401
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Cavanagh LL, Boyce A, Smith L, Padmanabha J, Filgueira L, Pietschmann P, Thomas R. Rheumatoid arthritis synovium contains plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Arthritis Res Ther 2005; 7:R230-40. [PMID: 15743469 PMCID: PMC1065313 DOI: 10.1186/ar1467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2004] [Revised: 10/13/2004] [Accepted: 10/26/2004] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously described enrichment of antigen-presenting HLA-DR+ nuclear RelB+ dendritic cells (DCs) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovium. CD123+HLA-DR+ plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) and their precursors have been identified in human peripheral blood (PB), lymphoid tissue, and some inflamed tissues. We hypothesized recruitment of pDCs into the inflamed RA synovial environment and their contribution as antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and inflammatory cells in RA. CD11c+ myeloid DCs and CD123+ pDCs were compared in normal and RA PB, synovial fluid (SF), and synovial tissue by flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry, and electron microscopy and were sorted for functional studies. Nuclear RelB-CD123+ DCs were located in perivascular regions of RA, in a similar frequency to nuclear RelB+CD123- DCs, but not normal synovial tissue sublining. Apart from higher expression of HLA-DR, the numbers and phenotypes of SF pDCs were similar to those of normal PB pDCs. While the APC function of PB pDCs was less efficient than that of PB myeloid DCs, RA SF pDCs efficiently activated resting allogeneic PB T cells, and high levels of IFN-γ, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor α were produced in response to incubation of allogeneic T cells with either type of SF DCs. Thus, pDCs are recruited to RA synovial tissue and comprise an APC population distinct from the previously described nuclear RelB+ synovial DCs. pDCs may contribute significantly to the local inflammatory environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lois L Cavanagh
- Centre for Immunology and Cancer Research, University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Amanda Boyce
- Centre for Immunology and Cancer Research, University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Louise Smith
- Centre for Immunology and Cancer Research, University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jagadish Padmanabha
- Centre for Immunology and Cancer Research, University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Luis Filgueira
- Institute of Anatomy, University Irchel-Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Pietschmann
- Department of General and Experimental Pathology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ranjeny Thomas
- Centre for Immunology and Cancer Research, University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
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402
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Abstract
Several lines of evidence from recent years support the existence of cancer immunosurveillance, especially studies of natural killer (NK) cells and the IFN-gamma pathway. However, immune suppression is clearly observed in cancer patients and tumor-bearing animals as well. The fact is that although cancers often elicit a vigorous immune response during the early part of their growth, the immune response is soon down-regulated, permitting progressive tumor growth. Apparently, the intrinsic plasticity of tumors allows the immune system to sculpt the immunogenic phenotypes of tumors to escape efficient immune destruction. But most evidently, several mechanisms have now been found to contribute to the failure of immune control of tumor growth. Tumor cells have a very low level of MHC class II, costimulatory molecules, and weak antigens. They also produce immune suppressive factors (VEGF, IL-10, PGE(2)) that exert systemic effects on immune cell function. In particular, disabled dendritic cell differentiation, maturation, migration, and function are fundamental to this defect, as they are the most potent antigen-presenting cells (APCs) of the immune system, interacting with T and B lymphocyte as well as NK cells to induce and modulate immune responses. In addition, tumors also alter host hematopoiesis and produce large numbers of immature dendritic cells, and evidence shows that these cells are directly immune suppressive. Harnessing the immune system for effective cancer therapy has remained a great challenge. DC-based vaccines, or DC-based vaccines in combination with treatments designed to improve the host immune environment, may offer hope for more effective cancer immunotherapy. Tumor-host interactions are an important determinant of tumor behavior and response to therapy. How tumors interact with their hosts is thus a very broad and complex topic. In this chapter, we will focus on tumor-host immune interactions and the roles of dendritic cell dysfunction in tumor avoidance of host immune responses. We will survey recent findings regarding tumor immune surveillance, antitumor host immune responses, and how the immune system also functions to promote or select tumor variants with reduced immunogenicity. We will then discuss immune suppression caused by tumors, which is clearly observed in tumor-bearing animals and cancer patients. Finally, we will discuss altered dendritic cell function and differentiation in some detail, as it is likely to be one of the most fundamental mechanisms by which tumors escape immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yang
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Department of Cancer Biology, The Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
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403
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Abstract
Human and mouse plasmacytoid dendritic cells have been shown to correspond to a specialized cell population that produces large amounts of type I interferons in response to viruses, the so-called natural interferon-producing cells. As a result, intensive investigation is now focused on the potential functions of plasmacytoid dendritic cells in both innate and adaptive immunity. Here we review recent progress on the characterization of plasmacytoid dendritic cell origin, development, migration and function in immunity and tolerance, as well as their effect on human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Colonna
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
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404
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Abstract
Malignant cells from at least 23 different types of cancer express the chemokine receptor CXCR4 and respond to its ligand CXCL12. This receptor ligand pair appears to be involved in directed migration of cancer cells to sites of metastasis, increased survival of cancer cells in sub optimal conditions and establishment of a tumour promoting cytokine/chemokine network. Preliminary data from animal models suggest that CXCR4 may be an important therapeutic target in a range of cancers. However CXCR4 plays major roles in embryogenesis, homeostasis and inflammation. This raises questions concerning the specificity of CXCR4 antagonists in the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fran Balkwill
- Translational Oncology Laboratory, Barts and The London, Queen Mary's Medical School, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.
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405
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Mantovani A, Allavena P, Sozzani S, Vecchi A, Locati M, Sica A. Chemokines in the recruitment and shaping of the leukocyte infiltrate of tumors. Semin Cancer Biol 2004; 14:155-60. [PMID: 15246050 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2003.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Leukocytes, and macrophages in particular, are an important component of the stroma of neoplastic tissues. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) have the properties of a polarized M2 population and are a key component of inflammatory circuits which promote tumor growth and progression. Chemokines play a key role in the recruitment and positioning of TAM and dendritic cells in tumors and contribute to shaping their functional properties. Chemokine-recruited and positioned tumor infiltrating leukocytes are a key component of inflammatory circuits which promote tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Mantovani
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via Eritrea 62, Milan 20157, Italy.
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406
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Kohrgruber N, Gröger M, Meraner P, Kriehuber E, Petzelbauer P, Brandt S, Stingl G, Rot A, Maurer D. Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell Recruitment by Immobilized CXCR3 Ligands. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:6592-602. [PMID: 15557149 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.11.6592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) recognize microbes, viruses in particular, and provide unique means of innate defense against them. The mechanism of pDC tissue recruitment remained enigmatic because the ligands of CXCR3, the cardinal chemokine receptor on pDCs, have failed to induce in vitro chemotaxis of pDCs in the absence of additional chemokines. In this study, we demonstrate that CXCR3 is sufficient to induce pDC migration, however, by a migratory mechanism that amalgamates the features of haptotaxis and chemorepulsion. To mediate "haptorepulsion" of pDCs, CXCR3 requires the encounter of its cognate ligands immobilized, optimally by heparan sulfate, in a form of a negative gradient. This is the first report of the absolute requirement of chemokine immobilization and presentation for its in vitro promigratory activity. The paradigmatic example of pDC haptorepulsion described here may represent a new pathophysiologically relevant migratory mechanism potentially used by other cells in response to other chemokines.
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MESH Headings
- Antigen Presentation
- Cell Adhesion/immunology
- Cell Membrane/immunology
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Cell Migration Inhibition
- Cell Movement/immunology
- Chemokine CXCL10
- Chemokine CXCL12
- Chemokines/pharmacology
- Chemokines, CXC/immunology
- Chemokines, CXC/metabolism
- Chemokines, CXC/physiology
- Dendritic Cells/cytology
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Dendritic Cells/pathology
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Endothelium, Vascular/immunology
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Heparitin Sulfate/immunology
- Heparitin Sulfate/metabolism
- Herpes Zoster/immunology
- Herpes Zoster/pathology
- Herpesvirus 3, Human/immunology
- Humans
- Interferon-alpha/pharmacology
- Ligands
- Pertussis Toxin/pharmacology
- Phosphorylation
- Protein Binding/immunology
- Receptors, CCR7
- Receptors, CXCR3
- Receptors, Chemokine/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Chemokine/physiology
- Simplexvirus/immunology
- Solubility
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Tyrosine/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Kohrgruber
- Division of Immunology, Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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407
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Mellor AL, Munn DH. IDO expression by dendritic cells: tolerance and tryptophan catabolism. Nat Rev Immunol 2004; 4:762-74. [PMID: 15459668 DOI: 10.1038/nri1457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1707] [Impact Index Per Article: 85.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is an enzyme that degrades the essential amino acid tryptophan. The concept that cells expressing IDO can suppress T-cell responses and promote tolerance is a relatively new paradigm in immunology. Considerable evidence now supports this hypothesis, including studies of mammalian pregnancy, tumour resistance, chronic infections and autoimmune diseases. In this review, we summarize key recent developments and propose a unifying model for the role of IDO in tolerance induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew L Mellor
- Program in Molecular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA.
