LNCcation: lncRNA localization and function

Emerging role of oncogenic long noncoding RNA as cancer biomarkers

The view of long noncoding RNAs as nonfunctional "garbage" has been definitely outdated by the large body of evidence indicating this class of ncRNAs as "golden junk", especially in precision oncology. Indeed, in light of their oncogenic role and the higher expression in multiple cancer types compared with paired adjacent tissues, the clinical interest for lncRNAs as diagnostic and/or prognostic biomarkers has been rapidly increasing. The emergence of large-scale sequencing technologies, their subsequent diffusion even in small research and clinical centers, the technological advances for the detection of low-copy lncRNAs in body fluids, coupled to the huge reduction of operating costs, have nowadays made possible to rapidly and comprehensively profile them in multiple tumors and large cohorts. In this review, we first summarize some relevant data about the oncogenic role of well-studied lncRNAs having a clinical relevance. Then, we focus on the description of their potential use as diagnostic/prognostic biomarkers, including an updated overview about licensed patents or clinical trials on lncRNAs in oncology.

Regulation of Glial Function by Noncoding RNA in Central Nervous System Disease

Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are a class of functional RNAs that play critical roles in different diseases. NcRNAs include microRNAs, long ncRNAs, and circular RNAs. They are highly expressed in the brain and are involved in the regulation of physiological and pathophysiological processes of central nervous system (CNS) diseases. Mounting evidence indicates that ncRNAs play key roles in CNS diseases. Further elucidating the mechanisms of ncRNA underlying the process of regulating glial function that may lead to the identification of novel therapeutic targets for CNS diseases.

Long non-coding RNAs in retinal neovascularization: current research and future directions

PURPOSE

Retinal neovascularization (RNV) is an intractable pathological hallmark of numerous ocular blinding diseases, including diabetic retinopathy, retinal vein occlusion, and retinopathy of prematurity. However, current therapeutic methods have potential side effects and limited efficacy. Thus, further studies on the pathogenesis of RNV-related disorders and novel therapeutic targets are critically required. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have various functions and participate in almost all biological processes in living cells, such as translation, transcription, signal transduction, and cell cycle control. In addition, recent research has demonstrated critical modulatory roles of various lncRNAs in RNV. In this review, we summarize current knowledge about the expression and regulatory functions of lncRNAs related to the progression of pathological RNV.

METHODS

We searched databases such as PubMed and Web of Science to gather and review information from the published literature.

CONCLUSIONS

In general, lncRNA MEG3 attenuates RNV, thus protecting the retina from excessive and dysregulated angiogenesis under high glucose stress. In contrast, lncRNAs MALAT1, MIAT, ANRIL, HOTAIR, HOTTIP, and SNHG16, have been identified as causative molecules in the pathological progression of RNV. Comprehensive and in-depth studies of the roles of lncRNAs in RNV indicate that targeting lncRNAs may be an alternative therapeutic approach in the near future, enabling new options for attenuating RNV progression and treating RNV-related retinal diseases.

Long Non-Coding RNAs in Retinal Ganglion Cell Apoptosis

Traumatic optic neuropathy or other neurodegenerative diseases, including optic nerve transection, glaucoma, and diabetic retinopathy, can lead to progressive and irreversible visual damage. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), which belong to the family of non-protein-coding transcripts, have been linked to the pathogenesis, progression, and prognosis of these lesions. Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are critical for the transmission of visual information to the brain, damage to which results in visual loss. Apoptosis has been identified as one of the most essential modes of RGC death. Emerging evidence suggests that lncRNAs can regulate RGC degeneration by directly or indirectly modulating apoptosis-associated signaling pathways. This review presents a comprehensive overview of the role of lncRNAs in RGC apoptosis at transcriptional, post-transcriptional, translational, and post-translational levels, emphasizing on the potential mechanisms of action. The current limitations and future perspectives of exploring the connection between lncRNAs and RGC apoptosis have been summarized. Understanding the intricate molecular interaction network of lncRNAs and RGC apoptosis will open new avenues for the identification of novel diagnostic biomarkers, therapeutic targets, and molecules for prognostic evaluation of diseases related to RGC injury.

Nuclear and cytoplasmic lncRNAs in root tips of the model legume Medicago truncatula under control and submergence

In this study, we aimed to identify long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in root tips of the model legume Medicago truncatula using previously generated nuclear, total polyA, ribosome-associated polyA, and Riboseq RNA datasets, which might shed light on their localization and potential regulatory roles. RNA-seq data were mapped to the version 5 of the M. truncatula A17 genome and analyzed to identify genome annotated lncRNAs and putative new root tip (NRT) lncRNAs. lncRNAs were classified according to their genomic location relative to chromatin accessible regions, protein-coding genes and transposable elements (TE), finding differences between annotated lncRNAs and NRT lncRNAs, both in their genomic position as well as in the type of TEs in their vicinity. We investigated their response to submergence and found a set of regulated lncRNAs that were preferentially upregulated in the nucleus, some of which were located nearby genes of the conserved submergence upregulated gene families, and chromatin accessible regions suggesting a potential regulatory role. Finally, the accumulation of lncRNAs under submergence was validated by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction on nuclear RNA, providing additional evidence of their localization, which could ultimately be required for their function.

RP11-367G18.1 V2 enhances clear cell renal cell carcinoma progression via induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition

PURPOSE

Metastasis is the end stage of renal cell carcinoma (RCC), and clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most common malignant subtype. The hypoxic microenvironment is a common feature in ccRCC and plays an essential role in the regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Accumulating evidence manifests that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) participate in RCC tumorigenesis and regulate hypoxia-induced EMT. Here, we identified a lncRNA RP11-367G18.1 induced by hypoxia, that was overexpressed in ccRCC tissues.

METHODS

A total of 216 specimens, including 149 ccRCC tumor samples and 67 related normal kidney parenchyma tissue samples, were collected. To investigate the biological fucntions of RP11.367G18.1 in ccRCC, migration, invasion, soft agar colony formation, xenograft tumorigenicity assays, and tail vein and orthotopic metastatic mouse models were performed. The relationship between RP11-367G18.1 and downstream signaling was analyzed utilizing reporter assay, RNA pull-down, chromatin immunopreciptation, and chromatin isolation by RNA purification assays.

RESULTS

Hypoxic conditions and overexpression of HIF-1α increased the level of RP11-367G18.1. RP11-367G18.1 induced EMT and enhanced cell migration and invasion through variant 2. Inhibition of RP11-367G18.1 variant 2 reversed hypoxia-induced EMT phenotypes. An in vivo study revealed that RP11-367G18.1 variant 2 was required for hypoxia-induced tumor growth and metastasis in ccRCC. Mechanistically, RP11-367G18.1 variant 2 interacted with p300 histone acetyltransferase to regulate lysine 16 acetylation on histone 4 (H4K16Ac), thus contributing to hypoxia-regulated gene expression. Clinically, RP11-367G18.1 variant 2 was upregulated in ccRCC tissues, particularly metastatic ccRCC tissues, and it is linked to poor overall survival.

CONCLUSION

These findings demonstrate the prognostic value and EMT-promoting role of RP11-367G18.1 and indicate that this lncRNA may provide a therapeutic target for ccRCC.

Long Non-Coding RNAs of Plants in Response to Abiotic Stresses and Their Regulating Roles in Promoting Environmental Adaption

Abiotic stresses triggered by climate change and human activity cause substantial agricultural and environmental problems which hamper plant growth. Plants have evolved sophisticated mechanisms in response to abiotic stresses, such as stress perception, epigenetic modification, and regulation of transcription and translation. Over the past decade, a large body of literature has revealed the various regulatory roles of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in the plant response to abiotic stresses and their irreplaceable functions in environmental adaptation. LncRNAs are recognized as a class of ncRNAs that are longer than 200 nucleotides, influencing a variety of biological processes. In this review, we mainly focused on the recent progress of plant lncRNAs, outlining their features, evolution, and functions of plant lncRNAs in response to drought, low or high temperature, salt, and heavy metal stress. The approaches to characterize the function of lncRNAs and the mechanisms of how they regulate plant responses to abiotic stresses were further reviewed. Moreover, we discuss the accumulating discoveries regarding the biological functions of lncRNAs on plant stress memory as well. The present review provides updated information and directions for us to characterize the potential functions of lncRNAs in abiotic stresses in the future.

[Lnc-TMEM132D-AS1 overexpression reduces sensitivity of non-small cell lung cancer cells to osimertinib]

OBJECTIVE

To screen the differentially expressed long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells with acquired resistance to osimertinib and explore their roles in drug resistance of the cells.

METHODS

The cell lines H1975_OR and HCC827_OR with acquired osimertinib resistance were derived from their osimertinib-sensitive parental NSCLC cell lines H1975 and HCC827, respectively, and their sensitivity to osimertinib was assessed with CCK-8 assay, clone formation assay and flow cytometry. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) were used to screen the differentially expressed lncRNAs in osimertinib-resistant cells. The role of the identified lncRNA in osimertinib resistance was explored using CCK-8, clone formation and Transwell assays, and its subcellular localization and downstream targets were analyzed by nucleoplasmic separation, bioinformatics analysis and qPCR.

