401
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Katsel P, Haroutunian V. Is Alzheimer disease a failure of mobilizing immune defense? Lessons from cognitively fit oldest-old. DIALOGUES IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2019. [PMID: 31607776 PMCID: PMC6780355 DOI: 10.31887/dcns.2019.21.1/vharoutunian] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Multifaceted evidence supports the hypothesis that inflammatory-immune mechanisms contribute to Alzheimer disease (AD) neuropathology and genetic association of several immune specific genes (TREM2, CR1, and CD33) suggests that maladaptive immune responses may be pivotal drivers of AD pathogenesis. We reviewed microglia-related data from postmortem AD studies and examined supporting evidence from AD animal models to answer the following questions: i) What is the temporal sequence of immune activation in AD progression and what is its impact on cognition? ii) Are there discordant, “primed”, microglia responses in AD vs successful cognitive aging? iii) Does central nervous system (CNS) repair in aging depend on recruitment of the elements of cellular adaptive immune response such as effector T cells, and can the recruitment of systemic immune cells ameliorate AD neuropathology? iv) How effective are the immune-system-based therapeutic approaches currently employed for the treatment of AD?
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Katsel
- Department of Psychiatry, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vahram Haroutunian
- Department of Neuroscience, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
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402
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Estelius J, Lengqvist J, Ossipova E, Idborg H, Le Maître E, Andersson MLA, Brundin L, Khademi M, Svenungsson E, Jakobsson PJ, Lampa J. Mass spectrometry-based analysis of cerebrospinal fluid from arthritis patients-immune-related candidate proteins affected by TNF blocking treatment. Arthritis Res Ther 2019; 21:60. [PMID: 30770760 PMCID: PMC6377734 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-019-1846-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Signs of inflammation in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of rheumatoid arthritis patients correlate positively with fatigue, a central nervous system (CNS)-related symptom that can be partially suppressed by TNF blockade. This suggests a possible role for CNS inflammation in arthritis that may be affected by TNF blockade. We therefore investigated the effects of TNF blockade on the arthritis CSF proteome and how candidate proteins related to clinical measures of disease activity and inflammation. Methods Mass spectrometry-based quantitative proteomic analysis was performed on CSF from seven polyarthritis patients before and during infliximab treatment. Treatment-associated proteins were identified using univariate (Wilcoxon signed rank test) and multivariate (partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA)) strategies. Relations between selected candidate proteins and clinical measures were investigated using the Spearman correlations. Additionally, selected proteins were cross-referenced to other studies investigating human CSF in a thorough literature search to ensure feasibility of our results. Results Univariate analysis of arthritis CSF proteome revealed a decrease of 35 proteins, predominantly involved in inflammatory processes, following TNF blockade. Seven candidate proteins, Contactin-1 (CNTN1), fibrinogen gamma chain (FGG), hemopexin (HPX), cell adhesion molecule-3 (CADM3), alpha-1B-glycoprotein (A1BG), complement factor B (CFB), and beta-2-microglobulin (B2M), were selected for further studies based on identification by both univariate and multivariate analyses and reported detection in human CSF and known associations to arthritis. Decreased levels of FGG and CFB in CSF after treatment showed strong correlations with both erythrocyte sedimentation rate and disability scores, while CNTN1 and CADM3 were associated with pain. Conclusion Several immune-related proteins in the CSF of arthritis patients decreased during TNF blockade, including FGG and CFB that both correlated strongly with systemic inflammation. Our findings stress that also intrathecal inflammatory pathways are related to arthritis symptoms and may be affected by TNF blockade. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13075-019-1846-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Estelius
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Solna, Center of Molecular Medicine (CMM), Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-17176, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Lengqvist
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Solna, Center of Molecular Medicine (CMM), Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-17176, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elena Ossipova
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Solna, Center of Molecular Medicine (CMM), Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-17176, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Helena Idborg
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Solna, Center of Molecular Medicine (CMM), Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-17176, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erwan Le Maître
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Solna, Center of Molecular Medicine (CMM), Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-17176, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Magnus L A Andersson
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center of Molecular Medicine (CMM), Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-17176, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lou Brundin
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center of Molecular Medicine (CMM), Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-17176, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mohsen Khademi
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center of Molecular Medicine (CMM), Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-17176, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elisabet Svenungsson
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Solna, Center of Molecular Medicine (CMM), Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-17176, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per-Johan Jakobsson
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Solna, Center of Molecular Medicine (CMM), Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-17176, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jon Lampa
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Solna, Center of Molecular Medicine (CMM), Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-17176, Stockholm, Sweden.
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403
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Healthy Brain Aging Modifies Microglial Calcium Signaling In Vivo. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20030589. [PMID: 30704036 PMCID: PMC6386999 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain aging is characterized by a chronic, low-grade inflammatory state, promoting deficits in cognition and the development of age-related neurodegenerative diseases. Malfunction of microglia, the brain-resident immune cells, was suggested to play a critical role in neuroinflammation, but the mechanisms underlying this malfunctional phenotype remain unclear. Specifically, the age-related changes in microglial Ca2+ signaling, known to be linked to its executive functions, are not well understood. Here, using in vivo two-photon imaging, we characterize intracellular Ca2+ signaling and process extension of cortical microglia in young adult (2–4-month-old), middle-aged (9–11-month-old), and old (18–21-month-old) mice. Our data revealed a complex and nonlinear dependency of the properties of intracellular Ca2+ signals on an animal’s age. While the fraction of cells displaying spontaneous Ca2+ transients progressively increased with age, the frequencies and durations of the spontaneous Ca2+ transients followed a bell-shaped relationship, with the most frequent and largest Ca2+ transients seen in middle-aged mice. Moreover, in old mice microglial processes extending toward an ATP source moved faster but in a more disorganized manner, compared to young adult mice. Altogether, these findings identify two distinct phenotypes of aging microglia: a reactive phenotype, abundantly present in middle-aged animals, and a dysfunctional/senescent phenotype ubiquitous in old mice.
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404
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Felsky D, Roostaei T, Nho K, Risacher SL, Bradshaw EM, Petyuk V, Schneider JA, Saykin A, Bennett DA, De Jager PL. Neuropathological correlates and genetic architecture of microglial activation in elderly human brain. Nat Commun 2019; 10:409. [PMID: 30679421 PMCID: PMC6345810 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-08279-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia, the resident immune cells of the brain, have important roles in brain health. However, little is known about the regulation and consequences of microglial activation in the aging human brain. Here we report that the proportion of morphologically activated microglia (PAM) in postmortem cortical tissue is strongly associated with β-amyloid, tau-related neuropathology, and the rate of cognitive decline. Effect sizes for PAM measures are substantial, comparable to that of APOE ε4, the strongest genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease, and mediation models support an upstream role for microglial activation in Alzheimer's disease via accumulation of tau. Further, we identify a common variant (rs2997325) influencing PAM that also affects in vivo microglial activation measured by [11C]-PBR28 PET in an independent cohort. Thus, our analyses begin to uncover pathways regulating resident neuroinflammation and identify overlaps of PAM's genetic architecture with those of Alzheimer's disease and several other traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Felsky
- Center for Translational and Computational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Program in Population and Medical Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 320 Charles Street, Cambridge, MA, 02141, USA
| | - Tina Roostaei
- Center for Translational and Computational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Kwangsik Nho
- Indiana Alzheimer's Disease Center, Center for Neuroimaging, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, 355 West 16th Street, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Shannon L Risacher
- Indiana Alzheimer's Disease Center, Center for Neuroimaging, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, 355 West 16th Street, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Bradshaw
- Center for Translational and Computational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Vlad Petyuk
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Julie A Schneider
- Department of Neurology, Rush University Medical Center, 1653 West Congress Parkway, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, 1653 West Congress Parkway, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Andrew Saykin
- Indiana Alzheimer's Disease Center, Center for Neuroimaging, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, 355 West 16th Street, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - David A Bennett
- Department of Neurology, Rush University Medical Center, 1653 West Congress Parkway, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, 1653 West Congress Parkway, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Philip L De Jager
- Center for Translational and Computational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
- Program in Population and Medical Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 320 Charles Street, Cambridge, MA, 02141, USA.
