknown within this pain-modulating region. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH In vitro electrophysiological recordings were conducted from PAG neurons in rat midbrain slices. The effects of the major endocannabinoids and their degradation inhibitors on inhibitory GABAergic synaptic transmission were examined. KEY RESULTS Exogenous application of the endocannabinoid, anandamide (AEA), but not 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), produced a reduction in inhibitory GABAergic transmission in PAG neurons. This AEA-induced suppression of inhibition was enhanced by the fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitor, URB597, whereas a 2-AG-induced suppression of inhibition was unmasked by the monoacylglycerol lipase (MGL) inhibitor, JZL184. In addition, application of the CB1 receptor antagonist, AM251, facilitated the basal GABAergic transmission in the presence of URB597 and JZL184, which was further enhanced by the dual FAAH/MGL inhibitor, JZL195. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Our results indicate that AEA and 2-AG act via disinhibition within the PAG, a cellular action consistent with analgesia. These actions of AEA and 2-AG are tightly regulated by their respective degradative enzymes, FAAH and MGL. Furthermore, individual or combined inhibition of FAAH and/or MGL enhanced tonic disinhibition within the PAG. Therefore, the current findings support the therapeutic potential of FAAH and MGL inhibitors as a novel pharmacotherapy for pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin K Lau
- Pain Management Research Institute, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Northern Clinical School, The University of Sydney at Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
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430
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431
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Augmented tonic pain-related behavior in knockout mice lacking monoacylglycerol lipase, a major degrading enzyme for the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol. Behav Brain Res 2014; 271:51-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.05.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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432
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Zhang Z, Wang W, Zhong P, Liu SJ, Long JZ, Zhao L, Gao HQ, Cravatt BF, Liu QS. Blockade of 2-arachidonoylglycerol hydrolysis produces antidepressant-like effects and enhances adult hippocampal neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity. Hippocampus 2014; 25:16-26. [PMID: 25131612 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid ligand 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) is inactivated primarily by monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL). We have shown recently that chronic treatments with MAGL inhibitor JZL184 produce antidepressant- and anxiolytic-like effects in a chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) model of depression in mice. However, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Adult hippocampal neurogenesis has been implicated in animal models of anxiety and depression and behavioral effects of antidepressants. We tested whether CUS and chronic JZL184 treatments affected adult neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity in the dentate gyrus (DG) of mouse hippocampus. We report that CUS induced depressive-like behaviors and decreased the number of bromodeoxyuridine-labeled neural progenitor cells and doublecortin-positive immature neurons in the DG, while chronic JZL184 treatments prevented these behavioral and cellular deficits. We also investigated the effects of CUS and chronic JZL184 on a form long-term potentiation (LTP) in the DG known to be neurogenesis-dependent. CUS impaired LTP induction, whereas chronic JZL184 treatments restored LTP in CUS-exposed mice. These results suggest that enhanced adult neurogenesis and long-term synaptic plasticity in the DG of the hippocampus might contribute to antidepressant- and anxiolytic-like behavioral effects of JZL184.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, Qi-Lu Hospital of Shandong University, Key Laboratory of Proteomics of Shandong Province, Jinan Shandong, China.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Peng Zhong
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Sarah J Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Jonathan Z Long
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Li Zhao
- Department of Sports Physiology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hai-Qing Gao
- Department of Geriatrics, Qi-Lu Hospital of Shandong University, Key Laboratory of Proteomics of Shandong Province, Jinan Shandong, China
| | - Benjamin F Cravatt
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Qing-Song Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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433
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Yang K, Lei G, Xie YF, MacDonald JF, Jackson MF. Differential regulation of NMDAR and NMDAR-mediated metaplasticity by anandamide and 2-AG in the hippocampus. Hippocampus 2014; 24:1601-14. [DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Yang
- Robarts Research Institute; Molecular Brain Research Group, Western University; London ON Canada
| | - Gang Lei
- Robarts Research Institute; Molecular Brain Research Group, Western University; London ON Canada
| | - Yu-Feng Xie
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics; University of Manitoba; Winnipeg MB Canada
- Neuroscience Research Program; Kleysen Institute for Advanced Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, University of Manitoba; Winnipeg MB Canada