RESULTS

The resistance index of H1975_OR and HCC827_OR cells to osimertinib was 598.70 and 428.82, respectively (P < 0.001), and the two cell lines showed significantly increased proliferation and colony-forming abilities with decreased apoptosis (P < 0.01). RNA-seq identified 34 differentially expressed lncRNAs in osimertinib-resistant cells, and among them lnc-TMEM132D-AS1 showed the highest increase of expression after acquired osimertinib resistance (P < 0.01). Analysis of the TCGA database suggested that the level of lnc-TMEM132D-AS1 was significantly higher in NSCLC than in adjacent tissues (P < 0.001), and its high expression was associated with a poor prognosis of the patients. In osimertinib-sensitive cells, overexpression of Lnc-TMEM132D-AS1 obviously promoted cell proliferation, colony formation and migration (P < 0.05), while Lnc-TMEM132D-AS1 knockdown partially restored osimertinib sensitivity of the resistant cells (P < 0.01). Lnc-TMEM132D-AS1 was localized mainly in the cytoplasm, and bioinformatics analysis suggested that hsa-miR-766-5p was its candidate target, and their expression levels were inversely correlated. The target mRNAs of hsa-miR-766-5p were mainly enriched in the Ras signaling pathway.

CONCLUSION

The expression of lnc-TMEM132D-AS1 is significantly upregulated in NSCLC cells with acquired osimertinib resistance, and may serve as a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for osimertinibresistant NSCLC.

A Prognostic Cuproptosis-Related LncRNA Signature for Colon Adenocarcinoma

Background

Cuproptosis, a recently discovered form of cell death, is caused by copper levels exceeding homeostasis thresholds. Although Cu has a potential role in colon adenocarcinoma (COAD), its role in the development of COAD remains unclear.

Methods

In this study, 426 patients with COAD were extracted from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. The Pearson correlation algorithm was used to identify cuproptosis-related lncRNAs. Using the univariate Cox regression analysis, the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) was used to select cuproptosis-related lncRNAs associated with COAD overall survival (OS). A risk model was established based on the multivariate Cox regression analysis. A nomogram model was used to evaluate the prognostic signature based on the risk model. Finally, mutational burden and sensitivity analyses of chemotherapy drugs were performed for COAD patients in the low- and high-risk groups.

Result

Ten cuproptosis-related lncRNAs were identified and a novel risk model was constructed. A signature based on ten cuproptosis-related lncRNAs was an independent prognostic predictor for COAD. Mutational burden analysis suggested that patients with high-risk scores had higher mutation frequency and shorter survival.

Conclusion

Constructing a risk model based on the ten cuproptosis-related lncRNAs could accurately predict the prognosis of COAD patients, providing a fresh perspective for future research on COAD.

Long non-coding RNA CCL14-AS suppresses invasiveness and lymph node metastasis of colorectal cancer cells by regulating MEP1A

BACKGROUND

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play important roles in the biology of colorectal cancer (CRC). There are several lncRNAs associated with invasion and metastasis have been characterized in CRC. However, studies focusing on the precise molecular mechanisms by which lncRNAs function in lymph node (LN) metastasis in CRC are still limited.

METHODS

In this study, by analyzing TCGA dataset, we identified that AC244100.2 (termed CCL14-AS), a novel lncRNA enriched in the cytoplasm, was negatively correlated with LN metastasis and unfavorable prognosis of CRC. In situ hybridization was used to examine CCL14-AS expression in clinical CRC tissues. Various functional experiments including migration assay and wound-healing assay were used to investigate the effects of CCL14-AS on CRC cells migration. The nude mice popliteal lymph node metastasis model assay further confirmed the effects of CCL14-AS in vivo.

RESULTS

CCL14-AS expression was significantly downregulated in CRC tissues compared to adjacent normal tissues. In addition, low CCL14-AS expression was correlated with advanced T classification, LN metastasis, distant metastasis, and shorter disease-free survival of CRC patients. Functionally, CCL14-AS overexpression inhibited the invasiveness of CRC cells in vitro and LN metastasis in nude mice. On the contrary, knockdown of CCL14-AS promoted the invasiveness and LN metastasis abilities of CRC cells. Mechanistically, CCL14-AS downregulated the expression of MEP1A via interacting with MEP1A mRNA and reduced its stability. Overexpression of MEP1A rescued the invasiveness and LN metastasis abilities in CCL14-AS-overexpressing CRC cells. Moreover, the expression levels of CCL14-AS was negatively correlated with that of MEP1A in CRC tissues.

CONCLUSIONS

We identified a novel lncRNA, CCL14-AS, as a potential tumor suppressor in CRC. Our findings supported a model in which the CCL14-AS/MEP1A axis serves as critical regulator in CRC progression, suggesting a novel biomarker and therapeutic target in advanced CRC.

Long Noncoding RNA LINC00578 Inhibits Ferroptosis in Pancreatic Cancer via Regulating SLC7A11 Ubiquitination

Background

Pancreatic cancer is a highly aggressive malignancy worldwide with rapid development and an exceedingly poor prognosis. lncRNAs play crucial roles in regulating the biological behaviors of tumor cells. In this study, we discovered that LINC00578 acted as a regulator of ferroptosis in pancreatic cancer.

Methods

A series of loss- and gain-of-function experiments in vitro and in vivo were performed to explore the oncogenic role of LINC00578 in pancreatic cancer development and progression. Label-free proteomic analysis was performed to select LINC00578-related differentially expressed proteins. Pull-down and RNA immunoprecipitation assays were carried out to determine and validate the binding protein of LINC00578. Coimmunoprecipitation assays were used to investigate the association of LINC00578 with SLC7A11 in ubiquitination and to confirm the interaction between ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 K (UBE2K) and SLC7A11. An immunohistochemical assay was used to confirm the correlation between LINC00578 and SLC7A11 in the clinic.

Results

LINC00578 positively regulated cell proliferation and invasion in vitro and tumorigenesis in vivo in pancreatic cancer. LINC00578 can obviously inhibit ferroptosis events, including cell proliferation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) depolarization. In addition, the LINC00578-induced inhibitory effect on ferroptosis events was rescued by SLC7A11 knockdown. Mechanistically, LINC00578 directly binds UBE2K to decrease the ubiquitination of SLC7A11, thus accelerating SLC7A11 expression. In the clinic, LINC00578 is closely associated with clinicopathologic factors and poor prognosis and correlated with SLC7A11 expression in pancreatic cancer.

Conclusions

This study elucidated that LINC00578 acts as an oncogene to promote pancreatic cancer cell progression and suppress ferroptosis by directly combining with UBE2K to inhibit the ubiquitination of SLC7A11, which provides a promising option for the diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic cancer.

The regulatory function of lncRNA and constructed network in epilepsy

BACKGROUND

Epilepsy is a neurological disease characterized by neural network dysfunction. Although most reports indicate that the pathological process of epilepsy is related to inflammation, synaptic plasticity, cell apoptosis, and ion channel dysfunction, the underlying molecular mechanisms of epilepsy are not fully understood.

METHODS

This review summarizes the latest literature on the roles and characteristics of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in the pathogenesis of epilepsy.

RESULTS

lncRNAs are a class of long transcripts without protein-coding functions that perform important regulatory functions in various biological processes. lncRNAs are involved in the regulation of the pathological process of epilepsy and are abnormally expressed in both patients and animal models. This review provides an overview of research progress in epilepsy, the multifunctional features of lncRNAs, the lncRNA expression pattern related to epileptogenesis and status epilepticus, and the potential mechanisms for the two interactions contributing to epileptogenesis and progression.

CONCLUSION

lncRNAs can serve as new diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets for epilepsy in the future.

Long non-coding RNA KCNQ1OT1 alleviates postmenopausal osteoporosis by modulating miR-421-3p/mTOR axis

The prevention and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMOP) is a significant public health issue, and non-coding RNAs are of vital importance in this process. In this study, we find that the long non-coding RNA potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily Q member 1 overlapping transcript 1 (lncRNA KCNQ1OT1) can alleviate the ovariectomy-induced (OVX) PMOP in vivo. We determined that over-expression of KCNQ1OT1 could enhance functions of MC3T3-E1 cells, whereas an opposite trend was observed when KCNQ1OT1 was knocked down. Subsequently, miR-421-3p targeting KCNQ1OT1 was detected through a database search, and RNA fluorescent in situ hybridization, RNA immunoprecipitation, dual luciferase reporter assays all verified this relationship. Notably, KCNQ1OT1 stifled the miR-421-3p expression. The inhibition of proliferation, migration, and osteogenic differentiation caused by KCNQ1OT1 knock-down were reversed by an miR-421-3p inhibitor, further confirming the above findings. We verified that miR-421-3p specifically targeted the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and miR-421-3p inhibitor could reverse the negative effects of small interfering RNA of mTOR (si-mTOR) on MC3T3-E1 cells. Finally, osteoblasts isolated and cultured from OVX mice model and control mice also confirmed the observed trend. In combination, results mentioned above reveal that KCNQ1OT1 regulates MC3T3-E1 cell functions by regulating the miR-421-3p/mTOR axis.

Upregulation of long intergenic non-coding RNA LINC00326 inhibits non-small cell lung carcinoma progression by blocking Wnt/β-catenin pathway through modulating the miR-657/dickkopf WNT signaling pathway inhibitor 2 axis

BACKGROUND

Long intergenic non-coding RNA 326 (LINC00326) modulates hepatocarcinogenic lipid metabolism. However, the ability of LINC00326 to modulate the highly aggressive non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) is unknown. Here, LINC00326 in NSCLC was investigated, together with its effects on tumor malignancy and the underlying mechanisms of action.

