401
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Hsu CP, Lin CH, Kuo CY. Endothelial-cell inflammation and damage by reactive oxygen species are prevented by propofol via ABCA1-mediated cholesterol efflux. Int J Med Sci 2018; 15:978-985. [PMID: 30013438 PMCID: PMC6036153 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.24659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Cholesterol efflux efficiency, reactive oxygen species, and inflammation are closely related to cardiovascular diseases. Our aim was to investigate the effect of propofol on cholesterol-loaded rat aortic endothelial cells after high-density lipoprotein treatment in vitro. Methods and Results: The results showed that propofol promoted cholesterol efflux and ameliorated inflammation and reactive oxygen species overproduction according to the analysis of p65 nuclear translocation and a 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate assay, respectively. Conclusions: These results provide a possible explanation for the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and cholesterol efflux-promoting effects of propofol on rat aortic endothelial cells after incubation with high-density lipoprotein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Peng Hsu
- Department of Cardiology, Chang Bing Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hung Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chan-Yen Kuo
- Graduate Institute of Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, National Central University, Chungli, Taiwan.,Department of Ophthalmology, Hsin Sheng Junior College of Medical Care and Management, Longtan, Taiwan
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402
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Efficient purification of Apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1) from plasma by HEA HyperCel™: An alternative approach. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1073:104-109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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403
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Onat A, Kaya A, Ademoglu E. Modified risk associations of lipoproteins and apolipoproteins by chronic low-grade inflammation. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2017; 16:39-48. [PMID: 29241386 DOI: 10.1080/14779072.2018.1417839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lipoproteins and the apolipoproteins (apo) that they carry are major determinants of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) as well as metabolic, renal and inflammatory chronic disorders either directly or through mediation of risk factors. The notion that elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and apoB levels are related to the acquisition of CVD and, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and apoA-I indicate protection against CVD has been challenged in the past decade. Advanced age, adiposity, ethnicity or impaired glucose intolerance rendered autoimmune activation in an environment of pro-inflammatory state/oxidative stress and may disrupt the linear risk association between lipoproteins. Areas covered: This review summarizes the modified risk associations of lipoproteins and apolipoprotein by an environment of chronic systemic low-grade inflammation with special emphasis on the non-linear relationship of lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)], a biomarker of renewed interest in cardiometabolic risk. Expert commentary: It seems that autoimmune activation in an environment of pro-inflammatory state/oxidative stress not only disrupts the linear risk association between lipoproteins, but also may cause interference in immunoassays. Hence, methodological improvement in immunoassays and much further research focusing on population segments susceptible to a pro-inflammatory state is necessary for further advances in knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Altan Onat
- a Department of Cardiology, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty , Istanbul University , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Aysem Kaya
- b Laboratory of Biochemistry, Institute of Cardiology , Istanbul University , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Evin Ademoglu
- c Department of Biochemistry, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine , Istanbul University , Istanbul , Turkey
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404
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Head T, Daunert S, Goldschmidt-Clermont PJ. The Aging Risk and Atherosclerosis: A Fresh Look at Arterial Homeostasis. Front Genet 2017; 8:216. [PMID: 29312440 PMCID: PMC5735066 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2017.00216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A considerable volume of research over the last decade has focused on understanding the fundamental mechanisms for the progression of atherosclerosis-the underlying cause for the vast majority of all cardiovascular (CVD)-related complications. Aging is the dominant risk factor for clinically significant atherosclerotic lesion formation, yet the heightened impact of aging on the disease is not accounted for by changes in traditional risk factors, such as lack of physical activity, smoking, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, or diabetes mellitus. This review will examine the pathological and biochemical processes of atherosclerotic plaque formation and growth, with particular focus on the aging risk vis-a-vis arterial homeostasis. Particular focus will be placed on the impact of a number of important contributors to arterial homeostasis including bone marrow (BM)-derived vascular progenitor cells, differential monocyte subpopulations, and the role of cellular senescence. Finally, this review will explore many critical observations in the way the disease process has been reassessed both by clinicians and researchers, and will highlight recent advances in this field that have provided a greater understanding of this aging-driven disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trajen Head
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Sylvia Daunert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
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405
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Sanin V, Pfetsch V, Koenig W. Dyslipidemias and Cardiovascular Prevention: Tailoring Treatment According to Lipid Phenotype. Curr Cardiol Rep 2017; 19:61. [PMID: 28528455 DOI: 10.1007/s11886-017-0869-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This study aimed to present the current information on the genetic background of dyslipidemias and provide insights into the complex pathophysiological role of several plasma lipids/lipoproteins in the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Furthermore, we aim to summarize established therapies and describe the scientific rationale for the development of novel therapeutic strategies. RECENT FINDINGS Evidence from genetic studies suggests that besides lowering low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, pharmacological reduction of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, or lipoprotein(a) will reduce risk for coronary heart disease. Dyslipidemia, in particular hypercholesterolemia, is a common clinical condition and represents an important determinant of atherosclerotic vascular disease. Treatment decisions are currently guided by the causative lipid phenotype and the presence of other risk factors suggesting a very high cardiovascular risk. Therefore, the identification of lipid disorders and the optimal combination of therapeutic strategies provide an outstanding opportunity for reducing the onset and burden of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Sanin
- Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München, Lazarettstr. 36, 80636, Munich, Germany
| | - Vanessa Pfetsch
- Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München, Lazarettstr. 36, 80636, Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Koenig
- Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München, Lazarettstr. 36, 80636, Munich, Germany. .,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany.
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406
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Antiochos P, Marques-Vidal P, Virzi J, Pagano S, Satta N, Hartley O, Montecucco F, Mach F, Kutalik Z, Waeber G, Vollenweider P, Vuilleumier N. Impact of CD14 Polymorphisms on Anti-Apolipoprotein A-1 IgG-Related Coronary Artery Disease Prediction in the General Population. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 37:2342-2349. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.309602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective—
We aimed to determine whether autoantibodies against apoA-1 (apolipoprotein A-1; anti-apoA-1 IgG) predict incident coronary artery disease (CAD), defined as adjudicated incident myocardial infarction, angina, percutaneous coronary revascularization, or bypass grafting, in the general population. We further investigated whether this association is modulated by a functional CD14 receptor single nucleotide polymorphism.
Approach and Results—
In a prospectively studied, population-based cohort of 5220 subjects (mean age 52.6±10.7 years, 47.4% males), followed over a median period of 5.6 years, subjects positive versus negative for anti-apoA-1 IgG presented a total CAD rate of 3.9% versus 2.8% (
P
=0.077) and a nonfatal CAD rate of 3.6% versus 2.3% (
P
=0.018), respectively. After multivariate adjustment for established cardiovascular risk factors, the hazard ratios of anti-apoA-1 IgG for total and nonfatal CAD were: hazard ratio=1.36 (95% confidence interval, 0.94–1.97;
P
=0.105) and hazard ratio=1.53 (95% confidence interval, 1.03–2.26;
P
=0.034), respectively. In subjects with available genetic data for the C260T
rs2569190
single nucleotide polymorphism in the CD14 receptor gene (n=4247), we observed a significant interaction between anti-apoA-1 IgG and
rs2569190
allele status with regards to CAD risk, with anti-apoA-1 IgG conferring the highest risk for total and nonfatal CAD in non-TT carriers, whereas being associated with the lowest risk for total and nonfatal CAD in TT homozygotes (
P
for interaction =0.011 and
P
for interaction =0.033, respectively).
Conclusions—
Anti-apoA-1 IgG are independent predictors of nonfatal incident CAD in the general population. The strength of this association is dependent on a functional polymorphism of the CD14 receptor gene, a finding suggesting a gene–autoantibody interaction for the development of CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Antiochos
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Lausanne, Switzerland (P.A., P.M.-V., G.W., P.V.); Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Genetics and Laboratory Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland (J.V., S.P., N.S., F. Montecucco, N.V.); Department of Human Protein Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, (J.V., S.P., N.S., N.V.), Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine (O.H.), and Division of Cardiology, Foundation for Medical Researches,
| | - Pedro Marques-Vidal
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Lausanne, Switzerland (P.A., P.M.-V., G.W., P.V.); Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Genetics and Laboratory Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland (J.V., S.P., N.S., F. Montecucco, N.V.); Department of Human Protein Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, (J.V., S.P., N.S., N.V.), Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine (O.H.), and Division of Cardiology, Foundation for Medical Researches,
| | - Julien Virzi
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Lausanne, Switzerland (P.A., P.M.-V., G.W., P.V.); Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Genetics and Laboratory Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland (J.V., S.P., N.S., F. Montecucco, N.V.); Department of Human Protein Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, (J.V., S.P., N.S., N.V.), Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine (O.H.), and Division of Cardiology, Foundation for Medical Researches,
| | - Sabrina Pagano
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Lausanne, Switzerland (P.A., P.M.-V., G.W., P.V.); Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Genetics and Laboratory Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland (J.V., S.P., N.S., F. Montecucco, N.V.); Department of Human Protein Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, (J.V., S.P., N.S., N.V.), Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine (O.H.), and Division of Cardiology, Foundation for Medical Researches,
| | - Nathalie Satta
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Lausanne, Switzerland (P.A., P.M.-V., G.W., P.V.); Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Genetics and Laboratory Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland (J.V., S.P., N.S., F. Montecucco, N.V.); Department of Human Protein Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, (J.V., S.P., N.S., N.V.), Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine (O.H.), and Division of Cardiology, Foundation for Medical Researches,
| | - Oliver Hartley
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Lausanne, Switzerland (P.A., P.M.-V., G.W., P.V.); Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Genetics and Laboratory Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland (J.V., S.P., N.S., F. Montecucco, N.V.); Department of Human Protein Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, (J.V., S.P., N.S., N.V.), Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine (O.H.), and Division of Cardiology, Foundation for Medical Researches,
| | - Fabrizio Montecucco
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Lausanne, Switzerland (P.A., P.M.-V., G.W., P.V.); Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Genetics and Laboratory Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland (J.V., S.P., N.S., F. Montecucco, N.V.); Department of Human Protein Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, (J.V., S.P., N.S., N.V.), Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine (O.H.), and Division of Cardiology, Foundation for Medical Researches,
| | - François Mach
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Lausanne, Switzerland (P.A., P.M.-V., G.W., P.V.); Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Genetics and Laboratory Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland (J.V., S.P., N.S., F. Montecucco, N.V.); Department of Human Protein Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, (J.V., S.P., N.S., N.V.), Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine (O.H.), and Division of Cardiology, Foundation for Medical Researches,
| | - Zoltan Kutalik
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Lausanne, Switzerland (P.A., P.M.-V., G.W., P.V.); Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Genetics and Laboratory Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland (J.V., S.P., N.S., F. Montecucco, N.V.); Department of Human Protein Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, (J.V., S.P., N.S., N.V.), Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine (O.H.), and Division of Cardiology, Foundation for Medical Researches,
| | - Gerard Waeber
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Lausanne, Switzerland (P.A., P.M.-V., G.W., P.V.); Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Genetics and Laboratory Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland (J.V., S.P., N.S., F. Montecucco, N.V.); Department of Human Protein Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, (J.V., S.P., N.S., N.V.), Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine (O.H.), and Division of Cardiology, Foundation for Medical Researches,
| | - Peter Vollenweider
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Lausanne, Switzerland (P.A., P.M.-V., G.W., P.V.); Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Genetics and Laboratory Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland (J.V., S.P., N.S., F. Montecucco, N.V.); Department of Human Protein Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, (J.V., S.P., N.S., N.V.), Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine (O.H.), and Division of Cardiology, Foundation for Medical Researches,
| | - Nicolas Vuilleumier
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Lausanne, Switzerland (P.A., P.M.-V., G.W., P.V.); Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Genetics and Laboratory Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland (J.V., S.P., N.S., F. Montecucco, N.V.); Department of Human Protein Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, (J.V., S.P., N.S., N.V.), Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine (O.H.), and Division of Cardiology, Foundation for Medical Researches,
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407
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Abstract
The objective of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of garcinol as an antidiabetic candidate in streptozotocin-induced diabetic Wistar rats. Diabetic rats showed a significant increase in the biochemical parameters such as fasting blood glucose, glycated haemoglobin, urea, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase, malondialdehyde, total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, atherogenic index and a significant decrease in plasma insulin, HOMA-β-cell functioning index, glycogen, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, body weight and antioxidant enzyme activities, viz. superoxide dismutase, catalase and reduced glutathione. Oral administration of garcinol (10 and 20 mg/kg body weight/day) for 30 days improved the above-mentioned alterations. The effect produced by the drug was compared with that of glibenclamide, a standard hypoglycaemic drug. These findings reveal that garcinol can be a promising antidiabetic candidate in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kodikonda Madhuri
- a Department of studies in Zoology, Endocrinology Research Laboratory , University of Mysore , Mysuru , Karnataka (S) , India
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408
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Androulakis E, Zacharia E, Papageorgiou N, Lioudaki E, Bertsias D, Charakida M, Siasos G, Tousoulis D. High-density Lipoprotein and Low-density Lipoprotein Therapeutic Approaches in Acute Coronary Syndromes. Curr Cardiol Rev 2017; 13:168-182. [PMID: 28190386 PMCID: PMC5633711 DOI: 10.2174/1573403x13666170209145622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), and especially its oxidized form, renders the atherosclerotic plaque vulnerable to rupture in acute coronary syndromes (ACS). On the other hand, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) is considered an anti-atherogenic molecule. The more recent HDL-targeted drugs may prove to be superior to those used before. Indeed, delipidated HDL and HDL mimetics are efficient in increasing HDL levels, while the apoA-I upregulation with RVX-208 appears to offer a clinical benefit which is beyond the HDL related effects. HDL treatment however has not shown a significant improvement in the outcomes of patients with ACS so far, studies have therefore focused again on LDL. In addition to statins and ezetimibe, novel drugs such as PSCK9 inhibitors and apolipoprotein B inhibitors appear to be both effective and safe for patients with hyperlipidemia. CONCLUSION Data suggest these could potentially improve the cardiovascular outcomes of patient with ACS. Yet, there is still research to be done, in order to confirm whether ACS patients would benefit from LDL- or HDL-targeted therapies or a combination of both.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Effimia Zacharia
- 1st Department of Cardiology, Hippokration Hospital, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Papageorgiou
- Barts Heart Centre, St Bartholomew's Hospital, West Smithfield, EC1A 7BE, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eirini Lioudaki
- Epsom and St Helier University Hospitals, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dimitris Bertsias
- 1st Department of Cardiology, Hippokration Hospital, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Marietta Charakida
- Department of Cardiovascular Imaging, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - Gerasimos Siasos
- 1st Department of Cardiology, Hippokration Hospital, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitris Tousoulis
- 1st Department of Cardiology, Hippokration Hospital, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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409
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Qi Y, Liu J, Wang W, Wang M, Zhao F, Sun J, Liu J, Zhao D. Apolipoprotein E-containing high-density lipoprotein (HDL) modifies the impact of cholesterol-overloaded HDL on incident coronary heart disease risk: A community-based cohort study. J Clin Lipidol 2017; 12:89-98.e2. [PMID: 29217413 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Experimental studies have shown that cholesterol-overloaded high-density lipoprotein (HDL) can promote the formation of apolipoprotein E (APOE)-containing HDL, a process correcting the atherogenic function of cholesterol-overloaded HDL. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to explore whether APOE-containing HDL can attenuate the defective impact of cholesterol-overloaded HDL on the development of coronary heart disease (CHD) in humans. METHODS We measured APOE-HDL cholesterol (APOE-HDLC), HDL cholesterol (HDLC), and HDL particle number in 1112 participants aged 45 to 74 years at baseline in a community-based cohort study. Cholesterol molecules per HDL particle (HDL-C/P ratio) were calculated as the ratio of HDLC to HDL particle number. The ratio of APOE-HDLC to total HDLC (APOE-HDLC/HDLC ratio) was calculated to assess the relative proportion of APOE-HDLC in total HDLC. RESULTS The HDL-C/P ratio was strongly correlated with APOE-HDLC (partial-r: 0.615). Participants with cholesterol-overloaded HDL (indicated by the highest level of the HDL-C/P ratio) had a high APOE-HDLC/HDLC ratio. Baseline cholesterol-overloaded HDL significantly increased the 10-year risk of incident CHD (hazard ratio = 2.42; 95% confidence interval = 1.06-8.32), but this was attenuated by an increased APOE-HDLC/HDLC ratio. Participants with high HDL-C/P ratio and APOE-HDLC/HDLC ratio had a 42% lower risk, whereas those with a high HDL-C/P ratio and low APOE-HDLC/HDLC ratio had a 2.54-fold higher risk, than those with low HDL-C/P ratio and APOE-HDLC/HDLC ratio after multiple adjustments. CONCLUSION Cholesterol-overloaded HDLs are related with increased APOE-containing HDL species. APOE-containing HDL was found to attenuate the impact of cholesterol-overloaded HDL on increased incident CHD risk, suggesting that APOE-containing HDL may correct the dysfunction of cholesterol-overloaded HDL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Qi
- Department of Epidemiology, Beijing An Zhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, Beijing An Zhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, Beijing An Zhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Miao Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, Beijing An Zhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology, Beijing An Zhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Jiayi Sun
- Department of Epidemiology, Beijing An Zhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, Beijing An Zhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology, Beijing An Zhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China.