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408
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Treilleux I, Blay JY, Bendriss-Vermare N, Ray-Coquard I, Bachelot T, Guastalla JP, Bremond A, Goddard S, Pin JJ, Barthelemy-Dubois C, Lebecque S. Dendritic cell infiltration and prognosis of early stage breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2004; 10:7466-74. [PMID: 15569976 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-04-0684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 326] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although dendritic cells (DC) and T cells can infiltrate primary breast carcinoma, it remains unclear whether the immune response influences the clinical outcome. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN T lymphocytes and DC infiltration within primary tumors was investigated in 152 patients with invasive nonmetastatic breast cancer. CD1a, CD3, CD68, CD123, CD207/Langerin, and CD208/DC-LAMP expression was assessed with semiquantitative immunohistochemical analysis. Expression of chemokines involved in DC migration (MIP-3a/CCL20, MIP-3b/CCL19, and 6Ckine/CCL21) was also examined. The correlation between these markers and the characteristics of the tumors, as well as relapse-free and overall survival was analyzed. Significant prognostic parameters were then tested in a validation series. RESULTS Infiltration by immature CD207/Langerin+ DC was found in a third of the cancers and did not correlate with clinicopathological data. Presence of mature CD208/DC-LAMP+ DC (56%) and CD3+ T cells (82%) strongly correlated with lymph node involvement and tumor grade. Among the chemokines analyzed, only the presence of MIP-3b/CCL19 in 57% of the tumors correlated with prolonged overall survival. CD123+ plasmacytoid DC (pDC) infiltrated 13% of the primary tumors. Their presence was strongly associated with shorter overall survival (93% versus 58% at 60 months) and relapse-free survival (90% versus 37% at 60 months) and was found to be an independent prognostic factor for overall survival and relapse-free survival and confirmed in an independent validation series of 103 patients. CONCLUSIONS Infiltration by pDC of primary localized breast tumor correlates with an adverse outcome, suggesting their contribution in the progression of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Treilleux
- Departments of Pathology, Medicine, Surgery, Radiotherapy and Radiology, and Equipe Cytokines et Cancers--INSERM U590 Lyon, France
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409
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Samara GJ, Lawrence DM, Chiarelli CJ, Valentino MD, Lyubsky S, Zucker S, Vaday GG. CXCR4-mediated adhesion and MMP-9 secretion in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Lett 2004; 214:231-41. [PMID: 15363550 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2004.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2004] [Accepted: 04/27/2004] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The chemokine CXCL12 (SDF-1) and its receptor, CXCR4, have been implicated in organ-specific metastases of several malignancies. Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) predominantly metastasizes to lymph nodes, and recent evidence has shown that CXCL12 stimulates HNSCC migration. We explored the potential role of CXCR4 in mediating other metastatic processes in HNSCC cells. CXCR4 mRNA and cell-surface expression was assessed in HNSCC cell lines. CXCR4 mRNA expression was detected in five HNSCC cell lines. Cell-surface CXCR4 was also detected in each of the HNSCC cell lines and in resected HNSCC tissues. CXCL12 induced rapid intracellular calcium mobilization in a metastatic HNSCC cell line (HN), as well as rapid phosphorylation of ERK-1/2. HNSCC cell adhesion to fibronectin and collagen was increased by CXCL12 treatment, while the addition of an inhibitor of ERK-1/2 signaling, PD98059, reduced the effects of CXCL12. CXCL12 also increased the active matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 secreted. Thus, HNSCC cells express functional CXCR4 receptors that induce rapid intracellular signaling upon binding to CXCL12. Such binding leads to increased HNSCC cell adhesion and MMP secretion, suggesting that CXCR4 may be a novel regulator of HNSCC metastatic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghassan J Samara
- Department of Research, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Northport, NY 11768, USA
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410
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Mohty M, Olive D, Gaugler B. Plasmacytoid DCs and cancer: a new role for an enigmatic cell. Trends Immunol 2004; 25:397-8; author reply 398-9. [PMID: 15275634 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2004.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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411
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Abstract
The results from in vitro immunological experiments, murine tumor models and patients with cancer clearly demonstrate that tumors have multiple mechanisms to evade the immune response. During the early stages of tumor development malignant cells can be poor stimulators, present poor targets or become resistant to the innate immune response, while at later stages, progressively growing tumors impair the adaptive immune response by blocking the maturation and function of APCs and causing alterations in T-cell signal transduction and function. Preliminary results also suggest a correlation between some of these changes and an increased metastatic potential of the tumor cells, a diminished response to immunotherapy, and poor prognosis. Carefully coordinated basic research studies and clinical immunotherapy trials will be required to fully determine the impact of these mechanisms of tumor evasion on the outcome of the disease and the response to treatment. However, understanding the mechanisms used by tumor cells to evade the immune system could result in new therapeutic approaches for preventing and/or reversing these immune alterations and could have the potential of improving the current results of immunotherapy trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo C Rodríguez
- Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Pediatrics Department, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans 70112, USA
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412
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Curiel TJ, Morris C, Brumlik M, Landry SJ, Finstad K, Nelson A, Joshi V, Hawkins C, Alarez X, Lackner A, Mohamadzadeh M. Peptides identified through phage display direct immunogenic antigen to dendritic cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:7425-31. [PMID: 15187120 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.12.7425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) play a critical role in adaptive immunity by presenting Ag, thereby priming naive T cells. Specific DC-binding peptides were identified using a phage display peptide library. DC-peptides were fused to hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein 3 (NS3) while preserving DC targeting selectivity and Ag immunogenicity. The NS3-DC-peptide fusion protein was efficiently presented to CD4+ and CD8+ T cells derived from hepatitis C virus-positive blood cells, inducing their activation and proliferation. This immunogenic fusion protein was significantly more potent than NS3 control fusion protein or NS3 alone. In chimeric NOD-SCID mice transplanted with human cells, DC-targeted NS3 primed naive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells for potent NS3-specific proliferation and cytokine secretion. The capacity of peptides to specifically target immunogenic Ags to DC may establish a novel strategy for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J Curiel
- Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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413
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Gordon AN, Schultes BC, Gallion H, Edwards R, Whiteside TL, Cermak JM, Nicodemus CF. CA125- and tumor-specific T-cell responses correlate with prolonged survival in oregovomab-treated recurrent ovarian cancer patients. Gynecol Oncol 2004; 94:340-51. [PMID: 15297171 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2004.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2003] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate immune responses and clinical outcomes for combined oregovomab and chemotherapy treatment of patients with recurrent ovarian cancer. METHODS Patients with advanced recurrent ovarian cancer were administered oregovomab over 12 weeks before chemotherapy, then optionally concurrent with chemotherapy x 2. Antibody responses, including human anti-mouse antibody (HAMA), anti-idiotypic antibody (Ab2) and anti-CA125, were assessed by ELISA; T-cell responses to CA125, autologous tumor and oregovomab by interferon (IFN)-gamma enzyme-linked immunoSPOT (ELISPOT) were also evaluated. Clinical outcomes were recorded. RESULTS Twenty patients were enrolled; median follow-up was 15.8 months. Oregovomab was well tolerated and did not produce drug-related serious adverse reactions. In 15/19 (79%) patients, robust treatment-emergent humoral responses were observed to the constant (HAMA) and variable region (Ab2) of oregovomab, and 2/19 (11%) patients developed anti-CA125 antibodies. Significant increases in T-cell responses were measured in 7/18 (39%) patients in response to CA125, in 5/8 (63%) patients in response to autologous tumor and in 9/18 (50%) patients in response to oregovomab. Immune responses appeared by week 12 (four doses) and were generally maintained or augmented in patients continuing combined treatment with oregovomab and chemotherapy. Median survival was 70.4 weeks (4.6-141.6 weeks), and the median progression-free interval was 11 weeks (2.6-114.6 weeks). Patients who mounted a T-cell response to CA125 and/or autologous tumor showed significantly improved survival (median not reached vs. 51.9 weeks, P = 0.002) compared to patients who did not. CONCLUSIONS Oregovomab was well tolerated and induced multiple antigen-specific immune responses, maintained during concomitant chemotherapy. A significant survival benefit was observed in patients mounting a T-cell response to CA125 and/or autologous tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan N Gordon
- U.S. Oncology, Texas Oncology PA, Dallas, TX 75246, USA.