METHODS

LINC00326 levels in tumor tissues and cell lines were measured by Real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Proliferation and apoptosis were assessed in cell lines by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8), EdU staining assays and flow cytometry, respectively, and tumor growth was measured in mouse models. Possible microRNA targets of LINC00326 were predicted by bioinformatics and verified by RNA pull-down and immunoprecipitation and luciferase reporter assays. Western blotting was used to evaluate the expression of Wnt/β-catenin-associated proteins.

RESULTS

LINC00326 was downregulated in tumor tissues and cell lines. Knockdown of LINC00326 stimulated NSCLC cell proliferation and suppressed apoptosis in vitro, as well as enhancing xenograft tumor growth. LINC00326 sponged miR-657, and dickkopf WNT signaling pathway inhibitor 2 (DKK2) was found to be directly targeted by miR-657, with LINC00326 positively regulating its expression through sponging miR-657. The actions of LINC00326 knockdown on proliferation and apoptosis were reversed by stimulation of the miR-657/DKK2 axis. Furthermore, overexpression of miR-657 mitigated DKK2 inhibition on Wnt/β-catenin signaling.

CONCLUSIONS

LINC00326/miR-657/DKK2 axis signaling blocked tumor-associated functions in NSCLC cells through the targeting Wnt/β-catenin pathway. This suggests that this pathway could be a target for NSCLC treatment.

The Diagnostic and Therapeutic Role of snoRNA and lincRNA in Bladder Cancer

Bladder cancer is one of the most common malignancies of the urinary tract and can be divided into non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) and muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). Although the means of diagnosis and treatment have continually improved in recent years, the recurrence rate of bladder cancer remains high, and patients with MIBC typically have an unfavourable prognosis and a low quality of life. Emerging evidence demonstrates that long noncoding RNAs play a crucial role in the carcinogenesis and progression of bladder cancer. Long intergenic noncoding RNAs (lincRNAs) are a subgroup of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) that do not overlap protein-coding genes. The potential role of lincRNAs in the regulation of gene expression has been explored in depth in recent years. Small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) are a class of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) that mainly exist in the nucleolus, are approximately 60-300 nucleotides in length, and are hosted inside the introns of genes. Small nucleolar RNA host genes (SNHGs) have been associated with the origin and development of bladder cancer. In this review, we aim to comprehensively summarize the biological functions of these molecules in bladder cancer.

HERV-W ENV Induces Innate Immune Activation and Neuronal Apoptosis via linc01930/cGAS Axis in Recent-Onset Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia is a severe neuropsychiatric disorder affecting about 1% of individuals worldwide. Increased innate immune activation and neuronal apoptosis are common findings in schizophrenia. Interferon beta (IFN-β), an essential cytokine in promoting and regulating innate immune responses, causes neuronal apoptosis in vitro. However, the precise pathogenesis of schizophrenia is unknown. Recent studies indicate that a domesticated endogenous retroviral envelope glycoprotein of the W family (HERV-W ENV, also called ERVWE1 or syncytin 1), derived from the endogenous retrovirus group W member 1 (ERVWE1) locus on chromosome 7q21.2, has a high level in schizophrenia. Here, we found an increased serum IFN-β level in schizophrenia and showed a positive correlation with HERV-W ENV. In addition, serum long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 1930 (linc01930), decreased in schizophrenia, was negatively correlated with HERV-W ENV and IFN-β. In vitro experiments showed that linc01930, mainly in the nucleus and with noncoding functions, was repressed by HERV-W ENV through promoter activity suppression. Further studies indicated that HERV-W ENV increased IFN-β expression and neuronal apoptosis by restraining the expression of linc01930. Furthermore, HERV-W ENV enhanced cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) and stimulator of interferon genes protein (STING) expression and interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) phosphorylation in neuronal cells. Notably, cGAS interacted with HERV-W ENV and triggered IFN-β expression and neuronal apoptosis caused by HERV-W ENV. Moreover, Linc01930 participated in the increased neuronal apoptosis and expression level of cGAS and IFN-β induced by HERV-W ENV. To summarize, our results suggested that linc01930 and IFN-β might be novel potential blood-based biomarkers in schizophrenia. The totality of these results also showed that HERV-W ENV facilitated antiviral innate immune response, resulting in neuronal apoptosis through the linc01930/cGAS/STING pathway in schizophrenia. Due to its monoclonal antibody GNbAC1 application in clinical trials, we considered HERV-W ENV might be a reliable therapeutic choice for schizophrenia.

DNA storage-from natural biology to synthetic biology

Natural DNA storage allows cellular differentiation, evolution, the growth of our children and controls all our ecosystems. Here, we discuss the fundamental aspects of DNA storage and recent advances in this field, with special emphasis on natural processes and solutions that can be exploited. We point out new ways of efficient DNA and nucleotide storage that are inspired by nature. Within a few years DNA-based information storage may become an attractive and natural complementation to current electronic data storage systems. We discuss rapid and directed access (e.g. DNA elements such as promotors, enhancers), regulatory signals and modulation (e.g. lncRNA) as well as integrated high-density storage and processing modules (e.g. chromosomal territories). There is pragmatic DNA storage for use in biotechnology and human genetics. We examine DNA storage as an approach for synthetic biology (e.g. light-controlled nucleotide processing enzymes). The natural polymers of DNA and RNA offer much for direct storage operations (read-in, read-out, access control). The inbuilt parallelism (many molecules at many places working at the same time) is important for fast processing of information. Using biology concepts from chromosomal storage, nucleic acid processing as well as polymer material sciences such as electronical effects in enzymes, graphene, nanocellulose up to DNA macramé , DNA wires and DNA-based aptamer field effect transistors will open up new applications gradually replacing classical information storage methods in ever more areas over time (decades).

Long-term cadmium exposure impairs cognitive function by activating lnc-Gm10532/m6A/FIS1 axis-mediated mitochondrial fission and dysfunction

Cadmium (Cd), a ubiquitous environmental contaminant, is deemed a possible aetiological cause of cognitive disorders in humans. Nevertheless, the exact mechanism by which chronic exposure to Cd causes neurotoxicity is not fully understood. In this study, mouse neuroblastoma cells (Neuro-2a cells) and primary hippocampal neurons were exposed to low-dose (1, 2, and 4 μM for Neuro-2a cells or 0.5, 1, and 1.5 μM for hippocampal neurons) cadmium chloride (CdCl₂) for 72 h (h), and male mice (C57BL/6J, 8 weeks) were orally administered CdCl₂ (0.6 mg/L, approximately equal to 2.58 μg/kg·bw/d) for 6 months to investigate the effects and mechanism of chronic Cd-induced neurotoxicity. Here, chronic exposure to Cd impaired mitochondrial function by promoting excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, altering mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) and reducing adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content, contributing to neuronal cell death. Specifically, microarray analysis revealed that the long noncoding RNA Gm10532 (lnc-Gm10532) was most highly expressed in Neuro-2a cells exposed to 4 μM CdCl₂ for 72 h compared with controls, and inhibition of lnc-Gm10532 significantly antagonized CdCl₂-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and neurotoxicity. Mechanistically, lnc-Gm10532 increased Fission 1 (FIS1) expression and mitochondrial fission by recruiting the m6A writer methyltransferase-like 14 (METTL14) and enhancing m6A modification of Fis1 mRNA. Moreover, lnc-Gm10532 was also required for chronic Cd-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and memory deficits in a rodent model. Therefore, data of this study reveal a new epigenetic mechanism of chronic Cd neurotoxicity.

Aberrantly expressed long noncoding RNAs as potential prognostic biomarkers in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: A systemic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Numerous studies have manifested long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) as biomarkers to determine the prognosis of multiple myeloma (MM) patients. Nevertheless, the prognostic role of lncRNAs in MM is still ambiguous. Herein, we performed a meta-analysis to evaluate the predictive value of aberrantly expressed lncRNAs in MM.

METHODS

A systemic literature search was performed in PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane, and Web of Science databases until October 9, 2021, and the protocol was registered in the PROSPERO database (CRD42021284364). Our study extracted the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), or event-free survival (EFS). Begg's and Egger's tests were employed to correct publication bias.

RESULT

Twenty-six individual studies containing 3501 MM patients were enrolled in this study. The results showed that aberrant expression of lncRNAs was associated with poor OS and PFS of MM patients. The pooled HRs for univariate OS and PFS were 1.48 (95% CI = 1.17-1.88, p < 0.001) and 1.30 (95% CI = 1.18-1.43, p < 0.001), respectively, whereas the pooled HRs for multivariate OS and PFS were 1.50 (95% CI = 1.16-1.95, p < 0.001) and 1.59 (95% CI = 1.22-2.07, p < 0.001), respectively. Subgroup analysis suggested that MALAT1, TCF7, NEAT1, and PVT1 upregulation were associated with poor OS (p < 0.05), PVT1, and TCF7 upregulation were implicated with worse PFS (p < 0.05), while only TCF7 overexpression was correlated with reduced EFS (p < 0.05). Moreover, the contour-enhanced funnel plot demonstrated the reliability of our current conclusion, which was not affected by publication bias.