| | - John F. MacDonald
- Robarts Research Institute; Molecular Brain Research Group, Western University; London ON Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology; Western University; London ON Canada
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology; Western University; London ON Canada
| | - Michael F. Jackson
- Robarts Research Institute; Molecular Brain Research Group, Western University; London ON Canada
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics; University of Manitoba; Winnipeg MB Canada
- Neuroscience Research Program; Kleysen Institute for Advanced Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, University of Manitoba; Winnipeg MB Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology; Western University; London ON Canada
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434
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Bernal-Chico A, Canedo M, Manterola A, Victoria Sánchez-Gómez M, Pérez-Samartín A, Rodríguez-Puertas R, Matute C, Mato S. Blockade of monoacylglycerol lipase inhibits oligodendrocyte excitotoxicity and prevents demyelinationin vivo. Glia 2014; 63:163-76. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.22742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Bernal-Chico
- Department of Neurosciences; School of Medicine, University of the Basque Country-UPV/EHU; Leioa Spain
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience; Zamudio Spain
| | - Manuel Canedo
- Department of Neurosciences; School of Medicine, University of the Basque Country-UPV/EHU; Leioa Spain
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience; Zamudio Spain
| | - Andrea Manterola
- Department of Neurosciences; School of Medicine, University of the Basque Country-UPV/EHU; Leioa Spain
| | - María Victoria Sánchez-Gómez
- Department of Neurosciences; School of Medicine, University of the Basque Country-UPV/EHU; Leioa Spain
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience; Zamudio Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED); Barcelona Spain
| | - Alberto Pérez-Samartín
- Department of Neurosciences; School of Medicine, University of the Basque Country-UPV/EHU; Leioa Spain
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience; Zamudio Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED); Barcelona Spain
| | - Rafael Rodríguez-Puertas
- Department of Pharmacology; School of Medicine, University of the Basque Country-UPV/EHU; Leioa Spain
| | - Carlos Matute
- Department of Neurosciences; School of Medicine, University of the Basque Country-UPV/EHU; Leioa Spain
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience; Zamudio Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED); Barcelona Spain
| | - Susana Mato
- Department of Neurosciences; School of Medicine, University of the Basque Country-UPV/EHU; Leioa Spain
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience; Zamudio Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED); Barcelona Spain
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435
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Abstract
Genome sequencing efforts have revealed a strikingly large number of unannotated and uncharacterized genes that fall into metabolic enzymes classes, likely indicating that our current knowledge of biochemical pathways in normal physiology, let alone in disease states, remains largely incomplete. This realization presents a daunting challenge for post-genomic-era scientists in deciphering the biochemical and (patho)physiological roles of these enzymes and their metabolites and metabolic networks. This is further complicated by many recent studies showing a rewiring of normal metabolic networks in disease states to give rise to unique pathophysiological functions of enzymes, metabolites, and metabolic pathways. This review focuses on recent discoveries made using metabolic mapping technologies to uncover novel pathways and metabolite-mediated posttranslational modifications and epigenetic alterations and their impact on physiology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda M Mulvihill
- Program in Metabolic Biology, Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Daniel K Nomura
- Program in Metabolic Biology, Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
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436
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Laprairie RB, Bagher AM, Kelly MEM, Dupré DJ, Denovan-Wright EM. Type 1 cannabinoid receptor ligands display functional selectivity in a cell culture model of striatal medium spiny projection neurons. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:24845-62. [PMID: 25037227 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.557025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Modulation of type 1 cannabinoid receptor (CB1) activity has been touted as a potential means of treating addiction, anxiety, depression, and neurodegeneration. Different agonists of CB1 are known to evoke varied responses in vivo. Functional selectivity is the ligand-specific activation of certain signal transduction pathways at a receptor that can signal through multiple pathways. To understand cannabinoid-specific functional selectivity, different groups have examined the effect of individual cannabinoids on various signaling pathways in heterologous expression systems. In the current study, we compared the functional selectivity of six cannabinoids, including two endocannabinoids (2-arachidonyl glycerol (2-AG) and anandamide (AEA)), two synthetic cannabinoids (WIN55,212-2 and CP55,940), and two phytocannabinoids (cannabidiol (CBD) and Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)) on arrestin2-, Gα(i/o)-, Gβγ-, Gα(s)-, and Gα(q)-mediated intracellular signaling in the mouse STHdh(Q7/Q7) cell culture model of striatal medium spiny projection neurons that endogenously express CB1. In this system, 2-AG, THC, and CP55,940 were more potent mediators of arrestin2 recruitment than other cannabinoids tested. 