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410
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Martin-Ventura JL, Rodrigues-Diez R, Martinez-Lopez D, Salaices M, Blanco-Colio LM, Briones AM. Oxidative Stress in Human Atherothrombosis: Sources, Markers and Therapeutic Targets. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18112315. [PMID: 29099757 PMCID: PMC5713284 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18112315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherothrombosis remains one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The underlying pathology is a chronic pathological vascular remodeling of the arterial wall involving several pathways, including oxidative stress. Cellular and animal studies have provided compelling evidence of the direct role of oxidative stress in atherothrombosis, but such a relationship is not clearly established in humans and, to date, clinical trials on the possible beneficial effects of antioxidant therapy have provided equivocal results. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase is one of the main sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in human atherothrombosis. Moreover, leukocyte-derived myeloperoxidase (MPO) and red blood cell-derived iron could be involved in the oxidative modification of lipids/lipoproteins (LDL/HDL) in the arterial wall. Interestingly, oxidized lipoproteins, and antioxidants, have been analyzed as potential markers of oxidative stress in the plasma of patients with atherothrombosis. In this review, we will revise sources of ROS, focusing on NADPH oxidase, but also on MPO and iron. We will also discuss the impact of these oxidative systems on LDL and HDL, as well as the value of these modified lipoproteins as circulating markers of oxidative stress in atherothrombosis. We will finish by reviewing some antioxidant systems and compounds as therapeutic strategies to prevent pathological vascular remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Luis Martin-Ventura
- Vascular Research Lab, FIIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz-Autonoma University, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Raquel Rodrigues-Diez
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz (IdiPAZ), 28046 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Diego Martinez-Lopez
- Vascular Research Lab, FIIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz-Autonoma University, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Mercedes Salaices
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz (IdiPAZ), 28046 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Luis Miguel Blanco-Colio
- Vascular Research Lab, FIIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz-Autonoma University, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ana M Briones
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz (IdiPAZ), 28046 Madrid, Spain.
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411
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Zhu L, Petrlova J, Gysbers P, Hebert H, Wallin S, Jegerschöld C, Lagerstedt JO. Structures of apolipoprotein A-I in high density lipoprotein generated by electron microscopy and biased simulations. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017; 1861:2726-2738. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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412
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Xu B, Gillard BK, Gotto AM, Rosales C, Pownall HJ. ABCA1-Derived Nascent High-Density Lipoprotein-Apolipoprotein AI and Lipids Metabolically Segregate. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 37:2260-2270. [PMID: 29074589 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.310290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Reverse cholesterol transport comprises cholesterol efflux from ABCA1-expressing macrophages to apolipoprotein (apo) AI, giving nascent high-density lipoprotein (nHDL), esterification of nHDL-free cholesterol (FC), selective hepatic extraction of HDL lipids, and hepatic conversion of HDL cholesterol to bile salts, which are excreted. We tested this model by identifying the fates of nHDL-[3H]FC, [14C] phospholipid (PL), and [125I]apo AI in serum in vitro and in vivo. APPROACH AND RESULTS During in vitro incubation of human serum, nHDL-[3H]FC and [14C]PL rapidly transfer to HDL and low-density lipoproteins (t1/2=2-7 minutes), whereas nHDL-[125I]apo AI transfers solely to HDL (t1/2<10 minutes) and to the lipid-free form (t1/2>480 minutes). After injection into mice, nHDL-[3H]FC and [14C]PL rapidly transfer to liver (t1/2=≈2-3 minutes), whereas apo AI clears with t1/2=≈460 minutes. The plasma nHDL-[3H]FC esterification rate is slow (0.46%/h) compared with hepatic uptake. PL transfer protein enhances nHDL-[14C]PL but not nHDL-[3H]FC transfer to cultured Huh7 hepatocytes. CONCLUSIONS nHDL-FC, PL, and apo AI enter different pathways in vivo. Most nHDL-[3H]FC and [14C]PL are rapidly extracted by the liver via SR-B1 (scavenger receptor class B member 1) and spontaneous transfer; hepatic PL uptake is promoted by PL transfer protein. nHDL-[125I]apo AI transfers to HDL and to the lipid-free form that can be recycled to nHDL formation. Cholesterol esterification by lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase is a minor process in nHDL metabolism. These findings could guide the design of therapies that better mobilize peripheral tissue-FC to hepatic disposal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingqing Xu
- From the Center for Bioenergetics and Department of Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, TX (B.X., B.K.G., A.M.G., C.R., H.J.P.); and Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China (B.X.)
| | - Baiba K Gillard
- From the Center for Bioenergetics and Department of Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, TX (B.X., B.K.G., A.M.G., C.R., H.J.P.); and Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China (B.X.)
| | - Antonio M Gotto
- From the Center for Bioenergetics and Department of Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, TX (B.X., B.K.G., A.M.G., C.R., H.J.P.); and Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China (B.X.)
| | - Corina Rosales
- From the Center for Bioenergetics and Department of Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, TX (B.X., B.K.G., A.M.G., C.R., H.J.P.); and Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China (B.X.)
| | - Henry J Pownall
- From the Center for Bioenergetics and Department of Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, TX (B.X., B.K.G., A.M.G., C.R., H.J.P.); and Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China (B.X.).
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413
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Fernández-Castillejo S, Rubió L, Hernáez Á, Catalán Ú, Pedret A, Valls RM, Mosele JI, Covas MI, Remaley AT, Castañer O, Motilva MJ, Solá R. Determinants of HDL Cholesterol Efflux Capacity after Virgin Olive Oil Ingestion: Interrelationships with Fluidity of HDL Monolayer. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017; 61. [PMID: 28887843 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201700445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Cholesterol efflux capacity of HDL (CEC) is inversely associated with cardiovascular risk. HDL composition, fluidity, oxidation, and size are related with CEC. We aimed to assess which HDL parameters were CEC determinants after virgin olive oil (VOO) ingestion. METHODS AND RESULTS Post-hoc analyses from the VOHF study, a crossover intervention with three types of VOO. We assessed the relationship of 3-week changes in HDL-related variables after intervention periods with independence of the type of VOO. After univariate analyses, mixed linear models were fitted with variables related with CEC and fluidity. Fluidity and Apolipoprotein (Apo)A-I content in HDL was directly associated, and HDL oxidative status inversely, with CEC. A reduction in free cholesterol, an increase in triglycerides in HDL, and a decrease in small HDL particle number or an increase in HDL mean size, were associated to HDL fluidity. CONCLUSIONS HDL fluidity, ApoA-I concentration, and oxidative status are major determinants for CEC after VOO. The impact on CEC of changes in free cholesterol and triglycerides in HDL, and those of small HDL or HDL mean size, could be mechanistically linked through HDL fluidity. Our work points out novel therapeutic targets to improve HDL functionality in humans through nutritional or pharmacological interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Fernández-Castillejo
- Research Unit on Lipids and Atherosclerosis, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Functional Nutrition, Oxidation, and Cardiovascular Disease (NFOC-SALUT) group, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Laura Rubió
- Research Unit on Lipids and Atherosclerosis, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Functional Nutrition, Oxidation, and Cardiovascular Disease (NFOC-SALUT) group, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
- Food Technology Department, Agrotecnio Center, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Álvaro Hernáez
- Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Úrsula Catalán
- Research Unit on Lipids and Atherosclerosis, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Functional Nutrition, Oxidation, and Cardiovascular Disease (NFOC-SALUT) group, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Anna Pedret
- Research Unit on Lipids and Atherosclerosis, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Functional Nutrition, Oxidation, and Cardiovascular Disease (NFOC-SALUT) group, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
- Eurecat-Centre Tecnològic de Nutrició i Salut (Eurecat-CTNS), Reus, Spain
| | - Rosa-M Valls
- Research Unit on Lipids and Atherosclerosis, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Functional Nutrition, Oxidation, and Cardiovascular Disease (NFOC-SALUT) group, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Juana I Mosele
- Food Technology Department, Agrotecnio Center, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Maria-Isabel Covas
- Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Barcelona, Spain
- NUPROAS Handelsbolag, Nackă, Sweden
| | - Alan T Remaley
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Cardio-Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Olga Castañer
- Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria-José Motilva
- Food Technology Department, Agrotecnio Center, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Rosa Solá
- Research Unit on Lipids and Atherosclerosis, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Functional Nutrition, Oxidation, and Cardiovascular Disease (NFOC-SALUT) group, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
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414
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Synchrotron radiation circular dichroism spectroscopy reveals structural divergences in HDL-bound apoA-I variants. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13540. [PMID: 29051568 PMCID: PMC5648894 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13878-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) provides cardiovascular protection. Synchrotron radiation circular dichroism (SRCD) spectroscopy was used to analyze the dynamic solution structure of the apoA-I protein in the apo- and HDL-states and the protein structure conversion in HDL formation. Wild-type apoA-I protein was compared to human variants that either are protective (R173C, Milano) or lead to increased risk for ischaemic heart disease (A164S). Comparable secondary structure distributions in the HDL particles, including significant levels of beta strand/turn, were observed. ApoA-I Milano in HDL displayed larger size heterogeneity, increased protein flexibility, and an altered lipid-binding profile, whereas the apoA-I A164S in HDL showed decrease thermal stability, potentially linking the intrinsic HDL propensities of the variants to disease risk.
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415
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Previous epidemiological studies and studies in experimental animals have provided strong evidence for the atheroprotective effect of HDL and its major apoprotein, apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I). Identification of genetic loci associating apoA-I/HDL with cardiovascular disease is needed to establish a causal relationship. RECENT FINDINGS Pharmacological interventions to increase apoA-I or HDL cholesterol levels in humans are not associated with reduction in atherosclerosis. Genome wide association study (GWAS) studies in humans and hybrid mouse diversity panel (HMDP) studies looking for genetic variants associated with apoA-I or HDL cholesterol levels with cardiovascular disease and atherosclerosis have not provided strong evidence for their atheroprotective function. SUMMARY These findings indicate that GWAS and HMDP studies identifying possible genetic determinants of HDL and apoA-I function are needed.
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416
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Messas N, Dubé MP, Tardif JC. Pharmacogenetics of Lipid-Lowering Agents: an Update Review on Genotype-Dependent Effects of HDL-Targetingand Statin Therapies. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2017; 19:43. [PMID: 28944433 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-017-0679-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW High-density lipoproteins (HDL) are involved in reverse cholesterol transport. Results from randomized trials of HDL-targeting therapies, including cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) inhibitors, have shown a lack of benefit in unsegmented populations. These observations could be explained by inter-individual variability of clinical responses to such agents depending on the patients' genotypes. In parallel, although lowering of LDL cholesterol (LDL-c) with statin therapy reduces the risk of vascular events in a wide range of individuals, inter-individual variability exists with regard to LDL-c-lowering response as well as efficacy in reducing major cardiovascular events. RECENT FINDINGS Pharmacogenomic analyses were performed in the dal-OUTCOMES and dal-PLAQUE-2 studies. Beneficial and concordant results were observed in patients with the favorable genotype when treated with the CETP inhibitor dalcetrapib. Similarly, previous studies revealed genetic variants associated with differential LDL-c response to statin therapy. In this review, we discuss the pharmacogenetic determinants of HDL-targeting and statin therapy responses in light of the latest available published data, and their potential therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Messas
- Department of Medicine, Montreal Heart Institute, 5000 Belanger St, Montreal, Quebec, H1T 1C8, Canada.,Pôle d'Activité Médico-Chirurgicale Cardio-Vasculaire, Nouvel Hôpital Civil, Strasbourg, France
| | - Marie-Pierre Dubé
- Department of Medicine, Montreal Heart Institute, 5000 Belanger St, Montreal, Quebec, H1T 1C8, Canada.,Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jean-Claude Tardif
- Department of Medicine, Montreal Heart Institute, 5000 Belanger St, Montreal, Quebec, H1T 1C8, Canada. .,Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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417
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Paiva-Lopes MJ, Delgado Alves J. Psoriasis-associated vascular disease: the role of HDL. J Biomed Sci 2017; 24:73. [PMID: 28911329 PMCID: PMC5598036 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-017-0382-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory systemic disease with a prevalence of 2-3%. Overwhelming evidence show an epidemiological association between psoriasis, cardiovascular disease and atherosclerosis. Cardiovascular disease is the most frequent cause of death in patients with severe psoriasis. Several cardiovascular disease classical risk factors are also increased in psoriasis but the psoriasis-associated risk persists after adjusting for other risk factors.Investigation has focused on finding explanations for these epidemiological data. Several studies have demonstrated significant lipid metabolism and HDL composition and function alterations in psoriatic patients. Altered HDL function is clearly one of the mechanisms involved, as these particles are of the utmost importance in atherosclerosis defense. Recent data indicate that biologic therapy can reverse both structural and functional HDL alterations in psoriasis, reinforcing their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Joao Paiva-Lopes
- Serviço de Dermatologia, Hospital dos Capuchos CHLC, Alameda de Santo António dos Capuchos, 1169-050, Lisboa, Portugal.
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School | Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - José Delgado Alves
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School | Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056, Lisboa, Portugal
- Immunomediated Systemic Diseases Unit (UDIMS), Fernando Fonseca Hospital, Amadora, Portugal
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418
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Damen MS, Popa CD, Netea MG, Dinarello CA, Joosten LA. Interleukin-32 in chronic inflammatory conditions is associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular diseases. Atherosclerosis 2017; 264:83-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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419
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Haerian BS, Haerian MS, Roohi A, Mehrad-Majd H. ABCA1 genetic polymorphisms and type 2 diabetes mellitus and its complications. Meta Gene 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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420
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Dopico AM, Bukiya AN. Regulation of Ca 2+-Sensitive K + Channels by Cholesterol and Bile Acids via Distinct Channel Subunits and Sites. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2017; 80:53-93. [PMID: 28863822 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctm.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol (CLR) conversion into bile acids (BAs) in the liver constitutes the major pathway for CLR elimination from the body. Moreover, these steroids regulate each other's metabolism. While the roles of CLR and BAs in regulating metabolism and tissue function are well known, research of the last two decades revealed the existence of specific protein receptors for CLR or BAs in tissues with minor contribution to lipid metabolism, raising the possibility that these lipids serve as signaling molecules throughout the body. Among other lipids, CLR and BAs regulate ionic current mediated by the activity of voltage- and Ca2+-gated, K+ channels of large conductance (BK channels) and, thus, modulate cell physiology and participate in tissue pathophysiology. Initial work attributed modification of BK channel function by CLR or BAs to the capability of these steroids to directly interact with bilayer lipids and thus alter the physicochemical properties of the bilayer with eventual modification of BK channel function. Based on our own work and that of others, we now review evidence that supports direct interactions between CLR or BA and specific BK protein subunits, and the consequence of such interactions on channel activity and organ function, with a particular emphasis on arterial smooth muscle. For each steroid type, we will also briefly discuss several mechanisms that may underlie modification of channel steady-state activity. Finally, we will present novel computational data that provide a chemical basis for differential recognition of CLR vs lithocholic acid by distinct BK channel subunits and recognition sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex M Dopico
- College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States.