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405
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Abdel-Haq R, Schlachetzki JCM, Glass CK, Mazmanian SK. Microbiome-microglia connections via the gut-brain axis. J Exp Med 2019; 216:41-59. [PMID: 30385457 PMCID: PMC6314531 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20180794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Revised: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia, the resident immune cells in the brain, are essential for modulating neurogenesis, influencing synaptic remodeling, and regulating neuroinflammation by surveying the brain microenvironment. Microglial dysfunction has been implicated in the onset and progression of several neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases; however, the multitude of factors and signals influencing microglial activity have not been fully elucidated. Microglia not only respond to local signals within the brain but also receive input from the periphery, including the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Recent preclinical findings suggest that the gut microbiome plays a pivotal role in regulating microglial maturation and function, and altered microbial community composition has been reported in neurological disorders with known microglial involvement in humans. Collectively, these findings suggest that bidirectional crosstalk between the gut and the brain may influence disease pathogenesis. Herein, we discuss recent studies showing a role for the gut microbiome in modulating microglial development and function in homeostatic and disease conditions and highlight possible future research to develop novel microbial treatments for disorders of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem Abdel-Haq
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA
| | | | - Christopher K Glass
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Sarkis K Mazmanian
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA
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406
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Elrod ND, Jaworski EA, Ji P, Wagner EJ, Routh A. Development of Poly(A)-ClickSeq as a tool enabling simultaneous genome-wide poly(A)-site identification and differential expression analysis. Methods 2019; 155:20-29. [PMID: 30625385 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of RNA-seq as a generalized tool to measure the differential expression of genes has essentially replaced the use of the microarray. Despite the acknowledged technical advantages to this approach, RNA-seq library preparation remains mostly conducted by core facilities rather than in the laboratory due to the infrastructure, expertise and time required per sample. We have recently described two 'click-chemistry' based library construction methods termed ClickSeq and Poly(A)-ClickSeq (PAC-seq) as alternatives to conventional RNA-seq that are both cost effective and rely on straightforward reagents readily available to most labs. ClickSeq is random-primed and can sequence any (unfragmented) RNA template, while PAC-seq is targeted to poly(A) tails of mRNAs. Here, we further develop PAC-seq as a platform that allows for simultaneous mapping of poly(A) sites and the measurement of differential expression of genes. We provide a detailed protocol, descriptions of appropriate computational pipelines, and a proof-of-principle dataset to illustrate the technique. PAC-seq offers a unique advantage over other 3' end mapping protocols in that it does not require additional purification, selection, or fragmentation steps allowing sample preparation directly from crude total cellular RNA. We have shown that PAC-seq is able to accurately and sensitively count transcripts for differential gene expression analysis, as well as identify alternative poly(A) sites and determine the precise nucleotides of the poly(A) tail boundaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan D Elrod
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Jaworski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Ping Ji
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Eric J Wagner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
| | - Andrew Routh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
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407
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Lier J, Winter K, Bleher J, Grammig J, Mueller WC, Streit W, Bechmann I. Loss of IBA1-Expression in brains from individuals with obesity and hepatic dysfunction. Brain Res 2019; 1710:220-229. [PMID: 30615888 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Microglia, the brain's resident immune cells, exhibit constitutive expression of the ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 (IBA1), a cytoplasmic protein with actin and calcium-binding functions involved in membrane ruffling. Microglia are long-lived cells that exhibit a senescent morphology (dystrophy) with aging, which may be indicative of cell dysfunction. It has been reported that dystrophy of IBA1-positive microglia is exacerbated in obese humans. Our own preliminary studies of microglia in the medial temporal lobe of obese subjects have revealed another microglial abnormality, which is the loss of IBA1 immunoreactivity that can create large areas in the brain seemingly devoid of all microglial cells. Here, we systematically compared microglial appearance in human hippocampi derived from obese individuals compared to controls (nobese = 33, nnon-obese = 30). In both groups, we found areas that were negative for IBA1, but contained P2YR12 and glutathione-peroxidase 1 (GPX)-positive microglia. The number and extent of IBA1-negative regions was increased in obese cases. Since some cases of non-obese individuals also exhibited loss of IBA-1 immunoreactivity, we searched for possible confounders and found that hepatic dysfunction strongly impacts the distribution of microglial cells: By computational analysis of scanned IBA1-stained sections, we detected increased Mean Empty Space distances (p = 0.016) and IBA1-negative areas (p = 0.090) which were independent from the cause of liver dysfunction, but also from aging. Thus, we report on a novel type of microglia pathological change, i.e. localized loss of IBA1 that is linked, at least in part, to obesity and hepatic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Lier
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Germany.
| | | | - Johannes Bleher
- University of Tuebingen - Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Germany
| | - Joachim Grammig
- University of Tuebingen - Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Germany
| | - Wolf C Mueller
- Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital, University of Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Streit
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine and McKnight Brain Institute, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Ingo Bechmann
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Germany.
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408
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Villa A, Della Torre S, Maggi A. Sexual differentiation of microglia. Front Neuroendocrinol 2019; 52:156-164. [PMID: 30481522 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Sex plays a role in the incidence and outcome of neurological illnesses, also influencing the response to treatments. Despite sexual differentiation of the brain has been extensively investigated, the study of sex differences in microglia, the brain's resident immune cells, has been largely neglected until recently. To fulfill this gap, our laboratory developed several tools, including cellular and animal models, which bolstered in-depth studies on sexual differentiation of microglia and its impact on brain physiology, as well as on the onset and progression of neurological disorders. Here, we summarize the current status of knowledge on the sex-dependent function of microglia, and report recent evidence linking these cells to the sexual bias in the susceptibility to neurological brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Villa
- Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases and Dept of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, via Balzaretti, 9, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Della Torre
- Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases and Dept of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, via Balzaretti, 9, Milan, Italy
| | - Adriana Maggi
- Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases and Dept of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, via Balzaretti, 9, Milan, Italy.
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409
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Abstract
A century ago, Pío del Río-Hortega discovered that microglial cells are endowed with remarkable dynamic and plastic capabilities. The real-time plasticity of microglia could be revealed, however, only during the last 15 years with the development of new transgenic animal models and new molecular and functional analysis methods. Phenotyping microglia in situ with these new tools sealed the fate of the classical two state model of "resting" microglia in physiological conditions and "activated" microglia in pathological conditions. Our current view on functional behavior of microglia takes into account the exquisite reactivity of these immune cells to changes occurring in the CNS in both physiological and pathological conditions. We briefly review here the results and methods that have uncovered the dynamics and versatility of microglial reactivity.
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410
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Anderson SR, Vetter ML. Developmental roles of microglia: A window into mechanisms of disease. Dev Dyn 2019; 248:98-117. [PMID: 30444278 PMCID: PMC6328295 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are engineers of the central nervous system (CNS) both in health and disease. In addition to the canonical immunological roles of clearing damaging entities and limiting the spread of toxicity and death, microglia remodel the CNS throughout life. While they have been extensively studied in disease and injury, due to their highly variable functions, their precise role in these contexts still remains uncertain. Over the past decade, we have greatly expanded our understanding of microglial function, including their essential homeostatic roles during development. Here, we review these developmental roles, identify parallels in disease, and speculate whether developmental mechanisms re-emerge in disease and injury. Developmental Dynamics 248:98-117, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah R Anderson
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Interdepartmental Program in Neuroscience, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Monica L Vetter
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
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411
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Seixas AI, Azevedo MM, Paes de Faria J, Fernandes D, Mendes Pinto I, Relvas JB. Evolvability of the actin cytoskeleton in oligodendrocytes during central nervous system development and aging. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:1-11. [PMID: 30302529 PMCID: PMC11105620 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2915-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The organization of actin filaments into a wide range of subcellular structures is a defining feature of cell shape and dynamics, important for tissue development and homeostasis. Nervous system function requires morphological and functional plasticity of neurons and glial cells, which is largely determined by the dynamic reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton in response to intrinsic and extracellular signals. Oligodendrocytes are specialized glia that extend multiple actin-based protrusions to form the multilayered myelin membrane that spirally wraps around axons, increasing conduction speed and promoting long-term axonal integrity. Myelination is a remarkable biological paradigm in development, and maintenance of myelin is essential for a healthy adult nervous system. In this review, we discuss how structure and dynamics of the actin cytoskeleton is a defining feature of myelinating oligodendrocytes' biology and function. We also review "old and new" concepts to reflect on the potential role of the cytoskeleton in balancing life and death of myelin membranes and oligodendrocytes in the aging central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Isabel Seixas
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Maria Manuela Azevedo
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Paes de Faria
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Porto, Portugal
| | - Diogo Fernandes
- Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory - INL, Braga, Portugal
| | - Inês Mendes Pinto
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory - INL, Braga, Portugal
| | - João Bettencourt Relvas
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Porto, Portugal
- The Discoveries Centre for Regeneration and Precision Medicine, Porto Campus, Porto, Portugal
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412
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Valles SL, Iradi A, Aldasoro M, Vila JM, Aldasoro C, de la Torre J, Campos-Campos J, Jorda A. Function of Glia in Aging and the Brain Diseases. Int J Med Sci 2019; 16:1473-1479. [PMID: 31673239 PMCID: PMC6818212 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.37769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia cells during aging, neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation show different morphological and transcriptional profiles (related to axonal direction and cell adhesion). Furthermore, expressions of the receptors on the surface and actin formation compared to young are also different. This review delves into the role of glia during aging and the development of the diseases. The susceptibility of different regions of the brain to disease are linked to the overstimulation of signals related to the immune system during aging, as well as the damaging impact of these cascades on the functionality of different populations of microglia present in each region of the brain. Furthermore, a decrease in microglial phagocytosis has been related to many diseases and also has been detected during aging. In this paper we also describe the role of glia in different illness, such as AD, ALS, pain related disorders, cancer, developmental disorders and the problems produced by opening of the blood brain barrier. Future studies will clarify many points planted by this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraya L Valles
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Spain
| | - Antonio Iradi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Spain
| | - Martin Aldasoro
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Spain
| | - Jose M Vila
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Spain
| | - Constanza Aldasoro
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Juan Campos-Campos
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Podiatry, University of Valencia, Spain
| | - Adrian Jorda
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Spain.,Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Podiatry, University of Valencia, Spain
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413
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Milior G, Chali F, Dos Santos T, Royer J, Miles R, Morin-Brureau M. Transcriptomics and Live Imaging to Define Functional Phenotypes of Microglia in Pathological Human Tissue. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 2034:325-336. [PMID: 31392696 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9658-2_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Human microglia, as those of rodents, may possess multiple functional phenotypes. Here we present protocols to determine elements of these microglial phenotypes obtained after therapeutic excision of brain tissue from patients with epilepsies of the temporal lobe and cortical gliomas. This technique permits to identify microglia, to determine their shape and expression of state-specific markers, to measure resting and induced motilities, to define a human microglial transcriptome, and to determine how it changes after a seizure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giampaolo Milior
- Neuroglial Interactions in Cerebral Physiopathology, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Collège de France, CNR UMR 7241, INSERM U1050, Labex Memolife, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Farah Chali
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm UMRS 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, Paris, France
| | - Tiffany Dos Santos
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm UMRS 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, Paris, France
| | - Juliette Royer
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm UMRS 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, Paris, France
| | - Richard Miles
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm UMRS 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, Paris, France
| | - Mélanie Morin-Brureau
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm UMRS 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, Paris, France.