CONCLUSION

Aberrantly expressed particular lncRNAs are critical prognostic indicators in long-term survival as well as promising biomarkers in progression-free status. However, different cutoff values and dissimilar methods to assess lncRNA expression among studies may lead to heterogeneity.

A review of literature: role of long noncoding RNA TPT1-AS1 in human diseases

Human diseases are multifactorial processes mainly driven by the intricate interactions of genetic and environmental factors. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) represent a type of non-coding RNAs with more than 200 nucleotides. Multiple studies have demonstrated that the dysregulation of lncRNAs is associated with complex biological as well as pathological processes through various mechanism, especially the regulation of gene transcription and related signal transduction pathways. Moreover, an increasing number of studies have explored lncRNA-based clinical applications in different diseases. For instance, the lncRNA Tumor Protein Translationally Controlled 1 (TPT1) Antisense RNA 1 (TPT1-AS1) was found to be dysregulated in several types of disease and strongly associated with patient prognosis and diverse clinical features. Recent studies have also documented that TPT1-AS1 modulates numerous biological processes through multiple mechanisms, including cell proliferation, apoptosis, autophagy, invasion, migration, radiosensitivity, chemosensitivity, stemness, and extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis. Furthermore, TPT1-AS1 was regarded as a promising biomarker for the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of several human diseases. In this review, we summarize the role of TPT1-AS1 in human diseases with the aspects of its expression, relevant clinical characteristics, molecular mechanisms, biological functions, and subsequent clinical applications.

Emodin Regulates lncRNA XIST/miR-217 Axis to Protect Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury

Purpose

This study is aimed at investigating the effect of emodin on myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MIRI) and mechanism.

Methods

Eighty healthy adult male SD rats (weighing 230-250 g) were utilized to establish I/R model, which were randomly divided into five groups (16 rats in each group): sham operation group, myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury group (I/R group), emodin group, emodin +NC group, and emodin +XIST group. The contents of CK, CK-MB, LDH, and HBDH in serum were determined by ELISA kit. LDH was detected by ELISA assay, SOD was detected by the xanthine oxidase method, and MDA was detected by the thiobarbituric acid method. The relative expression of XIST and miR-217 was evaluated by RT-qPCR. Western blot was applied to detect the protein expression. Flow cytometry was applied to detect cardiomyocyte apoptosis.

Results

Myocardial infarction area was obviously increased in I/R model rats, while emodin decreased the myocardial infarction in I/R model rats. In addition, cardiac enzymes (CK, CK-MB, LDH, and HBDH) and apoptosis were obviously increased in MIRI model rats, while emodin obviously decreased cardiac enzymes and apoptosis. The ROS and MDA levels were raised while the activities of SOD were declined in the I/R model group. The ROS and MDA levels were decreased while the activities of SOD were raised in the emodin group. The XIST expression was markedly raised in the I/R model group while decreased in the emodin group, and the overexpression of XIST reversed the protective effect of emodin on myocardial infarction, oxidative stress, and cardiomyocyte apoptosis. In addition, XIST directly regulated the expression of miR-217, and si-XIST inhibited H/R-induced oxidative damage of cardiomyocytes via inhibiting miR-217.

Conclusion

Emodin protected MIRI both in vitro and in vivo via inhibiting lncRNA XIST to upregulate miR-217.

QiHuangYiShen Granules Modulate the Expression of LncRNA MALAT1 and Attenuate Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Kidney of Diabetic Nephropathy Rats

Background

QiHuangYiShen granules (QHYS), a traditional Chinese herbal medicine formula, have been used in clinical practice for treating diabetic kidney disease for several years by our team. The efficacy of reducing proteinuria and delaying the decline of renal function of QHYS has been proved by our previous studies. However, the exact mechanism by which QHYS exerts its renoprotection remains largely unknown. Emerging evidence suggests that lncRNA MALAT1 is abnormally expressed in diabetic nephropathy (DN) and can attenuate renal fibrosis by modulating podocyte epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT).

Objective

In the present study, we aimed to explore whether QHYS could modulate lncRNA MALAT1 expression and attenuate the podocyte EMT as well as the potential mechanism related to the Wnt/β-catenin signal pathway.

Methods

SD rats were fed with the high-fat-high-sucrose diet for 8 weeks and thereafter administered with 30 mg/kg streptozotocin intraperitoneally to replicate the DN model. Quality control of QHYS was performed using high-performance liquid chromatography. QHYS were orally administered at 1.25, 2.5, and 5 g/kg doses, respectively, to the DN model rats for 12 weeks. Body weight, glycated haemoglobin, blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, 24-h proteinuria, and kidney index were measured. The morphologic pathology of the kidney was evaluated by Hematoxylin-eosin and Masson's trichrome staining. The expression level of lncRNA MALAT1 was determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. In addition, the expression levels of podocyte EMT protein markers and Wnt/β-catenin pathway proteins in renal tissues were evaluated by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry.

Results

The results showed that QHYS significantly reduced 24-h proteinuria, blood urea nitrogen, kidney index, and ameliorated glomerular hypertrophy and collagen fiber deposition in the kidney of DN rats. Importantly, QHYS significantly downregulated the expression level of lncRNA MALAT1, upregulated the expression of nephrin, the podocyte marker protein, downregulated the expression of desmin and FSP-1, and mesenchymal cell markers. Furthermore, QHYS significantly downregulated the expression levels of Wnt1, β-catenin, and active β-catenin.

Conclusion

Conclusively, our study revealed that QHYS significantly reduced proteinuria, alleviated renal fibrosis, and attenuated the podocyte EMT in DN rats, which may be associated with the downregulation of lncRNA MALAT1 expression and inhibition of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway.

Long non-coding RNA AC018926.2 regulates palmitic acid exposure-compromised osteogenic potential of periodontal ligament stem cells via the ITGA2/FAK/AKT pathway

Although obesity has been proposed as a risk factor for periodontitis, the influence of excessive fat accumulation on the development of periodontitis and periodontal recovery from disease remains largely unknown. This study investigated the cellular response of periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) to elevated levels of a specific fatty acid, namely, palmitic acid (PA). The mechanism by which PA exposure compromises the osteogenic potential of cells was also explored. It was found that exposure of PDLSCs to abundant PA led to decreased cell osteogenic differentiation. Given that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play a key role in the stem cell response to adverse environmental stimuli, we screened the lncRNAs that were differentially expressed in PDLSCs following PA exposure using lncRNA microarray analysis, and AC018926.2 was identified as the lncRNA that was most sensitive to PA. Next, gain/loss-of-function studies illustrated that AC018926.2 was an important regulator in PA-mediated osteogenic differentiation of PDLSCs. Mechanistically, AC018926.2 upregulated integrin α2 (ITGA2) expression and therefore activated ITGA2/FAK/AKT signalling. Further functional studies revealed that inactivation of ITGA2/FAK/AKT signalling by silencing ITGA2 counteracted the pro-osteogenic effect induced by AC018926.2 overexpression. Moreover, the results of bioinformatics analysis and RNA immunoprecipitation assay suggested that AC018926.2 might transcriptionally regulate ITGA2 expression by binding to PARP1 protein. Our data suggest that AC018926.2 may serve as a therapeutic target for the management of periodontitis in obese patients.

The Intricate Role of Non-Coding RNAs in Sepsis-Associated Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) is a type of tissue and organ dysregulation in sepsis, due mainly to the effect of the inflammation on the coagulation system. Unfortunately, the underlying molecular mechanisms that lead to this disorder are not fully understood. Moreover, current biomarkers for DIC, including biological and clinical parameters, generally provide a poor diagnosis and prognosis. In recent years, non-coding RNAs have been studied as promising and robust biomarkers for a variety of diseases. Thus, their potential in the diagnosis and prognosis of DIC should be further studied. Specifically, the relationship between the coagulation cascade and non-coding RNAs should be established. In this review, microRNAs, long non-coding RNAs, and circular RNAs are studied in relation to DIC. Specifically, the axis between these non-coding RNAs and the corresponding affected pathway has been identified, including inflammation, alteration of the coagulation cascade, and endothelial damage. The main affected pathway identified is PI3K/AKT/mTOR axis, where several ncRNAs participate in its regulation, including miR-122-5p which is sponged by circ_0005963, ciRS-122, and circPTN, and miR-19a-3p which is modulated by circ_0000096 and circ_0063425. Additionally, both miR-223 and miR-24 were found to affect the PI3K/AKT pathway and were regulated by lncGAS5 and lncKCNQ1OT1, respectively. Thus, this work provides a useful pipeline of inter-connected ncRNAs that future research on their impact on DIC can further explore.