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414
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Krug A, French AR, Barchet W, Fischer JAA, Dzionek A, Pingel JT, Orihuela MM, Akira S, Yokoyama WM, Colonna M. TLR9-dependent recognition of MCMV by IPC and DC generates coordinated cytokine responses that activate antiviral NK cell function. Immunity 2004; 21:107-19. [PMID: 15345224 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2004.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 497] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2003] [Revised: 05/06/2004] [Accepted: 05/19/2004] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Natural interferon-producing cells (IPC) respond to viruses by secreting type I interferon (IFN) and interleukin-12 (IL-12). Toll-like receptor (TLR) 9 mediates IPC recognition of some of these viruses in vitro. However, whether TLR9-induced activation of IPC is necessary for an effective antiviral response in vivo is not clear. Here, we demonstrate that IPC and dendritic cells (DC) recognize murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) through TLR9. TLR9-mediated cytokine secretion promotes viral clearance by NK cells that express the MCMV-specific receptor Ly49H. Although depletion of IPC leads to a drastic reduction of the IFN-alpha response, this allows other cell types to secrete IL-12, ensuring normal IFN-gamma and NK cell responses to MCMV. We conclude that the TLR9/MyD88 pathway mediates antiviral cytokine responses by IPC, DC, and possibly other cell types, which are coordinated to promote effective NK cell function and MCMV clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Krug
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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415
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Affiliation(s)
- Jukka Vakkila
- Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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416
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Curiel TJ, Coukos G, Zou L, Alvarez X, Cheng P, Mottram P, Evdemon-Hogan M, Conejo-Garcia JR, Zhang L, Burow M, Zhu Y, Wei S, Kryczek I, Daniel B, Gordon A, Myers L, Lackner A, Disis ML, Knutson KL, Chen L, Zou W. Specific recruitment of regulatory T cells in ovarian carcinoma fosters immune privilege and predicts reduced survival. Nat Med 2004; 10:942-9. [PMID: 15322536 DOI: 10.1038/nm1093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3737] [Impact Index Per Article: 186.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2004] [Accepted: 07/29/2004] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T (T(reg)) cells mediate homeostatic peripheral tolerance by suppressing autoreactive T cells. Failure of host antitumor immunity may be caused by exaggerated suppression of tumor-associated antigen-reactive lymphocytes mediated by T(reg) cells; however, definitive evidence that T(reg) cells have an immunopathological role in human cancer is lacking. Here we show, in detailed studies of CD4(+)CD25(+)FOXP3(+) T(reg) cells in 104 individuals affected with ovarian carcinoma, that human tumor T(reg) cells suppress tumor-specific T cell immunity and contribute to growth of human tumors in vivo. We also show that tumor T(reg) cells are associated with a high death hazard and reduced survival. Human T(reg) cells preferentially move to and accumulate in tumors and ascites, but rarely enter draining lymph nodes in later cancer stages. Tumor cells and microenvironmental macrophages produce the chemokine CCL22, which mediates trafficking of T(reg) cells to the tumor. This specific recruitment of T(reg) cells represents a mechanism by which tumors may foster immune privilege. Thus, blocking T(reg) cell migration or function may help to defeat human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J Curiel
- Tulane University Health Science Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
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417
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Curiel TJ, Cheng P, Mottram P, Alvarez X, Moons L, Evdemon-Hogan M, Wei S, Zou L, Kryczek I, Hoyle G, Lackner A, Carmeliet P, Zou W. Dendritic Cell Subsets Differentially Regulate Angiogenesis in Human Ovarian Cancer. Cancer Res 2004; 64:5535-8. [PMID: 15313886 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-1272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is essential for both primary and metastatic tumor growth. Tumor blood vessel formation is complex and regulated by many factors. Ovarian carcinomas have a poor prognosis, often associated with multifocal intraperitoneal dissemination accompanied by intense neovascularization. To examine tumor angiogenesis in the tumor microenvironment, we studied malignant ascites of patients with untreated ovarian carcinoma. We observed high numbers of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDCs) and significant stromal-derived factor (CXCL-12/SDF)-1 in their malignant ascites, attracting PDCs into the tumor environment. We now show that tumor-associated PDCs induced angiogenesis in vivo through production of tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin 8. By contrast, myeloid dendritic cells (MDCs) were absent from malignant ascites. MDCs derived in vitro suppressed angiogenesis in vivo through production of interleukin 12. Thus, the tumor may attract PDCs to augment angiogenesis while excluding MDCs to prevent angiogenesis inhibition, demonstrating a novel mechanism for modulating tumor neovascularization. Because dendritic cells (DCs) have long been known to affect tumor immunity, our data also implicate DCs in regulation of tumor neoangiogenesis, suggesting a novel role of DCs in tumor pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J Curiel
- Tulane University Health Science Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
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418
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Bendriss-Vermare N, Chaperot L, Peoc'h M, Vanbervliet B, Jacob MC, Briere F, Bensa JC, Caux C, Plumas J. In situ leukemic plasmacytoid dendritic cells pattern of chemokine receptors expression and in vitro migratory response. Leukemia 2004; 18:1491-8. [PMID: 15284853 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2403452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cell (PDC) leukemia/lymphoma is a rare neoplasm presenting cutaneous lesions at the time of diagnosis, followed by dissemination to bone marrow, lymph nodes, and other lymphoid and nonlymphoid organs. Since these leukemic counterparts of human PDC are similar to normal PDC, we studied their chemokine receptor equipment and their migratory capacities. We found both in skin lesions and in invaded lymph nodes an expression by tumor cells of CXCR3, CXCR4, and CCR7, and the concomitant expression by cells in the microenvironment of their respective ligands CXCL9, CXCL12, and CCL19. Moreover, flow cytometry phenotype of leukemic PDC (LPDC) revealed an unexpected expression of CCR6. We show that fresh tumor cells are able to migrate in response to CXCR4, CCR2, CCR5, CCR6, and CCR7 ligands, and the ability of CXCR3 ligands to increase the responsiveness to CXCL12. IL-3- or virus-induced activation of LPDC leads to downregulation of CXCR3 and CXCR4, and upregulation of CCR7, associated with the loss of response to CXCL12, and the acquisition of sensitivity to CCL19. Altogether, these results suggest that the preferential accumulation of LPDC in the skin or lymph nodes could be orchestrated by CXCR3, CXCR4, CCR6, and CCR7 ligands, found in nontumoral structures of invaded organs.
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419
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van Hogerlinden M, Rozell BL, Toftgård R, Sundberg JP. Characterization of the progressive skin disease and inflammatory cell infiltrate in mice with inhibited NF-kappaB signaling. J Invest Dermatol 2004; 123:101-8. [PMID: 15191549 DOI: 10.1111/j.0022-202x.2004.22706.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A growth inhibitory role in skin development for the NF-kappaB proteins has been established in recent years. We have previously shown that inhibition of NF-kappaB by overexpression of degradation-resistant IkappaB-alpha in the skin results in the development of squamous cell carcinomas (SCC). In this paper, we characterize the progressive skin disease leading to cancer development in mice with inhibited NF-kappaB signaling in the skin. Increased proliferation and a strong inflammatory response were evident in transgenic skin. A mixed inflammatory cell infiltrate dominated by polymorphonuclear leukocytes was observed in concurrence with an upregulation of the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha. This genetically engineered mouse mutation may be a useful tool to test the efficacy of cytokine therapies for SCC in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max van Hogerlinden
- Department of Bioscience at Novum, Karolinska Institutet, NOVUM, Huddinge, Sweden.