- Team Immune System and Neuroinflammation, Sorbonne Université, Inserm UMRS 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, Paris, France.
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414
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Angelova DM, Brown DR. Altered Processing of β-Amyloid in SH-SY5Y Cells Induced by Model Senescent Microglia. ACS Chem Neurosci 2018; 9:3137-3152. [PMID: 30052418 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The single greatest risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases is aging. Aging of cells such as microglia in the nervous system has an impact not only on the ability of those cells to function but also on cells they interact with. We have developed a model microglia system that recapitulates the dystrophic/senescent phenotype, and we have combined this with the study of β-amyloid processing. The model is based on the observation that aged microglia have increased iron content. By overloading a human microglial cell line with iron, we were able to change the secretory profile of the microglia. When combining these senescent microglia with SH-SY5Y cells, we noted an increase in extracellular β-amyloid. The increased levels of β-amyloid were due to a decrease in the release of insulin-degrading enzyme by the model senescent microglia. Further analysis revealed that the senescent microglia showed both decreased autophagy and increased ER stress. These studies demonstrate the potential impact of an aging microglial population in terms of β-amyloid produced by neurons, which could play a causal role in diseases like Alzheimer's disease. Our results also further develop the potential utility of an in vitro model of senescent microglia for the study of brain aging and neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dafina M. Angelova
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K
| | - David R. Brown
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K
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415
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Microglia in Central Nervous System Inflammation and Multiple Sclerosis Pathology. Trends Mol Med 2018; 25:112-123. [PMID: 30578090 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Microglia are the resident macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS). They have important physiological functions in maintaining tissue homeostasis but also contribute to CNS pathology. Microglia respond to changes in the microenvironment, and the resulting reactive phenotype can be very diverse, with both neuroinflammatory and neuroprotective properties, illustrating the plasticity of these cells. Recent progress in understanding the autoimmune neuroinflammatory disease multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis suggests major roles for microglia in the disease, which have drastically changed our view on the function of microglia in MS.
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416
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Yeh H, Ikezu T. Transcriptional and Epigenetic Regulation of Microglia in Health and Disease. Trends Mol Med 2018; 25:96-111. [PMID: 30578089 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are the resident immune cells that maintain brain homeostasis and contribute to neurodegenerative disorders. Recent studies of microglia at transcriptomic and epigenetic levels revealed specific molecular pathways that regulate microglia development, maturation, and reactive states. The transcription factor PU.1 plays a key role in regulating several microglial functions. Environmental factors such as microbiota, early life stress, and maternal immune activation can dysregulate PU.1 and innate immune response. This review discusses the epigenetic regulation of key transcriptional factors in human and murine microglia, highlighting their networks for shaping the microglial function. PU.1 and other microglia-specific transcriptional factors can be further studied to determine their therapeutic applications in neurologic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Yeh
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
| | - Tsuneya Ikezu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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417
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Human microglia regional heterogeneity and phenotypes determined by multiplexed single-cell mass cytometry. Nat Neurosci 2018; 22:78-90. [DOI: 10.1038/s41593-018-0290-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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418
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Yang Q, Zhou J. Neuroinflammation in the central nervous system: Symphony of glial cells. Glia 2018; 67:1017-1035. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.23571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiao‐qiao Yang
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai China
| | - Jia‐wei Zhou
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200031 China
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419
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Vahidi-Ferdowsi P, Mehrzad J, Malvandi A, Hosseinkhani S. Bioluminescence-based detection of astrocytes apoptosis and ATP depletion induced by biologically relevant level aflatoxin B1. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2018. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2017.2275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although brain accumulation of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) suggests potential impact on brain cells, including astrocytes, there still exists a scarcity of research on this issue within the literature. This research investigates the apoptosis effect of AFB1 on primary mouse astrocytes. To this aim, a MTT colorimetric assay on astrocytes was performed to measure the toxicity/LC50 of various concentrations (0-320,000 nM) of AFB1 for 24 h. Further, the astrocytes were exposed to concentrations of 8, 16 and 32 nM of AFB1 for 24, 48 and 72 h. Concentration of intracellular ATP) and caspase-3/7 activity was then determined by luciferase-dependent bioluminescence. Furthermore, the percentage of apoptotic cells was obtained using flow cytometry (annexin V+/propidium iodide (PI)−; cytochrome c release from mitochondria, a hallmark of cell damage, was carried out by Western blot as well. MTT assay at post-exposure hours (PEH) 24 revealed that the LC50 of AFB1 was ~80,000 nM. Though at PEH 48 only 32 nM of AFB1 resulted in a significant diminished intracellular ATP content, at PEH 72 both 8 and 32 nM of AFB1 led to a significant ATP depletion in astrocytes. Similar patterns of changes were observed in bioluminescence intensity of AFB1-treated astrocytes. Flow cytometry-based annexin V and PI staining of astrocytes at PEH 24, 48 and 72 showed that 32 nM of AFB1 significantly and time dependently increased the percentage of apoptotic astrocytes (annexin V+/PI−). With 32 nM of AFB1, caspase-3/7 activity in astrocytes was increased ~4-fold at PEH 72. A remarkable release of cytochrome c was only detected in astrocytes exposed to 32 nM AFB1 for PEH 72. The results indicated that a biologically relevant level of AFB1 (32 nM) induces apoptosis in astrocytes through ATP depletion and caspases activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Vahidi-Ferdowsi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, 14115-111 Tehran, Iran
| | - J. Mehrzad
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, 1419963111 Tehran, Iran
| | - A.M. Malvandi
- International Center for T1D, Pediatric Clinical Research Center Fondazione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science L. Sacco, University of Milan, Giovanni Battista Grassi 74, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - S. Hosseinkhani
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, 14115-111 Tehran, Iran
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420
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Borggrewe M, Grit C, Den Dunnen WFA, Burm SM, Bajramovic JJ, Noelle RJ, Eggen BJL, Laman JD. VISTA expression by microglia decreases during inflammation and is differentially regulated in CNS diseases. Glia 2018; 66:2645-2658. [PMID: 30306644 PMCID: PMC6585704 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
V-type immunoglobulin domain-containing suppressor of T-cell activation (VISTA) is a negative checkpoint regulator (NCR) involved in inhibition of T cell-mediated immunity. Expression changes of other NCRs (PD-1, PD-L1/L2, CTLA-4) during inflammation of the central nervous system (CNS) were previously demonstrated, but VISTA expression in the CNS has not yet been explored. Here, we report that in the human and mouse CNS, VISTA is most abundantly expressed by microglia, and to lower levels by endothelial cells. Upon TLR stimulation, VISTA expression was reduced in primary neonatal mouse and adult rhesus macaque microglia in vitro. In mice, microglial VISTA expression was reduced after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection, during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), and in the accelerated aging Ercc1 Δ/- mouse model. After LPS injection, decreased VISTA expression in mouse microglia was accompanied by decreased acetylation of lysine residue 27 in histone 3 in both its promoter and enhancer region. ATAC-sequencing indicated a potential regulation of VISTA expression by Pu.1 and Mafb, two transcription factors crucial for microglia function. Finally, our data suggested that VISTA expression was decreased in microglia in multiple sclerosis lesion tissue, whereas it was increased in Alzheimer's disease patients. This study is the first to demonstrate that in the CNS, VISTA is expressed by microglia, and that VISTA is differentially expressed in CNS pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malte Borggrewe
- Department of Neuroscience, Section Medical PhysiologyUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Corien Grit
- Department of Neuroscience, Section Medical PhysiologyUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Wilfred F. A. Den Dunnen
- Department of Pathology, University of GroningenUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Saskia M. Burm
- Alternatives Unit, Biomedical Primate Research CentreRijswijkThe Netherlands
| | | | - Randolph J. Noelle
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyGeisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Norris Cotton Cancer CenterLebanonNew Hampshire
| | - Bart J. L. Eggen
- Department of Neuroscience, Section Medical PhysiologyUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Jon D. Laman
- Department of Neuroscience, Section Medical PhysiologyUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
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421
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Elmore MRP, Hohsfield LA, Kramár EA, Soreq L, Lee RJ, Pham ST, Najafi AR, Spangenberg EE, Wood MA, West BL, Green KN. Replacement of microglia in the aged brain reverses cognitive, synaptic, and neuronal deficits in mice. Aging Cell 2018; 17:e12832. [PMID: 30276955 PMCID: PMC6260908 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia, the resident immune cell of the brain, can be eliminated via pharmacological inhibition of the colony‐stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R). Withdrawal of CSF1R inhibition then stimulates microglial repopulation, effectively replacing the microglial compartment. In the aged brain, microglia take on a “primed” phenotype and studies indicate that this coincides with age‐related cognitive decline. Here, we investigated the effects of replacing the aged microglial compartment with new microglia using CSF1R inhibitor‐induced microglial repopulation. With 28 days of repopulation, replacement of resident microglia in aged mice (24 months) improved spatial memory and restored physical microglial tissue characteristics (cell densities and morphologies) to those found in young adult animals (4 months). However, inflammation‐related gene expression was not broadly altered with repopulation nor the response to immune challenges. Instead, microglial repopulation resulted in a reversal of age‐related changes in neuronal gene expression, including expression of genes associated with actin cytoskeleton remodeling and synaptogenesis. Age‐related changes in hippocampal neuronal complexity were reversed with both microglial elimination and repopulation, while microglial elimination increased both neurogenesis and dendritic spine densities. These changes were accompanied by a full rescue of age‐induced deficits in long‐term potentiation with microglial repopulation. Thus, several key aspects of the aged brain can be reversed by acute noninvasive replacement of microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica R. P. Elmore
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior; University of California; Irvine California
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders (UCI MIND); Irvine California
| | - Lindsay A. Hohsfield
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior; University of California; Irvine California