Global Trends of Lipid Metabolism Research in Epigenetics Field: A Bibliometric Analysis from 2012-2021

Most common diseases are characterized by metabolic changes, among which lipid metabolism is a hotspot. Numerous studies have demonstrated a strong correlation between epigenetics and lipid metabolism. This study of publications on the epigenetics of lipid metabolism searched in the Web of Science Core Collection from 2012 to 2022, and a total of 3685 publications were retrieved. Much of our work focused on collecting the data of annual outputs, high-yielding countries and authors, vital journals, keywords and citations for qualitative and quantitative analysis. In the past decade, the overall number of publications has shown an upward trend. China (1382, 26.69%), the United States (1049, 20.26%) and Italy (206, 3.98%) were the main contributors of outputs. The Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yale University were significant potential cooperation institutions. Articles were mainly published in the "International Journal of Molecular Sciences". In addition to typical liver-related diseases, "ferroptosis", "diabetes" and "atherosclerosis" were identified as potential research topics. "NF-κB" and "oxidative stress" were referred to frequently in publications. METTL3 and ALKBH5 were the most discussed m⁶A-related enzymes in 2022. Our study revealed research hotspots and new trends in the epigenetics of lipid metabolism, hoping to provide significant information and inspiration for researchers to further explore new directions.

lncRNA CRNDE Affects Th17/IL-17A and Inhibits Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Lung Epithelial Cells Reducing Asthma Signs

Background

Asthma treatment is difficult due to disease heterogeneity and comorbidities. In addition, the development of drugs targeting the underlying mechanisms of asthma remains slow. We planned to identify the most upregulated differentially expressed long noncoding RNA in asthma to explore its regulatory patterns and pathways in asthma.

Methods

We sensitized mice using a mixture of ovalbumin, house dust mites, and lipopolysaccharide to establish an asthma mouse model. We also sensitized asthma cells with TGF-β1 in an in vitro model. We performed a microarray analysis to identify the lncRNA with the differential expression level in model mice. We applied hematoxylin and eosin and Masson's trichrome stainings to mouse tissues to quantify the tissue damage extent. Next, we assess the levels of lncRNA CRNDE, miR-29a-3p, TGF-β1, MCL-1, E-cadherin, vimentin, and snail. We counted the percentages of Th17 cells using flow cytometry. Finally, we performed a dual-luciferase reporter assay to assess the association between lncRNA CRNDE and miR-29a-3p.

Results

We successfully established asthma mouse/cell models and selected the lncRNA CRNDE for our study. Transfection of si-CRNDE reduced the degree of injury and inflammation in the mouse model and reversed the TGF-β1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in the cell model. Moreover, the E-cadherin level was upregulated, and the levels of IL-17A, vimentin, snail, and α-SMA were downregulated. We also discovered that lncRNA CRNDE negatively regulated miR-29a-3p and that this one in turn inhibited MCL-1 in mice. After lncRNA CRNDE expression downregulation, the level of miR-29a-3p was increased, and we detected reduced levels of MCL-1 and EMTs.

Conclusions

lncRNA CRNDE expression downregulation led to reduced inflammation and reduced lung damage in mice with induced asthma, it inhibited the EMTs of lung epithelial cells via the miR-29a-3p/MCL-1 pathway, and it reduced the levels of Th17/IL-17A cells to reduce asthma signs.

The LncRNA signature associated with cuproptosis as a novel biomarker of prognosis in immunotherapy and drug screening for clear cell renal cell carcinoma

Cuproptosis is a new form of cell death, the second form of metal ion-induced cell death defined after ferroptosis. Recently, cuproptosis has been suggested to be associated with tumorigenesis. However, the relationship between cuproptosis and patient prognosis in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) in the context of immunotherapy remains unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between cuproptosis-related long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) and ccRCC in terms of immunity as well as prognosis. Clinical information on lncRNAs associated with differences in cuproptosis genes in ccRCC and normal tissues was collected from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset. Univariate Cox regression was used to screen lncRNAs. A total of 11 lncRNAs closely associated with cuproptosis were further screened and established using the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) algorithm and multivariate Cox regression, and the samples were randomly divided into training and test groups. A risk prognostic model was constructed using the training group, and the model was validated using the test group. We investigated the predictive ability of the prognostic risk model in terms of clinical prognosis, tumor mutation, immune escape, immunotherapy, tumor microenvironment, immune infiltration levels, and tumor drug treatment of ccRCC. Using the median risk score, patients were divided into low and high-risk groups. Kaplan-Meier curves showed that the overall survival (OS) of patients in the high-risk group was significantly worse than low-risk group (p < 0.001). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves further validated the reliability of our model. The model consistently and accurately predicted prognosis at 1, 3, and 5 years, with an AUC above 0.7. Tumor cell genes generally precede morphological abnormalities; therefore, the model we constructed can effectively compensate for the traditional method of evaluating the prognosis of patients with renal cancer, and our model was also clinically meaningful in predicting ccRCC staging. In addition, lower model risk scores determined by mutational load indicated a good chance of survival. The high-risk group had greater recruitment of immune cells, while the anti-immune checkpoint immunotherapy was less efficacious overall than that of the low-risk group. Tumor and immune-related pathways were enriched, and anti-tumor agents were selected to improve the survival of ccRCC. This prognostic risk model is based on the levels of cuproptosis-associated lncRNAs and provides a new perspective in the clinical assessment and precise treatment of ccRCC.

Gli2-induced lncRNA Peg13 alleviates cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury by suppressing Yy1 transcription in a PRC2 complex-dependent manner

Endothelial cell dysfunction plays an important role in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. LncRNA Peg13 is reported to be down-regulated in brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMVECs) induced by glucose-oxygen deprivation (OGD), but the mechanism of its involvement in I/R progression remains to be further explored. Here, mouse BMVECs (bEnd.3 cells) were treated with OGD / reoxygenation (OGD/R) to simulate I/R injury in vitro. Peg13 and Gli2 expression was decreased in OGD/R-treated bEnd.3 cells. And overexpression of Peg13 or Gli2 prevented OGD/R-induced reduction in cell migration and angiogenesis, as well as upregulation in cell apoptosis and oxidative stress levels. Mechanism exploration showed that Gli2 promoted the transcription of Peg13. And Peg13 repressed Yy1 transcription by binding to Ezh2 (a key subunit of PRC2 complex) and inducing the enrichment of H3K27me3 in Yy1 promoter region, thereby suppressing the transcriptional inhibition effect of Yy1 on Notch3 and promoting the expression of Notch3. Consistently, Notch3 overexpression hindered OGD/R-induced endothelium dysfunction. In addition, a brain I/R injury model was established using middle cerebral artery occlusion surgery. And lentivirus-mediated Gli2 and Peg13 overexpression vectors were injected into mice via the lateral ventricle one week before surgery. The results showed that overexpression of Peg13 or Gli2 alleviated I/R-induced neurological deficit, cerebral infarct and cerebral edema. And simultaneous overexpression of Peg13 and Gli2 showed a better protective effect than overexpression of Gli2 or Peg13 alone. In conclusion, Peg13 regulated by Gli2 inhibits Yy1 transcription in a PCR2 complex-dependent manner, and blocks the transcriptional repression of Notch3 by Yy1, thereby exerting neuroprotective effects on cerebral I/R injury.

Dual Function of CCAT2 in Regulating Luminal Subtype of Breast Cancer Depending on the Subcellular Distribution

Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women around the world. Emerging evidence has indicated the important roles that non-coding RNAs play in regulating tumor development and progression in breast cancer. Herein, we found a dual function of long non-coding RNA (LncRNA) CCAT2 in the luminal subtype of breast cancer, depending on its subcellular distribution. CCAT2 showed an overall downregulation in the tumor tissues from luminal breast cancer patients. Transient overexpression of CCAT2 in the luminal subtype of breast cancer cell MCF-7 or T47D significantly suppressed cell proliferation in vitro and inhibited tumor growth in vivo. Gene expression analysis of cancer stem cell markers including OCT4, NANOG, h-TERT, SOX2 and KLF4; flow cytometry analysis of breast cancer stem cell population, and mammosphere formation assay demonstrated inhibition of cancer cell stemness with transient transfection of CCAT2 in which exogenous CCAT2 mainly distributed in the cytoplasm and regulated miR-221-p27 signaling via RNA sequence interaction. However, overexpression of CCAT2 in MCF-7 cells through pMX retroviral nuclear expression vector accumulated CCAT2 in the nucleus, leading to upregulation of OCT4-PG1, a pseudogene of stem gene OCT4, thereby promoting the cancer cell stemness. In conclusion, the current study, for the first time, revealed a dual function of lncRNA CCAT2 as a tumor suppressor or oncogene depending upon its subcellular distribution. It also demonstrated the regulatory mechanism of cytoplasmic CCAT2 in suppressing tumorigenesis in the luminal subtype of breast cancer.

LncRNA PEG11as aggravates cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury after ischemic stroke through miR-342-5p/PFN1 axis

AIM

LncRNAs are highly expressed in the CNS and regulate pathophysiological processes. However, the potential role of lncRNAs inischemic stroke (IS) remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the functions and possible molecular mechanism of lncRNA paternal expressed gene 11 antisense (PEG11as) in this process.

METHODS

Middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) mice model and N2a cells model from oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) were used to simulate cerebral I/R in vivo and in vitro. High-throughput sequencing (RNA-Seq) was used todetect differential expression of lncRNAs in cerebral I/R. QRT-PCR was used to detect the expression of PEG11as and miR-342-5p. Bioinformatics analysis, FISH, luciferase reporter assay, RIP, Western blot, and immunofluorescence were used to detect the interaction between PEG11as, miR-342-5p and PFN1. The effect on neuronal apoptosis was analyzed using loss-of-function combined with TUNEL, Hoechst, and caspase3 activity assays.