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420
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O'Neill DW, Adams S, Bhardwaj N. Manipulating dendritic cell biology for the active immunotherapy of cancer. Blood 2004; 104:2235-46. [PMID: 15231572 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2003-12-4392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are specialized antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that have an unequaled capacity to initiate primary immune responses, including tolerogenic responses. Because of the importance of DCs in the induction and control of immunity, an understanding of their biology is central to the development of potent immunotherapies for cancer, chronic infections, autoimmune disease, and induction of transplantation tolerance. This review discusses recent advances in DC research and the application of this knowledge toward new strategies for the clinical manipulation of DCs for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W O'Neill
- New York University School of Medicine, 550 1st Ave, MSB 507, New York, NY 10016, USA
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421
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Affiliation(s)
- Fran Balkwill
- Cancer Research UK Translational Oncology Laboratory, Barts and The London, Queen Mary's Medical School, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.
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422
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Yoneyama H, Matsuno K, Zhang Y, Nishiwaki T, Kitabatake M, Ueha S, Narumi S, Morikawa S, Ezaki T, Lu B, Gerard C, Ishikawa S, Matsushima K. Evidence for recruitment of plasmacytoid dendritic cell precursors to inflamed lymph nodes through high endothelial venules. Int Immunol 2004; 16:915-28. [PMID: 15159375 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxh093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recruitment of dendritic cells (DCs) to lymph nodes (LNs) is pivotal to the establishment of immune response. Whereas DCs have been proven to undergo afferent lymphatic pathway to enter LNs from peripheral tissues, a question remains if DCs also migrate into LNs directly from the circulation. Here we demonstrate that plasmacytoid DC (pDC) precursors can transmigrate across high endothelial venules (HEVs) of inflamed LNs in mice. Bacterial infection induces a significant number of pDC and myeloid DC (mDC) precursors into the circulation. Both subsets express a common set of chemokine receptors except CXCR3, display parallel mobilization into the blood, but show distinct trafficking pathway to the LNs. In a short-term homing assay, whereas mDC precursors migrate to peripheral tissues and subsequently to draining LNs, pDC precursors directly enter the LNs in a CXCL9 and E-selectin dependent manner. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha controls not only DC precursor mobilization into the blood but also chemokine up-regulation on LN HEVs. A similar trafficking pathway is observed also in viral infection, and CXCR3(-/-) mice-derived pDC precursors show defective trans-HEV migration. This study clarifies the inflammation-dependent, chemokine-driven distinct property of DC precursor trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Yoneyama
- Department of Molecular Preventive Medicine & SORST, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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423
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Vicari AP, Treilleux I, Lebecque S. Regulation of the trafficking of tumour-infiltrating dendritic cells by chemokines. Semin Cancer Biol 2004; 14:161-9. [PMID: 15246051 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2003.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
To anticipate and initiate immune responses, dendritic cells follow a migratory route from their recruitment as sentinels into tissues, including solid tumors, then to secondary lymphoid organs where they profile the immune response. Migratory capacities--and especially chemokine responsiveness--are therefore key elements in dendritic cell biology. Here, we will review our current knowledge about tumour-infiltrating dendritic cells and the chemokine-driven migration flows in and out from tumors. Then we will discuss the consequences of the interactions between dendritic cells and tumors and the perspectives for translating our experimental knowledge of manipulating dendritic cell migratory flows into anti-cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain P Vicari
- Schering-Plough Laboratory for Immunological Research, 27 chemin des Peupliers, Dardilly 69571, France.
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424
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Lind MH, Rozell B, Wallin RPA, van Hogerlinden M, Ljunggren HG, Toftgård R, Sur I. Tumor necrosis factor receptor 1-mediated signaling is required for skin cancer development induced by NF-kappaB inhibition. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:4972-7. [PMID: 15044707 PMCID: PMC387358 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0307106101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
NF-kappaB signaling plays an important role in skin development and epidermal growth control. Moreover, inhibition of NF-kappaB signaling in murine epidermal keratinocytes in vivo, by expression of a keratin 5 (K5)-directed superrepressor form of inhibitor of NF-kappaB (IkappaBalpha), results in an inflammatory response characterized by a massive dermal infiltration of neutrophils, epidermal hyperplasia, and a rapid development of aneuploid squamous cell carcinomas (SCC). We now show that by crossing K5-IkappaBalpha mice onto a tumor necrosis factor receptor 1(Tnfr1)-null background, both the inflammatory and the tumorigenic responses are blocked. The specificity of the block is illustrated by the fact that K5-IkappaBalpha mice lacking the IL-1 receptor type 1 (Il1r1) develop inflammation and squamous cell carcinomas. Reconstitution of lethally irradiated K5-IkappaBalpha/Tnfr1(-/-) mice with Tnfr1(+/-) bone-marrow does not induce the inflammatory or the tumorigenic phenotype, indicating a critical dependence on Tnfr1-mediated signaling in skin cells or nonimmune cells. Our results suggest a critical role of local Tnfr1-mediated signaling and associated inflammatory response cooperating with repressed keratinocyte NF-kappaB signaling in driving skin cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria H Lind
- Department of Bioscience, Clinical Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Novum, SE-141 57 Huddinge, Sweden
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425
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Li Q, Pan PY, Gu P, Xu D, Chen SH. Role of immature myeloid Gr-1+ cells in the development of antitumor immunity. Cancer Res 2004; 64:1130-9. [PMID: 14871848 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-03-1715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
One of the mechanisms by which tumor cells evade the immune system is the lack of proper antigen-presenting cells. Improvement in host immunity against tumor cells can be achieved by promoting the differentiation of dendritic cells (DCs) from immature myeloid cells (Gr-1(+)Ly-6C(+)F4/80(+)) that accumulate in the bone marrow and lymphoid organs of mice with large tumor burdens. The enriched immature myeloid cells inhibit T-cell proliferation and tumor-specific T-cell response, which can be reversed by the differentiation of immature myeloid cells or depletion of F4/80(+) cells. Sorted Gr-1(+)/F4/80(+) immature myeloid cells differentiated into CD11c(+) cells that express CD80 and I-A/I-E (MHC class II) in the presence of recombinant murine granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). Furthermore, intratumoral gene delivery of GM-CSF not only promoted the differentiation of carboxyfluoroscein succinimidyl ester-labeled immature myeloid cells into CD11c(+) cells with the characteristics of mature DCs (CD80(+), I-A/I-E(+)) but also enhanced innate natural killer and adaptive cytolytic T-cell activities in mice treated with interleukin (IL)-12 and anti-4-1BB combination therapy. More importantly, intratumoral delivery of GM-CSF and IL-12 genes in combination with 4-1BB costimulation greatly improved the long-term survival rate of mice bearing large tumors and eradicated the untreated existing hepatic tumor. The results suggest that inducing the maturation of immature myeloid cells, thus preventing their inhibitory activity and enhancing their antigen-presenting capability, by GM-CSF gene therapy is a critically important step in the development of effective antitumor responses in hosts with advanced tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingsheng Li
- Carl C. Icahn Institute for Gene Therapy and Molecular Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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426
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Mohamadzadeh M, Luftig R. Dendritic cells: In the forefront of immunopathogenesis and vaccine development - A review. JOURNAL OF IMMUNE BASED THERAPIES AND VACCINES 2004; 2:1. [PMID: 14720301 PMCID: PMC324568 DOI: 10.1186/1476-8518-2-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2003] [Accepted: 01/13/2004] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cellls (DCs) comprise an essential component of the immune system. These cells, as antigen presenting cells (APCs) to naïve T cells, are crucial in the initiation of antigen specific immune responses. In the past years, several DC subsets have been identified in different organs which exert different effects in order to elicit adaptive immune responses. Thus, identification of such DC subsets has led to a better understanding of their distribution and function in the body. In this review, several key properties of the immunobiology, immunopathogenesis and vaccine strategies using DCs will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansour Mohamadzadeh
- Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Science Center, New Orleans, USA
| | - Ronald Luftig