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders (UCI MIND); Irvine California
| | - Enikö A. Kramár
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior; University of California; Irvine California
| | - Lilach Soreq
- University College London; London UK
- The Francis Crick Institute; London UK
| | - Rafael J. Lee
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior; University of California; Irvine California
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders (UCI MIND); Irvine California
| | - Stephanie T. Pham
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior; University of California; Irvine California
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders (UCI MIND); Irvine California
| | - Allison R. Najafi
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior; University of California; Irvine California
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders (UCI MIND); Irvine California
| | - Elizabeth E. Spangenberg
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior; University of California; Irvine California
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders (UCI MIND); Irvine California
| | - Marcelo A. Wood
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior; University of California; Irvine California
| | | | - Kim N. Green
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior; University of California; Irvine California
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders (UCI MIND); Irvine California
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422
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O'Neil SM, Witcher KG, McKim DB, Godbout JP. Forced turnover of aged microglia induces an intermediate phenotype but does not rebalance CNS environmental cues driving priming to immune challenge. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2018; 6:129. [PMID: 30477578 PMCID: PMC6260864 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-018-0636-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the resident innate immune cells of the central nervous system. Limited turnover throughout the lifespan leaves microglia susceptible to age-associated dysfunction. Indeed, we and others have reported microglia develop a pro-inflammatory or "primed" profile with age, characterized by increased expression of inflammatory mediators (e.g., MHC-II, CD68, IL-1β). Moreover, immune challenge with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) causes an exaggerated and prolonged neuroinflammatory response mediated by primed microglia in the aged brain. Recent studies show colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) antagonism results in rapid depletion of microglia without significant complications. Therefore, we hypothesized that CSF1R antagonist-mediated depletion of microglia in the aged brain would result in repopulation with new and unprimed microglia. Here we provide novel evidence that microglia in the brain of adult (6-8 weeks old) and aged (16-18 months old) BALB/c mice were depleted following 3-week oral PLX5622 administration. When CSF1R antagonism was stopped, microglia repopulated equally in the adult and aged brain. Microglial depletion and repopulation reversed age-associated increases in microglial CD68+ lysosome enlargement and lipofuscin accumulation. Microglia-specific RNA sequencing revealed 511 differentially expressed genes with age. Of these, 117 genes were reversed by microglial repopulation (e.g., Apoe, Tgfb2, Socs3). Nevertheless, LPS challenge still induced an exaggerated microglial inflammatory response in the aged brain compared to adults. RNA sequencing of whole-brain tissue revealed an age-induced inflammatory signature, including reactive astrocytes, that was not restored by microglial depletion and repopulation. Furthermore, the microenvironment of the aged brain produced soluble factors that influenced developing microglia ex vivo and induced a profile primed to LPS challenge. Thus, the aged brain microenvironment promotes microglial priming despite repopulation of new microglia. Collectively, aged microglia proliferate and repopulate the brain, but these new cells still adopt a pro-inflammatory profile in the aged brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane M O'Neil
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kristina G Witcher
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Daniel B McKim
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jonathan P Godbout
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA.
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 231 IBMR Building, 460 Medical Center Drive, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
- Chronic Brain Injury Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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423
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Lively S, Wong R, Lam D, Schlichter LC. Sex- and Development-Dependent Responses of Rat Microglia to Pro- and Anti-inflammatory Stimulation. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:433. [PMID: 30524242 PMCID: PMC6262307 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Addressing potential sex differences in pre-clinical studies is crucial for developing therapeutic interventions. Although sex differences have been reported in epidemiological studies and from clinical experience, most pre-clinical studies of neuroinflammation use male rodents; however, sexual dimorphisms in microglia might affect the CNS inflammatory response. Developmental changes are also important and, in rodents, there is a critical period of sexual brain differentiation in the first 3 weeks after birth. We compared rat microglia from sex-segregated neonates (P1) and at about the time of weaning (P21). To study transitions from a basal homeostatic state (untreated), microglia were subjected to a pro-inflammatory (IFNγ + TNFα) or anti-inflammatory (IL-4) stimulus. Responses were compared by quantifying changes in nitric oxide production, migration, and expression of nearly 70 genes, including inflammatory mediators and receptors, inflammasome molecules, immune modulators, and genes that regulate microglial physiological functions. No sex differences were seen in transcriptional responses in either age group but the IL-4-evoked migration increase was larger in male cells at both ages. Protein changes for the hallmark molecules, NOS2, COX-2, PYK2 and CD206 correlated with mRNA changes. P1 and P21 microglia showed substantial differences, including expression of genes related to developmental roles. That is, P21 microglia had a more mature phenotype, with higher basal and stimulated levels of many inflammatory genes, while P1 cells had higher expression of phagocytosis-related molecules. Nevertheless, cells of both ages responded to IL-4 and IFNγ + TNFα. We examined the Kv1.3 potassium channel (a potential target for modulating neuroinflammation) and the Kir2.1 channel, which regulate several microglia functions. Kv1.3 mRNA (Kcna3) was higher at P21 under all conditions and male P21 cells had higher mRNA and Kv currents in response to IFNγ + TNFα. Overall, numerous transcriptional and functional responses of microglia changed during the first 3 weeks after birth but few sex-dependent changes were seen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Starlee Lively
- Division of Genetics & Development, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Raymond Wong
- Division of Genetics & Development, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Doris Lam
- Division of Genetics & Development, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lyanne C Schlichter
- Division of Genetics & Development, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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424
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García-Domínguez I, Veselá K, García-Revilla J, Carrillo-Jiménez A, Roca-Ceballos MA, Santiago M, de Pablos RM, Venero JL. Peripheral Inflammation Enhances Microglia Response and Nigral Dopaminergic Cell Death in an in vivo MPTP Model of Parkinson's Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:398. [PMID: 30459561 PMCID: PMC6232526 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of systemic inflammation in nigral dopaminergic cell loss remains unclear. Here, we have investigated the role of peripheral inflammation induced by systemic lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration in the MPTP-based model of Parkinson’s disease. Brain inflammation, microglia and astroglia activation, disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and integrity of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system were evaluated in response to i.p. injection of LPS, MPTP or the combination of both. Our results showed that combinative treatment exacerbates microglia activation and enhances (i) the appearance of galectin-3-positive microglia, recently identified as microglial disease-associated phenotypic marker, (ii) the up-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, (iii) the occurrence of A1 neurotoxic astrocytes, (iv) the breakdown of the BBB, and (v) the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Microglia activation was triggered earlier than other degenerative events, suggesting that over-activation of microglia (including different polarization states) may induce dopaminergic neuron loss by itself, initiating the endless cycle of inflammation/degeneration. Our study revitalizes the importance of peripheral inflammation as a potential risk factor for Parkinson’s disease and raises the possibility of using new anti-inflammatory therapies to improve the course of neurodegenerative diseases, including those directly aimed at modulating the deleterious activity of disease-associated microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene García-Domínguez
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla and Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Karolina Veselá
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla and Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Juan García-Revilla
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla and Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Alejandro Carrillo-Jiménez
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla and Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - María Angustias Roca-Ceballos
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla and Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Marti Santiago
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla and Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Rocío M de Pablos
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla and Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - José L Venero
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla and Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
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425
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Alibhai JD, Diack AB, Manson JC. Unravelling the glial response in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. FASEB J 2018; 32:5766-5777. [PMID: 30376380 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201801360r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a progressive, incurable neurodegenerative disease targeting specific neuronal populations within the brain while neighboring neurons appear unaffected. The focus for defining mechanisms has therefore been on the pathogenesis in affected neuronal populations and developing intervention strategies to prevent their cell death. However, there is growing recognition of the importance of glial cells in the development of pathology. Determining exactly how glial cells are involved in the disease process and the susceptibility of the aging brain provides unprecedented challenges. The present review examines recent studies attempting to unravel the glial response during the course of disease and how this action may dictate the outcome of neurodegeneration. The importance of regional heterogeneity of glial cells within the CNS during healthy aging and disease is examined to understand how the glial cells may contribute to neuronal susceptibility or resilience during the neurodegenerative process.-Alibhai, J. D., Diack, A. B., Manson, J. C. Unravelling the glial response in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Alibhai
- National Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) Research and Surveillance Unit, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,UK Dementia Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; and
| | - Abigail B Diack
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, United Kingdom
| | - Jean C Manson
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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426
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Calabrese EJ, Giordano JJ, Kozumbo WJ, Leak RK, Bhatia TN. Hormesis mediates dose-sensitive shifts in macrophage activation patterns. Pharmacol Res 2018; 137:236-249. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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427