KEY FINDINGS

254 lncRNAs were differentially expressed in MCAO1h/R6h mice. Among them, PEG11as was significantly up-regulated. PEG11as down-regulated could markedly attenuate the brain infarct volume, alleviate neurological deficit in vivo, and effectively promote neuron survival, attenuate neuronal apoptosis both in vivo and in vitro. FISH assay discovered that PEG11as was mainly located in the cytoplasm. Furthermore, we demonstrated that PEG11as was able to bind miR-342-5p to inhibit miR-342-5p activity, whereas the down-regulated of miR-342-5p resulted in profilin 1 (PFN1) overexpression and thus promoting apoptosis.

SIGNIFICANCE

This study suggests that PEG11as regulates neuronal apoptosis by miR-342-5p/PFN1 axis, which may contribute to our understanding of pathogenesis and provide a potential therapeutic option for cerebral I/R.

Morinda officinalis extract exhibits protective effects against atopic dermatitis by regulating the MALAT1/miR-590-5p/CCR7 axis

BACKGROUND

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease with a genetic predisposition, and the traditional Chinese medicine Morinda officinalis and its roots are characterized with anti-inflammatory effects and have been used for the treatment of various disease. However, it is still largely unknown whether Morinda officinalis extract (MOE) can be used for the treatment of AD.

OBJECTIVES

In our study we aimed to determine whether MOE could ameliorate 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)-induced AD and elucidate molecular mechanisms.

METHODS

We established an AD mouse model by using DNCB. Skin pathological analysis and ELISA assay were used to detect the effect of MOE on the inflammation of AD model mouse skin and the expression changes of inflammatory factors, and further functional verification was performed in TNF-α/IFN-γ-induced HaCaT cells.

RESULTS

Our in vivo experiments confirmed that MOE remarkably reduced DNCB-induced AD lesions and symptoms, such as epidermal and dermal thickness and mast cell infiltration and inflammatory cytokines secretion in the mice models. In addition, the underlying mechanisms by which MOE ameliorated AD had been uncovered, and we verified that MOE inhibited MALAT1 expression in AD, resulting in attenuated expression of C-C chemokine receptor type 7 (CCR7) regulated by MALAT1-sponge miR-590-5p in a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) mechanisms-dependent manner, thereby inhibiting TNF-α/IFN-γ-induced cellular proliferation and inflammation.

The Importance of Selected Dysregulated microRNAs in Diagnosis and Prognosis of Childhood B-Cell Precursor Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL) is a frequent type of childhood hematological malignancy. The disease is classified into several subtypes according to genetic abnormalities. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in pathological processes (e.g., proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation). A miRNA is a group of short non-coding RNAs with relevant regulatory effects on gene expression achieved by suppression of the translation or degradation of messenger RNA (mRNA). These molecules act as tumor suppressors and/or oncogenes in the pathogenesis of pediatric leukemias. The characteristic features of miRNAs are their stable form and the possibility of secretion to the circulatory system. The role of miRNA in BCP-ALL pathogenesis is still emerging, but several studies have suggested using miRNA expression profiles as biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, and response to therapy in leukemia. The dysregulation of some miRNAs involved in childhood acute lymphoid leukemia, such as miR-155, miR-200c, miR-100, miR-181a, miR125b, and miR146a is discussed, showing their possible employment as therapeutic targets. In the current review, the capabilities of miRNAs in non-invasive diagnostics and their prognostic potential as biomarkers are presented.

LncPLAAT3-AS Regulates PLAAT3-Mediated Adipocyte Differentiation and Lipogenesis in Pigs through miR-503-5p

Animal fat deposition has a significant impact on meat flavor and texture. However, the molecular mechanisms of fat deposition are not well understood. LncPLAAT3-AS is a naturally occurring transcript that is abundant in porcine adipose tissue. Here, we focus on the regulatory role of lncPLAAT3-AS in promoting preadipocyte proliferation and adipocyte differentiation. By overexpressing or repressing lncPLAAT3 expression, we found that lncPLAAT3-AS promoted the transcription of its host gene PLAAT3, a regulator of adipocyte differentiation. In addition, we predicted the region of lncPLAAT3-AS that binds to miR-503-5p and showed by dual luciferase assay that lncPLAAT3-AS acts as a sponge to absorb miR-503-5p. Interestingly, miR-503-5p also targets and represses PLAAT3 expression and helps regulate porcine preadipocyte proliferation and differentiation. Taken together, these results show that lncPLAAT3-AS upregulates PLAAT3 expression by absorbing miR-503-5p, suggesting a potential regulatory mechanism based on competing endogenous RNAs. Finally, we explored lncPLAAT3-AS and PLAAT3 expression in adipose tissue and found that both molecules were expressed at significantly higher levels in fatty pig breeds compared to lean pig breeds. In summary, we identified the mechanism by which lncPLAAT3-AS regulates porcine preadipocyte proliferation and differentiation, contributing to our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of lipid deposition in pigs.

LncRNA34977 promotes the proliferation, migration, and invasion and inhibits the apoptosis of canine mammary tumors by regulating the expression of miR-8881/ELAVL4

Long-stranded noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play different roles in various diseases. lncRNA34977 has been shown to play a relevant role the development of canine mammary tumors (CMTs). However, the mechanism of lncRNA34977 in canine mammary tumors has not been fully investigated. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of lncRNA34977 on the proliferation, migration, invasion, and apoptosis of canine mammary tumor (CMT) cells through the regulation of miR-8881/ELAVL4 expression. The apoptosis was detected by an in situ fluorescence assay and flow cytometry. The expression levels were analyzed by RT-qPCR. CCK-8, colony formation, wound healing, and Transwell assays were used to assess the proliferation, migration, and invasion. The expression of protein was detected by western blot. The siRNA-induced silencing of lncRNA34977 promoted the apoptosis of CHMp cells, and in overexpression of lncRNA34977, the result is the opposite. LncRNA34977 has a direct targeting relationship with miR-8881 and that miR-8881 is correlated with ELAVL4. Transfection of miR-8881 mimics inhibited the proliferation, migration, invasion, and promoted the apoptosis of CHMp cells of CHMp cells. In the transfection with miR-8881 inhibitors, the result is the opposite. Co-transfected with lncRNA34977, miR-8881, or ELAVL4, we found that lncRNA34977 could regulate the expression of miR-8881 or ELAVL4. Our study shows that lncRNA34977 promotes the proliferation, migration, and invasion and suppresses the apoptosis of CMT cells by regulating the expression of miR-8881/ELAVL4.

Lnc-TRTMFS promotes milk fat synthesis via the miR-132x/RAI14/mTOR pathway in BMECs

As an important index to evaluate the quality of milk, milk fat content directly determines the nutrition and flavor of milk. Recently, growing evidence has suggested that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play important roles in bovine lactation, but little is known about the roles of lncRNAs in milk fat synthesis, particularly the underlying molecular processes. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore the regulatory mechanism of lncRNAs in milk fat synthesis. Based on our previous lncRNA-seq data and bioinformatics analysis, we found that Lnc-TRTMFS (transcripts related to milk fat synthesis) was upregulated in the lactation period compared to the dry period. In this study, we found that knockdown of Lnc-TRTMFS significantly inhibited milk fat synthesis, resulting in a smaller amount of lipid droplets and lower cellular triacylglycerol levels, and significantly decreased the expression of genes related to adipogenesis. In contrast, overexpression of Lnc-TRTMFS significantly promoted milk fat synthesis in bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs). In addition, Bibiserv2 analysis showed that Lnc-TRTMFS could act as a molecular sponge for miR-132x, and retinoic acid induced protein 14 (RAI14) was a potential target of miR-132x, which was further confirmed by dual-luciferase reporter assays, quantitative reverse transcription PCR, and western blots. We also found that miR-132x significantly inhibited milk fat synthesis. Finally, rescue experiments showed that Lnc-TRTMFS could weaken the inhibitory effect of miR-132x on milk fat synthesis and rescue the expression of RAI14. Taken together, these results revealed that Lnc-TRTMFS regulated milk fat synthesis in BMECs via the miR-132x/RAI14/mTOR pathway.

LncRNA WDR11-AS1 Promotes Extracellular Matrix Synthesis in Osteoarthritis by Directly Interacting with RNA-Binding Protein PABPC1 to Stabilize SOX9 Expression

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative disease of articular cartilage that is mainly characterized by chronic and mild inflammation of the joints. Recently, many studies have reported the crucial roles of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in OA as gene transcriptional regulatory factors, diagnostic biomarkers, or therapeutic targets. However, the exact mechanisms of lncRNAs in the regulation of OA progression remain unclear. In the present study, the lncRNA WDR11 divergent transcript (lncRNA WDR11-AS1) was shown to be downregulated in osteoarthritic cartilage tissues from patients, and to promote extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis in osteoarthritic chondrocytes with knockdown and overexpression experiments. This function of lncRNA WDR11-AS1 was linked to its ability to interact with the polyadenylate-binding protein cytoplasmic 1 (PABPC1), which was screened by RNA pulldown and mass spectrometry analyses. PABPC1 was discovered to bind ECM-related mRNAs such as SOX9, and the inhibition of PABPC1 improved the mRNA stability of SOX9 to mitigate OA progression. Our results suggest that lncRNA WDR11-AS1 has a promising inhibitory effect on inflammation-induced ECM degradation in OA by directly binding PABPC1, thereby establishing lncRNA WDR11-AS1 and PABPC1 as potential therapeutic targets in the treatment of OA.