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University, New Orleans, USA
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427
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Oonuma T, Morimatsu M, Nakagawa T, Uyama R, Sasaki N, Nakaichi M, Tamamura H, Fujii N, Hashimoto S, Yamamura H, Syuto B. Role of CXCR4 and SDF-1 in mammary tumor metastasis in the cat. J Vet Med Sci 2004; 65:1069-73. [PMID: 14600343 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.65.1069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
It has recently been suggested that the chemokine receptor CXCR4 and its ligand SDF-1 (CXCL12) promote metastasis of various cancers in humans. Since feline mammary tumors also metastasize to distant organs frequently, we used real-time quantitative PCR to examine the expression of feline CXCR4 (fCXCR4) in ten feline mammary tumor cell lines and seven feline mammary tumor tissues, and also the expression of feline SDF-1 (fSDF-1) in various organs. Cell lines derived from metastatic regions expressed more fCXCR4 than those derived from primary tumors. Mammary tumor tissues overexpressed more fCXCR4 than normal mammary tissues. Organs with high levels of fSDF-1 expression represent common sites of metastasis. Migration assays using the feline mammary tumor cell line NAC were also performed to test the activity of TN14003 and TC14012, antagonists of human CXCR4, to antagonize fCXCR4 expressed on NAC cells. TN14003 and TC14012 inhibited migration of NAC cells. We conclude that fCXCR4 may be a therapeutic target for feline mammary tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshina Oonuma
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
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428
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Blasius A, Vermi W, Krug A, Facchetti F, Cella M, Colonna M. A cell-surface molecule selectively expressed on murine natural interferon-producing cells that blocks secretion of interferon-alpha. Blood 2003; 103:4201-6. [PMID: 14695235 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2003-09-3108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural interferon (IFN)-producing cells (IPCs) recognize certain viruses and DNA containing deoxycytidylate-phosphatedeoxyguanylate (CpG) motifs through the toll-like receptor (TLR) 9, resulting in secretion of IFN-alpha, interleukin 12 (IL-12), and proinflammatory chemokines. Human IPCs are found mainly in inflamed lymph nodes, where they are presumably recruited from the blood to activate both innate and adaptive responses to microbial infections. Demonstrating IPC recruitment and function in murine infection models has been difficult because multiple antibodies are required to distinguish IPCs from other immune cells and very few IPCs can be recovered from lymph nodes. Here we describe a monoclonal antibody (mAb) that exclusively detects murine IPCs in all lymphoid organs under both normal and inflammatory conditions. Using this antibody, we demonstrate that IPCs are normally present in the T-cell zone of lymph nodes and spleen and that inoculation of peripheral tissues with inflammatory stimuli triggers recruitment of IPC into sentinel lymph nodes, whether the stimuli are able to directly stimulate IPCs through TLR or not. Remarkably, we show that incubation of IPCs with the antibody in vitro or administration of the antibody in vivo dramatically reduce secretion of IFN-alpha in response to CpG DNA without causing IPC depletion. Thus, the antibody identifies an IPC-specific surface molecule that, when engaged, inhibits IFN-alpha secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Blasius
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid, Box 8118, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
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429
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Duramad O, Fearon KL, Chan JH, Kanzler H, Marshall JD, Coffman RL, Barrat FJ. IL-10 regulates plasmacytoid dendritic cell response to CpG-containing immunostimulatory sequences. Blood 2003; 102:4487-92. [PMID: 12946990 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2003-07-2465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunostimulatory sequences (ISS) are short oligonucleotides containing unmethylated cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) dinucleotides that stimulate innate immune responses through Toll-like receptor-9 on B cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cell (PDC) precursors. The anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-10 is predicted to be a potent inhibitor of many of the activities described for ISS, and this may impact the use of ISS in disease states characterized by elevated IL-10. As the activities of ISS on PDCs are central to many clinical applications of ISS, we have studied the effects of IL-10 on PDC stimulation by 3 distinct classes of ISS. IL-10 inhibited cytokine production and survival of ISS-activated PDCs; however, IL-12 induction was much more sensitive to inhibition than interferon (IFN)-alpha induction. Within the PDC population are cells that respond to ISS by producing either IL-12 or IFN-alpha but not both cytokines. IL-12-producing PDCs require costimulation through CD40 and appear more mature than IFN-alpha-producing PDCs. The 3 distinct classes of ISS differed with respect to induction of PDC maturation and T-cell priming capacity. IL-10 regulated PDC activation but did not inhibit the subsequent T-cell-priming ability of PDCs already activated by ISS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Duramad
- Dynavax Technologies, 717 Potter St, Ste 100, Berkeley, CA 94710, USA
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430
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Yao L, Salvucci O, Cardones AR, Hwang ST, Aoki Y, De La Luz Sierra M, Sajewicz A, Pittaluga S, Yarchoan R, Tosato G. Selective expression of stromal-derived factor-1 in the capillary vascular endothelium plays a role in Kaposi sarcoma pathogenesis. Blood 2003; 102:3900-5. [PMID: 12907452 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2003-02-0641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi sarcoma (KS), the most common neoplasm in patients with AIDS, typically presents with multiple skin lesions characterized by "spindle cells," the vast majority of which are infected with KSHV (Kaposi sarcoma herpes virus, also named HHV-8). In patients with AIDS, the presence of cell-associated KSHV DNA in blood is predictive of subsequent KS development, but the mechanisms by which circulating KSHV-infected cells contribute to AIDS-KS pathogenesis are unclear. Here, we show that the chemokine stromal-derived factor-1 (SDF-1), which is constitutively expressed by skin capillary endothelium and displayed on the endothelial cell surface in association with heparan sulfate, can trigger specific arrest of KSHV-infected cells under physiologic shear flow conditions. Moreover, in the presence of soluble SDF-1 gradients, SDF-1 expressed on the endothelial barrier can promote transendothelial migration of KSHV-infected cells. By triggering specific adhesion of circulating KSHV-infected cells and favoring their entry into the extravascular cutaneous space, endothelial cell-associated SDF-1 in cutaneous capillaries may dictate the preferential occurrence of KS in the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yao
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, CCR, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bldg 10, Rm 12N226, MSC 1907, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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431
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Facchetti F, Vermi W, Santoro A, Vergoni F, Chilosi M, Doglioni C. Neoplasms Derived From Plasmacytoid Monocytes/Interferon-Producing Cells: Variability of CD56 and Granzyme B Expression. Am J Surg Pathol 2003; 27:1489-92; author reply 1492-3. [PMID: 14576486 DOI: 10.1097/00000478-200311000-00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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432
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Kiertscher SM, Gitlitz BJ, Figlin RA, Roth MD. Granulocyte/macrophage-colony stimulating factor and interleukin-4 expand and activate type-1 dendritic cells (DC1) when administered in vivo to cancer patients. Int J Cancer 2003; 107:256-61. [PMID: 12949803 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.11379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Two rare populations of cells with the features of dendritic cell precursors (preDC) can be identified in human peripheral blood. PreDC1 are HLA-DR+/CD11c+ cells which mature into DC1 capable of stimulating Th1 responses. In contrast, preDC2 are HLA-DR+/CD11c-/CD123+ cells that promote Th2 responses when matured into DC2. We hypothesized that administration of GM-CSF and IL-4, growth factors for DC1, would specifically augment the number and function of circulating DC1 in vivo. Patients with advanced metastatic cancer were treated with GM-CSF (2.5 microg/kg/day) and IL-4 (4 or 6 microg/kg/day) for 7 days. Cytokine administration at the highest IL-4 dose produced an average 2.3-fold increase in preDC2 number, but a 6.5-fold increase in preDC1, resulting in an increased ratio of circulating preDC1:preDC2 from 1.4:1 pre-treatment to 4.3:1 after cytokine therapy. DC1 precursors identified after in vivo therapy were larger, more complex and expressed higher levels of HLA-DR, CD11c and CD80 than pre-treatment cells. DC1 isolated from the peripheral blood of patients receiving GM-CSF/IL-4 therapy demonstrated MLR activity comparable to that of monocyte-derived DC generated in vitro from the patients' pre-treatment blood using GM-CSF and IL-4. We conclude that systemic administration of GM-CSF and IL-4 preferentially expands and matures the preDC1 population in vivo. These effects correlate with antigen-presenting activity, providing a mechanism by which systemic GM-CSF and IL-4 might stimulate anti-tumor immunity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia M Kiertscher
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1690, USA.