2-AG, AEA, and WIN55,212-2, enhanced Gα(i/o) and Gβγ signaling, with 2-AG and AEA treatment leading to increased total CB1 levels. 2-AG, AEA, THC, and WIN55,212-2 also activated Gα(q)-dependent pathways. CP55,940 and CBD both signaled through Gα(s). CP55,940, but not CBD, activated downstream Gα(s) pathways via CB1 targets. THC and CP55,940 promoted CB1 internalization and decreased CB1 protein levels over an 18-h period. These data demonstrate that individual cannabinoids display functional selectivity at CB1 leading to activation of distinct signaling pathways. To effectively match cannabinoids with therapeutic goals, these compounds must be screened for their signaling bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert B Laprairie
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Amina M Bagher
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Melanie E M Kelly
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Denis J Dupré
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Eileen M Denovan-Wright
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
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437
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Chicca A, Caprioglio D, Minassi A, Petrucci V, Appendino G, Taglialatela-Scafati O, Gertsch J. Functionalization of β-caryophyllene generates novel polypharmacology in the endocannabinoid system. ACS Chem Biol 2014; 9:1499-507. [PMID: 24831513 DOI: 10.1021/cb500177c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The widespread dietary plant sesquiterpene hydrocarbon β-caryophyllene (1) is a CB2 cannabinoid receptor-specific agonist showing anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects in vivo. Structural insights into the pharmacophore of this hydrocarbon, which lacks functional groups other than double bonds, are missing. A structure-activity study provided evidence for the existence of a well-defined sesquiterpene hydrocarbon binding site in CB2 receptors, highlighting its exquisite sensitivity to modifications of the strained endocyclic double bond of 1. While most changes on this element were detrimental for activity, ring-opening cross metathesis of 1 with ethyl acrylate followed by amide functionalization generated a series of new monocyclic amides (11a, 11b, 11c) that not only retained the CB2 receptor functional agonism of 1 but also reversibly inhibited fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), the major endocannabinoid degrading enzyme, without affecting monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) and α,β hydrolases 6 and 12. Intriguingly, further modification of this monocyclic scaffold generated the FAAH- and endocannabinoid substrate-specific cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) dual inhibitors 11e and 11f, which are probes with a novel pharmacological profile. Our study shows that by removing the conformational constraints induced by the medium-sized ring and by introducing functional groups in the sesquiterpene hydrocarbon 1, a new scaffold with pronounced polypharmacological features within the endocannabinoid system could be generated. The structural and functional repertoire of cannabimimetics and their yet poorly understood intrinsic promiscuity may be exploited to generate novel probes and ultimately more effective drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Chicca
- Institute
of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse 28, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Diego Caprioglio
- Dipartimento
di Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale “Amedeo Avogadro”, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Alberto Minassi
- Dipartimento
di Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale “Amedeo Avogadro”, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Vanessa Petrucci
- Institute
of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse 28, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Giovanni Appendino
- Dipartimento
di Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale “Amedeo Avogadro”, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Orazio Taglialatela-Scafati
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Jürg Gertsch
- Institute
of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse 28, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
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438
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Alpár A, Tortoriello G, Calvigioni D, Niphakis MJ, Milenkovic I, Bakker J, Cameron GA, Hanics J, Morris CV, Fuzik J, Kovacs GG, Cravatt BF, Parnavelas JG, Andrews WD, Hurd YL, Keimpema E, Harkany T. Endocannabinoids modulate cortical development by configuring Slit2/Robo1 signalling. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4421. [PMID: 25030704 PMCID: PMC4110686 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Local environmental cues are indispensable for axonal growth and guidance during brain circuit formation. Here, we combine genetic and pharmacological tools, as well as systems neuroanatomy in human fetuses and mouse models, to study the role of endocannabinoid and Slit/Robo signalling in axonal growth. We show that excess 2-arachidonoylglycerol, an endocannabinoid affecting directional axonal growth, triggers corpus callosum enlargement due to the errant CB1 cannabinoid receptor-containing corticofugal axon spreading. This phenotype mechanistically relies on the premature differentiation and end-feet proliferation of CB2R-expressing oligodendrocytes. We further show the dependence of both axonal Robo1 positioning and oligodendroglial Slit2 production on cell-type-specific cannabinoid receptor activation. Accordingly, Robo1 and/or Slit2 manipulation limits endocannabinoid modulation of axon guidance. We conclude that endocannabinoids can configure focal Slit2/Robo1 signalling to modulate directional axonal growth, which may provide a basis for understanding impaired brain wiring associated with metabolic deficits and prenatal drug exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alán Alpár