| | - Anna N Bukiya
- College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
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421
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Swendeman SL, Xiong Y, Cantalupo A, Yuan H, Burg N, Hisano Y, Cartier A, Liu CH, Engelbrecht E, Blaho V, Zhang Y, Yanagida K, Galvani S, Obinata H, Salmon JE, Sanchez T, Di Lorenzo A, Hla T. An engineered S1P chaperone attenuates hypertension and ischemic injury. Sci Signal 2017; 10:10/492/eaal2722. [PMID: 28811382 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aal2722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction, a hallmark of vascular disease, is restored by plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL). However, a generalized increase in HDL abundance is not beneficial, suggesting that specific HDL species mediate protective effects. Apolipoprotein M-containing HDL (ApoM+HDL), which carries the bioactive lipid sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), promotes endothelial function by activating G protein-coupled S1P receptors. Moreover, HDL-bound S1P is limiting in several inflammatory, metabolic, and vascular diseases. We report the development of a soluble carrier for S1P, ApoM-Fc, which activated S1P receptors in a sustained manner and promoted endothelial function. In contrast, ApoM-Fc did not modulate circulating lymphocyte numbers, suggesting that it specifically activated endothelial S1P receptors. ApoM-Fc administration reduced blood pressure in hypertensive mice, attenuated myocardial damage after ischemia/reperfusion injury, and reduced brain infarct volume in the middle cerebral artery occlusion model of stroke. Our proof-of-concept study suggests that selective and sustained targeting of endothelial S1P receptors by ApoM-Fc could be a viable therapeutic strategy in vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven L Swendeman
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yuquan Xiong
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Anna Cantalupo
- Center for Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Hui Yuan
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nathalie Burg
- Center for Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Yu Hisano
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Andreane Cartier
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Catherine H Liu
- Center for Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Eric Engelbrecht
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Victoria Blaho
- Center for Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Yi Zhang
- Center for Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Keisuke Yanagida
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sylvain Galvani
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hideru Obinata
- Gunma University Initiative for Advanced Research, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Jane E Salmon
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Teresa Sanchez
- Center for Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Annarita Di Lorenzo
- Center for Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Timothy Hla
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA. .,Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Center for Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
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422
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423
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Martinez LO, Genoux A, Ferrières J, Duparc T, Perret B. Serum inhibitory factor 1, high-density lipoprotein and cardiovascular diseases. Curr Opin Lipidol 2017; 28:337-346. [PMID: 28504983 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0000000000000434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The atheroprotective properties of HDL are supported by epidemiological and preclinical research. However, the results of interventional trials paradoxically indicate that drugs increasing HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) do not reduce coronary artery disease (CAD) risk. Moreover, Mendelian randomization studies have shown no effect of HDL-C-modifying variants on CAD outcome. Thus, the protective effects of HDL particles are more governed by their functional status than their cholesterol content. In this context, any successful clinical exploitation of HDL will depend on the identification of HDL-related biomarkers, better than HDL-C level, for assessing cardiovascular risk and monitoring responses to treatment. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies have enlightened the role of ecto-F1-ATPase as a cell surface receptor for apoA-I, the major apolipoprotein of HDL, involved in the important metabolic and vascular atheroprotective functions of HDL. In the light of these findings, the clinical relevance of ecto-F1-ATPase in humans has recently been supported by the identification of serum F1-ATPase inhibitor (IF1) as an independent determinant of HDL-C, CAD risk and cardiovascular mortality in CAD patients. SUMMARY Serum IF1 measurement might be used as a novel HDL-related biomarker to better stratify risk in high-risk populations or to determine pharmacotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent O Martinez
- aInstitut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMR 1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases bUniversity of Toulouse, UMR1048, Paul Sabatier University cService de Biochimie, Pôle biologie, Hôpital de Purpan, CHU de Toulouse dDepartment of Cardiology, Toulouse Rangueil University Hospital eINSERM UMR 1027, Department of Epidemiology, Toulouse University School of Medicine, Toulouse, France
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424
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Xinxuekang Regulates Reverse Cholesterol Transport by Improving High-density Lipoprotein Synthesis, Maturation, and Catabolism. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2017; 70:110-118. [DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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425
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Hajny S, Christoffersen C. A Novel Perspective on the ApoM-S1P Axis, Highlighting the Metabolism of ApoM and Its Role in Liver Fibrosis and Neuroinflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18081636. [PMID: 28749426 PMCID: PMC5578026 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18081636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocytes, renal proximal tubule cells as well as the highly specialized endothelium of the blood brain barrier (BBB) express and secrete apolipoprotein M (apoM). ApoM is a typical lipocalin containing a hydrophobic binding pocket predominantly carrying Sphingosine-1-Phosphate (S1P). The small signaling molecule S1P is associated with several physiological as well as pathological pathways whereas the role of apoM is less explored. Hepatic apoM acts as a chaperone to transport S1P through the circulation and kidney derived apoM seems to play a role in S1P recovery to prevent urinal loss. Finally, polarized endothelial cells constituting the lining of the BBB express apoM and secrete the protein to the brain as well as to the blood compartment. The review will provide novel insights on apoM and S1P, and its role in hepatic fibrosis, neuroinflammation and BBB integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Hajny
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Science, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Christina Christoffersen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Science, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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426
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Abstract
High-density lipoproteins (HDLs) can inhibit inflammatory cytokine expression on innate immune cells, but sometimes they promote cytokine production as suggested in a recent article in Cell Metabolism by van der Vorst et al. (2017). Kopecky et al. point out that the origin, handling, and storage conditions of HDL preparations dictate their functional properties and can specifically affect immune cells to evoke a pro-inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Kopecky
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Georg Michlits
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Nephrology & Dialysis, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Marcus D Säemann
- 6(th) Medical Department for Nephrology and Dialysis, Wilhelminenspital, 1160 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Weichhart
- Center of Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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427
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Freeman LA, Demosky SJ, Konaklieva M, Kuskovsky R, Aponte A, Ossoli AF, Gordon SM, Koby RF, Manthei KA, Shen M, Vaisman BL, Shamburek RD, Jadhav A, Calabresi L, Gucek M, Tesmer JJG, Levine RL, Remaley AT. Lecithin:Cholesterol Acyltransferase Activation by Sulfhydryl-Reactive Small Molecules: Role of Cysteine-31. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2017; 362:306-318. [PMID: 28576974 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.117.240457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) catalyzes plasma cholesteryl ester formation and is defective in familial lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency (FLD), an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by low high-density lipoprotein, anemia, and renal disease. This study aimed to investigate the mechanism by which compound A [3-(5-(ethylthio)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-ylthio)pyrazine-2-carbonitrile], a small heterocyclic amine, activates LCAT. The effect of compound A on LCAT was tested in human plasma and with recombinant LCAT. Mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance were used to determine compound A adduct formation with LCAT. Molecular modeling was performed to gain insight into the effects of compound A on LCAT structure and activity. Compound A increased LCAT activity in a subset (three of nine) of LCAT mutations to levels comparable to FLD heterozygotes. The site-directed mutation LCAT-Cys31Gly prevented activation by compound A. Substitution of Cys31 with charged residues (Glu, Arg, and Lys) decreased LCAT activity, whereas bulky hydrophobic groups (Trp, Leu, Phe, and Met) increased activity up to 3-fold (P < 0.005). Mass spectrometry of a tryptic digestion of LCAT incubated with compound A revealed a +103.017 m/z adduct on Cys31, consistent with the addition of a single hydrophobic cyanopyrazine ring. Molecular modeling identified potential interactions of compound A near Cys31 and structural changes correlating with enhanced activity. Functional groups important for LCAT activation by compound A were identified by testing compound A derivatives. Finally, sulfhydryl-reactive β-lactams were developed as a new class of LCAT activators. In conclusion, compound A activates LCAT, including some FLD mutations, by forming a hydrophobic adduct with Cys31, thus providing a mechanistic rationale for the design of future LCAT activators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lita A Freeman
- Lipid Metabolism Section, Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch (L.A.F., S.J.D., S.M.G., B.L.V., R.D.S., A.T.R.), Systems Biology Center (A.A., M.G.), and Laboratory of Biochemistry (R.L.L.), National Institutes of Health National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Chemistry, American University, Washington, DC (M.K., R.K.); University of Milano, Milano, Italy (A.F.O., L.C.); Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee (R.F.K.); Departments of Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (K.A.M., J.J.G.T.); and National Institutes of Health National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland (M.S., A.J.)
| | - Stephen J Demosky
- Lipid Metabolism Section, Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch (L.A.F., S.J.D., S.M.G., B.L.V., R.D.S., A.T.R.), Systems Biology Center (A.A., M.G.), and Laboratory of Biochemistry (R.L.L.), National Institutes of Health National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Chemistry, American University, Washington, DC (M.K., R.K.); University of Milano, Milano, Italy (A.F.O., L.C.); Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee (R.F.K.); Departments of Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (K.A.M., J.J.G.T.); and National Institutes of Health National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland (M.S., A.J.)
| | - Monika Konaklieva
- Lipid Metabolism Section, Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch (L.A.F., S.J.D., S.M.G., B.L.V., R.D.S., A.T.R.), Systems Biology Center (A.A., M.G.), and Laboratory of Biochemistry (R.L.L.), National Institutes of Health National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Chemistry, American University, Washington, DC (M.K., R.K.); University of Milano, Milano, Italy (A.F.O., L.C.); Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee (R.F.K.); Departments of Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (K.A.M., J.J.G.T.); and National Institutes of Health National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland (M.S., A.J.)
| | - Rostislav Kuskovsky
- Lipid Metabolism Section, Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch (L.A.F., S.J.D., S.M.G., B.L.V., R.D.S., A.T.R.), Systems Biology Center (A.A., M.G.), and Laboratory of Biochemistry (R.L.L.), National Institutes of Health National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Chemistry, American University, Washington, DC (M.K., R.K.); University of Milano, Milano, Italy (A.F.O., L.C.); Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee (R.F.K.); Departments of Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (K.A.M., J.J.G.T.); and National Institutes of Health National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland (M.S., A.J.)
| | - Angel Aponte
- Lipid Metabolism Section, Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch (L.A.F., S.J.D., S.M.G., B.L.V., R.D.S., A.T.R.), Systems Biology Center (A.A., M.G.), and Laboratory of Biochemistry (R.L.L.), National Institutes of Health National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Chemistry, American University, Washington, DC (M.K., R.K.); University of Milano, Milano, Italy (A.F.O., L.C.); Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee (R.F.K.); Departments of Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (K.A.M., J.J.G.T.); and National Institutes of Health National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland (M.S., A.J.)
| | - Alice F Ossoli
- Lipid Metabolism Section, Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch (L.A.F., S.J.D., S.M.G., B.L.V., R.D.S., A.T.R.), Systems Biology Center (A.A., M.G.), and Laboratory of Biochemistry (R.L.L.), National Institutes of Health National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Chemistry, American University, Washington, DC (M.K., R.K.); University of Milano, Milano, Italy (A.F.O., L.C.); Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee (R.F.K.); Departments of Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (K.A.M., J.J.G.T.); and National Institutes of Health National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland (M.S., A.J.)
| | - Scott M Gordon
- Lipid Metabolism Section, Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch (L.A.F., S.J.D., S.M.G., B.L.V., R.D.S., A.T.R.), Systems Biology Center (A.A., M.G.), and Laboratory of Biochemistry (R.L.L.), National Institutes of Health National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Chemistry, American University, Washington, DC (M.K., R.K.); University of Milano, Milano, Italy (A.F.O., L.C.); Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee (R.F.K.); Departments of Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (K.A.M., J.J.G.T.); and National Institutes of Health National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland (M.S., A.J.)
| | - Ross F Koby
- Lipid Metabolism Section, Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch (L.A.F., S.J.D., S.M.G., B.L.V., R.D.S., A.T.R.), Systems Biology Center (A.A., M.G.), and Laboratory of Biochemistry (R.L.L.), National Institutes of Health National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Chemistry, American University, Washington, DC (M.K., R.K.); University of Milano, Milano, Italy (A.F.O., L.C.); Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee (R.F.K.); Departments of Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (K.A.M., J.J.G.T.); and National Institutes of Health National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland (M.S., A.J.)
| | - Kelly A Manthei
- Lipid Metabolism Section, Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch (L.A.F., S.J.D., S.M.G., B.L.V., R.D.S., A.T.R.), Systems Biology Center (A.A., M.G.), and Laboratory of Biochemistry (R.L.L.), National Institutes of Health National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Chemistry, American University, Washington, DC (M.K., R.K.); University of Milano, Milano, Italy (A.F.O., L.C.); Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee (R.F.K.); Departments of Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (K.A.M., J.J.G.T.); and National Institutes of Health National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland (M.S., A.J.)
| | - Min Shen
- Lipid Metabolism Section, Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch (L.A.F., S.J.D., S.M.G., B.L.V., R.D.S., A.T.R.), Systems Biology Center (A.A., M.G.), and Laboratory of Biochemistry (R.L.L.), National Institutes of Health National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Chemistry, American University, Washington, DC (M.K., R.K.); University of Milano, Milano, Italy (A.F.O., L.C.); Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee (R.F.K.); Departments of Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (K.A.M., J.J.G.T.); and National Institutes of Health National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland (M.S., A.J.)
| | - Boris L Vaisman
- Lipid Metabolism Section, Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch (L.A.F., S.J.D., S.M.G., B.L.V., R.D.S., A.T.R.), Systems Biology Center (A.A., M.G.), and Laboratory of Biochemistry (R.L.L.), National Institutes of Health National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Chemistry, American University, Washington, DC (M.K., R.K.); University of Milano, Milano, Italy (A.F.O., L.C.); Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee (R.F.K.); Departments of Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (K.A.M., J.J.G.T.); and National Institutes of Health National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland (M.S., A.J.)
| | - Robert D Shamburek
- Lipid Metabolism Section, Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch (L.A.F., S.J.D., S.M.G., B.L.V., R.D.S., A.T.R.), Systems Biology Center (A.A., M.G.), and Laboratory of Biochemistry (R.L.L.), National Institutes of Health National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Chemistry, American University, Washington, DC (M.K., R.K.); University of Milano, Milano, Italy (A.F.O., L.C.); Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee (R.F.K.); Departments of Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (K.A.M., J.J.G.T.); and National Institutes of Health National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland (M.S., A.J.)
| | - Ajit Jadhav
- Lipid Metabolism Section, Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch (L.A.F., S.J.D., S.M.G., B.L.V., R.D.S., A.T.R.), Systems Biology Center (A.A., M.G.), and Laboratory of Biochemistry (R.L.L.), National Institutes of Health National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Chemistry, American University, Washington, DC (M.K., R.K.); University of Milano, Milano, Italy (A.F.O., L.C.); Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee (R.F.K.); Departments of Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (K.A.M., J.J.G.T.); and National Institutes of Health National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland (M.S., A.J.)
| | - Laura Calabresi
- Lipid Metabolism Section, Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch (L.A.F., S.J.D., S.M.G., B.L.V., R.D.S., A.T.R.), Systems Biology Center (A.A., M.G.), and Laboratory of Biochemistry (R.L.L.), National Institutes of Health National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Chemistry, American University, Washington, DC (M.K., R.K.); University of Milano, Milano, Italy (A.F.O., L.C.); Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee (R.F.K.); Departments of Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (K.A.M., J.J.G.T.); and National Institutes of Health National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland (M.S., A.J.)
| | - Marjan Gucek
- Lipid Metabolism Section, Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch (L.A.F., S.J.D., S.M.G., B.L.V., R.D.S., A.T.R.), Systems Biology Center (A.A., M.G.), and Laboratory of Biochemistry (R.L.L.), National Institutes of Health National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Chemistry, American University, Washington, DC (M.K., R.K.); University of Milano, Milano, Italy (A.F.O., L.C.); Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee (R.F.K.); Departments of Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (K.A.M., J.J.G.T.); and National Institutes of Health National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland (M.S., A.J.)
| | - John J G Tesmer
- Lipid Metabolism Section, Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch (L.A.F., S.J.D., S.M.G., B.L.V., R.D.S., A.T.R.), Systems Biology Center (A.A., M.G.), and Laboratory of Biochemistry (R.L.L.), National Institutes of Health National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Chemistry, American University, Washington, DC (M.K., R.K.); University of Milano, Milano, Italy (A.F.O., L.C.); Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee (R.F.K.); Departments of Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (K.A.M., J.J.G.T.); and National Institutes of Health National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland (M.S., A.J.)
| | - Rodney L Levine
- Lipid Metabolism Section, Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch (L.A.F., S.J.D., S.M.G., B.L.V., R.D.S., A.T.R.), Systems Biology Center (A.A., M.G.), and Laboratory of Biochemistry (R.L.L.), National Institutes of Health National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Chemistry, American University, Washington, DC (M.K., R.K.); University of Milano, Milano, Italy (A.F.O., L.C.); Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee (R.F.K.); Departments of Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (K.A.M., J.J.G.T.); and National Institutes of Health National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland (M.S., A.J.)
| | - Alan T Remaley
- Lipid Metabolism Section, Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch (L.A.F., S.J.D., S.M.G., B.L.V., R.D.S., A.T.R.), Systems Biology Center (A.A., M.G.), and Laboratory of Biochemistry (R.L.L.), National Institutes of Health National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Chemistry, American University, Washington, DC (M.K., R.K.); University of Milano, Milano, Italy (A.F.O., L.C.); Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee (R.F.K.); Departments of Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (K.A.M., J.J.G.T.); and National Institutes of Health National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland (M.S., A.J.)