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Rodriguez-Zas SL, Wu C, Southey BR, O'Connor JC, Nixon SE, Garcia R, Zavala C, Lawson M, McCusker RH, Romanova EV, Sweedler JV, Kelley KW, Dantzer R. Disruption of microglia histone acetylation and protein pathways in mice exhibiting inflammation-associated depression-like symptoms. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2018; 97:47-58. [PMID: 30005281 PMCID: PMC6138522 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peripheral immune challenge can elicit microglia activation and depression-related symptoms. The balance of inflammatory signals in the tryptophan pathway can skew the activity of indoleamine-pyrrole 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO1) towards the metabolization of tryptophan into kynurenine (rather than serotonin), and towards neuroprotective or neurotoxic metabolites. The proteome changes that accompany inflammation-associated depression-related behaviors are incompletely understood. METHODS The changes in microglia protein abundance and post-translational modifications in wild type (WT) mice that exhibit depression-like symptoms after recovery from peripheral Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) challenge were studied. This WT_BGG group was compared to mice that do not express depression-like symptoms after BCG challenge due to IDO1 deficiency by means of genetic knockout (BCG_KO group), and to WT Saline-treated (Sal) mice (WT_Sal group) using a mass spectrometry-based label-free approach. RESULTS The comparison of WT_BCG relative to WT_Sal and KO_BCG mice uncovered patterns of protein abundance and acetylation among the histone families that could influence microglia signaling and transcriptional rates. Members of the histone clusters 1, 2 and 3 families were less abundant in WT_BCG relative to WT_Sal whereas members in the H2A family exhibited the opposite pattern. Irrespective of family, the majority of the histones were less abundant in WT_BCG relative to KO_BCG microglia. Homeostatic mechanisms may temper the potentially toxic effects of high histone levels after BCG challenge to levels lower than Sal. Histone acetylation was highest in WT_BCG and the similar levels observed in WT_Sal and KO_BCG. This result suggest that histone acetylation levels are similar between IDO1 deficient mice after immune challenge and unchallenged WT mice. The over-abundance of tyrosine 3-monooxygenase/tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation proteins (14-3-3 series) in WT_BCG relative to KO_BCG is particularly interesting because these proteins activate another rate-limiting enzyme in the tryptophan pathway. The over-representation of alcoholism and systemic lupus erythematosus pathways among the proteins exhibiting differential abundance between the groups suggest that these disorders share microglia activation pathways with BCG challenge. The over-representation of phagosome pathway among proteins differentially abundant between WT_BCG and KO_BCG microglia suggest an association between IDO1 deficiency and phagocytosis. Likewise, the over-representation of the gap junction pathway among the differentially abundant proteins between KO_BCG and WT_Sal suggest a multifactorial effect of BCG and IDO1 deficiency on cell communication. CONCLUSIONS The present study of histone acetylation and differential protein abundance furthers the understanding of the long lasting effects of peripheral immune challenges. Our findings offer insights into target proteins and mechanisms that provide clues for therapies to ameliorate inflammation-associated depression-related behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra L Rodriguez-Zas
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Department of Statistics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
| | - Cong Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and the Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Bruce R Southey
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Jason C O'Connor
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health San Antonio and Audie L. Murphy VA Hospital, South Texas Veterans Health System, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Scott E Nixon
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Robmay Garcia
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Cynthia Zavala
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Marcus Lawson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Robert H McCusker
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Elena V Romanova
- Department of Chemistry and the Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Jonathan V Sweedler
- Department of Chemistry and the Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Keith W Kelley
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Robert Dantzer
- Department of Symptom Research, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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428
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Wang X, Xuan W, Zhu ZY, Li Y, Zhu H, Zhu L, Fu DY, Yang LQ, Li PY, Yu WF. The evolving role of neuro-immune interaction in brain repair after cerebral ischemic stroke. CNS Neurosci Ther 2018; 24:1100-1114. [PMID: 30350341 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is the world's leading cause of disability with limited brain repair treatments which effectively improve long-term neurological deficits. The neuroinflammatory responses persist into the late repair phase of stroke and participate in all brain repair elements, including neurogenesis, angiogenesis, synaptogenesis, remyelination and axonal sprouting, shedding new light on post-stroke brain recovery. Resident brain glial cells, such as astrocytes not only contribute to neuroinflammation after stroke, but also secrete a wide range of trophic factors that can promote post-stroke brain repair. Alternatively, activated microglia, monocytes, and neutrophils in the innate immune system, traditionally considered as major damaging factors after stroke, have been suggested to be extensively involved in brain repair after stroke. The adaptive immune system may also have its bright side during the late regenerative phase, affecting the immune suppressive regulatory T cells and B cells. This review summarizes the recent findings in the evolving role of neuroinflammation in multiple post-stroke brain repair mechanisms and poses unanswered questions that may generate new directions for future research and give rise to novel therapeutic targets to improve stroke recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Xuan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zi-Yu Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan-Yun Fu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Qun Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pei-Ying Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Feng Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
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429
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Age-Induced Spatial Memory Deficits in Rats Are Correlated with Specific Brain Region Alterations in Microglial Morphology and Gene Expression. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2018; 14:251-262. [DOI: 10.1007/s11481-018-9817-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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430
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Chen M, Luo C, Zhao J, Devarajan G, Xu H. Immune regulation in the aging retina. Prog Retin Eye Res 2018; 69:159-172. [PMID: 30352305 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The retina is an immune privileged tissue, which is protected from external and internal insults by its blood-retina barriers and immune suppressive microenvironment. Apart from the avoidance and tolerance strategies, the retina is also protected by its own defense system, i.e., microglia and the complement system. The immune privilege and defense mechanisms work together to maintain retinal homeostasis. During aging, the retina is at an increased risk of developing various degenerative diseases such as age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and glaucomatous retinopathy. Previously, we have shown that aging induces a para-inflammatory response in the retina. In this review, we explore the impact of aging on retinal immune regulation and the connection between homeostatic control of retinal immune privilege and para-inflammation under aging conditions and present a view that may explain why aging puts the retina at risk of developing degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Chen
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, UK
| | - Chang Luo
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, UK; Aier Eye Institute, Aier School of Ophthalmology, Central South University, China
| | - Jiawu Zhao
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, UK
| | | | - Heping Xu
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, UK; Aier Eye Institute, Aier School of Ophthalmology, Central South University, China.
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431
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Krbot K, Hermann P, Skorić MK, Zerr I, Sepulveda-Falla D, Goebel S, Matschke J, Krasemann S, Glatzel M. Distinct microglia profile in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and Alzheimer's disease is independent of disease kinetics. Neuropathology 2018; 38:591-600. [PMID: 30318820 DOI: 10.1111/neup.12517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Activated microglia represent a common pathological feature of neurodegenerative diseases. Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) patients show more pronounced microglial activation than Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. Whether these differences are due to differences in disease kinetics or represent disease-specific changes is unknown. We investigated microglial phenotypes in brains of rapidly progressive AD (rpAD) and sCJD patients matched for clinical presentation, including disease duration. We immunostained the frontal cortex, basal ganglia and cerebellum in 16 patients with rpAD and sCJD using antibodies against markers of microglia and recruited monocytes (ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1, human leukocyte antigen DPQR, Cluster of Differentiation 68), an antibody unique to brain-resident microglia (transmembrane protein 119 (TMEM119)), in addition to antibodies against a marker of astrocytes (glial fibrillary acidic protein), amyloid-β (Aβ) and pathological prion protein. rpAD patients showed a distinct microglial phenotype with a high abundance of TMEM119-positive microglia in all investigated regions. Presence of Aβ deposits seen in a sCJD patient with concomitant deposition of Aβ led to increase of TMEM119-positive microglia. Our data suggest that in rpAD, activation of brain-resident microglia significantly contributes to microgliosis, whereas in sCJD the TMEM119 signature of resident microglial cells is barely detectable. This is irrespective of disease duration and may indicate disease-specific microglial reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Krbot
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Peter Hermann
- National TSE Reference Centre, Department of Neurology, Georg-August University Goettingen, Germany
| | | | - Inga Zerr
- National TSE Reference Centre, Department of Neurology, Georg-August University Goettingen, Germany
| | - Diego Sepulveda-Falla
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Goebel
- National TSE Reference Centre, Department of Neurology, Georg-August University Goettingen, Germany
| | - Jakob Matschke
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Krasemann
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Glatzel
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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432
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Abstract
Cerebral organoids are 3D stem cell-derived models that can be utilized to study the human brain. The current consensus is that cerebral organoids consist of cells derived from the neuroectodermal lineage. This limits their value and applicability, as mesodermal-derived microglia are important players in neural development and disease. Remarkably, here we show that microglia can innately develop within a cerebral organoid model and display their characteristic ramified morphology. The transcriptome and response to inflammatory stimulation of these organoid-grown microglia closely mimic the transcriptome and response of adult microglia acutely isolated from post mortem human brain tissue. In addition, organoid-grown microglia mediate phagocytosis and synaptic material is detected inside them. In all, our study characterizes a microglia-containing organoid model that represents a valuable tool for studying the interplay between microglia, macroglia, and neurons in human brain development and disease. Brain organoid models reported to date lack cells of mesodermal origin, such as microglia. Here, the authors demonstrate that mature microglia-like cells are generated within their cerebral organoid model, providing new avenues for studying human microglia in a three-dimensional brain environment.