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry & Biophysics, Scheeles väg 1:A1, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Giuseppe Tortoriello
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry & Biophysics, Scheeles väg 1:A1, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniela Calvigioni
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry & Biophysics, Scheeles väg 1:A1, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Micah J Niphakis
- Department of Chemical Physiology and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd.,La Jolla, California CA 92037 USA
| | - Ivan Milenkovic
- Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, AKH 4J, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Joanne Bakker
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gary A Cameron
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom
| | - János Hanics
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Tűzoltó u. 58, H-1094 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Claudia V Morris
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 1470 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - János Fuzik
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gabor G Kovacs
- Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, AKH 4J, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Benjamin F Cravatt
- Department of Chemical Physiology and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd.,La Jolla, California CA 92037 USA
| | - John G Parnavelas
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, 21 University Street, University College London, London WC1E 6DE, United Kingdom
| | - William D Andrews
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, 21 University Street, University College London, London WC1E 6DE, United Kingdom
| | - Yasmin L Hurd
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 1470 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Erik Keimpema
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry & Biophysics, Scheeles väg 1:A1, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Tibor Harkany
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry & Biophysics, Scheeles väg 1:A1, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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439
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Oleson EB, Cachope R, Fitoussi A, Cheer JF. Tales from the dark side: do neuromodulators of drug withdrawal require changes in endocannabinoid tone? Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2014; 52:17-23. [PMID: 23911441 PMCID: PMC3874071 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2013.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Environmental and interoceptive cues are theorized to serve as 'signals' that motivate drug seeking and effects that may be augmented in the withdrawn state. Phasic dopamine release events are observed in the nucleus accumbens in response to such motivational salient stimuli and are thought to be necessary for drug-associated cues to trigger craving. We recently demonstrated how dopamine neurons encode stimuli conditioned to a negative event, as might occur during conditioned withdrawal, and stimuli predicting the avoidance of negative events, as might occur as an addict seeks out drugs to prevent withdrawal. In this review we first discuss how the subsecond dopamine release events might process conditioned withdrawal and drug seeking driven by negative reinforcement processes within the context of our dopamine data obtained during conditioned avoidance procedures. We next describe how the endocannabinoid system modulates phasic dopamine release events and how it might be harnessed to treat negative affective states in addiction. Specifically, we have demonstrated that endocannabinoids in the ventral tegmentum sculpt cue-induced accumbal surges in dopamine release and, therefore, may also be mobilized during drug withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik B. Oleson
- University of Maryland, School of Medicine, 20 Penn St. Baltimore MD 21201,University of Colorado Denver, P.O. Box 173364, Denver, CO 80217
| | - Roger Cachope
- University of Maryland, School of Medicine, 20 Penn St. Baltimore MD 21201
| | - Aurelie Fitoussi
- University of Maryland, School of Medicine, 20 Penn St. Baltimore MD 21201
| | - Joseph F. Cheer
- University of Maryland, School of Medicine, 20 Penn St. Baltimore MD 21201
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440