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Holmes MV, Ala-Korpela M, Smith GD. Mendelian randomization in cardiometabolic disease: challenges in evaluating causality. Nat Rev Cardiol 2017; 14:577-590. [PMID: 28569269 DOI: 10.1038/nrcardio.2017.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 402] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mendelian randomization (MR) is a burgeoning field that involves the use of genetic variants to assess causal relationships between exposures and outcomes. MR studies can be straightforward; for example, genetic variants within or near the encoding locus that is associated with protein concentrations can help to assess their causal role in disease. However, a more complex relationship between the genetic variants and an exposure can make findings from MR more difficult to interpret. In this Review, we describe some of these challenges in interpreting MR analyses, including those from studies using genetic variants to assess causality of multiple traits (such as branched-chain amino acids and risk of diabetes mellitus); studies describing pleiotropic variants (for example, C-reactive protein and its contribution to coronary heart disease); and those investigating variants that disrupt normal function of an exposure (for example, HDL cholesterol or IL-6 and coronary heart disease). Furthermore, MR studies on variants that encode enzymes responsible for the metabolism of an exposure (such as alcohol) are discussed, in addition to those assessing the effects of variants on time-dependent exposures (extracellular superoxide dismutase), cumulative exposures (LDL cholesterol), and overlapping exposures (triglycerides and non-HDL cholesterol). We elaborate on the molecular features of each relationship, and provide explanations for the likely causal associations. In doing so, we hope to contribute towards more reliable evaluations of MR findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael V Holmes
- Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK.,Clinical Trial Service Unit &Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Big Data Institute Building, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.,National Institute for Health Research, Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospital, Old Road, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK.,Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Mika Ala-Korpela
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK.,Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Aapistie 5A, 90014, Oulu, Finland.,School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - George Davey Smith
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK.,School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
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429
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Frej C, Mendez AJ, Ruiz M, Castillo M, Hughes TA, Dahlbäck B, Goldberg RB. A Shift in ApoM/S1P Between HDL-Particles in Women With Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Is Associated With Impaired Anti-Inflammatory Effects of the ApoM/S1P Complex. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 37:1194-1205. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.309275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Objective—
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) patients have an increased risk of cardiovascular disease despite high levels of high-density lipoproteins (HDL). Apolipoprotein M (apoM) and its ligand sphingosine 1-phospate (S1P) exert many of the anti-inflammatory effects of HDL. We investigated whether apoM and S1P are altered in T1D and whether apoM and S1P are important for HDL functionality in T1D.
Approach and Results—
ApoM and S1P were quantified in plasma from 42 healthy controls and 89 T1D patients. HDL was isolated from plasma and separated into dense, medium-dense, and light HDL by ultracentrifugation. Primary human aortic endothelial cells were challenged with tumor necrosis factor-α in the presence or absence of isolated HDL. Proinflammatory adhesion molecules E-selectin and vascular cellular adhesion molecule-1 were quantified by flow cytometry. Activation of the S1P
1
- receptor was evaluated by analyzing downstream signaling targets and receptor internalization. There were no differences in plasma levels of apoM and S1P between controls and T1D patients, but the apoM/S1P complexes were shifted from dense to light HDL particles in T1D. ApoM/S1P in light HDL particles from women were less efficient in inhibiting expression of vascular cellular adhesion molecule-1 than apoM/S1P in denser particles. The light HDL particles were unable to activate Akt, whereas all HDL subfractions were equally efficient in activating Erk and receptor internalization.
Conclusions—
ApoM/S1P in light HDL particles were inefficient in inhibiting tumor necrosis factor-α–induced vascular cellular adhesion molecule-1 expression in contrast to apoM/S1P in denser HDL particles. T1D patients have a higher proportion of light particles and hence more dysfunctional HDL, which could contribute to the increased cardiovascular disease risk associated with T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Frej
- From the Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden (C.F., M.R., B.D.); Health Science Center, Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee, Memphis (T.A.H.); and Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes and Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL (A.J.M., M.C., R.B.G.)
| | - Armando J. Mendez
- From the Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden (C.F., M.R., B.D.); Health Science Center, Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee, Memphis (T.A.H.); and Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes and Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL (A.J.M., M.C., R.B.G.)
| | - Mario Ruiz
- From the Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden (C.F., M.R., B.D.); Health Science Center, Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee, Memphis (T.A.H.); and Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes and Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL (A.J.M., M.C., R.B.G.)
| | - Melanie Castillo
- From the Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden (C.F., M.R., B.D.); Health Science Center, Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee, Memphis (T.A.H.); and Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes and Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL (A.J.M., M.C., R.B.G.)
| | - Thomas A. Hughes
- From the Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden (C.F., M.R., B.D.); Health Science Center, Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee, Memphis (T.A.H.); and Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes and Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL (A.J.M., M.C., R.B.G.)
| | - Björn Dahlbäck
- From the Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden (C.F., M.R., B.D.); Health Science Center, Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee, Memphis (T.A.H.); and Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes and Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL (A.J.M., M.C., R.B.G.)
| | - Ronald B. Goldberg
- From the Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden (C.F., M.R., B.D.); Health Science Center, Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee, Memphis (T.A.H.); and Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes and Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL (A.J.M., M.C., R.B.G.)
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430
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Zhu RG, Sun YD, Hou YT, Fan JG, Chen G, Li TP. Pectin penta-oligogalacturonide reduces cholesterol accumulation by promoting bile acid biosynthesis and excretion in high-cholesterol-fed mice. Chem Biol Interact 2017; 272:153-159. [PMID: 28549616 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2017.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Haw pectin penta-oligogalacturonide (HPPS) has important role in improving cholesterol metabolism and promoting the conversion of cholesterol to bile acids (BA) in mice fed high-cholesterol diet (HCD). However, the mechanism is not clear. This study aims to investigate the effects of HPPS on cholesterol accumulation and the regulation of hepatic BA synthesis and transport in HCD-fed mice. Results showed that HPPS significantly decreased plasma and hepatic TC levels but increased plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) levels, compared to HCD. BA analysis showed that HPPS markedly decreased hepatic and small intestine BA levels but increased the gallbladder BA levels, and finally decreased the total BA pool size, compared to HCD. Studies of molecular mechanism revealed that HPPS promoted hepatic ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1), ATP-binding cassette transporter G1 (ABCG1), and scavenger receptor BI (SR-BI) expression but did not affect ATB binding cassette transporter G5/G8 (ABCG5/8) expression. HPPS inactivated hepatic farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and target genes expression, which resulted in significant increase of cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase 1 (CYP7A1) and sterol 12α-hydroxylase (CYP8B1) expression, with up-regulations of 204.2% and 33.5% for mRNA levels, respectively, compared with HCD. In addition, HPPS markedly enhanced bile salt export pump (BSEP) expression but didn't affect the sodium/taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide (NTCP) expression. In conclusion, the study revealed that HPPS reduced cholesterol accumulation by promoting BA synthesis in the liver and excretion in the feces, and might promote macrophage-to-liver reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) but did not liver-to-fecal RCT.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter 1/genetics
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter 1/metabolism
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 1/genetics
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 1/metabolism
- Animals
- Apolipoprotein A-I/blood
- Bile Acids and Salts/metabolism
- Cholesterol/blood
- Cholesterol 7-alpha-Hydroxylase/genetics
- Cholesterol 7-alpha-Hydroxylase/metabolism
- Cholesterol, HDL/blood
- Diet, High-Fat
- Gene Expression/drug effects
- Intestine, Small/drug effects
- Intestine, Small/metabolism
- Liver/drug effects
- Liver/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Oligosaccharides/pharmacology
- Pectins/chemistry
- Pectins/pharmacology
- Scavenger Receptors, Class B/genetics
- Scavenger Receptors, Class B/metabolism
- Steroid 12-alpha-Hydroxylase/genetics
- Steroid 12-alpha-Hydroxylase/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru-Gang Zhu
- Department of Food Science, College of Light Industry, Liaoning University, Liaoning Engineering Research Center for Food Bioprocessing, Shenyang Key Laboratory of Food Bioprocessing and Quality Control, Shenyang 110036, China.
| | - Yan-Di Sun
- Department of Food Science, College of Light Industry, Liaoning University, Liaoning Engineering Research Center for Food Bioprocessing, Shenyang Key Laboratory of Food Bioprocessing and Quality Control, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Yu-Ting Hou
- Department of Food Science, College of Light Industry, Liaoning University, Liaoning Engineering Research Center for Food Bioprocessing, Shenyang Key Laboratory of Food Bioprocessing and Quality Control, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Jun-Gang Fan
- Forestry Biotechnology and Analysis Test Center, Liaoning Academy of Forestry Sciences, Shenyang 110032, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Forestry Biotechnology and Analysis Test Center, Liaoning Academy of Forestry Sciences, Shenyang 110032, China
| | - Tuo-Ping Li
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agriculture University, Shenyang 110032, China.
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Liu Q, Zhang H, Lin J, Zhang R, Chen S, Liu W, Sun M, Du W, Hou J, Yu B. C1q/TNF-related protein 9 inhibits the cholesterol-induced Vascular smooth muscle cell phenotype switch and cell dysfunction by activating AMP-dependent kinase. J Cell Mol Med 2017; 21:2823-2836. [PMID: 28524645 PMCID: PMC5661105 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) switch to macrophage‐like cells after cholesterol loading, and this change may play an important role in the progression of atherosclerosis. C1q/TNF‐related protein 9 (CTRP9) is a recently discovered adipokine that has been shown to have beneficial effects on glucose metabolism and vascular function, particularly in regard to cardiovascular disease. The question of whether CTRP9 can protect VSMCs from cholesterol damage has not been addressed. In this study, the impact of CTRP9 on cholesterol‐damaged VSMCs was observed. Our data show that in cholesterol‐treated VSMCs, CTRP9 significantly reversed the cholesterol‐induced increases in pro‐inflammatory factor secretion, monocyte adhesion, cholesterol uptake and expression of the macrophage marker CD68. Meanwhile, CTRP9 prevented the cholesterol‐induced activation of the TLR4–MyD88–p65 pathway and upregulated the expression of proteins important for cholesterol efflux. Mechanistically, as siRNA‐induced selective gene ablation of AMPKα1 abolished these effects of CTRP9, we concluded that CTRP9 achieves these protective effects in VSMCs through the AMP‐dependent kinase (AMPK) pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia Organization, Chinese Ministry of Education, Harbin, China.,Division Department of Cardiology Organization, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia Organization, Chinese Ministry of Education, Harbin, China.,Division Department of Cardiology Organization, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jiale Lin
- The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia Organization, Chinese Ministry of Education, Harbin, China.,Division Department of Cardiology Organization, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ruoxi Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia Organization, Chinese Ministry of Education, Harbin, China.,Division Department of Cardiology Organization, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Shuyuan Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia Organization, Chinese Ministry of Education, Harbin, China.,Division Department of Cardiology Organization, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Wei Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia Organization, Chinese Ministry of Education, Harbin, China.,Division Department of Cardiology Organization, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Meng Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia Organization, Chinese Ministry of Education, Harbin, China.,Division Department of Cardiology Organization, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Wenjuan Du
- The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia Organization, Chinese Ministry of Education, Harbin, China.,Division Department of Cardiology Organization, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jingbo Hou
- The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia Organization, Chinese Ministry of Education, Harbin, China.,Division Department of Cardiology Organization, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Bo Yu
- The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia Organization, Chinese Ministry of Education, Harbin, China.,Division Department of Cardiology Organization, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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432
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Fernández-Sanlés A, Sayols-Baixeras S, Subirana I, Degano IR, Elosua R. Association between DNA methylation and coronary heart disease or other atherosclerotic events: A systematic review. Atherosclerosis 2017; 263:325-333. [PMID: 28577936 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2017.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The aim of this study was to perform a systematic review of the association between DNA methylation and coronary heart disease (CHD) or related atherosclerotic traits. METHODS A systematic review was designed. The condition of interest was DNA methylation, and the outcome was CHD or other atherosclerosis-related traits. Three DNA methylation approaches were considered: global methylation, candidate-gene, and epigenome-wide association studies (EWAS). A functional analysis was undertaken using the Ingenuity Pathway Analysis software. RESULTS In total, 51 articles were included in the analysis: 12 global methylation, 34 candidate-gene and 11 EWAS, with six studies using more than one approach. The results of the global methylation studies were inconsistent. The candidate-gene results were consistent for some genes, suggesting that hypermethylation in ESRα, ABCG1 and FOXP3 and hypomethylation in IL-6 were associated with CHD. The EWAS identified 84 genes showing differential methylation associated with CHD in more than one study. The probability of these findings was <1.37·10-5. One third of these genes have been related to obesity in genome-wide association studies. The functional analysis identified several diseases and functions related to these set of genes: inflammatory, metabolic and cardiovascular disease. CONCLUSIONS Global DNA methylation seems to be not associated with CHD. The evidence from candidate-gene studies was limited. The EWAS identified a set of 84 genes highlighting the relevance of obesity, inflammation, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism in CHD. This set of genes could be prioritized in future studies assessing the role of DNA methylation in CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Fernández-Sanlés
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Genetics Research Group, REGICOR Study Group, IMIM (Hospital Del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Sergi Sayols-Baixeras
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Genetics Research Group, REGICOR Study Group, IMIM (Hospital Del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; CIBER Cardiovascular Diseases (CIBERCV), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Isaac Subirana
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Genetics Research Group, REGICOR Study Group, IMIM (Hospital Del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Irene R Degano
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Genetics Research Group, REGICOR Study Group, IMIM (Hospital Del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; CIBER Cardiovascular Diseases (CIBERCV), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Roberto Elosua
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Genetics Research Group, REGICOR Study Group, IMIM (Hospital Del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; CIBER Cardiovascular Diseases (CIBERCV), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
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433
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Lincoff AM, Nicholls SJ, Riesmeyer JS, Barter PJ, Brewer HB, Fox KAA, Gibson CM, Granger C, Menon V, Montalescot G, Rader D, Tall AR, McErlean E, Wolski K, Ruotolo G, Vangerow B, Weerakkody G, Goodman SG, Conde D, McGuire DK, Nicolau JC, Leiva-Pons JL, Pesant Y, Li W, Kandath D, Kouz S, Tahirkheli N, Mason D, Nissen SE. Evacetrapib and Cardiovascular Outcomes in High-Risk Vascular Disease. N Engl J Med 2017; 376:1933-1942. [PMID: 28514624 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1609581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 508] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibitor evacetrapib substantially raises the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol level, reduces the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol level, and enhances cellular cholesterol efflux capacity. We sought to determine the effect of evacetrapib on major adverse cardiovascular outcomes in patients with high-risk vascular disease. METHODS In a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial, we enrolled 12,092 patients who had at least one of the following conditions: an acute coronary syndrome within the previous 30 to 365 days, cerebrovascular atherosclerotic disease, peripheral vascular arterial disease, or diabetes mellitus with coronary artery disease. Patients were randomly assigned to receive either evacetrapib at a dose of 130 mg or matching placebo, administered daily, in addition to standard medical therapy. The primary efficacy end point was the first occurrence of any component of the composite of death from cardiovascular causes, myocardial infarction, stroke, coronary revascularization, or hospitalization for unstable angina. RESULTS At 3 months, a 31.1% decrease in the mean LDL cholesterol level was observed with evacetrapib versus a 6.0% increase with placebo, and a 133.2% increase in the mean HDL cholesterol level was seen with evacetrapib versus a 1.6% increase with placebo. After 1363 of the planned 1670 primary end-point events had occurred, the data and safety monitoring board recommended that the trial be terminated early because of a lack of efficacy. After a median of 26 months of evacetrapib or placebo, a primary end-point event occurred in 12.9% of the patients in the evacetrapib group and in 12.8% of those in the placebo group (hazard ratio, 1.01; 95% confidence interval, 0.91 to 1.11; P=0.91). CONCLUSIONS Although the cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibitor evacetrapib had favorable effects on established lipid biomarkers, treatment with evacetrapib did not result in a lower rate of cardiovascular events than placebo among patients with high-risk vascular disease. (Funded by Eli Lilly; ACCELERATE ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01687998 .).