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433
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Facchetti F, Vermi W, Mason D, Colonna M. The plasmacytoid monocyte/interferon producing cells. Virchows Arch 2003; 443:703-17. [PMID: 14586652 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-003-0918-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2003] [Accepted: 09/15/2003] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Facchetti
- Department of Pathology, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
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434
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Schnurr M, Toy T, Shin A, Hartmann G, Rothenfusser S, Soellner J, Davis ID, Cebon J, Maraskovsky E. Role of adenosine receptors in regulating chemotaxis and cytokine production of plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Blood 2003; 103:1391-7. [PMID: 14551144 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2003-06-1959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDCs) are potent regulators of immune function and the major source of type I interferon (IFN) following viral infection. PDCs are found at sites of inflammation in allergic reactions, autoimmune disorders, and cancer, but the mechanisms leading to the recruitment of PDCs to these sites remain elusive. During inflammation, adenosine is released and functions as a signaling molecule via adenosine receptors. This study analyzes adenosine receptor expression and function in human PDCs. Adenosine was found to be a potent chemotactic stimulus for immature PDCs via an A(1) receptor-mediated mechanism. The migratory response toward adenosine was comparable to that seen with CXCL12 (stromal-derived factor-1 alpha [SDF-1 alpha), the most potent chemotactic stimulus identified thus far for immature PDCs. Upon maturation, PDCs down-regulate the A(1) receptor, resulting in a loss of migratory function. In contrast, mature PDCs up-regulate the A(2a) receptor, which is positively coupled to adenylyl cyclase and has been implicated in the down-regulation of DC cytokine-producing capacity. We show that in mature PDCs adenosine reduces interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-12, and IFN-alpha production in response to CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN). These findings indicate that adenosine may play a dual role in PDC-mediated immunity by initially recruiting immature PDCs to sites of inflammation and by subsequently limiting the extent of the inflammatory response induced by mature PDCs by inhibiting their cytokine-producing capacity.
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MESH Headings
- Adenosine/pharmacology
- Calcium/metabolism
- Chemotaxis/immunology
- Cyclic AMP/metabolism
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Cytosol/metabolism
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Humans
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- Receptor, Adenosine A1/genetics
- Receptor, Adenosine A1/immunology
- Receptor, Adenosine A1/metabolism
- Receptor, Adenosine A2A/genetics
- Receptor, Adenosine A2A/immunology
- Receptor, Adenosine A2A/metabolism
- Receptor, Adenosine A2B/genetics
- Receptor, Adenosine A2B/immunology
- Receptor, Adenosine A2B/metabolism
- Receptor, Adenosine A3/genetics
- Receptor, Adenosine A3/immunology
- Receptor, Adenosine A3/metabolism
- Receptors, Purinergic P1/genetics
- Receptors, Purinergic P1/immunology
- Receptors, Purinergic P1/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Schnurr
- Ludwig Institute Oncology Unit, Melbourne Tumour Biology Branch, Austin and Repatriation Medical Centre, Studley Rd, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia
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435
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Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) have historically been viewed as a group of functionally homogeneous cell types that act to stimulate Ag-specific immune responses after migrating to secondary lymphoid organs. DC patterns of chemokine responsiveness have generally been viewed as similar among DC subtypes. Here we discuss recent studies that challenge this view by demonstrating that DC subtypes differ in their response to specific chemokines, their migration patterns, and their capacity to stimulate or inhibit immune response. Thus, individual chemokines may act to regulate the character, strength, and duration of Ag-specific immune responses in a manner that has not previously been appreciated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Dee Gunn
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, and Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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436
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Kaser A, Kaser S, Kaneider NC, Enrich B, Wiedermann CJ, Tilg H. Interleukin-18 attracts plasmacytoid dendritic cells (DC2s) and promotes Th1 induction by DC2s through IL-18 receptor expression. Blood 2003; 103:648-55. [PMID: 14504095 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2002-07-2322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In vivo evidence suggests that interleukin-18 (IL-18) shapes the development of adaptive immunity toward T-helper cell type 1 (Th1) responses. Monocyte-derived dendritic cells 1 (DC1s) preferentially induce a Th1 response, while plasmacytoid DC-derived DC2s have been linked to a Th2 response. We analyzed the role of IL-18 during the initiation phase of a Th response in vitro to elucidate the basis of these in vivo observations. IL-18 was constitutively released from DC1s, but not DC2s. Neutralization of IL-18 in coculture experiments of DC1s with allogeneic naive T lymphocytes did not alter the Th1/Th2 phenotype, while anti-IL-12 efficiently down-regulated the Th1 response. Unexpectedly, IL-18 receptor (IL-18R) alpha and beta chains were expressed on DC2 lineage. IL-18R expression was functional, as IL-18 induced chemotaxis in plasmacytoid DCs (pre-DC2s) and enhanced the allostimulatory capacity of IL-3-differentiated DC2s. Pre-DC2s exposed to IL-18 skewed the development of Th cells toward Th1 in coculture experiments of DC2s and allogeneic naive T cells, which was inhibited by IL-12 p70 neutralization. IL-18 might have a profound role during the initiation phase of an immune response by recruiting pre-DC2s and modulating the function of DC2s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Kaser
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital Innsbruck, Anichstr 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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437
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Knutson KL, Curiel TJ, Salazar L, Disis ML. Immunologic principles and immunotherapeutic approaches in ovarian cancer. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2003; 17:1051-73. [PMID: 12959191 DOI: 10.1016/s0889-8588(03)00064-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is an immunogenic tumor, and numerous antigens have been identified in recent years. Several of these antigens are important in regulating tumor growth and may be ideal targets for the development of immune-based strategies. In the absence of immunologic intervention, tumors evade the immune system by several mechanisms, most notably tolerance and immunosuppression. As understanding of the immune response improves, strategies are being designed to circumvent T-cell tolerance to self-antigens through modulation of APC function. In addition, techniques are being developed to identify reverse ovarian cancer-induced immune evasion tactics. The type of the immune-based therapy to apply varies with disease burden. It is hoped that discoveries at the bench along with lessons learned in prior clinical trials soon will allow clinicians to develop rationally based immunologic strategies to treat and prevent ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith L Knutson
- Tumor Vaccine Group, 1959 Northeast Pacific Street, Box 356527, HSB BB1321, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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438
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Béné MC, Feuillard J, Jacob MC. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells: from the plasmacytoid T-cell to type 2 dendritic cells CD4+CD56+ malignancies. Semin Hematol 2003; 40:257-66. [PMID: 12876674 DOI: 10.1016/s0037-1963(03)00139-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent identification of CD4(+)CD56(+) malignancies as pathological counterparts of the precursors of type 2 dendritic cells (DC2) has shed new light on a leukocyte lineage that long remained elusive. This review retraces how knowledge evolved, through careful examination and analysis of both normal lymphoid tissue and rare proliferative diseases, from plasmacytoid T cells to plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) and then DC2. The functions of these cells and their key role at the crossroads of innate and cognitive immunity are also discussed. The major characteristics of DC2 malignancies are summarized and compared to natural killer cell (NK) lymphomas, another type of proliferative disease sharing the expression of CD56.
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439
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Arpinati M, Chirumbolo G, Urbini B, Perrone G, Rondelli D, Anasetti C. Role of plasmacytoid dendritic cells in immunity and tolerance after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Transpl Immunol 2003; 11:345-56. [PMID: 12967787 DOI: 10.1016/s0966-3274(03)00055-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) may play an important role in the pathogenesis of alloimmune reactions, such as graft-vs.-host disease after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). In humans, two types of DC-myeloid DC (mDC) and plasmacytoid DC (pDC) have been characterized and have distinct origins and functions. The data obtained from studies in vitro suggest that pDC are involved in the regulation of immunity, including the induction and maintenance of tolerance, as well as in the defence against viruses. The authors will review all the evidence currently available from reports exploring the role of pDC in clinical allogeneic HSCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Arpinati
- Centro di Ricerca sull'Immunologia dei Trapianti, Istituto di Ematologia e Oncologia Medica Seragnoli, Universita' di Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, Bologna 40138, Italy.