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Ma L, Wang L, Yang F, Meng XD, Wu C, Ma H, Jiang W. Disease-modifying effects of RHC80267 and JZL184 in a pilocarpine mouse model of temporal lobe epilepsy. CNS Neurosci Ther 2014; 20:905-15. [PMID: 24989980 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) often suffer from comorbid psychiatric diagnoses such as depression, anxiety, or impaired cognitive performance. Endocannabinoid (eCB) signaling is a key regulator of synaptic neurotransmission and has been implicated in the mechanisms of epilepsy as well as several mood disorders and cognitive impairments. AIMS We employed a pilocarpine model of TLE in C57/BJ mice to investigate the role of eCB signaling in epileptogenesis and concomitant psychiatric comorbidities. METHODS AND RESULTS We sought to alter the neuronal levels of a known eCB receptor ligand, 2-arachidonylglycerol (2-AG), through the use of RHC80267 or JZL184. Pilocarpine-treated mice were treated with RHC80267 (1.3 μmol) or JZL184 (20 mg/kg) immediately after the termination of status epilepticus (SE), which was followed by daily treatment for the next 7 days. Our results indicated that RHC80267 treatment significantly reduced the percentage of mice suffering from spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRS) in addition to decreasing the duration of observed seizures when compared to vehicle treatment. Furthermore, RHC80267 attenuated depression and anxiety-related behaviors, improved previously impaired spatial learning and memory, and inhibited seizure-induced hippocampal neuronal loss during the chronic epileptic period. In contrast, JZL184 administration markedly increased the frequency and the duration of observed SRS, enhanced the previously impaired neuropsychological performance, and increased hippocampal damage following SE. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that RHC80267 treatment after the onset of SE could result in an amelioration of the effects found during the chronic epileptic period and yield an overall decrease in epileptic symptoms and comorbid conditions. Thus, alterations to endocannabinoid signaling may serve as a potential mechanism to prevent epileptogenesis and manipulation of this signaling pathway as a possible drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Ma
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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441
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Abstract
Intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) is a behavioral procedure in which operant responding is maintained by pulses of electrical brain stimulation. In research to study abuse-related drug effects, ICSS relies on electrode placements that target the medial forebrain bundle at the level of the lateral hypothalamus, and experimental sessions manipulate frequency or amplitude of stimulation to engender a wide range of baseline response rates or response probabilities. Under these conditions, drug-induced increases in low rates/probabilities of responding maintained by low frequencies/amplitudes of stimulation are interpreted as an abuse-related effect. Conversely, drug-induced decreases in high rates/probabilities of responding maintained by high frequencies/amplitudes of stimulation can be interpreted as an abuse-limiting effect. Overall abuse potential can be inferred from the relative expression of abuse-related and abuse-limiting effects. The sensitivity and selectivity of ICSS to detect abuse potential of many classes of abused drugs is similar to the sensitivity and selectivity of drug self-administration procedures. Moreover, similar to progressive-ratio drug self-administration procedures, ICSS data can be used to rank the relative abuse potential of different drugs. Strengths of ICSS in comparison with drug self-administration include 1) potential for simultaneous evaluation of both abuse-related and abuse-limiting effects, 2) flexibility for use with various routes of drug administration or drug vehicles, 3) utility for studies in drug-naive subjects as well as in subjects with controlled levels of prior drug exposure, and 4) utility for studies of drug time course. Taken together, these considerations suggest that ICSS can make significant contributions to the practice of abuse potential testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Stevens Negus
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Laurence L Miller
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
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442
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Identification and characterization of a new reversible MAGL inhibitor. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:3285-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.04.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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443
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Shimizu T, Tanaka K, Nakamura K, Taniuchi K, Yawata T, Higashi Y, Ueba T, Dimitriadis F, Shimizu S, Yokotani K, Saito M. Possible involvement of brain prostaglandin E2 and prostanoid EP3 receptors in prostaglandin E2 glycerol ester-induced activation of central sympathetic outflow in the rat. Neuropharmacology 2014; 82:19-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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444
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Nithipatikom K, Endsley MP, Pfeiffer AW, Falck JR, Campbell WB. A novel activity of microsomal epoxide hydrolase: metabolism of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol. J Lipid Res 2014; 55:2093-102. [PMID: 24958911 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m051284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Microsomal epoxide hydrolase (EPHX1, EC 3.3.2.9) is a highly abundant α/β-hydrolase enzyme that is known for its catalytical epoxide hydrolase activity. A wide range of EPHX1 functions have been demonstrated including xenobiotic metabolism; however, characterization of its endogenous substrates is limited. In this study, we present evidence that EPHX1 metabolizes the abundant endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) to free arachidonic acid (AA) and glycerol. The EPHX1 metabolism of 2-AG was demonstrated using commercially available EPHX1 microsomes as well as PC-3 cells overexpressing EPHX1. Conversely, EPHX1 siRNA markedly reduced the EPHX1 expression and 2-AG metabolism in HepG2 cells and LNCaP cells. A selective EPHX1 inhibitor, 10-hydroxystearamide, inhibited 2-AG metabolism and hydrolysis of a well-known EPHX1 substrate, cis-stilbene oxide. Among the inhibitors studied, a serine hydrolase inhibitor, methoxy-arachidonyl fluorophosphate, was the most potent inhibitor of 2-AG metabolism by EPHX1 microsomes. These results demonstrate that 2-AG is an endogenous substrate for EPHX1, a potential role of EPHX1 in the endocannabinoid signaling and a new AA biosynthetic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasem Nithipatikom