Regulation by noncoding RNAs of local translation, injury responses, and pain in the peripheral nervous system

Neuropathic pain is a chronic condition arising from damage to somatosensory pathways that results in pathological hypersensitivity. Persistent pain can be viewed as a consequence of maladaptive plasticity which, like most enduring forms of cellular plasticity, requires altered expression of specific gene programs. Control of gene expression at the level of protein synthesis is broadly utilized to directly modulate changes in activity and responsiveness in nociceptive pathways and provides an effective mechanism for compartmentalized regulation of the proteome in peripheral nerves through local translation. Levels of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are commonly impacted by peripheral nerve injury leading to persistent pain. NcRNAs exert spatiotemporal regulation of local proteomes and affect signaling cascades supporting altered sensory responses that contribute to hyperalgesia. This review discusses ncRNAs found in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) that are dysregulated following nerve injury and the current understanding of their roles in pathophysiological pain-related responses including neuroimmune interactions, neuronal survival and axon regeneration, Schwann cell dedifferentiation and proliferation, intercellular communication, and the generation of ectopic action potentials in primary afferents. We review progress in the field beyond cataloging, with a focus on the relevant target transcripts and mechanisms underlying pain modulation by ncRNAs.

lncRNA EGFEM1P Drives the Progression of Papillary Thyroid Cancer by Regulating miR-6867-5p/CHI3L1 Axis

Long noncoding RNA (lncRNA), a subgroup of noncoding RNA with > 200 nt, plays critical roles in cancer progression. Here, we aimed to explore the detailed biological function of lncRNA EGFEM1P during papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) progression. RT-qPCR and Western blot were used to analyze the expression of lncRNA EGFEM1P, miR-6867-5p, and CHI3L1. CCK8, colony formation, and Transwell migration assays were undertaken to assess PTC cell proliferation and migration. A xenograft tumor mouse model was also used to establish tumor growth in vivo. Luciferase reporter and anti-AGO2 RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assays were used to clarify the interplay between miR-6867-5p and lncRNA EGFEM1P or CHI3L1. We found lncRNA EGFEM1P and CHI3L1 to be highly expressed in PTC tissues and cells, while miR-6867-5p expression decreases. Functionally, lncRNA EGFEM1P silence delays PTC cell proliferation and migration, and impairs tumorigenesis in vivo. LncRNA EGFEM1P targets miR-6867-5p, and CHI3L1 is a target gene of miR-6867-5p. LncRNA EGFEM1P silence decreases the pro-proliferation and pro-migration caused by the miR-6867-5p inhibitor in PTC cells, and CHI3L1 silence abrogates the pro-tumorigenic action resulting from the miR-6867-5p inhibitor in PTC cells. Our data showed that lncRNA EGFEM1P targeting of the miR-6867-5p/CHI3L1 axis drives PTC progression, suggesting lncRNA EGFEM1P as a therapeutically target for PTC.

m6A Writer METTL3-Mediated lncRNA LINC01125 Prevents the Malignancy of Papillary Thyroid Cancer

BACKGROUND

Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) LINC01125 is an anti-tumor factor in a variety of tumors, and regulates cancer cell function. However, its function and mechanism of N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) tumorigenesis remain unclear.

AIMS

This study aimed to reveal the function and m6A modification of LINC01125 in PTC tumorigenesis.

METHODS

The LINC01125 and methyltransferase-like 3 (METTL3) levels in PTC cells and tissues was assessed by qRT-PCR. The binding relationship among LINC01125 and METTL3 was determined by MeRIP, Pearson, bioinformatics, and RNA stabilization analysis. Transwell assays were performed to confirm the changes of PTC cell migration and invasion. Cell proliferation was revealed by CCK-8 as well as colony formation assays.

RESULTS

Low expression of LINC01125 and METTL3 was identified in PTC. LINC01125 was a downstream target of METTL3-mediated m6A modification and was stably upregulated via METTL3. Cell invasion, migration, viability, and colony formation levels were decreased when LINC01125 or METTL3 was upregulated. Inhibition of LINC01125 had the opposite impact, promoting cell proliferation and metastasis, and reversing METTL3 overexpression-resulted cell malignancy suppression.

CONCLUSIONS

Overall, this study proved that the m6A modification of LINC01125 was mediated by METTL3 and LINC01125 inhibited cell invasion, migration and proliferation, thereby suppressing the development of PTC. This points to the LINC01125-m6A-METTL3 axis as a possible prospective target for future treatment of PTC.

Recent advances of long non-coding RNAs in control of hepatic gluconeogenesis

Gluconeogenesis is the main process for endogenous glucose production during prolonged fasting, or certain pathological conditions, which occurs primarily in the liver. Hepatic gluconeogenesis is a biochemical process that is finely controlled by hormones such as insulin and glucagon, and it is of great importance for maintaining normal physiological blood glucose levels. Dysregulated gluconeogenesis induced by obesity is often associated with hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are involved in various cellular events, from gene transcription to protein translation, stability, and function. In recent years, a growing number of evidences has shown that lncRNAs play a key role in hepatic gluconeogenesis and thereby, affect the pathogenesis of T2D. Here we summarized the recent progress in lncRNAs and hepatic gluconeogenesis.

Research Progress of Long Non-coding RNAs in Spinal Cord Injury

Spinal cord injury (SCI) can result in a partial or complete loss of motor and sensory function below the injured segment, which has a significant impact on patients' quality of life and places a significant social burden on them. Long non-coding RNA (LncRNA) is a 200-1000 bp non-coding RNA that has been shown to have a key regulatory role in the progression of a variety of neurological illnesses. Many studies have demonstrated that differentially expressed LncRNAs following spinal cord injury can participate in inflammatory damage, apoptosis, and nerve healing by functioning as competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA); at the same time, it has a significant regulatory effect on sequelae such neuropathic pain. As a result, we believe that LncRNAs could be useful as a molecular regulatory target in the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of spinal cord injury.

The transcript NR 134251.1 of lncRNA APTR with an opposite function to all transcripts inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis by regulating proliferation and apoptosis-related genes

Arsenic (As) exposure has been a global public health concern for hundreds of millions worldwide. LncRNA APTR (Alu-mediated p21 transcriptional regulator) plays an essential role in tumor growth and development. However, its function in arsenic-induced toxicological responses is still unknown. In this study, we found that the expressions of all transcripts and the transcript NR 134251.1 of APTR were increased in a dose-dependent manner in 16HBE cells treated with sodium arsenite (NaAsO₂). Silencing the transcript NR 134251.1 of APTR inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis. However, silencing all transcripts of APTR had the opposite function to the transcript NR 134251.1. Then we examined the protein level of the proliferation and apoptosis-related genes after silencing the transcript NR 134251.1 of APTR. The results showed that silencing the transcript NR 134251.1 of APTR up-regulated the expression of transcription factor E2F1 and regulated its downstream genes involved in proliferation and apoptosis, including p53, phospho-p53-S392, phospho-p53-T55, p21, Cyclin D1, PUMA, Fas, Bim, BIK, Caspase-3, Caspase-7, and Cyt-c. In conclusion, arsenic induced APTR expression and the transcript NR 134251.1 of APTR have an opposite function to all transcripts, providing a theoretical basis for the prevention and treatment of arsenic exposure.

LncRNA RAD51-AS1 Regulates Human Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells via Interaction with YBX1 to Ameliorate Osteoporosis

Long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) is a new key regulatory molecule in the occurrence of osteoporosis, but its research is still in the primary stage. In order to study the role and mechanism of lncRNA in the occurrence of osteoporosis, we reannotated the GSE35956 datasets, compared and analyzed the differential expression profiles of lncRNAs between bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) from healthy and osteoporotic patients, and then screened a lncRNA RAD51-AS1 with low expression in hBMSCs from osteoporotic patients, and its role in the occurrence of osteoporosis has not been studied. We confirmed that the expression level of lncRNA RAD51-AS1 in hBMSCs from patients with osteoporosis was significantly lower than those from healthy donors. A nuclear cytoplasmic separation experiment and RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization showed that RAD51-AS1 was mainly located in the nucleus. RAD51-AS1 knockdown significantly inhibited the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of hBMSCs and significantly increased their apoptosis, while RAD51-AS1 overexpression significantly promoted the proliferation, osteogenic differentiation, and ectopic bone formation of hBMSCs. Mechanistically, we found that RAD51-AS1 banded to YBX1 and then activated the TGF-β signal pathway by binding to Smad7 and Smurf2 mRNA to inhibit their translation and transcription up-regulated PCNA and SIVA1 by binding to their promoter regions. In conclusion, RAD51-AS1 promoted the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of hBMSCs by binding YBX1, inhibiting the translation of Smad7 and Smurf2, and transcriptionally up-regulated PCNA and SIVA1.