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Affiliation(s)
- A Michael Lincoff
- From the Cleveland Clinic Coordinating Center for Clinical Research (C5Research), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.M.L., V.M., E.M., K.W., D.M., S.E.N.); South Australian Heart and Medical Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide (S.J.N.), and School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney (P.J.B.) - both in Australia; Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (J.S.R., G.R., B.V., G.W.); Washington Cardiovascular Associates, Medstar Research Institute, Washington, DC (H.B.B.); Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh (K.A.A.F.); Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (C.M.G.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.G.); Université Sorbonne Paris 6, ACTION Study Group, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Institut de Cardiologie, Paris (G.M.); Penn Heart and Vascular Center, Philadelphia (D.R.); Columbia University, New York (A.R.T.), and Saratoga Cardiology Associates, Saratoga Springs (D.K.) - both in New York; St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (S.G.), Recherche Médicale Saint-Jérôme, Saint-Jérôme, QC (Y.P.), and Centre de Santé et de Services Sociaux du Nord de Lanaudière-Centre Hospitalier Régional de Lanaud, Saint-Charles-Borromée, QC (S.K.) - all in Canada; Instituto Cardiovascular de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires (D.C.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (D.K.M.); Heart Institute (InCor)-University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo (J.C.N.); Hospital Central Dr. Ignacio Morones Prieto, San Luis Potosi, Mexico (J.L.L.-P.); the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China (W.L.); and South Oklahoma Heart Research, Oklahoma City (N.T.)
| | - Stephen J Nicholls
- From the Cleveland Clinic Coordinating Center for Clinical Research (C5Research), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.M.L., V.M., E.M., K.W., D.M., S.E.N.); South Australian Heart and Medical Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide (S.J.N.), and School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney (P.J.B.) - both in Australia; Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (J.S.R., G.R., B.V., G.W.); Washington Cardiovascular Associates, Medstar Research Institute, Washington, DC (H.B.B.); Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh (K.A.A.F.); Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (C.M.G.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.G.); Université Sorbonne Paris 6, ACTION Study Group, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Institut de Cardiologie, Paris (G.M.); Penn Heart and Vascular Center, Philadelphia (D.R.); Columbia University, New York (A.R.T.), and Saratoga Cardiology Associates, Saratoga Springs (D.K.) - both in New York; St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (S.G.), Recherche Médicale Saint-Jérôme, Saint-Jérôme, QC (Y.P.), and Centre de Santé et de Services Sociaux du Nord de Lanaudière-Centre Hospitalier Régional de Lanaud, Saint-Charles-Borromée, QC (S.K.) - all in Canada; Instituto Cardiovascular de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires (D.C.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (D.K.M.); Heart Institute (InCor)-University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo (J.C.N.); Hospital Central Dr. Ignacio Morones Prieto, San Luis Potosi, Mexico (J.L.L.-P.); the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China (W.L.); and South Oklahoma Heart Research, Oklahoma City (N.T.)
| | - Jeffrey S Riesmeyer
- From the Cleveland Clinic Coordinating Center for Clinical Research (C5Research), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.M.L., V.M., E.M., K.W., D.M., S.E.N.); South Australian Heart and Medical Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide (S.J.N.), and School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney (P.J.B.) - both in Australia; Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (J.S.R., G.R., B.V., G.W.); Washington Cardiovascular Associates, Medstar Research Institute, Washington, DC (H.B.B.); Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh (K.A.A.F.); Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (C.M.G.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.G.); Université Sorbonne Paris 6, ACTION Study Group, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Institut de Cardiologie, Paris (G.M.); Penn Heart and Vascular Center, Philadelphia (D.R.); Columbia University, New York (A.R.T.), and Saratoga Cardiology Associates, Saratoga Springs (D.K.) - both in New York; St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (S.G.), Recherche Médicale Saint-Jérôme, Saint-Jérôme, QC (Y.P.), and Centre de Santé et de Services Sociaux du Nord de Lanaudière-Centre Hospitalier Régional de Lanaud, Saint-Charles-Borromée, QC (S.K.) - all in Canada; Instituto Cardiovascular de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires (D.C.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (D.K.M.); Heart Institute (InCor)-University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo (J.C.N.); Hospital Central Dr. Ignacio Morones Prieto, San Luis Potosi, Mexico (J.L.L.-P.); the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China (W.L.); and South Oklahoma Heart Research, Oklahoma City (N.T.)
| | - Philip J Barter
- From the Cleveland Clinic Coordinating Center for Clinical Research (C5Research), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.M.L., V.M., E.M., K.W., D.M., S.E.N.); South Australian Heart and Medical Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide (S.J.N.), and School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney (P.J.B.) - both in Australia; Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (J.S.R., G.R., B.V., G.W.); Washington Cardiovascular Associates, Medstar Research Institute, Washington, DC (H.B.B.); Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh (K.A.A.F.); Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (C.M.G.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.G.); Université Sorbonne Paris 6, ACTION Study Group, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Institut de Cardiologie, Paris (G.M.); Penn Heart and Vascular Center, Philadelphia (D.R.); Columbia University, New York (A.R.T.), and Saratoga Cardiology Associates, Saratoga Springs (D.K.) - both in New York; St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (S.G.), Recherche Médicale Saint-Jérôme, Saint-Jérôme, QC (Y.P.), and Centre de Santé et de Services Sociaux du Nord de Lanaudière-Centre Hospitalier Régional de Lanaud, Saint-Charles-Borromée, QC (S.K.) - all in Canada; Instituto Cardiovascular de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires (D.C.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (D.K.M.); Heart Institute (InCor)-University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo (J.C.N.); Hospital Central Dr. Ignacio Morones Prieto, San Luis Potosi, Mexico (J.L.L.-P.); the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China (W.L.); and South Oklahoma Heart Research, Oklahoma City (N.T.)
| | - H Bryan Brewer
- From the Cleveland Clinic Coordinating Center for Clinical Research (C5Research), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.M.L., V.M., E.M., K.W., D.M., S.E.N.); South Australian Heart and Medical Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide (S.J.N.), and School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney (P.J.B.) - both in Australia; Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (J.S.R., G.R., B.V., G.W.); Washington Cardiovascular Associates, Medstar Research Institute, Washington, DC (H.B.B.); Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh (K.A.A.F.); Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (C.M.G.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.G.); Université Sorbonne Paris 6, ACTION Study Group, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Institut de Cardiologie, Paris (G.M.); Penn Heart and Vascular Center, Philadelphia (D.R.); Columbia University, New York (A.R.T.), and Saratoga Cardiology Associates, Saratoga Springs (D.K.) - both in New York; St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (S.G.), Recherche Médicale Saint-Jérôme, Saint-Jérôme, QC (Y.P.), and Centre de Santé et de Services Sociaux du Nord de Lanaudière-Centre Hospitalier Régional de Lanaud, Saint-Charles-Borromée, QC (S.K.) - all in Canada; Instituto Cardiovascular de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires (D.C.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (D.K.M.); Heart Institute (InCor)-University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo (J.C.N.); Hospital Central Dr. Ignacio Morones Prieto, San Luis Potosi, Mexico (J.L.L.-P.); the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China (W.L.); and South Oklahoma Heart Research, Oklahoma City (N.T.)
| | - Keith A A Fox
- From the Cleveland Clinic Coordinating Center for Clinical Research (C5Research), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.M.L., V.M., E.M., K.W., D.M., S.E.N.); South Australian Heart and Medical Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide (S.J.N.), and School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney (P.J.B.) - both in Australia; Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (J.S.R., G.R., B.V., G.W.); Washington Cardiovascular Associates, Medstar Research Institute, Washington, DC (H.B.B.); Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh (K.A.A.F.); Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (C.M.G.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.G.); Université Sorbonne Paris 6, ACTION Study Group, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Institut de Cardiologie, Paris (G.M.); Penn Heart and Vascular Center, Philadelphia (D.R.); Columbia University, New York (A.R.T.), and Saratoga Cardiology Associates, Saratoga Springs (D.K.) - both in New York; St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (S.G.), Recherche Médicale Saint-Jérôme, Saint-Jérôme, QC (Y.P.), and Centre de Santé et de Services Sociaux du Nord de Lanaudière-Centre Hospitalier Régional de Lanaud, Saint-Charles-Borromée, QC (S.K.) - all in Canada; Instituto Cardiovascular de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires (D.C.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (D.K.M.); Heart Institute (InCor)-University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo (J.C.N.); Hospital Central Dr. Ignacio Morones Prieto, San Luis Potosi, Mexico (J.L.L.-P.); the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China (W.L.); and South Oklahoma Heart Research, Oklahoma City (N.T.)
| | - C Michael Gibson
- From the Cleveland Clinic Coordinating Center for Clinical Research (C5Research), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.M.L., V.M., E.M., K.W., D.M., S.E.N.); South Australian Heart and Medical Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide (S.J.N.), and School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney (P.J.B.) - both in Australia; Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (J.S.R., G.R., B.V., G.W.); Washington Cardiovascular Associates, Medstar Research Institute, Washington, DC (H.B.B.); Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh (K.A.A.F.); Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (C.M.G.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.G.); Université Sorbonne Paris 6, ACTION Study Group, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Institut de Cardiologie, Paris (G.M.); Penn Heart and Vascular Center, Philadelphia (D.R.); Columbia University, New York (A.R.T.), and Saratoga Cardiology Associates, Saratoga Springs (D.K.) - both in New York; St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (S.G.), Recherche Médicale Saint-Jérôme, Saint-Jérôme, QC (Y.P.), and Centre de Santé et de Services Sociaux du Nord de Lanaudière-Centre Hospitalier Régional de Lanaud, Saint-Charles-Borromée, QC (S.K.) - all in Canada; Instituto Cardiovascular de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires (D.C.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (D.K.M.); Heart Institute (InCor)-University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo (J.C.N.); Hospital Central Dr. Ignacio Morones Prieto, San Luis Potosi, Mexico (J.L.L.-P.); the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China (W.L.); and South Oklahoma Heart Research, Oklahoma City (N.T.)
| | - Christopher Granger
- From the Cleveland Clinic Coordinating Center for Clinical Research (C5Research), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.M.L., V.M., E.M., K.W., D.M., S.E.N.); South Australian Heart and Medical Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide (S.J.N.), and School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney (P.J.B.) - both in Australia; Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (J.S.R., G.R., B.V., G.W.); Washington Cardiovascular Associates, Medstar Research Institute, Washington, DC (H.B.B.); Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh (K.A.A.F.); Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (C.M.G.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.G.); Université Sorbonne Paris 6, ACTION Study Group, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Institut de Cardiologie, Paris (G.M.); Penn Heart and Vascular Center, Philadelphia (D.R.); Columbia University, New York (A.R.T.), and Saratoga Cardiology Associates, Saratoga Springs (D.K.) - both in New York; St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (S.G.), Recherche Médicale Saint-Jérôme, Saint-Jérôme, QC (Y.P.), and Centre de Santé et de Services Sociaux du Nord de Lanaudière-Centre Hospitalier Régional de Lanaud, Saint-Charles-Borromée, QC (S.K.) - all in Canada; Instituto Cardiovascular de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires (D.C.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (D.K.M.); Heart Institute (InCor)-University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo (J.C.N.); Hospital Central Dr. Ignacio Morones Prieto, San Luis Potosi, Mexico (J.L.L.-P.); the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China (W.L.); and South Oklahoma Heart Research, Oklahoma City (N.T.)
| | - Venu Menon
- From the Cleveland Clinic Coordinating Center for Clinical Research (C5Research), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.M.L., V.M., E.M., K.W., D.M., S.E.N.); South Australian Heart and Medical Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide (S.J.N.), and School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney (P.J.B.) - both in Australia; Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (J.S.R., G.R., B.V., G.W.); Washington Cardiovascular Associates, Medstar Research Institute, Washington, DC (H.B.B.); Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh (K.A.A.F.); Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (C.M.G.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.G.); Université Sorbonne Paris 6, ACTION Study Group, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Institut de Cardiologie, Paris (G.M.); Penn Heart and Vascular Center, Philadelphia (D.R.); Columbia University, New York (A.R.T.), and Saratoga Cardiology Associates, Saratoga Springs (D.K.) - both in New York; St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (S.G.), Recherche Médicale Saint-Jérôme, Saint-Jérôme, QC (Y.P.), and Centre de Santé et de Services Sociaux du Nord de Lanaudière-Centre Hospitalier Régional de Lanaud, Saint-Charles-Borromée, QC (S.K.) - all in Canada; Instituto Cardiovascular de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires (D.C.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (D.K.M.); Heart Institute (InCor)-University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo (J.C.N.); Hospital Central Dr. Ignacio Morones Prieto, San Luis Potosi, Mexico (J.L.L.-P.); the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China (W.L.); and South Oklahoma Heart Research, Oklahoma City (N.T.)
| | - Gilles Montalescot
- From the Cleveland Clinic Coordinating Center for Clinical Research (C5Research), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.M.L., V.M., E.M., K.W., D.M., S.E.N.); South Australian Heart and Medical Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide (S.J.N.), and School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney (P.J.B.) - both in Australia; Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (J.S.R., G.R., B.V., G.W.); Washington Cardiovascular Associates, Medstar Research Institute, Washington, DC (H.B.B.); Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh (K.A.A.F.); Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (C.M.G.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.G.); Université Sorbonne Paris 6, ACTION Study Group, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Institut de Cardiologie, Paris (G.M.); Penn Heart and Vascular Center, Philadelphia (D.R.); Columbia University, New York (A.R.T.), and Saratoga Cardiology Associates, Saratoga Springs (D.K.) - both in New York; St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (S.G.), Recherche Médicale Saint-Jérôme, Saint-Jérôme, QC (Y.P.), and Centre de Santé et de Services Sociaux du Nord de Lanaudière-Centre Hospitalier Régional de Lanaud, Saint-Charles-Borromée, QC (S.K.) - all in Canada; Instituto Cardiovascular de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires (D.C.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (D.K.M.); Heart Institute (InCor)-University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo (J.C.N.); Hospital Central Dr. Ignacio Morones Prieto, San Luis Potosi, Mexico (J.L.L.-P.); the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China (W.L.); and South Oklahoma Heart Research, Oklahoma City (N.T.)
| | - Daniel Rader
- From the Cleveland Clinic Coordinating Center for Clinical Research (C5Research), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.M.L., V.M., E.M., K.W., D.M., S.E.N.); South Australian Heart and Medical Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide (S.J.N.), and School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney (P.J.B.) - both in Australia; Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (J.S.R., G.R., B.V., G.W.); Washington Cardiovascular Associates, Medstar Research Institute, Washington, DC (H.B.B.); Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh (K.A.A.F.); Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (C.M.G.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.G.); Université Sorbonne Paris 6, ACTION Study Group, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Institut de Cardiologie, Paris (G.M.); Penn Heart and Vascular Center, Philadelphia (D.R.); Columbia University, New York (A.R.T.), and Saratoga Cardiology Associates, Saratoga Springs (D.K.) - both in New York; St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (S.G.), Recherche Médicale Saint-Jérôme, Saint-Jérôme, QC (Y.P.), and Centre de Santé et de Services Sociaux du Nord de Lanaudière-Centre Hospitalier Régional de Lanaud, Saint-Charles-Borromée, QC (S.K.) - all in Canada; Instituto Cardiovascular de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires (D.C.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (D.K.M.); Heart Institute (InCor)-University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo (J.C.N.); Hospital Central Dr. Ignacio Morones Prieto, San Luis Potosi, Mexico (J.L.L.-P.); the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China (W.L.); and South Oklahoma Heart Research, Oklahoma City (N.T.)
| | - Alan R Tall
- From the Cleveland Clinic Coordinating Center for Clinical Research (C5Research), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.M.L., V.M., E.M., K.W., D.M., S.E.N.); South Australian Heart and Medical Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide (S.J.N.), and School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney (P.J.B.) - both in Australia; Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (J.S.R., G.R., B.V., G.W.); Washington Cardiovascular Associates, Medstar Research Institute, Washington, DC (H.B.B.); Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh (K.A.A.F.); Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (C.M.G.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.G.); Université Sorbonne Paris 6, ACTION Study Group, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Institut de Cardiologie, Paris (G.M.); Penn Heart and Vascular Center, Philadelphia (D.R.); Columbia University, New York (A.R.T.), and Saratoga Cardiology Associates, Saratoga Springs (D.K.) - both in New York; St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (S.G.), Recherche Médicale Saint-Jérôme, Saint-Jérôme, QC (Y.P.), and Centre de Santé et de Services Sociaux du Nord de Lanaudière-Centre Hospitalier Régional de Lanaud, Saint-Charles-Borromée, QC (S.K.) - all in Canada; Instituto Cardiovascular de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires (D.C.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (D.K.M.); Heart Institute (InCor)-University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo (J.C.N.); Hospital Central Dr. Ignacio Morones Prieto, San Luis Potosi, Mexico (J.L.L.-P.); the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China (W.L.); and South Oklahoma Heart Research, Oklahoma City (N.T.)
| | - Ellen McErlean
- From the Cleveland Clinic Coordinating Center for Clinical Research (C5Research), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.M.L., V.M., E.M., K.W., D.M., S.E.N.); South Australian Heart and Medical Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide (S.J.N.), and School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney (P.J.B.) - both in Australia; Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (J.S.R., G.R., B.V., G.W.); Washington Cardiovascular Associates, Medstar Research Institute, Washington, DC (H.B.B.); Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh (K.A.A.F.); Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (C.M.G.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.G.); Université Sorbonne Paris 6, ACTION Study Group, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Institut de Cardiologie, Paris (G.M.); Penn Heart and Vascular Center, Philadelphia (D.R.); Columbia University, New York (A.R.T.), and Saratoga Cardiology Associates, Saratoga Springs (D.K.) - both in New York; St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (S.G.), Recherche Médicale Saint-Jérôme, Saint-Jérôme, QC (Y.P.), and Centre de Santé et de Services Sociaux du Nord de Lanaudière-Centre Hospitalier Régional de Lanaud, Saint-Charles-Borromée, QC (S.K.) - all in Canada; Instituto Cardiovascular de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires (D.C.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (D.K.M.); Heart Institute (InCor)-University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo (J.C.N.); Hospital Central Dr. Ignacio Morones Prieto, San Luis Potosi, Mexico (J.L.L.-P.); the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China (W.L.); and South Oklahoma Heart Research, Oklahoma City (N.T.)