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226
| | - Michael P Endsley
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226
| | - Adam W Pfeiffer
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226
| | - John R Falck
- Departments of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - William B Campbell
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226
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445
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Dócs K, Hegyi Z, Holló K, Kis G, Hegedűs K, Antal M. Selective axonal and glial distribution of monoacylglycerol lipase immunoreactivity in the superficial spinal dorsal horn of rodents. Brain Struct Funct 2014; 220:2625-37. [PMID: 24942136 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-014-0813-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The importance of 2-AG-mediated endogenous cannabinoid signaling in spinal pain control has recently been well substantiated. Although the degradation of 2-AG seems to be essential in cannabinoid-mediated spinal nociceptive information processing, no experimental data are available about the cellular distribution of monoacylglycerol lipase (MGL), the main degrading enzyme of 2-AG in the spinal dorsal horn. Thus, here we investigated the cellular distribution of MGL in laminae I-II of the spinal gray matter with immunocytochemical methods and revealed an abundant immunoreactivity for MGL in the rodent superficial spinal dorsal horn. We addressed the co-localization of MGL with markers of peptidergic and non-peptidergic primary afferents, axon terminals of putative glutamatergic and GABAergic spinal neurons, as well as astrocytic and microglial profiles, and we found that nearly 17 % of the peptidergic (immunoreactive for CGRP), a bit more than 10 % of the axon terminals of putative glutamatergic spinal neurons (immunoreactive for VGLUT2), and approximately 20 % of the astrocytic (immunoreactive for GFAP) profiles were immunolabeled for MGL. On the other hand, however, axon terminals of non-peptidergic (binding isolectin-B4) nociceptive primary afferents and putative inhibitory spinal neurons (immunoreactive for VGAT) as well as microglial (immunoreactive for CD11b) profiles showed negligible immunostaining for MGL. The results suggest that only nociceptive inputs arriving through a population of CGRP immunoreactive fibers are modulated by the spinal DGLα-MGL pathway. We also postulate that the DGLα-MGL signaling pathway may modulate spinal excitatory but not inhibitory neural circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Dócs
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt 98, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
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446
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Afzal O, Kumar S, Kumar R, Firoz A, Jaggi M, Bawa S. Docking based virtual screening and molecular dynamics study to identify potential monoacylglycerol lipase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:3986-96. [PMID: 25011912 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) is one of the key enzymes of the endocannabinoid system (ECS). It hydrolyzes one of the major endocannabinoid, 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), an endogenous full agonist at G protein coupled cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2. Numerous studies showed that MGL inhibitors are potentially useful for the treatment of pain, inflammation, cancer and CNS disorders. These provocative findings suggested that pharmacological inhibition of MAGL function may confer significant therapeutic benefits. In this study, we presented hybrid ligand and structure-based approaches to obtain a novel set of virtual leads as MAGL inhibitors. The constraints used in this study, were Glide score, binding free energy estimates and ADME properties to screen the ZINC database, containing approximately 21 million compounds. A total of seven virtual hits were obtained, which showed significant binding affinity towards MAGL protein. Ligand, ZINC24092691 was employed in complex form with the protein MAGL, for molecular dynamics simulation study, because of its excellent glide score, binding free energy and ADME properties. The RMSD of ZINC24092691 was observed to stay at 0.1 nm (1 Å) in most of the trajectories, which further confirmed its ability to inhibit the protein MAGL. The hits were then evaluated for their ability to inhibit human MAGL. The compound ZINC24092691 displayed the noteworthy inhibitory activity reducing MAGL activity to 21.15% at 100 nM concentration, with an IC50 value of 10 nM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Obaid Afzal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Suresh Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Rajiv Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Ahmad Firoz
- Biomedical Informatics Center of ICMR, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Manu Jaggi
- Dabur Research Foundation, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sandhya Bawa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi 110062, India.