LncRNAs has been identified as regulators of Myeloid-derived suppressor cells in lung cancer

Lung tumours are widespread pathological conditions that attract much attention due to their high incidence of death. The immune system contributes to the progression of these diseases, especially non-small cell lung cancer, resulting in the fast evolution of immune-targeted therapy. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) have been suggested to promote the progression of cancer in the lungs by suppressing the immune response through various mechanisms. Herein, we summarized the clinical studies on lung cancer related to MDSCs. However, it is noteworthy to mention the discovery of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) that had different phenotypes and could regulate MDSCs in lung cancer. Therefore, by reviewing the different phenotypes of lncRNAs and their regulation on MDSCs, we summarized the lncRNAs' impact on the progression of lung tumours. Data highlight LncRNAs as anti-cancer agents. Hence, we aim to discuss their possibilities to inhibit tumour growth and trigger the development of immunosuppressive factors such as MDSCs in lung cancer through the regulation of lncRNAs. The ultimate purpose is to propose novel and efficient therapy methods for curing patients with lung tumours.

A ROS/GAS5/SIRT1 reinforcing feedback promotes oxidative stress-induced adipogenesis in bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells during osteoporosis

BACKGROUND

LincGAS5 have been reported to regulate the progression of osteoporosis (OP). However, the relationship between LincGAS5 and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in osteoporosis were still unclear.

METHODS

Bilateral ovariectomy (OVX) rat were established as OP model and verified by the Micro-computed tomography. The ROS level of BMSCs derived from OVX and control rat were detected by Immunofluorescence (IF) and flow cytometry. The role of GAS5, miR-23b-3p and SIRT1 on the osteogenic differentiation were dectected by ARS saining and ALP staining, while the The Oil Red O staining and flow cytometry (FCM) were hired to determine adipogenic differentiation of BMSCs under different treatment. The expression of GAS5,miR-23b-3p and SIRT1 in BMSCs was detected by RT-qPCR and the correlation among them was analyzed. In addition, Luciferase activity was used to detect whether miR-23b-3p combined with GAS5 and SIRT1 in OP mice BMSCs.

RESULTS

We established the OVX rat model and found higher ROS level in BMSCs isolated from OVX rats. Meanwhile, GAS5 was down-regulated by ROS and remarkably lowly expressed in OVX rat comparing with the negative control. We confirmed GAS5 inhibited adipogenesis and promoted osteoporosis progression. Mechanically, GAS5 bound with miR-23b-3p and suppressed its biological function. We also identified that miR-23b-3p bound with Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) and decreased its stability. Furthermore, SIRT1 suppressed ROS production in BMSCs, which in turn un-regulated GAS5 expression through ROS-GAS5 axis.

CONCLUSION

We identified a negative feedback loop, ROS-GAS5-SIRT1, in osteoporosis progression. Our findings provided potential targets and biomarkers for osteoporosis prevention and treatment.

Integration of bulk RNA sequencing and single-cell analysis reveals a global landscape of DNA damage response in the immune environment of Alzheimer's disease

Background

We developed a novel system for quantifying DNA damage response (DDR) to help diagnose and predict the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD).

Methods

We thoroughly estimated the DDR patterns in AD patients Using 179 DDR regulators. Single-cell techniques were conducted to validate the DDR levels and intercellular communications in cognitively impaired patients. The consensus clustering algorithm was utilized to group 167 AD patients into diverse subgroups after a WGCNA approach was employed to discover DDR-related lncRNAs. The distinctions between the categories in terms of clinical characteristics, DDR levels, biological behaviors, and immunological characteristics were evaluated. For the purpose of choosing distinctive lncRNAs associated with DDR, four machine learning algorithms, including LASSO, SVM-RFE, RF, and XGBoost, were utilized. A risk model was established based on the characteristic lncRNAs.

Results

The progression of AD was highly correlated with DDR levels. Single-cell studies confirmed that DDR activity was lower in cognitively impaired patients and was mainly enriched in T cells and B cells. DDR-related lncRNAs were discovered based on gene expression, and two different heterogeneous subtypes (C1 and C2) were identified. DDR C1 belonged to the non-immune phenotype, while DDR C2 was regarded as the immune phenotype. Based on various machine learning techniques, four distinctive lncRNAs associated with DDR, including FBXO30-DT, TBX2-AS1, ADAMTS9-AS2, and MEG3 were discovered. The 4-lncRNA based riskScore demonstrated acceptable efficacy in the diagnosis of AD and offered significant clinical advantages to AD patients. The riskScore ultimately divided AD patients into low- and high-risk categories. In comparison to the low-risk group, high-risk patients showed lower DDR activity, accompanied by higher levels of immune infiltration and immunological score. The prospective medications for the treatment of AD patients with low and high risk also included arachidonyltrifluoromethane and TTNPB, respectively.

Conclusions

In conclusion, immunological microenvironment and disease progression in AD patients were significantly predicted by DDR-associated genes and lncRNAs. A theoretical underpinning for the individualized treatment of AD patients was provided by the suggested genetic subtypes and risk model based on DDR.

MIR222HG attenuates macrophage M2 polarization and allergic inflammation in allergic rhinitis by targeting the miR146a-5p/TRAF6/NF-κB axis

Although M2 macrophages are involved in the orchestration of type 2 inflammation in allergic diseases, the mechanisms underlying non-coding RNA (ncRNA)-mediated macrophage polarization in allergic rhinitis (AR) have not been systematically understood. Here, we identified long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) MIR222HG as a key regulator of macrophage polarization and revealed its role in AR. Consistent with our bioinformatic analysis of GSE165934 dataset derived from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, lncRNA-MIR222HG and murine mir222hg were downregulated in our clinical samples and animal models of AR, respectively. Mir222hg was upregulated in M1 macrophages and downregulated in M2 macrophages. The allergen-ovalbumin facilitated polarization of RAW264.7 cells to the M2 phenotype, accompanied by the downregulation of mir222hg expression in a dose-dependent manner. Mir222hg facilitates macrophage M1 polarization and reverses M2 polarization caused by ovalbumin. Furthermore, mir222hg attenuates macrophage M2 polarization and allergic inflammation in the AR mouse model. Mechanistically, a series of gain- and loss-of-function experiments and rescue experiments were performed to verify the role of mir222hg as a ceRNA sponge that adsorbed miR146a-5p, upregulated Traf6, and activated the IKK/IκB/P65 pathway. Collectively, the data highlight the remarkable role of MIR222HG in the modulation of macrophage polarization and allergic inflammation, as well as its potential role as a novel AR biomarker or therapeutic target.

Deregulated Long Non-Coding RNA HCG11 in Cerebral Atherosclerosis Serves as a Biomarker to Predict the Risk of Cerebrovascular Events

Carotid artery stenosis (CAS) is one of the main risk factors of ischemic stroke (IS), which needs a screening and monitoring biomarker. The study focused on the clinical significance of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) HCG11 in CAS patients aiming to identify a potential therapeutic target for CAS. Serum samples were collected from 70 CAS patients and 80 age- and gender-matched healthy people. HCG11 levels were measured via quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), and its significance in CAS identification and development prediction was also assessed. HCG11 was enriched in the serum of CAS patients, and serves as a possible biomarker for disease diagnosis with the area under the curve (AUC) of 0.930. Elevated expression of HCG11 was significantly correlated with hypertension, dyslipidemia, and degree of carotid stenosis. HCG11 was highly expressed in severe CAS cases compared to moderate ones, which was positively related to the disease severity. Cox regression analysis determined the close relationship of serum HCG11 with the occurrence of cerebral ischemia events. CAS patients with high HCG11 expression showed a high occurrence rate of cerebral ischemia events. The upregulation of HCG11 could serve as a potential diagnostic biomarker for CAS and is positively related to the disease severity. Serum HCG11 can independently predict the occurrence of following cerebral ischemia events.

LncRNA X Inactive Specific Transcript Exerts a Protective Effect on High Glucose-Induced Podocytes by Promoting the Podocyte Autophagy via miR-30d-5p/BECN-1 Axis

Inhibiting podocyte autophagy promotes the development of diabetic nephropathy (DN). This study aims to explore the upstream regulatory mechanism of the autophagy-related gene BECN1 in high glucose (HG)-induced podocytes. C57BL/6 mice were treated with 50 mg/kg streptozotocin to construct a DN model. Biochemical indexes, pathological morphology of renal tissue, the morphology of renal podocytes, and the expressions of autophagy-related proteins in DN mice and normal mice were detected. The upstream miRNAs of BECN1 and the upstream long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) of miR-30d-5p were predicted by bioinformatics analysis and verified by dual-luciferase reporter assay. Mouse podocyte clone 5 (MPC5) cells were exposed to HG to construct a DN cell model. The levels of miR-30d-5p, X inactive specific transcript (XIST), and BECN1 in mouse kidney and MPC5 cells were detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The regulation of XIST/miR-30d-5p on the viability, apoptosis as well as proteins related to apoptosis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and autophagy in MPC5 cells were determined by rescue experiments. The levels of glucose, urinary protein, serum creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen were upregulated, but the kidney tissues and podocytes were damaged in DN mice. XIST targeted miR-30d-5p to promote viability while suppressing the apoptosis of HG-induced MPC5 cells. In kidney tissues or HG-induced MPC5 cells, the expressions of Beclin-1, light chain 3 (LC3) II/I, XIST, B-celllymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), and E-cadherin were downregulated, while the expressions of P62, miR-30d-5p, Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax), cleaved-caspase-3, vimentin, and alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) were upregulated, which were reversed by XIST overexpression. The reversal effect of XIST overexpression was offset by miR-30d-5p mimic. Collectively, XIST promotes the autophagy of podocytes by regulating the miR-30d-5p/BECN1 axis to protect podocytes from HG-induced injury.