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440
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Vermi W, Bonecchi R, Facchetti F, Bianchi D, Sozzani S, Festa S, Berenzi A, Cella M, Colonna M. Recruitment of immature plasmacytoid dendritic cells (plasmacytoid monocytes) and myeloid dendritic cells in primary cutaneous melanomas. J Pathol 2003; 200:255-68. [PMID: 12754747 DOI: 10.1002/path.1344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The present study has analysed the distribution and phenotype of dendritic cells (DCs) in primary cutaneous melanomas and sentinel lymph nodes by immunohistochemistry. In primary melanomas, an increase of DCs was found in the epidermis and the peritumoural area. Intraepidermal DCs were mostly CD1a(+)/Langerin(+) Langerhans cells. Peritumoural DCs included a large population of DC-SIGN(+)/mannose-receptor(+)/CD1a(-) DCs, a small subset of CD1a(+) DCs, and, remarkably, plasmacytoid monocytes/plasmacytoid DCs (PM/PDCs). The PM/PDCs, most likely recruited by SDF-1 secreted by melanoma cells, produced type I interferon (IFN-I), but the expression of the IFN-alpha inducible protein MxA was extremely variable and very limited in the majority of cases. All DC subsets were predominantly immature. The peritumoural area also contained a minor subset of mature CD1a(+) DCs. However, the small amount of local interleukin (IL)-12 p40 mRNA and the naïve phenotype of 20-50% of peritumoural T-lymphocytes are consistent with poor T-cell stimulation or erroneous recruitment. In sentinel lymph nodes, notable expansion of mature CD1a(+)/Langerin(+) DCs was observed. The paucity of intratumoural DCs and the predominant immature phenotype of peritumoural dermal DCs indicate defective maturation of primary cutaneous melanoma-associated DCs, resulting in lack of T-cell priming. These results may explain why melanoma cells grow despite the presence of infiltrating immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Vermi
- Department of Pathology, University of Brescia, Brescia, 25124 Brescia, Italy
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441
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Curiel TJ, Wei S, Dong H, Alvarez X, Cheng P, Mottram P, Krzysiek R, Knutson KL, Daniel B, Zimmermann MC, David O, Burow M, Gordon A, Dhurandhar N, Myers L, Berggren R, Hemminki A, Alvarez RD, Emilie D, Curiel DT, Chen L, Zou W. Blockade of B7-H1 improves myeloid dendritic cell-mediated antitumor immunity. Nat Med 2003; 9:562-7. [PMID: 12704383 DOI: 10.1038/nm863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 959] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2002] [Accepted: 03/18/2003] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Suppression of dendritic cell function in cancer patients is thought to contribute to the inhibition of immune responses and disease progression. Molecular mechanisms of this suppression remain elusive, however. Here, we show that a fraction of blood monocyte-derived myeloid dendritic cells (MDCs) express B7-H1, a member of the B7 family, on the cell surface. B7-H1 could be further upregulated by tumor environmental factors. Consistent with this finding, virtually all MDCs isolated from the tissues or draining lymph nodes of ovarian carcinomas express B7-H1. Blockade of B7-H1 enhanced MDC-mediated T-cell activation and was accompanied by downregulation of T-cell interleukin (IL)-10 and upregulation of IL-2 and interferon (IFN)-gamma. T cells conditioned with the B7-H1-blocked MDCs had a more potent ability to inhibit autologous human ovarian carcinoma growth in non-obese diabetic-severe combined immunodeficient (NOD-SCID) mice. Therefore, upregulation of B7-H1 on MDCs in the tumor microenvironment downregulates T-cell immunity. Blockade of B7-H1 represents one approach for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J Curiel
- Tulane University Health Science Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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442
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Broxmeyer HE, Kohli L, Kim CH, Lee Y, Mantel C, Cooper S, Hangoc G, Shaheen M, Li X, Clapp DW. Stromal cell-derived factor-1/CXCL12 directly enhances survival/antiapoptosis of myeloid progenitor cells through CXCR4 and G(alpha)i proteins and enhances engraftment of competitive, repopulating stem cells. J Leukoc Biol 2003; 73:630-8. [PMID: 12714578 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1002495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1/CXCL12) enhances survival of myeloid progenitor cells. The two main questions addressed by us were whether these effects on the progenitors were direct-acting and if SDF-1/CXCL12 enhanced engrafting capability of competitive, repopulating mouse stem cells subjected to short-term ex vivo culture with other growth factors. SDF-1/CXCL12 had survival-enhancing/antiapoptosis effects on human bone marrow (BM) and cord blood (CB) and mouse BM colony-forming units (CFU)-granulocyte macrophage, burst-forming units-erythroid, and CFU-granulocyte-erythroid-macrophage-megakaryocyte with similar dose responses. The survival effects were direct-acting, as assessed on colony formation by single isolated human BM and CB CD34(+++) cells. Effects were mediated through CXCR4 and G(alpha)i proteins. Moreover, SDF-1/CXCL12 greatly enhanced the engrafting capability of mouse long-term, marrow-competitive, repopulating stem cells cultured ex vivo with interleukin-6 and steel factor for 48 h. These results extend information on the survival effects mediated through the SDF-1/CXCL12-CXCR4 axis and may be of relevance for ex vivo expansion and gene-transduction procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hal E Broxmeyer
- Department of Microbiology/Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis 46202, USA.
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443
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de la Rosa G, Longo N, Rodríguez-Fernández JL, Puig-Kroger A, Pineda A, Corbí AL, Sánchez-Mateos P. Migration of human blood dendritic cells across endothelial cell monolayers: adhesion molecules and chemokines involved in subset-specific transmigration. J Leukoc Biol 2003; 73:639-49. [PMID: 12714579 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1002516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Distinct subsets of dendritic cells (DCs) are present in blood, probably "en route" to different tissues. We have investigated the chemokines and adhesion molecules involved in the migration of myeloid (CD11c(+)) and plasmacytoid (CD123(+)) human peripheral blood DCs across vascular endothelium. Among blood DCs, the CD11c(+) subset vigorously migrated across endothelium in the absence of any chemotactic stimuli, whereas spontaneous migration of CD123(+) DCs was limited. In bare cell migration assays, myeloid DCs responded with great potency to several inflammatory and homeostatic chemokines, whereas plasmacytoid DCs responded poorly to all chemokines tested. In contrast, the presence of endothelium greatly favored transmigration of plasmacytoid DCs in response to CXCL12 (stromal cell-derived factor-1) and CCL5 (regulated on activation, normal T expressed and secreted). Myeloid DCs exhibited a very potent transendothelial migration in response to CXCL12, CCL5, and CCL2 (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1). Furthermore, we explored whether blood DCs acutely switch their pattern of migration to the lymph node-derived chemokine CCL21 (secondary lymphoid-tissue chemokine) in response to microbial stimuli [viral double-stranded (ds)RNA or bacterial CpG-DNA]. A synthetic dsRNA rapidly enhanced the response of CD11c(+) DCs to CCL21, whereas a longer stimulation with CpG-DNA was needed to trigger CD123(+) DCs responsive to CCL21. Use of blocking monoclonal antibodies to adhesion molecules revealed that both DC subsets used platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 to move across activated endothelium. CD123(+) DCs required beta(2) and beta(1) integrins to transmigrate, whereas CD11c(+) DCs may use integrin-independent mechanisms to migrate across activated endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo de la Rosa
- Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
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444
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Balabanian K, Couderc J, Bouchet-Delbos L, Amara A, Berrebi D, Foussat A, Baleux F, Portier A, Durand-Gasselin I, Coffman RL, Galanaud P, Peuchmaur M, Emilie D. Role of the chemokine stromal cell-derived factor 1 in autoantibody production and nephritis in murine lupus. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 170:3392-400. [PMID: 12626600 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.6.3392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In normal mice, stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1/CXCL12) promotes the migration, proliferation, and survival of peritoneal B1a (PerB1a) lymphocytes. Because these cells express a self-reactive repertoire and are expanded in New Zealand Black/New Zealand White (NZB/W) mice, we tested their response to SDF-1 in such mice. PerB1a lymphocytes from NZB/W mice were exceedingly sensitive to SDF-1. This greater sensitivity was due to the NZB genetic background, it was not observed for other B lymphocyte subpopulations, and it was modulated by IL-10. SDF-1 was produced constitutively in the peritoneal cavity and in the spleen. It was also produced by podocytes in the glomeruli of NZB/W mice with nephritis. The administration of antagonists of either SDF-1 or IL-10 early in life prevented the development of autoantibodies, nephritis, and death in NZB/W mice. Initiation of anti-SDF-1 mAb treatment later in life, in mice with established nephritis, inhibited autoantibody production, abolished proteinuria and Ig deposition, and reversed morphological changes in the kidneys. This treatment also counteracted B1a lymphocyte expansion and T lymphocyte activation. Therefore, PerB1a lymphocytes are abnormally sensitive to the combined action of SDF-1 and IL-10 in NZB/W mice, and SDF-1 is key in the development of autoimmunity in this murine model of lupus.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/metabolism
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/physiology
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Autoantibodies/biosynthesis
- B-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- B-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- B-Lymphocyte Subsets/pathology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Chemokine CXCL12
- Chemokines, CXC/antagonists & inhibitors
- Chemokines, CXC/biosynthesis
- Chemokines, CXC/immunology
- Chemokines, CXC/physiology
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Down-Regulation/immunology
- Female
- Interleukin-10/metabolism
- Interleukin-10/physiology
- Kidney Glomerulus/immunology
- Kidney Glomerulus/metabolism
- Kidney Glomerulus/pathology
- Lupus Nephritis/immunology
- Lupus Nephritis/mortality
- Lupus Nephritis/pathology
- Lupus Nephritis/prevention & control
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Lymphocyte Count
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred NZB
- Mice, Transgenic
- Peritoneal Cavity/pathology
- Proteinuria/mortality
- Proteinuria/prevention & control
- Receptors, Interleukin/immunology
- Receptors, Interleukin-10
- Species Specificity
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Balabanian
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 131, Institut Paris-Sud sur les Cytokines, Clamart, France
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445
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Kurt RA, Bauck M, Harma S, Adler E, Vitiello P, Wisner KP, Tackitt S, Urba WJ. Altered chemokine receptor sensitivity in FVBN202 rat neu transgenic mice. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2003; 77:225-32. [PMID: 12602922 DOI: 10.1023/a:1021853202515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We report here that breast cancer cells from spontaneous tumors that arise in rat neu transgenic mice produce several chemokines capable of acting upon cells of the immune system. Moreover, mice bearing these spontaneous tumors possess splenic T cells as well as CD11c+, CD11b+ and CD19+ cells with an altered sensitivity to recombinant chemokines compared to naïve mice. A comparison between T-cell migration and the level of chemokines produced by the tumor cells revealed that the altered chemotactic activity was not a direct consequence of tumor-derived chemokines. These data suggest that a growing tumor may indirectly alter leukocyte chemotactic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Kurt
- Department of Biology, Lafayette College, Easton, PA, USA.