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447
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Pulgar VM, Yamaleyeva LM, Varagic J, McGee CM, Bader M, Dechend R, Howlett AC, Brosnihan KB. Increased angiotensin II contraction of the uterine artery at early gestation in a transgenic model of hypertensive pregnancy is reduced by inhibition of endocannabinoid hydrolysis. Hypertension 2014; 64:619-25. [PMID: 24935942 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.114.03633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Increased vascular sensitivity to angiotensin II (Ang II) is a marker of a hypertensive human pregnancy. Recent evidence of interactions between the renin-angiotensin system and the endocannabinoid system suggests that anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol may modulate Ang II contraction. We hypothesized that these interactions may contribute to the enhanced vascular responses in hypertensive pregnancy. We studied Ang II contraction in isolated uterine artery (UA) at early gestation in a rat model that mimics many features of preeclampsia, the transgenic human angiotensinogen×human renin (TgA), and control Sprague-Dawley rats. We determined the role of the cannabinoid receptor 1 by blockade with SR171416A, and the contribution of anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol degradation to Ang II contraction by inhibiting their hydrolyzing enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase (with URB597) or monoacylglycerol lipase (with JZL184), respectively. TgA UA showed increased maximal contraction and sensitivity to Ang II that was inhibited by indomethacin. Fatty acid amide hydrolase blockade decreased Ang IIMAX in Sprague-Dawley UA, and decreased both Ang IIMAX and sensitivity in TgA UA. Monoacylglycerol lipase blockade had no effect on Sprague-Dawley UA and decreased Ang IIMAX and sensitivity in TgA UA. Blockade of the cannabinoid receptor 1 in TgA UA had no effect. Immunolocalization of fatty acid amide hydrolase and monoacylglycerol lipase showed a similar pattern between groups; fatty acid amide hydrolase predominantly localized in endothelium and monoacylglycerol lipase in smooth muscle cells. We demonstrated an increased Ang II contraction in TgA UA before initiation of the hypertensive phenotype. Anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol reduced Ang II contraction in a cannabinoid receptor 1-independent manner. These renin-angiotensin system-endocannabinoid system interactions may contribute to the enhanced vascular reactivity in early stages of hypertensive pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor M Pulgar
- From Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology (V.M.P.), Surgical Sciences (L.M.Y., J.V., C.M.M., K.B.B.), and Physiology and Pharmacology (K.B.B.), Hypertension and Vascular Research Center, and Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology (V.M.P.) and Physiology and Pharmacology (A.C.H.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Life Sciences, Biomedical Research Infrastructure Center, Winston-Salem State University, NC (V.M.P.); Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (M.B.); and Charité University Hospital Berlin, Berlin, Germany (M.B., R.D.).
| | - Liliya M Yamaleyeva
- From Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology (V.M.P.), Surgical Sciences (L.M.Y., J.V., C.M.M., K.B.B.), and Physiology and Pharmacology (K.B.B.), Hypertension and Vascular Research Center, and Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology (V.M.P.) and Physiology and Pharmacology (A.C.H.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Life Sciences, Biomedical Research Infrastructure Center, Winston-Salem State University, NC (V.M.P.); Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (M.B.); and Charité University Hospital Berlin, Berlin, Germany (M.B., R.D.)
| | - Jasmina Varagic
- From Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology (V.M.P.), Surgical Sciences (L.M.Y., J.V., C.M.M., K.B.B.), and Physiology and Pharmacology (K.B.B.), Hypertension and Vascular Research Center, and Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology (V.M.P.) and Physiology and Pharmacology (A.C.H.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Life Sciences, Biomedical Research Infrastructure Center, Winston-Salem State University, NC (V.M.P.); Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (M.B.); and Charité University Hospital Berlin, Berlin, Germany (M.B., R.D.)
| | - Carolynne M McGee
- From Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology (V.M.P.), Surgical Sciences (L.M.Y., J.V., C.M.M., K.B.B.), and Physiology and Pharmacology (K.B.B.), Hypertension and Vascular Research Center, and Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology (V.M.P.) and Physiology and Pharmacology (A.C.H.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Life Sciences, Biomedical Research Infrastructure Center, Winston-Salem State University, NC (V.M.P.); Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (M.B.); and Charité University Hospital Berlin, Berlin, Germany (M.B., R.D.)
| | - Michael Bader
- From Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology (V.M.P.), Surgical Sciences (L.M.Y., J.V., C.M.M., K.B.B.), and Physiology and Pharmacology (K.B.B.), Hypertension and Vascular Research Center, and Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology (V.M.P.) and Physiology and Pharmacology (A.C.H.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Life Sciences, Biomedical Research Infrastructure Center, Winston-Salem State University, NC (V.M.P.); Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (M.B.); and Charité University Hospital Berlin, Berlin, Germany (M.B., R.D.)
| | - Ralf Dechend
- From Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology (V.M.P.), Surgical Sciences (L.M.Y., J.V., C.M.M., K.B.B.), and Physiology and Pharmacology (K.B.B.), Hypertension and Vascular Research Center, and Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology (V.M.P.) and Physiology and Pharmacology (A.C.H.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Life Sciences, Biomedical Research Infrastructure Center, Winston-Salem State University, NC (V.M.P.); Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (M.B.); and Charité University Hospital Berlin, Berlin, Germany (M.B., R.D.)