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433
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Cao W, Zheng H. Peripheral immune system in aging and Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2018; 13:51. [PMID: 30285785 PMCID: PMC6169078 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-018-0284-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) represents an urgent public health mandate. AD is no longer considered a neural-centric disease; rather, a plethora of recent studies strongly implicate a critical role played by neuroinflammation in the pathogeneses of AD and other neurodegenerative conditions. A close functional connection between the immune system and central nervous system is increasingly recognized. In late-onset AD, aging represents the most significant risk factor. Here, from an immunological perspective, we summarize the prominent molecular and cellular changes in the periphery of aging individuals and AD patients. Moreover, we review the knowledge gained in the past several years that implicate specific arms of the peripheral immune system and other types of immune responses in modulating AD progression. Taken together, these findings collectively emphasize a dynamic role of a concert of brain-extrinsic, peripheral signals in the aging and degenerative processes in the CNS. We believe that a systematic view synthesizing the vast amounts of existing results will help guide the development of next-generation therapeutics and inform future directions of AD investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Cao
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Huffington Center on Aging, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Hui Zheng
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Huffington Center on Aging, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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434
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Lymphocyte activation gene 3 (Lag3) expression is increased in prion infections but does not modify disease progression. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14600. [PMID: 30279468 PMCID: PMC6168446 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32712-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases, Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease (PD) are fatal degenerative disorders that share common neuropathological and biochemical features, including the aggregation of pathological protein conformers. Lymphocyte activation gene 3 (Lag3, also known as CD223) is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily of receptors expressed on peripheral immune cells, microglia and neurons, which serves as a receptor for α-synuclein aggregates in PD. Here we examined the possible role of Lag3 in the pathogenesis of prion diseases. Through quantitative real-time PCR and RNA-sequencing, we found that the expression levels of Lag3 were relatively low in the adult mouse brains, yet its expression was increased after prion infection. However, we failed finding significant differences regarding the incubation time, PrPSc load, neurodegeneration, astrocyte and microglia reactions and inflammatory gene expression between the Lag3 knockout mice and wild-type littermate controls after prion infection. We conclude that loss of Lag3 has no significant influence on prion disease pathogenesis. Considering that Lag3 is an immune checkpoint receptor, our results suggest that immune checkpoint inhibition (an increasingly prevalent therapeutic modality against many types of cancer) might not exert positive or negative effects on the progression of prion diseases.
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435
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Waddell LA, Lefevre L, Bush SJ, Raper A, Young R, Lisowski ZM, McCulloch MEB, Muriuki C, Sauter KA, Clark EL, Irvine KM, Pridans C, Hope JC, Hume DA. ADGRE1 (EMR1, F4/80) Is a Rapidly-Evolving Gene Expressed in Mammalian Monocyte-Macrophages. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2246. [PMID: 30327653 PMCID: PMC6174849 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The F4/80 antigen, encoded by the Adgre1 locus, has been widely-used as a monocyte-macrophage marker in mice, but its value as a macrophage marker in other species is unclear, and has even been questioned. ADGRE1 is a seven transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor with an extracellular domain containing repeated Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF)-like calcium binding domains. Using a new monoclonal antibody, we demonstrated that ADGRE1 is a myeloid differentiation marker in pigs, absent from progenitors in bone marrow, highly-expressed in mature granulocytes, monocytes, and tissue macrophages and induced by macrophage colony-stimulating factor (CSF1) treatment in vivo. Based upon these observations, we utilized RNA-Seq to assess the expression of ADGRE1 mRNA in bone marrow or monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) and alveolar macrophages from 8 mammalian species including pig, human, rat, sheep, goat, cow, water buffalo, and horse. ADGRE1 mRNA was expressed by macrophages in each species, with inter-species variation both in expression level and response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. Analysis of the RNA-Seq data also revealed additional exons in several species compared to current Ensembl annotations. The ruminant species and horses appear to encode a complete duplication of the 7 EGF-like domains. In every species, Sashimi plots revealed evidence of exon skipping of the EGF-like domains, which are highly-variable between species and polymorphic in humans. Consistent with these expression patterns, key elements of the promoter and a putative enhancer are also conserved across all species. The rapid evolution of this molecule and related ADGRE family members suggests immune selection and a role in pathogen recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey A. Waddell
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Lucas Lefevre
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J. Bush
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Raper
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Young
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Zofia M. Lisowski
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Charity Muriuki
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Kristin A. Sauter
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Emily L. Clark
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Clare Pridans
- Centre for Inflammation Research at the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jayne C. Hope
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - David A. Hume
- Mater Research-University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
- Centre for Inflammation Research at the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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436
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Wimmer I, Zrzavy T, Lassmann H. Neuroinflammatory responses in experimental and human stroke lesions. J Neuroimmunol 2018; 323:10-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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437
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Thei L, Imm J, Kaisis E, Dallas ML, Kerrigan TL. Microglia in Alzheimer's Disease: A Role for Ion Channels. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:676. [PMID: 30323735 PMCID: PMC6172337 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of dementia, it is estimated to affect over 40 million people worldwide. Classically, the disease has been characterized by the neuropathological hallmarks of aggregated extracellular amyloid-β and intracellular paired helical filaments of hyperphosphorylated tau. A wealth of evidence indicates a pivotal role for the innate immune system, such as microglia, and inflammation in the pathology of Alzheimer's disease. The over production and aggregation of Alzheimer's associated proteins results in chronic inflammation and disrupts microglial clearance of these depositions. Despite being non-excitable, microglia express a diverse array of ion channels which shape their physiological functions. In support of this, there is a growing body of evidence pointing to the involvement of microglial ion channels contributing to neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. In this review, we discuss the evidence for an array of microglia ion channels and their importance in modulating microglial homeostasis and how this process could be disrupted in Alzheimer's disease. One promising avenue for assessing the role that microglia play in the initiation and progression of Alzheimer's disease is through using induced pluripotent stem cell derived microglia. Here, we examine what is already understood in terms of the molecular underpinnings of inflammation in Alzheimer's disease, and the utility that inducible pluripotent stem cell derived microglia may have to advance this knowledge. We outline the variability that occurs between the use of animal and human models with regards to the importance of microglial ion channels in generating a relevant functional model of brain inflammation. Overcoming these hurdles will be pivotal in order to develop new drug targets and progress our understanding of the pathological mechanisms involved in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Thei
- Reading School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Imm
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Eleni Kaisis
- Reading School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Mark L Dallas
- Reading School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Talitha L Kerrigan
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
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438
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Newcombe EA, Camats-Perna J, Silva ML, Valmas N, Huat TJ, Medeiros R. Inflammation: the link between comorbidities, genetics, and Alzheimer's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:276. [PMID: 30249283 PMCID: PMC6154824 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1313-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 336] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder, most cases of which lack a clear causative event. This has made the disease difficult to characterize and, thus, diagnose. Although some cases are genetically linked, there are many diseases and lifestyle factors that can lead to an increased risk of developing AD, including traumatic brain injury, diabetes, hypertension, obesity, and other metabolic syndromes, in addition to aging. Identifying common factors and trends between these conditions could enhance our understanding of AD and lead to the development of more effective treatments. Although the immune system is one of the body’s key defense mechanisms, chronic inflammation has been increasingly linked with several age-related diseases. Moreover, it is now well accepted that chronic inflammation has an important role in the onset and progression of AD. In this review, the different inflammatory signals associated with AD and its risk factors will be outlined to demonstrate how chronic inflammation may be influencing individual susceptibility to AD. Our goal is to bring attention to potential shared signals presented by the immune system during different conditions that could lead to the development of successful treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estella A Newcombe
- Neurula Laboratory, Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Building 79, Brisbane, 4072, QLD, Australia.
| | - Judith Camats-Perna
- Neurula Laboratory, Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Building 79, Brisbane, 4072, QLD, Australia
| | - Mallone L Silva
- Neurula Laboratory, Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Building 79, Brisbane, 4072, QLD, Australia
| | - Nicholas Valmas
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, QLD, Australia
| | - Tee Jong Huat
- Neurula Laboratory, Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Building 79, Brisbane, 4072, QLD, Australia.,Centre for Stem Cell Ageing and Regenerative Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, QLD, Australia
| | - Rodrigo Medeiros
- Neurula Laboratory, Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Building 79, Brisbane, 4072, QLD, Australia.