| | - Kathy Wolski
- From the Cleveland Clinic Coordinating Center for Clinical Research (C5Research), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.M.L., V.M., E.M., K.W., D.M., S.E.N.); South Australian Heart and Medical Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide (S.J.N.), and School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney (P.J.B.) - both in Australia; Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (J.S.R., G.R., B.V., G.W.); Washington Cardiovascular Associates, Medstar Research Institute, Washington, DC (H.B.B.); Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh (K.A.A.F.); Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (C.M.G.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.G.); Université Sorbonne Paris 6, ACTION Study Group, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Institut de Cardiologie, Paris (G.M.); Penn Heart and Vascular Center, Philadelphia (D.R.); Columbia University, New York (A.R.T.), and Saratoga Cardiology Associates, Saratoga Springs (D.K.) - both in New York; St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (S.G.), Recherche Médicale Saint-Jérôme, Saint-Jérôme, QC (Y.P.), and Centre de Santé et de Services Sociaux du Nord de Lanaudière-Centre Hospitalier Régional de Lanaud, Saint-Charles-Borromée, QC (S.K.) - all in Canada; Instituto Cardiovascular de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires (D.C.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (D.K.M.); Heart Institute (InCor)-University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo (J.C.N.); Hospital Central Dr. Ignacio Morones Prieto, San Luis Potosi, Mexico (J.L.L.-P.); the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China (W.L.); and South Oklahoma Heart Research, Oklahoma City (N.T.)
| | - Giacomo Ruotolo
- From the Cleveland Clinic Coordinating Center for Clinical Research (C5Research), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.M.L., V.M., E.M., K.W., D.M., S.E.N.); South Australian Heart and Medical Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide (S.J.N.), and School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney (P.J.B.) - both in Australia; Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (J.S.R., G.R., B.V., G.W.); Washington Cardiovascular Associates, Medstar Research Institute, Washington, DC (H.B.B.); Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh (K.A.A.F.); Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (C.M.G.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.G.); Université Sorbonne Paris 6, ACTION Study Group, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Institut de Cardiologie, Paris (G.M.); Penn Heart and Vascular Center, Philadelphia (D.R.); Columbia University, New York (A.R.T.), and Saratoga Cardiology Associates, Saratoga Springs (D.K.) - both in New York; St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (S.G.), Recherche Médicale Saint-Jérôme, Saint-Jérôme, QC (Y.P.), and Centre de Santé et de Services Sociaux du Nord de Lanaudière-Centre Hospitalier Régional de Lanaud, Saint-Charles-Borromée, QC (S.K.) - all in Canada; Instituto Cardiovascular de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires (D.C.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (D.K.M.); Heart Institute (InCor)-University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo (J.C.N.); Hospital Central Dr. Ignacio Morones Prieto, San Luis Potosi, Mexico (J.L.L.-P.); the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China (W.L.); and South Oklahoma Heart Research, Oklahoma City (N.T.)
| | - Burkhard Vangerow
- From the Cleveland Clinic Coordinating Center for Clinical Research (C5Research), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.M.L., V.M., E.M., K.W., D.M., S.E.N.); South Australian Heart and Medical Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide (S.J.N.), and School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney (P.J.B.) - both in Australia; Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (J.S.R., G.R., B.V., G.W.); Washington Cardiovascular Associates, Medstar Research Institute, Washington, DC (H.B.B.); Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh (K.A.A.F.); Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (C.M.G.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.G.); Université Sorbonne Paris 6, ACTION Study Group, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Institut de Cardiologie, Paris (G.M.); Penn Heart and Vascular Center, Philadelphia (D.R.); Columbia University, New York (A.R.T.), and Saratoga Cardiology Associates, Saratoga Springs (D.K.) - both in New York; St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (S.G.), Recherche Médicale Saint-Jérôme, Saint-Jérôme, QC (Y.P.), and Centre de Santé et de Services Sociaux du Nord de Lanaudière-Centre Hospitalier Régional de Lanaud, Saint-Charles-Borromée, QC (S.K.) - all in Canada; Instituto Cardiovascular de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires (D.C.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (D.K.M.); Heart Institute (InCor)-University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo (J.C.N.); Hospital Central Dr. Ignacio Morones Prieto, San Luis Potosi, Mexico (J.L.L.-P.); the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China (W.L.); and South Oklahoma Heart Research, Oklahoma City (N.T.)
| | - Govinda Weerakkody
- From the Cleveland Clinic Coordinating Center for Clinical Research (C5Research), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.M.L., V.M., E.M., K.W., D.M., S.E.N.); South Australian Heart and Medical Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide (S.J.N.), and School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney (P.J.B.) - both in Australia; Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (J.S.R., G.R., B.V., G.W.); Washington Cardiovascular Associates, Medstar Research Institute, Washington, DC (H.B.B.); Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh (K.A.A.F.); Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (C.M.G.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.G.); Université Sorbonne Paris 6, ACTION Study Group, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Institut de Cardiologie, Paris (G.M.); Penn Heart and Vascular Center, Philadelphia (D.R.); Columbia University, New York (A.R.T.), and Saratoga Cardiology Associates, Saratoga Springs (D.K.) - both in New York; St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (S.G.), Recherche Médicale Saint-Jérôme, Saint-Jérôme, QC (Y.P.), and Centre de Santé et de Services Sociaux du Nord de Lanaudière-Centre Hospitalier Régional de Lanaud, Saint-Charles-Borromée, QC (S.K.) - all in Canada; Instituto Cardiovascular de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires (D.C.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (D.K.M.); Heart Institute (InCor)-University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo (J.C.N.); Hospital Central Dr. Ignacio Morones Prieto, San Luis Potosi, Mexico (J.L.L.-P.); the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China (W.L.); and South Oklahoma Heart Research, Oklahoma City (N.T.)
| | - Shaun G Goodman
- From the Cleveland Clinic Coordinating Center for Clinical Research (C5Research), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.M.L., V.M., E.M., K.W., D.M., S.E.N.); South Australian Heart and Medical Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide (S.J.N.), and School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney (P.J.B.) - both in Australia; Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (J.S.R., G.R., B.V., G.W.); Washington Cardiovascular Associates, Medstar Research Institute, Washington, DC (H.B.B.); Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh (K.A.A.F.); Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (C.M.G.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.G.); Université Sorbonne Paris 6, ACTION Study Group, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Institut de Cardiologie, Paris (G.M.); Penn Heart and Vascular Center, Philadelphia (D.R.); Columbia University, New York (A.R.T.), and Saratoga Cardiology Associates, Saratoga Springs (D.K.) - both in New York; St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (S.G.), Recherche Médicale Saint-Jérôme, Saint-Jérôme, QC (Y.P.), and Centre de Santé et de Services Sociaux du Nord de Lanaudière-Centre Hospitalier Régional de Lanaud, Saint-Charles-Borromée, QC (S.K.) - all in Canada; Instituto Cardiovascular de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires (D.C.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (D.K.M.); Heart Institute (InCor)-University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo (J.C.N.); Hospital Central Dr. Ignacio Morones Prieto, San Luis Potosi, Mexico (J.L.L.-P.); the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China (W.L.); and South Oklahoma Heart Research, Oklahoma City (N.T.)
| | - Diego Conde
- From the Cleveland Clinic Coordinating Center for Clinical Research (C5Research), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.M.L., V.M., E.M., K.W., D.M., S.E.N.); South Australian Heart and Medical Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide (S.J.N.), and School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney (P.J.B.) - both in Australia; Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (J.S.R., G.R., B.V., G.W.); Washington Cardiovascular Associates, Medstar Research Institute, Washington, DC (H.B.B.); Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh (K.A.A.F.); Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (C.M.G.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.G.); Université Sorbonne Paris 6, ACTION Study Group, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Institut de Cardiologie, Paris (G.M.); Penn Heart and Vascular Center, Philadelphia (D.R.); Columbia University, New York (A.R.T.), and Saratoga Cardiology Associates, Saratoga Springs (D.K.) - both in New York; St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (S.G.), Recherche Médicale Saint-Jérôme, Saint-Jérôme, QC (Y.P.), and Centre de Santé et de Services Sociaux du Nord de Lanaudière-Centre Hospitalier Régional de Lanaud, Saint-Charles-Borromée, QC (S.K.) - all in Canada; Instituto Cardiovascular de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires (D.C.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (D.K.M.); Heart Institute (InCor)-University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo (J.C.N.); Hospital Central Dr. Ignacio Morones Prieto, San Luis Potosi, Mexico (J.L.L.-P.); the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China (W.L.); and South Oklahoma Heart Research, Oklahoma City (N.T.)
| | - Darren K McGuire
- From the Cleveland Clinic Coordinating Center for Clinical Research (C5Research), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.M.L., V.M., E.M., K.W., D.M., S.E.N.); South Australian Heart and Medical Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide (S.J.N.), and School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney (P.J.B.) - both in Australia; Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (J.S.R., G.R., B.V., G.W.); Washington Cardiovascular Associates, Medstar Research Institute, Washington, DC (H.B.B.); Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh (K.A.A.F.); Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (C.M.G.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.G.); Université Sorbonne Paris 6, ACTION Study Group, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Institut de Cardiologie, Paris (G.M.); Penn Heart and Vascular Center, Philadelphia (D.R.); Columbia University, New York (A.R.T.), and Saratoga Cardiology Associates, Saratoga Springs (D.K.) - both in New York; St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (S.G.), Recherche Médicale Saint-Jérôme, Saint-Jérôme, QC (Y.P.), and Centre de Santé et de Services Sociaux du Nord de Lanaudière-Centre Hospitalier Régional de Lanaud, Saint-Charles-Borromée, QC (S.K.) - all in Canada; Instituto Cardiovascular de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires (D.C.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (D.K.M.); Heart Institute (InCor)-University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo (J.C.N.); Hospital Central Dr. Ignacio Morones Prieto, San Luis Potosi, Mexico (J.L.L.-P.); the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China (W.L.); and South Oklahoma Heart Research, Oklahoma City (N.T.)
| | - Jose C Nicolau
- From the Cleveland Clinic Coordinating Center for Clinical Research (C5Research), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.M.L., V.M., E.M., K.W., D.M., S.E.N.); South Australian Heart and Medical Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide (S.J.N.), and School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney (P.J.B.) - both in Australia; Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (J.S.R., G.R., B.V., G.W.); Washington Cardiovascular Associates, Medstar Research Institute, Washington, DC (H.B.B.); Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh (K.A.A.F.); Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (C.M.G.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.G.); Université Sorbonne Paris 6, ACTION Study Group, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Institut de Cardiologie, Paris (G.M.); Penn Heart and Vascular Center, Philadelphia (D.R.); Columbia University, New York (A.R.T.), and Saratoga Cardiology Associates, Saratoga Springs (D.K.) - both in New York; St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (S.G.), Recherche Médicale Saint-Jérôme, Saint-Jérôme, QC (Y.P.), and Centre de Santé et de Services Sociaux du Nord de Lanaudière-Centre Hospitalier Régional de Lanaud, Saint-Charles-Borromée, QC (S.K.) - all in Canada; Instituto Cardiovascular de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires (D.C.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (D.K.M.); Heart Institute (InCor)-University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo (J.C.N.); Hospital Central Dr. Ignacio Morones Prieto, San Luis Potosi, Mexico (J.L.L.-P.); the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China (W.L.); and South Oklahoma Heart Research, Oklahoma City (N.T.)
| | - Jose L Leiva-Pons
- From the Cleveland Clinic Coordinating Center for Clinical Research (C5Research), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.M.L., V.M., E.M., K.W., D.M., S.E.N.); South Australian Heart and Medical Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide (S.J.N.), and School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney (P.J.B.) - both in Australia; Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (J.S.R., G.R., B.V., G.W.); Washington Cardiovascular Associates, Medstar Research Institute, Washington, DC (H.B.B.); Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh (K.A.A.F.); Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (C.M.G.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.G.); Université Sorbonne Paris 6, ACTION Study Group, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Institut de Cardiologie, Paris (G.M.); Penn Heart and Vascular Center, Philadelphia (D.R.); Columbia University, New York (A.R.T.), and Saratoga Cardiology Associates, Saratoga Springs (D.K.) - both in New York; St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (S.G.), Recherche Médicale Saint-Jérôme, Saint-Jérôme, QC (Y.P.), and Centre de Santé et de Services Sociaux du Nord de Lanaudière-Centre Hospitalier Régional de Lanaud, Saint-Charles-Borromée, QC (S.K.) - all in Canada; Instituto Cardiovascular de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires (D.C.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (D.K.M.); Heart Institute (InCor)-University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo (J.C.N.); Hospital Central Dr. Ignacio Morones Prieto, San Luis Potosi, Mexico (J.L.L.-P.); the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China (W.L.); and South Oklahoma Heart Research, Oklahoma City (N.T.)
| | - Yves Pesant
- From the Cleveland Clinic Coordinating Center for Clinical Research (C5Research), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.M.L., V.M., E.M., K.W., D.M., S.E.N.); South Australian Heart and Medical Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide (S.J.N.), and School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney (P.J.B.) - both in Australia; Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (J.S.R., G.R., B.V., G.W.); Washington Cardiovascular Associates, Medstar Research Institute, Washington, DC (H.B.B.); Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh (K.A.A.F.); Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (C.M.G.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.G.); Université Sorbonne Paris 6, ACTION Study Group, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Institut de Cardiologie, Paris (G.M.); Penn Heart and Vascular Center, Philadelphia (D.R.); Columbia University, New York (A.R.T.), and Saratoga Cardiology Associates, Saratoga Springs (D.K.) - both in New York; St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (S.G.), Recherche Médicale Saint-Jérôme, Saint-Jérôme, QC (Y.P.), and Centre de Santé et de Services Sociaux du Nord de Lanaudière-Centre Hospitalier Régional de Lanaud, Saint-Charles-Borromée, QC (S.K.) - all in Canada; Instituto Cardiovascular de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires (D.C.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (D.K.M.); Heart Institute (InCor)-University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo (J.C.N.); Hospital Central Dr. Ignacio Morones Prieto, San Luis Potosi, Mexico (J.L.L.-P.); the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China (W.L.); and South Oklahoma Heart Research, Oklahoma City (N.T.)
| | - Weimin Li
- From the Cleveland Clinic Coordinating Center for Clinical Research (C5Research), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.M.L., V.M., E.M., K.W., D.M., S.E.N.); South Australian Heart and Medical Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide (S.J.N.), and School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney (P.J.B.) - both in Australia; Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (J.S.R., G.R., B.V., G.W.); Washington Cardiovascular Associates, Medstar Research Institute, Washington, DC (H.B.B.); Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh (K.A.A.F.); Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (C.M.G.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.G.); Université Sorbonne Paris 6, ACTION Study Group, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Institut de Cardiologie, Paris (G.M.); Penn Heart and Vascular Center, Philadelphia (D.R.); Columbia University, New York (A.R.T.), and Saratoga Cardiology Associates, Saratoga Springs (D.K.) - both in New York; St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (S.G.), Recherche Médicale Saint-Jérôme, Saint-Jérôme, QC (Y.P.), and Centre de Santé et de Services Sociaux du Nord de Lanaudière-Centre Hospitalier Régional de Lanaud, Saint-Charles-Borromée, QC (S.K.) - all in Canada; Instituto Cardiovascular de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires (D.C.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (D.K.M.); Heart Institute (InCor)-University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo (J.C.N.); Hospital Central Dr. Ignacio Morones Prieto, San Luis Potosi, Mexico (J.L.L.-P.); the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China (W.L.); and South Oklahoma Heart Research, Oklahoma City (N.T.)
| | - David Kandath
- From the Cleveland Clinic Coordinating Center for Clinical Research (C5Research), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.M.L., V.M., E.M., K.W., D.M., S.E.N.); South Australian Heart and Medical Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide (S.J.N.), and School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney (P.J.B.) - both in Australia; Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (J.S.R., G.R., B.V., G.W.); Washington Cardiovascular Associates, Medstar Research Institute, Washington, DC (H.B.B.); Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh (K.A.A.F.); Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (C.M.G.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.G.); Université Sorbonne Paris 6, ACTION Study Group, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Institut de Cardiologie, Paris (G.M.); Penn Heart and Vascular Center, Philadelphia (D.R.); Columbia University, New York (A.R.T.), and Saratoga Cardiology Associates, Saratoga Springs (D.K.) - both in New York; St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (S.G.), Recherche Médicale Saint-Jérôme, Saint-Jérôme, QC (Y.P.), and Centre de Santé et de Services Sociaux du Nord de Lanaudière-Centre Hospitalier Régional de Lanaud, Saint-Charles-Borromée, QC (S.K.) - all in Canada; Instituto Cardiovascular de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires (D.C.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (D.K.M.); Heart Institute (InCor)-University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo (J.C.N.); Hospital Central Dr. Ignacio Morones Prieto, San Luis Potosi, Mexico (J.L.L.-P.); the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China (W.L.); and South Oklahoma Heart Research, Oklahoma City (N.T.)