| | - Allyn C Howlett
- From Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology (V.M.P.), Surgical Sciences (L.M.Y., J.V., C.M.M., K.B.B.), and Physiology and Pharmacology (K.B.B.), Hypertension and Vascular Research Center, and Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology (V.M.P.) and Physiology and Pharmacology (A.C.H.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Life Sciences, Biomedical Research Infrastructure Center, Winston-Salem State University, NC (V.M.P.); Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (M.B.); and Charité University Hospital Berlin, Berlin, Germany (M.B., R.D.)
| | - K Bridget Brosnihan
- From Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology (V.M.P.), Surgical Sciences (L.M.Y., J.V., C.M.M., K.B.B.), and Physiology and Pharmacology (K.B.B.), Hypertension and Vascular Research Center, and Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology (V.M.P.) and Physiology and Pharmacology (A.C.H.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Life Sciences, Biomedical Research Infrastructure Center, Winston-Salem State University, NC (V.M.P.); Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (M.B.); and Charité University Hospital Berlin, Berlin, Germany (M.B., R.D.)
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448
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Seillier A, Dominguez Aguilar D, Giuffrida A. The dual FAAH/MAGL inhibitor JZL195 has enhanced effects on endocannabinoid transmission and motor behavior in rats as compared to those of the MAGL inhibitor JZL184. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2014; 124:153-9. [PMID: 24911644 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2014.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The biological actions of the endocannabinoids anandamide and 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG) are terminated by enzymatic hydrolysis of these lipids via fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL), respectively. While several selective FAAH inhibitors have been developed and characterized in vitro and in vivo, none of the initial MAGL blockers have shown adequate potency and specificity for in vivo applications. More recently, a selective MAGL inhibitor, JZL184, has been shown to produce a long-lasting elevation of brain 2-AG, as well as cannabinoid-like behavioral responses in mice. However, its effectiveness in rats remains controversial. Indeed, although JZL184 can elicit behavioral responses that are mediated, at least in part, via activation of cannabinoid CB1 receptors, several reports indicate that this compound does not alter 2-AG levels in this species. In this study we compared the behavioral and neurochemical effects of JZL 184 with those of the dual FAAH/MAGL inhibitor JZL195, and showed that systemic administration of the former can selectively elevate brain 2-AG in rats and produce motor suppression through a CB1-independent mechanism. These findings indicate that, despite its lower potency against rat MAGL, JZL184 can be used to enhance 2-AG transmission and elicit behavioral responses in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Seillier
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - David Dominguez Aguilar
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Andrea Giuffrida
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
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449
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2-Arachidonoylglycerol modulates human endothelial cell/leukocyte interactions by controlling selectin expression through CB1 and CB2 receptors. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 51:79-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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450
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Monoacylglycerol lipase inhibition blocks chronic stress-induced depressive-like behaviors via activation of mTOR signaling. Neuropsychopharmacology 2014; 39:1763-76. [PMID: 24476943 PMCID: PMC4023150 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2014.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 01/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid (eCB) system regulates mood, emotion, and stress coping, and dysregulation of the eCB system is critically involved in pathophysiology of depression. The eCB ligand 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) is inactivated by monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL). Using chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUS) as a mouse model of depression, we examined how 2-AG signaling in the hippocampus was altered in depressive-like states and how this alteration contributed to depressive-like behavior. We report that CUS led to impairment of depolarization-induced suppression of inhibition (DSI) in mouse hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons, and this deficiency in 2-AG-mediated retrograde synaptic depression was rescued by MAGL inhibitor JZL184. CUS induced depressive-like behaviors and decreased mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) activation in the hippocampus, and these biochemical and behavioral abnormalities were ameliorated by chronic JZL184 treatments. The effects of JZL184 were mediated by cannabinoid CB1 receptors. Genetic deletion of mTOR with adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector carrying the Cre recombinase in the hippocampus of mTORf/f mice recapitulated depressive-like behaviors induced by CUS and abrogated the antidepressant-like effects of chronic JZL184 treatments. Our results suggest that CUS decreases eCB-mTOR signaling in the hippocampus, leading to depressive-like behaviors, whereas MAGL inhibitor JZL184 produces antidepressant-like effects through enhancement of eCB-mTOR signaling.
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