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439
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Song WM, Colonna M. The identity and function of microglia in neurodegeneration. Nat Immunol 2018; 19:1048-1058. [DOI: 10.1038/s41590-018-0212-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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440
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Pridans C, Raper A, Davis GM, Alves J, Sauter KA, Lefevre L, Regan T, Meek S, Sutherland L, Thomson AJ, Clohisey S, Bush SJ, Rojo R, Lisowski ZM, Wallace R, Grabert K, Upton KR, Tsai YT, Brown D, Smith LB, Summers KM, Mabbott NA, Piccardo P, Cheeseman MT, Burdon T, Hume DA. Pleiotropic Impacts of Macrophage and Microglial Deficiency on Development in Rats with Targeted Mutation of the Csf1r Locus. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:2683-2699. [PMID: 30249809 PMCID: PMC6196293 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We have produced Csf1r-deficient rats by homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells. Consistent with the role of Csf1r in macrophage differentiation, there was a loss of peripheral blood monocytes, microglia in the brain, epidermal Langerhans cells, splenic marginal zone macrophages, bone-associated macrophages and osteoclasts, and peritoneal macrophages. Macrophages of splenic red pulp, liver, lung, and gut were less affected. The pleiotropic impacts of the loss of macrophages on development of multiple organ systems in rats were distinct from those reported in mice. Csf1r-/- rats survived well into adulthood with postnatal growth retardation, distinct skeletal and bone marrow abnormalities, infertility, and loss of visceral adipose tissue. Gene expression analysis in spleen revealed selective loss of transcripts associated with the marginal zone and, in brain regions, the loss of known and candidate novel microglia-associated transcripts. Despite the complete absence of microglia, there was little overt phenotype in brain, aside from reduced myelination and increased expression of dopamine receptor-associated transcripts in striatum. The results highlight the redundant and nonredundant functions of CSF1R signaling and of macrophages in development, organogenesis, and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Pridans
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush EH25 9RG, United Kingdom; .,The University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Raper
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Gemma M Davis
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Joana Alves
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Kristin A Sauter
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Lucas Lefevre
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Tim Regan
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Meek
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Linda Sutherland
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Alison J Thomson
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush EH25 9RG, United Kingdom.,New World Laboratories, Laval, Quebec H7V 5B7, Canada
| | - Sara Clohisey
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J Bush
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush EH25 9RG, United Kingdom.,Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
| | - Rocío Rojo
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Zofia M Lisowski
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Wallace
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Kathleen Grabert
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Kyle R Upton
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush EH25 9RG, United Kingdom.,School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Yi Ting Tsai
- Medical Research Council Centre for Reproductive Health, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Deborah Brown
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Lee B Smith
- Medical Research Council Centre for Reproductive Health, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom.,Faculty of Science, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2309, Australia; and
| | - Kim M Summers
- Mater Research-University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4101, Australia
| | - Neil A Mabbott
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Pedro Piccardo
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Michael T Cheeseman
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Burdon
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - David A Hume
- The University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom; .,Mater Research-University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4101, Australia
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441
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Cho SM, Vardi A, Platt N, Futerman AH. Absence of infiltrating peripheral myeloid cells in the brains of mouse models of lysosomal storage disorders. J Neurochem 2018; 148:625-638. [PMID: 29900534 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Approximately 70 lysosomal storage diseases are currently known, resulting from mutations in genes encoding lysosomal enzymes and membrane proteins. Defects in lysosomal enzymes that hydrolyze sphingolipids have been relatively well studied. Gaucher disease is caused by the loss of activity of glucocerebrosidase, leading to accumulation of glucosylceramide. Gaucher disease exhibits a number of subtypes, with types 2 and 3 showing significant neuropathology. Sandhoff disease results from the defective activity of β-hexosaminidase, leading to accumulation of ganglioside GM2. Niemann-Pick type C disease is primarily caused by the loss of activity of the lysosomal membrane protein, NPC1, leading to storage of cholesterol and sphingosine. All three disorders display significant neuropathology, accompanied by neuroinflammation. It is commonly assumed that neuroinflammation is the result of infiltration of monocyte-derived macrophages into the brain; for instance, cells resembling lipid-engorged macrophages ('Gaucher cells') have been observed in the brain of Gaucher disease patients. We now review the evidence that inflammatory macrophages are recruited into the brain in these diseases and then go on to provide some experimental data that, at least in the three mouse models tested, monocyte-derived macrophages do not appear to infiltrate the brain. Resident microglia, which are phenotypically distinct from infiltrating macrophages, are the only myeloid population present in significant numbers within the brain parenchyma in these authentic mouse models, even during the late symptomatic stages of disease when there is substantial neuroinflammation. OPEN SCIENCE BADGES: This article has received a badge for *Open Materials* because it provided all relevant information to reproduce the study in the manuscript. The complete Open Science Disclosure form for this article can be found at the end of the article. More information about the Open Practices badges can be found at https://cos.io/our-services/open-science-badges/. This article is part of the Special Issue "Lysosomal Storage Disorders".
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Min Cho
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ayelet Vardi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Nicolas Platt
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Anthony H Futerman
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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442
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Timmerman R, Burm SM, Bajramovic JJ. An Overview of in vitro Methods to Study Microglia. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:242. [PMID: 30127723 PMCID: PMC6087748 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a common feature in neurodegenerative diseases and strategies to modulate neuroinflammatory processes are increasingly considered as therapeutic options. In such strategies, glia cells rather than neurons represent the cellular targets. Microglia, the resident macrophages of the central nervous system, are principal players in neuroinflammation and detailed cellular biological knowledge of this particular cell type is therefore of pivotal importance. The last decade has shed new light on the origin, characteristics and functions of microglia, underlining the need for specific in vitro methodology to study these cells in detail. In this review we provide a comprehensive overview of existing methodology such as cell lines, stem cell-derived microglia and primary dissociated cell cultures, as well as discuss recent developments. As there is no in vitro method available yet that recapitulates all hallmarks of adult homeostatic microglia, we also discuss the advantages and limitations of existing models across different species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raissa Timmerman
- Alternatives Unit, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, Netherlands
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443
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David S, Kroner A, Greenhalgh AD, Zarruk JG, López-Vales R. Myeloid cell responses after spinal cord injury. J Neuroimmunol 2018; 321:97-108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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444
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van Olst L, Bielefeld P, Fitzsimons CP, de Vries HE, Schouten M. Glucocorticoid-mediated modulation of morphological changes associated with aging in microglia. Aging Cell 2018; 17:e12790. [PMID: 29882317 PMCID: PMC6052476 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia dynamically adapt their morphology and function during increasing age. However, the mechanisms behind these changes are to date poorly understood. Glucocorticoids (GCs) are long known and utilized for their immunomodulatory actions and endogenous GC levels are described to alter with advancing age. We here tested the hypothesis that age‐associated elevations in GC levels implicate microglia function and morphology. Our data indicate a decrease in microglial complexity and a concomitant increase in GC levels during aging. Interestingly, enhancing GC levels in young mice enhanced microglial ramifications, while the knockdown of the glucocorticoid receptor expression in old mice aggravated age‐associated microglial amoebification. These data suggest that GCs increase ramification of hippocampal microglia and may modulate age‐associated changes in microglial morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn van Olst
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology; VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Pascal Bielefeld
- Neuroscience Program; Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Carlos P. Fitzsimons
- Neuroscience Program; Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Helga E. de Vries
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology; VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Marijn Schouten
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology; VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience; Amsterdam The Netherlands
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445
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Dubbelaar ML, Kracht L, Eggen BJL, Boddeke EWGM. The Kaleidoscope of Microglial Phenotypes. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1753. [PMID: 30108586 PMCID: PMC6079257 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene expression analyses of microglia, the tissue-resident macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS), led to the identification of homeostatic as well as neurological disease-specific gene signatures of microglial phenotypes. Upon alterations in the neural microenvironment, either caused by local insults from within the CNS (during neurodegenerative diseases) or by macroenvironmental incidents, such as social stress, microglia can switch phenotypes-generally referred to as "microglial activation." The interplay between the microenvironment and its influence on microglial phenotypes, regulated by (epi)genetic mechanisms, can be imagined as the different colorful crystal formations (microglial phenotypes) that change upon rotation (microenvironmental changes) of a kaleidoscope. In this review, we will discuss microglial phenotypes in relation to neurodevelopment, homeostasis, in vitro conditions, aging, and neurodegenerative diseases based on transcriptome studies. By overlaying these disease-specific microglial signatures, recent publications have identified a specific set of genes that is differentially expressed in all investigated diseases, called a microglial core gene signature with multiple diseases. We will conclude this review with a discussion about the complexity of this microglial core gene signature associated with multiple diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa L Dubbelaar
- Department of Neuroscience, Section Medical Physiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Laura Kracht
- Department of Neuroscience, Section Medical Physiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Bart J L Eggen
- Department of Neuroscience, Section Medical Physiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Erik W G M Boddeke
- Department of Neuroscience, Section Medical Physiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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446
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Schlachetzki JCM, Prots I, Tao J, Chun HB, Saijo K, Gosselin D, Winner B, Glass CK, Winkler J. A monocyte gene expression signature in the early clinical course of Parkinson's disease. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10757. [PMID: 30018301 PMCID: PMC6050266 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28986-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the main immune cells of the brain and express a large genetic pattern of genes linked to Parkinson's disease risk alleles. Monocytes like microglia are myeloid-lineage cells, raising the questions of the extent to which they share gene expression with microglia and whether they are already altered early in the clinical course of the disease. To decipher a monocytic gene expression signature in Parkinson's disease, we performed RNA-seq and applied the two-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test to identify differentially expressed genes between controls and patients with Parkinson's disease and changes in gene expression variability and dysregulation. The gene expression profiles of normal human monocytes and microglia showed a plethora of differentially expressed genes. Additionally, we identified a distinct gene expression pattern of monocytes isolated from Parkinson's disease patients at an early disease stage compared to controls using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Differentially expressed genes included genes involved in immune activation such as HLA-DQB1, MYD88, REL, and TNF-α. Our data suggest that future studies of distinct leukocyte subsets are warranted to identify possible surrogate biomarkers and may lead to the identification of novel interventions early in the disease course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes C M Schlachetzki
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego at La Jolla, CA, 92093-0651, USA.