| | - Simon Kouz
- From the Cleveland Clinic Coordinating Center for Clinical Research (C5Research), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.M.L., V.M., E.M., K.W., D.M., S.E.N.); South Australian Heart and Medical Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide (S.J.N.), and School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney (P.J.B.) - both in Australia; Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (J.S.R., G.R., B.V., G.W.); Washington Cardiovascular Associates, Medstar Research Institute, Washington, DC (H.B.B.); Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh (K.A.A.F.); Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (C.M.G.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.G.); Université Sorbonne Paris 6, ACTION Study Group, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Institut de Cardiologie, Paris (G.M.); Penn Heart and Vascular Center, Philadelphia (D.R.); Columbia University, New York (A.R.T.), and Saratoga Cardiology Associates, Saratoga Springs (D.K.) - both in New York; St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (S.G.), Recherche Médicale Saint-Jérôme, Saint-Jérôme, QC (Y.P.), and Centre de Santé et de Services Sociaux du Nord de Lanaudière-Centre Hospitalier Régional de Lanaud, Saint-Charles-Borromée, QC (S.K.) - all in Canada; Instituto Cardiovascular de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires (D.C.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (D.K.M.); Heart Institute (InCor)-University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo (J.C.N.); Hospital Central Dr. Ignacio Morones Prieto, San Luis Potosi, Mexico (J.L.L.-P.); the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China (W.L.); and South Oklahoma Heart Research, Oklahoma City (N.T.)
| | - Naeem Tahirkheli
- From the Cleveland Clinic Coordinating Center for Clinical Research (C5Research), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.M.L., V.M., E.M., K.W., D.M., S.E.N.); South Australian Heart and Medical Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide (S.J.N.), and School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney (P.J.B.) - both in Australia; Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (J.S.R., G.R., B.V., G.W.); Washington Cardiovascular Associates, Medstar Research Institute, Washington, DC (H.B.B.); Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh (K.A.A.F.); Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (C.M.G.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.G.); Université Sorbonne Paris 6, ACTION Study Group, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Institut de Cardiologie, Paris (G.M.); Penn Heart and Vascular Center, Philadelphia (D.R.); Columbia University, New York (A.R.T.), and Saratoga Cardiology Associates, Saratoga Springs (D.K.) - both in New York; St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (S.G.), Recherche Médicale Saint-Jérôme, Saint-Jérôme, QC (Y.P.), and Centre de Santé et de Services Sociaux du Nord de Lanaudière-Centre Hospitalier Régional de Lanaud, Saint-Charles-Borromée, QC (S.K.) - all in Canada; Instituto Cardiovascular de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires (D.C.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (D.K.M.); Heart Institute (InCor)-University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo (J.C.N.); Hospital Central Dr. Ignacio Morones Prieto, San Luis Potosi, Mexico (J.L.L.-P.); the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China (W.L.); and South Oklahoma Heart Research, Oklahoma City (N.T.)
| | - Denise Mason
- From the Cleveland Clinic Coordinating Center for Clinical Research (C5Research), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.M.L., V.M., E.M., K.W., D.M., S.E.N.); South Australian Heart and Medical Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide (S.J.N.), and School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney (P.J.B.) - both in Australia; Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (J.S.R., G.R., B.V., G.W.); Washington Cardiovascular Associates, Medstar Research Institute, Washington, DC (H.B.B.); Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh (K.A.A.F.); Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (C.M.G.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.G.); Université Sorbonne Paris 6, ACTION Study Group, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Institut de Cardiologie, Paris (G.M.); Penn Heart and Vascular Center, Philadelphia (D.R.); Columbia University, New York (A.R.T.), and Saratoga Cardiology Associates, Saratoga Springs (D.K.) - both in New York; St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (S.G.), Recherche Médicale Saint-Jérôme, Saint-Jérôme, QC (Y.P.), and Centre de Santé et de Services Sociaux du Nord de Lanaudière-Centre Hospitalier Régional de Lanaud, Saint-Charles-Borromée, QC (S.K.) - all in Canada; Instituto Cardiovascular de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires (D.C.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (D.K.M.); Heart Institute (InCor)-University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo (J.C.N.); Hospital Central Dr. Ignacio Morones Prieto, San Luis Potosi, Mexico (J.L.L.-P.); the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China (W.L.); and South Oklahoma Heart Research, Oklahoma City (N.T.)
| | - Steven E Nissen
- From the Cleveland Clinic Coordinating Center for Clinical Research (C5Research), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (A.M.L., V.M., E.M., K.W., D.M., S.E.N.); South Australian Heart and Medical Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide (S.J.N.), and School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney (P.J.B.) - both in Australia; Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (J.S.R., G.R., B.V., G.W.); Washington Cardiovascular Associates, Medstar Research Institute, Washington, DC (H.B.B.); Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh (K.A.A.F.); Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (C.M.G.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.G.); Université Sorbonne Paris 6, ACTION Study Group, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Institut de Cardiologie, Paris (G.M.); Penn Heart and Vascular Center, Philadelphia (D.R.); Columbia University, New York (A.R.T.), and Saratoga Cardiology Associates, Saratoga Springs (D.K.) - both in New York; St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (S.G.), Recherche Médicale Saint-Jérôme, Saint-Jérôme, QC (Y.P.), and Centre de Santé et de Services Sociaux du Nord de Lanaudière-Centre Hospitalier Régional de Lanaud, Saint-Charles-Borromée, QC (S.K.) - all in Canada; Instituto Cardiovascular de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires (D.C.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (D.K.M.); Heart Institute (InCor)-University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo (J.C.N.); Hospital Central Dr. Ignacio Morones Prieto, San Luis Potosi, Mexico (J.L.L.-P.); the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China (W.L.); and South Oklahoma Heart Research, Oklahoma City (N.T.)
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434
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Pardina E, Ferrer R, Rossell J, Ricart-Jané D, Méndez-Lara KA, Baena-Fustegueras JA, Lecube A, Julve J, Peinado-Onsurbe J. Hepatic CD36 downregulation parallels steatosis improvement in morbidly obese undergoing bariatric surgery. Int J Obes (Lond) 2017; 41:1388-1393. [PMID: 28555086 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2017.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The notion that hepatic expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism is altered in obese patients is relatively new and its relationship with hepatic steatosis and cardiometabolic alterations remains unclear. OBJECTIVE We assessed the impact of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery (RYGB) on the expression profile of genes related to metabolic syndrome in liver biopsies from morbidly obese individuals using a custom-made, focused cDNA microarray, and assessed the relationship between the expression profile and hepatic steatosis regression. MATERIALS AND METHODS Plasma and liver samples were obtained from patients at baseline and 12 months after surgery. Samples were assayed for chemical and gene expression analyses, as appropriate. Gene expression profiles were assessed using custom-made, focused TaqMan low-density array cards. RESULTS RYGB-induced weight loss produced a favorable reduction in fat deposits, insulin resistance (estimated by homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR)), and plasma and hepatic lipid levels. Compared with the baseline values, the gene expression levels of key targets of lipid metabolism were significantly altered: CD36 was significantly downregulated (-40%; P=0.001), whereas APOB (+27%; P=0.032) and SCARB1 (+37%; P=0.040) were upregulated in response to surgery-induced weight reduction. We also observed a favorable reduction in the expression of the PAI1 gene (-80%; P=0.007) and a significant increase in the expression of the PPARA (+60%; P=0.014) and PPARGC1 genes (+36%; P=0.015). Notably, the relative fold decrease in the expression of the CD36 gene was directly associated with a concomitant reduction in the cholesterol (Spearman's r=0.92; P=0.001) and phospholipid (Spearman's r=0.76; P=0.04) contents in this tissue. CONCLUSIONS For the first time, RYGB-induced weight loss was shown to promote a favorable downregulation of CD36 expression, which was proportional to a favorable reduction in the hepatic cholesterol and phospholipid contents in our morbidly obese subjects following surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Pardina
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - R Ferrer
- Unitat d'Hormones, Servei de Bioquímica, Hospital Universitari de la Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Rossell
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - D Ricart-Jané
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - K A Méndez-Lara
- Institut de Recerca de l'Hospital de La Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de l'Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | | | - A Lecube
- Departament d'Endocrinologia i Nutrició, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, Spain.,Unitat de Recerca en Diabetes i Metabolisme, Institut de Recerca Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, CIBERDEM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Julve
- Institut de Recerca de l'Hospital de La Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de l'Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.,CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, CIBERDEM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Peinado-Onsurbe
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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435
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Soupene E, Larkin SK, Kuypers FA. Featured Article: Depletion of HDL 3 high density lipoprotein and altered functionality of HDL 2 in blood from sickle cell patients. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2017; 242:1244-1253. [PMID: 28436274 DOI: 10.1177/1535370217706966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In sickle cell disease (SCD), alterations of cholesterol metabolism is in part related to abnormal levels and activity of plasma proteins such as lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT), and apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA-I). In addition, the size distribution of ApoA-I high density lipoproteins (HDL) differs from normal blood. The ratio of the amount of HDL2 particle relative to the smaller higher density pre-β HDL (HDL3) particle was shifted toward HDL2. This lipoprotein imbalance is exacerbated during acute vaso-occlusive episodes (VOE) as the relative levels of HDL3 decrease. HDL3 deficiency in SCD plasma was found to relate to a slower ApoA-I exchange rate, which suggests an impaired ABCA1-mediated cholesterol efflux in SCD. HDL2 isolated from SCD plasma displayed an antioxidant capacity normally associated with HDL3, providing evidence for a change in function of HDL2 in SCD as compared to HDL2 in normal plasma. Although SCD plasma is depleted in HDL3, this altered capacity of HDL2 could account for the lack of difference in pro-inflammatory HDL levels in SCD as compared to normal. Exposure of human umbilical vein endothelial cells to HDL2 isolated from SCD plasma resulted in higher mRNA levels of the acute phase protein long pentraxin 3 (PTX3) as compared to incubation with HDL2 from control plasma. Addition of the heme-scavenger hemopexin protein prevented increased expression of PTX3 in sickle HDL2-treated cells. These findings suggest that ApoA-I lipoprotein composition and functions are altered in SCD plasma, and that whole blood transfusion may be considered as a blood replacement therapy in SCD. Impact statement Our study adds to the growing evidence that the dysfunctional red blood cell (RBC) in sickle cell disease (SCD) affects the plasma environment, which contributes significantly in the vasculopathy that defines the disease. Remodeling of anti-inflammatory high density lipoprotein (HDL) to pro-inflammatory entities can occur during the acute phase response. SCD plasma is depleted of the pre-β particle (HDL3), which is essential for stimulation of reverse cholesterol from macrophages, and the function of the larger HDL2 particle is altered. These dysfunctions are exacerbated during vaso-occlusive episodes. Interaction of lipoproteins with endothelium increases formation of inflammatory mediators, a process counteracted by the heme-scavenger hemopexin. This links hemolysis to lipoprotein-mediated inflammation in SCD, and hemopexin treatment could be considered. The use of RBC concentrates in transfusion therapy of SCD patients underestimates the importance of the dysfunctional plasma compartment, and transfusion of whole blood or plasma may be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Soupene
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA 94609, USA
| | - Sandra K Larkin
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA 94609, USA
| | - Frans A Kuypers
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA 94609, USA
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436
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Desgagné V, Bouchard L, Guérin R. microRNAs in lipoprotein and lipid metabolism: from biological function to clinical application. Clin Chem Lab Med 2017; 55:667-686. [PMID: 27987357 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2016-0575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
microRNAs (miRNAs) are short (~22 nucleotides), non-coding, single-stranded RNA molecules that regulate the expression of target genes by partial sequence-specific base-pairing to the targeted mRNA 3'UTR, blocking its translation, and promoting its degradation or its sequestration into processing bodies. miRNAs are important regulators of several physiological processes including developmental and metabolic functions, but their concentration in circulation has also been reported to be altered in many pathological conditions such as familial hypercholesterolemia, cardiovascular diseases, obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cancers. In this review, we focus on the role of miRNAs in lipoprotein and lipid metabolism, with special attention to the well-characterized miR-33a/b, and on the huge potential of miRNAs for clinical application as biomarkers and therapeutics in the context of cardiometabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luigi Bouchard
- Département de biochimie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec
| | - Renée Guérin
- Département de biochimie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec
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437
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Rhee EJ, Byrne CD, Sung KC. The HDL cholesterol/apolipoprotein A-I ratio: an indicator of cardiovascular disease. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2017; 24:148-153. [PMID: 28099205 DOI: 10.1097/med.0000000000000315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In multiple studies, the HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) concentration has been shown to be inversely associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and CVD risk. Based on this observation, increasing the plasma HDL-C concentration is thought to be a desirable strategy, in the 21st century, for decreasing the burden of CVD. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies have shown that powerful HDL-C concentration-increasing drugs are ineffective for decreasing CVD. Increasing evidence now shows that HDL is an unstable and heterogeneous particle, and that 'HDL particle functionality' is far more important in atheroprotection than is the HDL-C level, alone. Apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) is the major protein component of HDL, and increasing evidence suggests that the ratio of HDL-C to apoA-I may give additional insight as a risk marker not just for CVD but also for all-cause and cancer mortality. SUMMARY In this review, we discuss the importance of HDL composition, apoA-I levels, and the HDL-C/apoA-I ratio for predicting CVD and mortality outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Jung Rhee
- aDivision of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea bEndocrinology and Metabolism Unit, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK cDivision of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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438
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Gordon SM, Remaley AT. High density lipoproteins are modulators of protease activity: Implications in inflammation, complement activation, and atherothrombosis. Atherosclerosis 2017; 259:104-113. [PMID: 28242049 PMCID: PMC5391047 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
High density lipoproteins (HDL) represent a compositionally diverse population of particles in the circulation, containing a wide variety of lipids and proteins. Gene ontology functional analysis of the 96 commonly identified HDL binding proteins reveals that almost half of these proteins are either proteases or have known roles in protease regulation. Here, we discuss the activities of some of these proteins in regard to their roles in regulating proteases involved in inflammation, coagulation, and complement activation, particularly in the context of atherosclerosis. The overall goal of this review is to discuss potential functional roles of HDL in protease regulatory pathways based on current literature and known functions of HDL binding proteins and to promote the consideration of HDL as a global modulator of proteolytic equilibrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M Gordon
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Alan T Remaley
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
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439
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Chang TI, Streja E, Moradi H. Could high-density lipoprotein cholesterol predict increased cardiovascular risk? Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2017; 24:140-147. [PMID: 28099207 DOI: 10.1097/med.0000000000000318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL) is considered to be protective against cardiovascular disease. However, there is emerging evidence that under certain conditions the HDL molecule can become dysfunctional and proinflammatory, paradoxically leading to increased risk of cardiovascular disease. This review will provide a brief outline of the potential mechanisms by which HDL can become atherogenic and summarize some of the clinical evidence on this topic. RECENT FINDINGS HDL metabolism, structure, and function in addition to its level can be profoundly altered under conditions of marked oxidative stress and chronic inflammation. These abnormalities, in turn, lead to impaired reverse cholesterol transport, increased systemic oxidative stress/inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction that subsequently may contribute to atherogenesis and progression of cardiovascular disease. SUMMARY Association of serum HDL cholesterol level with outcomes is not only dependent on its serum concentration but also on the qualities/properties of this lipoprotein at a given point in time. Hence, it is essential that future studies examining association of HDL with risk of cardiovascular disease take into account the complexities of HDL metabolism and function and address the impact of the HDL particle as a whole (quantity as well as various properties) on atherosclerosis and cardiovascular outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Ik Chang
- aHarold Simmons Center for Kidney Disease Research and Epidemiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Orange, California, USA bDepartment of Internal Medicine, NHIS Medical Center, Ilsan Hospital, Goyangshi, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea cDepartment of Medicine, Long Beach Veteran Affairs Health System, Long Beach, California, USA
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440
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Hermans MP, Amoussou-Guenou KD, Bouenizabila E, Sadikot SS, Ahn SA, Rousseau MF. Size, density and cholesterol load of HDL predict microangiopathy, coronary artery disease and β-cell function in men with T2DM. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2017; 11:125-131. [PMID: 27665027 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2016.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The role of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) as modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular (CV) disease is increasingly debated, notwithstanding the finding that small-dense and dysfunctional HDL are associated with the metabolic syndrome and T2DM. In order to better clarify the epidemiological risk related to HDL of different size/density, without resorting to direct measures, it would seem appropriate to adjust HDL-C to the level of its main apolipoprotein (apoA-I), thereby providing an [HDL-C/apoA-I] ratio. The latter allows not only to estimate an average size for HDLs, but also to derive indices on particle number, cholesterol load, and density. So far, the potential usefulness of this ratio in diabetes is barely addressed. To this end, we sorted 488 male patients with T2DM according to [HDL-C/apoA-I] quartiles (Q), to determine how the ratio relates to cardiometabolic risk, β-cell function, glycaemic control, and micro- and macrovascular complications. Five lipid parameters were derived from the combined determination of HDL-C and apoA-I, namely HDL size; particle number; cholesterol load/particle; apoA-I/particle; and particle density. An unfavorable cardiometabolic profile characterized patients from QI and QII, in which HDLs were pro-atherogenic, denser and apoA-I-depleted. By contrast, QIII patients had an [HDL-C/apoA-I] ratio close to that of non-diabetic controls. QIV patients had better than average HDL size and composition, and in those patients whose [HDL-C/apoA-I] ratio was above normal, a more favorable phenotype was observed regarding lifestyle, anthropometry, metabolic comorbidities, insulin sensitivity, MetS score/severity, glycaemic control, and target-organ damage pregalence in small or large vessels. In conclusion, [HDL-C/apoA-I] and the resulting indices of HDL composition and functionality predict macrovascular risk and β-cell function decline, as well as overall microangiopathic risk, suggesting that this ratio could serve both in cardiometabolic assessment and as biomarker of vascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel P Hermans
- Division of Endocrinology & Nutrition, Cliniques universitaires St-Luc and Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - K Daniel Amoussou-Guenou
- Departmental Hospital and University Centre 1, Service de Médecine interne-Endocrinologie, CHUD/OP Porto-Novo, Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | - Evariste Bouenizabila
- Service de Maladies Métaboliques et Endocriniennes, Centre Hospitalier et Universitaire de Brazzaville, Congo
| | - Shaukat S Sadikot
- President, International Diabetes Federation & DiabetesIndia, 50, Manoel Gonsalves Rd., Bandra(W), Mumbai 400050, India
| | - Sylvie A Ahn
- Division of Cardiology, Cliniques universitaires St-Luc and Pôle de Recherche Cardiovasculaire, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Michel F Rousseau
- Division of Cardiology, Cliniques universitaires St-Luc and Pôle de Recherche Cardiovasculaire, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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441
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Abstract
An elevated serum level of LDL cholesterol is a well-known risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), but the role of elevated triglyceride levels is debated. Controversies regarding hypertriglyceridaemia as an independent risk factor for CVD have occurred partly because elevated triglyceride levels are often a component of atherogenic dyslipidaemia - they are associated with decreased levels of HDL cholesterol and increased levels of small dense LDL particles, which are highly atherogenic. Findings from several large studies indicate that elevated levels of triglycerides (either fasting or nonfasting) or, more specifically, triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and their remnants, are independently associated with increased risk of CVD. Possible mechanisms for this association include excessive free fatty acid release, production of proinflammatory cytokines, coagulation factors, and impairment of fibrinolysis. Therapeutic targeting of hypertriglyceridaemia could, therefore, reduce CVD and cardiovascular events, beyond the reduction achieved by LDL-cholesterol lowering. Elevated triglyceride levels are reduced with lifestyle interventions and fibrates, which can be combined with omega-3 fatty acids. Some new drugs are on the horizon, such as volanesorsen (which targets apolipoprotein C-III), pemafibrate, and others. However, CVD outcome studies with triglyceride-lowering agents have produced inconsistent results, meaning that no convincing evidence is available that lowering triglycerides by any approach can reduce mortality.