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446
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Abstract
Many human cancers possess a complex chemokine network that may influence the extent and phenotype of the leukocyte infiltrate, angiogenesis, tumor cell growth, survival and migration. Restricted expression of chemokine receptors on leukocytes may allow concise control of cell movement and retention at the tumor site. Restricted and specific expression of chemokine receptors on tumor cells may be involved in the characteristic patterns of metastasis, and may promote tumor cell growth and survival. Detailed study of chemokine and chemokine receptor antagonists in experimental cancer models is warranted. Manipulation of the tumor chemokine network could have therapeutic potential in malignant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fran Balkwill
- Cancer Research UK, Translational Oncology Laboratory Barts, The London Charterhouse Square, Queen Mary's Medical School, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.
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447
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Broxmeyer HE, Cooper S, Kohli L, Hangoc G, Lee Y, Mantel C, Clapp DW, Kim CH. Transgenic expression of stromal cell-derived factor-1/CXC chemokine ligand 12 enhances myeloid progenitor cell survival/antiapoptosis in vitro in response to growth factor withdrawal and enhances myelopoiesis in vivo. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 170:421-9. [PMID: 12496427 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.1.421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Hemopoiesis is regulated in part by survival/apoptosis of hemopoietic stem/progenitor cells. Exogenously added stromal cell-derived factor-1 ((SDF-1)/CXC chemokine ligand (CXCL)12) enhances survival/antiapoptosis of myeloid progenitor cells in vitro. To further evaluate SDF-1/CXCL12 effects on progenitor cell survival, transgenic mice endogenously expressing SDF-1/CXCL12 under a Rous sarcoma virus promoter were produced. Myeloid progenitors (CFU-granulocyte-macrophage, burst-forming unit-erythroid, CFU-granulocyte-erythrocyte-megakaryocyte-monocyte) from transgenic mice were studied for in vitro survival in the context of delayed addition of growth factors. SDF-1-expressing transgenic myeloid progenitors were enhanced in survival and antiapoptosis compared with their wild-type littermate counterparts. Survival-enhancing effects were due to release of low levels of SDF-1/CXCL12 and mediated through CXCR4 and G(alpha)i proteins as determined by ELISA, an antagonist to CXCR4, Abs to CXCR4 and SDF-1, and pertussis toxin. Transgenic effects of low SDF-1/CXCR4 may be due to synergy of SDF-1/CXCL12 with other cytokines; low SDF-1/CXCL12 synergizes with low concentrations of other cytokines to enhance survival of normal mouse myeloid progenitors. Consistent with in vitro results, progenitors from SDF-1/CXCL12 transgenic mice displayed enhanced marrow and splenic myelopoiesis: greatly increased progenitor cell cycling and significant increases in progenitor cell numbers. These results substantiate survival effects of SDF-1/CXCL12, now extended to progenitors engineered to endogenously produce low levels of this cytokine, and demonstrate activity in vivo for SDF-1/CXCL12 in addition to cell trafficking.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/antagonists & inhibitors
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/biosynthesis
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/genetics
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/physiology
- Animals
- Apoptosis/genetics
- Apoptosis/immunology
- Bone Marrow Cells/cytology
- Bone Marrow Cells/immunology
- Cell Survival/genetics
- Cell Survival/immunology
- Chemokine CXCL12
- Chemokines, CXC/antagonists & inhibitors
- Chemokines, CXC/biosynthesis
- Chemokines, CXC/genetics
- Chemokines, CXC/immunology
- Colony-Forming Units Assay
- Cytokines/physiology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic
- Drug Synergism
- Gene Expression Regulation/immunology
- Growth Substances/metabolism
- Immune Sera/pharmacology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Transgenic
- Myeloid Progenitor Cells/cytology
- Myeloid Progenitor Cells/immunology
- Myelopoiesis/genetics
- Myelopoiesis/immunology
- Pertussis Toxin/pharmacology
- Stromal Cells/physiology
- Transgenes/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Hal E Broxmeyer
- Department of Microbiology/Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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448
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Krug A, Uppaluri R, Facchetti F, Dorner BG, Sheehan KCF, Schreiber RD, Cella M, Colonna M. IFN-producing cells respond to CXCR3 ligands in the presence of CXCL12 and secrete inflammatory chemokines upon activation. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 169:6079-83. [PMID: 12444109 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.11.6079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Human natural IFN-producing cells (IPC) circulate in the blood and cluster in chronically inflamed lymph nodes around high endothelial venules (HEV). Although L-selectin, CXCR4, and CCR7 are recognized as critical IPC homing mediators, the role of CXCR3 is unclear, since IPC do not respond to CXCR3 ligands in vitro. In this study, we show that migration of murine and human IPC to CXCR3 ligands in vitro requires engagement of CXCR4 by CXCL12. We also demonstrate that CXCL12 is present in human HEV in vivo. Moreover, after interaction with pathogenic stimuli, murine and human IPC secrete high levels of inflammatory chemokines. Thus, IPC migration into inflamed lymph nodes may be initially mediated by L-selectin, CXCL12, and CXCR3 ligands. Upon pathogen encounter, IPC positioning within the lymph node may be further directed by CCR7 and IPC secretion of inflammatory chemokines may attract other IPC, promoting cluster formation in lymph nodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Krug
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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449
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Brière F, Bendriss-Vermare N, Delale T, Burg S, Corbet C, Rissoan MC, Chaperot L, Plumas J, Jacob MC, Trinchieri G, Bates EEM. Origin and filiation of human plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Hum Immunol 2002; 63:1081-93. [PMID: 12480251 DOI: 10.1016/s0198-8859(02)00746-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Human plasmacytoid dendritic cells represent a rare population of leukocytes which produce high amounts of type I interferon in response to certain viruses. Although those cells were first described in 1958, there are still unsolved issues related to their origin and function. Recently, a leukemic counterpart of plasmacytoid dendritic cells was identified. Molecular approaches using either normal or leukemic plasmacytoid dendritic cells provide some new insights into the controversial lymphoid origin of those cells. The need for specific markers is still a critical aspect for the identification of plasmacytoid dendritic cells, whatever stage of differentiation, in normal as well as in pathological conditions. Hopefully, novel markers will allow delineation of the relationships between dendritic cells at different stages of differentiation/maturation along the myeloid and lymphoid lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francine Brière
- Laboratory for Immunological Research, Schering-Plough, Dardilly, France.
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450
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Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDCs) or natural interferon-producing cells, function as the body's innate defense against viral infections. As discussed here, they may play additional roles in response to bacterial pathogens and may have the capacity to induce different type of T-cell responses depending on what signals they receive. The discovery of murine PDCs will allow for the design of models to study viral immunobiology in vivo and to determine their function in various diseases that involve plasmacytoid dendritic cells, such as selected leukemias, lymphomas, allergies, different autoimmune conditions, and their possible role in inducing and maintaining tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Björck
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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