| | - Iryna Prots
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jenhan Tao
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego at La Jolla, CA, 92093-0651, USA
| | - Hyun B Chun
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego at La Jolla, CA, 92093-0651, USA
| | - Kaoru Saijo
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3200, USA
| | - David Gosselin
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego at La Jolla, CA, 92093-0651, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Québec, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Beate Winner
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christopher K Glass
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego at La Jolla, CA, 92093-0651, USA
| | - Jürgen Winkler
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.
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447
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Xu M, Wang MM, Gao Y, Keep RF, Shi Y. The effect of age-related risk factors and comorbidities on white matter injury and repair after ischemic stroke. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 126:13-22. [PMID: 30017454 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
White matter injury is a crucial component of human stroke, but it has often been neglected in preclinical studies. Most human stroke is associated with one or more comorbidities, including aging, hypertension, diabetes and metabolic syndrome including hyperlipidemia. The purpose of this review is to examine how age and hypertension impact stroke-induced white matter injury as well as white matter repair in both human stroke and preclinical models. It is essential that comorbidities be examined in preclinical trials as they may impact translatability to the clinic. In addition, understanding how comorbidities impact white matter injury and repair may provide new therapeutic opportunities for patients with those conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyue Xu
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Michael M Wang
- Departments of Neurology and Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Yanqin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Richard F Keep
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Yejie Shi
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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448
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Rizzi C, Tiberi A, Giustizieri M, Marrone MC, Gobbo F, Carucci NM, Meli G, Arisi I, D'Onofrio M, Marinelli S, Capsoni S, Cattaneo A. NGF steers microglia toward a neuroprotective phenotype. Glia 2018; 66:1395-1416. [PMID: 29473218 PMCID: PMC6001573 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are the sentinels of the brain but a clear understanding of the factors that modulate their activation in physiological and pathological conditions is still lacking. Here we demonstrate that Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) acts on microglia by steering them toward a neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory phenotype. We show that microglial cells express functional NGF receptors in vitro and ex vivo. Our transcriptomic analysis reveals how, in primary microglia, NGF treatment leads to a modulation of motility, phagocytosis and degradation pathways. At the functional level, NGF induces an increase in membrane dynamics and macropinocytosis and, in vivo, it activates an outward rectifying current that appears to modulate glutamatergic neurotransmission in nearby neurons. Since microglia are supposed to be a major player in Aβ peptide clearance in the brain, we tested the effects of NGF on its phagocytosis. NGF was shown to promote TrkA-mediated engulfment of Aβ by microglia, and to enhance its degradation. Additionally, the proinflammatory activation induced by Aβ treatment is counteracted by the concomitant administration of NGF. Moreover, by acting specifically on microglia, NGF protects neurons from the Aβ-induced loss of dendritic spines and inhibition of long term potentiation. Finally, in an ex-vivo setup of acute brain slices, we observed a similar increase in Aβ engulfment by microglial cells under the influence of NGF. Our work substantiates a role for NGF in the regulation of microglial homeostatic activities and points toward this neurotrophin as a neuroprotective agent in Aβ accumulation pathologies, via its anti-inflammatory activity on microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Rizzi
- Bio@SNS Laboratory, Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7Pisa56126Italy
| | - Alexia Tiberi
- Bio@SNS Laboratory, Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7Pisa56126Italy
| | - Michela Giustizieri
- European Brain Research Institute‐Fondazione Rita Levi Montalcini, Viale Regina Elena 295Roma00161, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Marrone
- European Brain Research Institute‐Fondazione Rita Levi Montalcini, Viale Regina Elena 295Roma00161, Italy
| | - Francesco Gobbo
- Bio@SNS Laboratory, Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7Pisa56126Italy
| | - Nicola Maria Carucci
- Bio@SNS Laboratory, Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7Pisa56126Italy
| | - Giovanni Meli
- European Brain Research Institute‐Fondazione Rita Levi Montalcini, Viale Regina Elena 295Roma00161, Italy
| | - Ivan Arisi
- European Brain Research Institute‐Fondazione Rita Levi Montalcini, Viale Regina Elena 295Roma00161, Italy
| | - Mara D'Onofrio
- European Brain Research Institute‐Fondazione Rita Levi Montalcini, Viale Regina Elena 295Roma00161, Italy
| | - Silvia Marinelli
- European Brain Research Institute‐Fondazione Rita Levi Montalcini, Viale Regina Elena 295Roma00161, Italy
| | - Simona Capsoni
- Bio@SNS Laboratory, Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7Pisa56126Italy
- Section of Human Physiology, Department of Biomedical and Specialty Surgical SciencesUniversity of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17‐19Ferrara44121Italy
| | - Antonino Cattaneo
- Bio@SNS Laboratory, Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7Pisa56126Italy
- European Brain Research Institute‐Fondazione Rita Levi Montalcini, Viale Regina Elena 295Roma00161, Italy
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449
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Zrzavy T, Höftberger R, Berger T, Rauschka H, Butovsky O, Weiner H, Lassmann H. Pro-inflammatory activation of microglia in the brain of patients with sepsis. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2018; 45:278-290. [PMID: 29804289 PMCID: PMC6487964 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Aims Experimental data suggest that systemic immune activation may create a pro‐inflammatory environment with microglia activation in the central nervous system in the absence of overt inflammation, which in turn may be deleterious in conditions of neurodegenerative disease. The extent to which this is relevant for the human brain is unknown. The central aim of this study is to provide an in‐depth characterization of the microglia and macrophage response to systemic inflammation. Methods We used recently described markers to characterize the origin and functional states of microglia/macrophages in white and grey matter in patients who died under septic conditions and compared it to those patients without systemic inflammation. Results We found pro‐inflammatory microglia activation in septic patients in the white matter, with very little activation in the grey matter. Using a specific marker for resident microglia (TMEM119), we found that parenchyma microglia were activated and that there was additional recruitment of perivascular macrophages. Pro‐inflammatory microglia activation occurred in the presence of homeostatic microglia cells. In contrast to inflammatory or ischaemic diseases of the brain, the anti‐inflammatory microglia markers CD163 or CD206 were not expressed in acute sepsis. Furthermore, we found pronounced upregulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase not only in microglia, but also in astrocytes and endothelial cells. Conclusion Our results demonstrate the pronounced effects of systemic inflammation on the human brain and have important implications for the selection of control populations for studies on microglia activation in human brain disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Zrzavy
- Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - R Höftberger
- Clinical Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - T Berger
- Clinical Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Vienna, Austria
| | - H Rauschka
- Department of Neurology, Sozialmedizinisches Zentrum Ost-Donauspital, Vienna, Austria.,Karl Landsteiner Institut für neuroimmunologische und neurodegenerative Erkrankungen, Donauspital Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - O Butovsky
- Ann Romney Center for Neurological Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - H Weiner
- Ann Romney Center for Neurological Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - H Lassmann
- Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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450
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Mathys H, Adaikkan C, Gao F, Young JZ, Manet E, Hemberg M, De Jager PL, Ransohoff RM, Regev A, Tsai LH. Temporal Tracking of Microglia Activation in Neurodegeneration at Single-Cell Resolution. Cell Rep 2018; 21:366-380. [PMID: 29020624 PMCID: PMC5642107 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 459] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia, the tissue-resident macrophages in the brain, are damage sensors that react to nearly any perturbation, including neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Here, using single-cell RNA sequencing, we determined the transcriptome of more than 1,600 individual microglia cells isolated from the hippocampus of a mouse model of severe neurodegeneration with AD-like phenotypes and of control mice at multiple time points during progression of neurodegeneration. In this neurodegeneration model, we discovered two molecularly distinct reactive microglia phenotypes that are typified by modules of co-regulated type I and type II interferon response genes, respectively. Furthermore, our work identified previously unobserved heterogeneity in the response of microglia to neurodegeneration, discovered disease stage-specific microglia cell states, revealed the trajectory of cellular reprogramming of microglia in response to neurodegeneration, and uncovered the underlying transcriptional programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hansruedi Mathys
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Chinnakkaruppan Adaikkan
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Fan Gao
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jennie Z Young
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Elodie Manet
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Martin Hemberg
- Department of Cellular Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Philip L De Jager
- Center for Translational and Systems Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | - Aviv Regev
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA; Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Li-Huei Tsai
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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