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442
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Yamada H, Umemoto T, Kawano M, Kawakami M, Kakei M, Momomura SI, Ishikawa SE, Hara K. High-density lipoprotein and apolipoprotein A-I inhibit palmitate-induced translocation of toll-like receptor 4 into lipid rafts and inflammatory cytokines in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 484:403-408. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.01.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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443
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Luo Y, Duan H, Qian Y, Feng L, Wu Z, Wang F, Feng J, Yang D, Qin Z, Yan X. Macrophagic CD146 promotes foam cell formation and retention during atherosclerosis. Cell Res 2017; 27:352-372. [PMID: 28084332 PMCID: PMC5339843 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2017.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The persistence of cholesterol-engorged macrophages (foam cells) in the artery wall fuels the development of atherosclerosis. However, the mechanism that regulates the formation of macrophage foam cells and impedes their emigration out of inflamed plaques is still elusive. Here, we report that adhesion receptor CD146 controls the formation of macrophage foam cells and their retention within the plaque during atherosclerosis exacerbation. CD146 is expressed on the macrophages in human and mouse atheroma and can be upregulated by oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL). CD146 triggers macrophage activation by driving the internalization of scavenger receptor CD36 during lipid uptake. In response to oxLDL, macrophages show reduced migratory capacity toward chemokines CCL19 and CCL21; this capacity can be restored by blocking CD146. Genetic deletion of macrophagic CD146 or targeting of CD146 with an antibody result in much less complex plaques in high-fat diet-fed ApoE-/- mice by causing lipid-loaded macrophages to leave plaques. Collectively, our findings identify CD146 as a novel retention signal that traps macrophages within the artery wall, and a promising therapeutic target in atherosclerosis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongting Luo
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceutical, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hongxia Duan
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceutical, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yining Qian
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital of the Capital University of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Liqun Feng
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital of the Capital University of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhenzhen Wu
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceutical, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceutical, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jing Feng
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceutical, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Dongling Yang
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceutical, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zhihai Qin
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceutical, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiyun Yan
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceutical, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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444
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Choi HY, Hafiane A, Schwertani A, Genest J. High-Density Lipoproteins: Biology, Epidemiology, and Clinical Management. Can J Cardiol 2017; 33:325-333. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2016.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2016] [Revised: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
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445
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Mastroianno S, Di Stolfo G, Seripa D, Pacilli MA, Paroni G, Coli C, Urbano M, d’Arienzo C, Gravina C, Potenza DR, De Luca G, Greco A, Russo A. Role of the APOE polymorphism in carotid and lower limb revascularization: A prospective study from Southern Italy. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171055. [PMID: 28249002 PMCID: PMC5332070 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atherosclerosis is a complex multifactorial disease and the apolipoprotein E (APOE) polymorphism has been associated to vascular complications of atherosclerosis. OBJECTIVES To investigate the relationship between the APOE genotypes and advanced peripheral vascular disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS 258 consecutive patients (201 males and 57 females, mean age 70.83 ± 7.89 years) with severe PVD were enrolled in a 42-months longitudinal study (mean 31.65 ± 21.11 months) for major adverse cardiovascular events. At follow-up genotypes of the APOE polymorphism were investigated in blinded fashion. RESULTS As compared with ε3/ε3, in ε4-carriers a significant higher incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events (35.58% vs. 20.79%; p = 0.025) and total peripheral revascularization (22.64% vs. 5.06%; p < 0.001) was observed. Prospective analysis, showed that ε4-carriers have an increased hazard ratio for major adverse cardiovascular events (adjusted HR 1.829, 95% CI 1.017-3.287; p = 0.044) and total peripheral revascularization (adjusted HR = 5.916, 95% CI 2.405-14.554, p <0.001). CONCLUSIONS The ε4 allele seems to be risk factor for major adverse cardiovascular events, and in particular for total peripheral revascularization in patients with advanced atherosclerotic vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Mastroianno
- Cardiology Unit, Cardiological and Vascular Department, I.R.C.C.S. “Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza”, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Di Stolfo
- Cardiology Unit, Cardiological and Vascular Department, I.R.C.C.S. “Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza”, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy
| | - Davide Seripa
- Complex Structure of Geriatrics, Medical Sciences Department, I.R.C.C.S. “Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza”, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy
| | - Michele Antonio Pacilli
- Cardiology Unit, Cardiological and Vascular Department, I.R.C.C.S. “Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza”, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy
| | - Giulia Paroni
- Complex Structure of Geriatrics, Medical Sciences Department, I.R.C.C.S. “Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza”, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy
| | - Carlo Coli
- Cardiology Unit, Cardiological and Vascular Department, I.R.C.C.S. “Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza”, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy
| | - Maria Urbano
- Complex Structure of Geriatrics, Medical Sciences Department, I.R.C.C.S. “Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza”, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy
| | - Carmela d’Arienzo
- Cardiology Unit, Cardiological and Vascular Department, I.R.C.C.S. “Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza”, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy
| | - Carolina Gravina
- Complex Structure of Geriatrics, Medical Sciences Department, I.R.C.C.S. “Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza”, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy
| | - Domenico Rosario Potenza
- Cardiology Unit, Cardiological and Vascular Department, I.R.C.C.S. “Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza”, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy
| | - Giovanni De Luca
- Cardiology Unit, Cardiological and Vascular Department, I.R.C.C.S. “Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza”, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy
| | - Antonio Greco
- Complex Structure of Geriatrics, Medical Sciences Department, I.R.C.C.S. “Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza”, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy
| | - Aldo Russo
- Cardiology Unit, Cardiological and Vascular Department, I.R.C.C.S. “Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza”, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy
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446
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Tardif JC, Rhainds D, Rhéaume E, Dubé MP. CETP. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 37:396-400. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.116.307122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
High-density lipoproteins are involved in reverse cholesterol transport and possess anti-inflammatory and antioxidative properties. Paradoxically, CETP (cholesteryl ester transfer protein) inhibitors have been shown to increase inflammation as revealed by a raised plasma level of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. CETP inhibitors did not improve clinical outcomes in large-scale clinical trials of unselected patients with coronary disease. Dalcetrapib is a CETP modulator for which effects on cardiovascular outcomes were demonstrated in the dal-OUTCOMES trial to be influenced by correlated polymorphisms in the
ADCY9
(adenylate cyclase type 9) gene (
P
=2.4×10
−8
for rs1967309). Patients with the AA genotype at rs1967309 had a relative reduction of 39% in the risk of presenting a cardiovascular event when treated with dalcetrapib compared with placebo (95% confidence interval, 0.41–0.92). In contrast, patients with the GG genotype had a 27% increase in risk, whereas heterozygotes (AG) presented a neutral result. Supporting evidence from the dal-PLAQUE-2 study using carotid ultrasonography revealed that the polymorphisms tested in the
ADCY9
linkage disequilibrium block were associated with disease regression for patients with the protective genotype, progression for the harmful genotype, and no effect in heterozygotes (
P
≤0.05 and ≤0.01 for 10 and 3 polymorphisms, respectively) when comparing dalcetrapib to placebo. Strikingly concordant and significant genotype-dependent effects of dalcetrapib were also obtained for changes in high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and cholesterol efflux capacity. The Dal-GenE randomized trial is currently being conducted in patients with a recent acute coronary syndrome bearing the AA genotype at rs1967309 in the
ADCY9
gene to confirm the effects of dalcetrapib on hard cardiovascular outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Claude Tardif
- From the Montreal Heart Institute (J.-C.T., D.R., E.R., M.-P.D.) and Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada (J.-C.T., E.R., M.-P.D.); and Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center, Quebec, Canada (M.-P.D.)
| | - David Rhainds
- From the Montreal Heart Institute (J.-C.T., D.R., E.R., M.-P.D.) and Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada (J.-C.T., E.R., M.-P.D.); and Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center, Quebec, Canada (M.-P.D.)
| | - Eric Rhéaume
- From the Montreal Heart Institute (J.-C.T., D.R., E.R., M.-P.D.) and Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada (J.-C.T., E.R., M.-P.D.); and Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center, Quebec, Canada (M.-P.D.)
| | - Marie-Pierre Dubé
- From the Montreal Heart Institute (J.-C.T., D.R., E.R., M.-P.D.) and Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada (J.-C.T., E.R., M.-P.D.); and Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center, Quebec, Canada (M.-P.D.)
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447
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Association of Circulating IGFBP1 Level with the Severity of Coronary Artery Lesions in Patients with Unstable Angina. DISEASE MARKERS 2017; 2017:1917291. [PMID: 28316362 PMCID: PMC5338062 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1917291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Aims. Local IGFBP1 level was reported to affect the development of coronary artery plaque. This study investigated the association of circulating IGFBP1 level with the severity of coronary artery lesions in patients with unstable angina. Materials and Methods. In 112 consecutive patients with clinically diagnosed unstable angina, admitted from July 2014 to July 2015, we studied the correlations of circulating IGFBP1 and the severity of coronary artery disease (CAD). Results. All patients underwent scheduled coronary angiography, and 67 cases were diagnosed with critical and 45 with noncritical CAD. Of the 67 critical CAD patients, 41 (61.19%) presented with multivessel and 26 (38.81%) with single-vessel lesions. IGFBP1 levels were higher in patients with multivessel than those with single-vessel lesions. Moreover, the IGFBP1 level was positively correlated with the GRACE score. Among clinical variables, the IGFBP1 level was correlated with HDL-C. IGFBP1 alone (cutoff 20.86 ng/ml) demonstrated a sensitivity of 0.448 and specificity of 0.933 in predicting CAD. Combination of IGFBP1 and HDL-C had a sensitivity of 0.821 and specificity of 0.800 in predicting CAD. Conclusions. Circulating IGFBP1 level positively correlated with the severity of CAD. IGFBP1, when combined with HDL-C, might be useful in screening for high risk CAD patients.
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448
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High density lipoprotein (HDL) particles from end-stage renal disease patients are defective in promoting reverse cholesterol transport. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41481. [PMID: 28148911 PMCID: PMC5288657 DOI: 10.1038/srep41481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD) represents the largest cause of mortality in end-stage renal disease (ESRD). CVD in ESRD is not explained by classical CVD risk factors such as HDL cholesterol mass levels making functional alterations of lipoproteins conceivable. HDL functions in atheroprotection by promoting reverse cholesterol transport (RCT), comprising cholesterol efflux from macrophage foam cells, uptake into hepatocytes and final excretion into the feces. ESRD-HDL (n = 15) were compared to healthy control HDL (n = 15) for their capacity to promote in vitro (i) cholesterol efflux from THP-1 macrophage foam cells and (ii) SR-BI-mediated selective uptake into ldla[SR-BI] cells as well as (iii) in vivo RCT. Compared with HDL from controls, ESRD-HDL displayed a significant reduction in mediating cholesterol efflux (p < 0.001) and SR-BI-mediated selective uptake (p < 0.01), two key steps in RCT. Consistently, also the in vivo capacity of ESRD-HDL to promote RCT when infused into wild-type mice was significantly impaired (p < 0.01). In vitro oxidation of HDL from healthy controls with hypochloric acid was able to fully mimic the impaired biological activities of ESRD-HDL. In conclusion, we demonstrate that HDL from ESRD patients is dysfunctional in key steps as well as overall RCT, likely due to oxidative modification.
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449
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Ljunggren SA, Helmfrid I, Norinder U, Fredriksson M, Wingren G, Karlsson H, Lindahl M. Alterations in high-density lipoprotein proteome and function associated with persistent organic pollutants. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2017; 98:204-211. [PMID: 27865523 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 10/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing body of evidence that persistent organic pollutants (POPs) may increase the risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD), but the mechanisms remain unclear. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) acts protective against CVD by different processes, and we have earlier found that HDL from subjects with CVD contains higher levels of POPs than healthy controls. In the present study, we have expanded analyses on the same individuals living in a contaminated community and investigated the relationship between the HDL POP levels and protein composition/function. HDL from 17 subjects was isolated by ultracentrifugation. HDL protein composition, using nanoliquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, and antioxidant activity were analyzed. The associations of 16 POPs, including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides, with HDL proteins/functions were investigated by partial least square and multiple linear regression analysis. Proteomic analyses identified 118 HDL proteins, of which ten were significantly (p<0.05) and positively associated with the combined level of POPs or with highly chlorinated PCB congeners. Among these, cholesteryl ester transfer protein and phospholipid transfer protein, as well as the inflammatory marker serum amyloid A, were found. The serum paraoxonase/arylesterase 1 activity was inversely associated with POPs. Pathway analysis demonstrated that up-regulated proteins were associated with biological processes involving lipoprotein metabolism, while down-regulated proteins were associated with processes such as negative regulation of proteinases, acute phase response, platelet degranulation, and complement activation. These results indicate an association between POP levels, especially highly chlorinated PCBs, and HDL protein alterations that may result in a less functional particle. Further studies are needed to determine causality and the importance of other environmental factors. Nevertheless, this study provides a first insight into a possible link between exposure to POPs and risk of CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan A Ljunggren
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine Center, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Ingela Helmfrid
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine Center, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Ulf Norinder
- Swedish Toxicology Sciences Research Center, Södertälje, Sweden.
| | - Mats Fredriksson
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Gun Wingren
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Helen Karlsson
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine Center, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Mats Lindahl
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
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450
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Abstract
Cholesterol export from cells to extracellular acceptors represents the first step of the reverse cholesterol transport process and is an essential part of the multifaceted pathway for cells to control their cholesterol levels. Malfunction of this pathway leads to cholesterol accumulation in cells such as macrophages, which can form the basis of conditions like atherosclerosis. A number of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, namely ABCA1, ABCA7, ABCG1, and ABCG4, play an essential role in this process. In this chapter, we describe methods utilizing radiolabeled sterols for measuring ABC-transporter mediated sterol export, utilizing endogenously expressed transporters as well as overexpression systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alryel Yang
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Pharmacy Bank Building A15, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Ingrid C Gelissen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Pharmacy Bank Building A15, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
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