401
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Büttner R, Schulz A, Reuter M, Akula AK, Mindos T, Carlstedt A, Riecken LB, Baader SL, Bauer R, Morrison H. Inflammaging impairs peripheral nerve maintenance and regeneration. Aging Cell 2018; 17:e12833. [PMID: 30168637 PMCID: PMC6260910 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The regenerative capacity of peripheral nerves declines during aging, contributing to the development of neuropathies, limiting organism function. Changes in Schwann cells prompt failures in instructing maintenance and regeneration of aging nerves; molecular mechanisms of which have yet to be delineated. Here, we identified an altered inflammatory environment leading to a defective Schwann cell response, as an underlying mechanism of impaired nerve regeneration during aging. Chronic inflammation was detected in intact uninjured old nerves, characterized by increased macrophage infiltration and raised levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP1) and CC chemokine ligand 11 (CCL11). Schwann cells in the old nerves appeared partially dedifferentiated, accompanied by an activated repair program independent of injury. Upon sciatic nerve injury, an initial delayed immune response was followed by a persistent hyperinflammatory state accompanied by a diminished repair process. As a contributing factor to nerve aging, we showed that CCL11 interfered with Schwann cell differentiation in vitro and in vivo. Our results indicate that increased infiltration of macrophages and inflammatory signals diminish regenerative capacity of aging nerves by altering Schwann cell behavior. The study identifies CCL11 as a promising target for anti‐inflammatory therapies aiming to improve nerve regeneration in old age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Büttner
- Leibniz Institute on Aging; Fritz Lipmann Institute; Jena Germany
| | - Alexander Schulz
- Leibniz Institute on Aging; Fritz Lipmann Institute; Jena Germany
- Department of Genetics and Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair; Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven Connecticut
| | - Michael Reuter
- Leibniz Institute on Aging; Fritz Lipmann Institute; Jena Germany
| | - Asha K. Akula
- Leibniz Institute on Aging; Fritz Lipmann Institute; Jena Germany
| | - Thomas Mindos
- Leibniz Institute on Aging; Fritz Lipmann Institute; Jena Germany
| | | | - Lars B. Riecken
- Leibniz Institute on Aging; Fritz Lipmann Institute; Jena Germany
| | | | - Reinhard Bauer
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology; Jena University Hospital; Jena Germany
| | - Helen Morrison
- Leibniz Institute on Aging; Fritz Lipmann Institute; Jena Germany
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402
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Dupin E, Calloni GW, Coelho-Aguiar JM, Le Douarin NM. The issue of the multipotency of the neural crest cells. Dev Biol 2018; 444 Suppl 1:S47-S59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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403
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Gökbuget D, Pereira JA, Opitz L, Christe D, Kessler T, Marchais A, Suter U. The miRNA biogenesis pathway prevents inappropriate expression of injury response genes in developing and adult Schwann cells. Glia 2018; 66:2632-2644. [PMID: 30295958 PMCID: PMC6585637 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Proper function of the nervous system depends on myelination. In peripheral nerves, Schwann cells (SCs) myelinate axons and the miRNA biogenesis pathway is required for developmental myelination and myelin maintenance. However, regulatory roles of this pathway at different stages of myelination are only partially understood. We addressed the requirement of the core miRNA biogenesis pathway components Dgcr8, Drosha, and Dicer in developing and adult SCs using mouse mutants with a comparative genetics and transcriptomics approach. We found that the microprocessor components Dgcr8 and Drosha are crucial for axonal radial sorting and to establish correct SC numbers upon myelination. Transcriptome analyses revealed a requirement of the microprocessor to prevent aberrantly increased expression of injury-response genes. Those genes are predicted targets of abundant miRNAs in sciatic nerves (SNs) during developmental myelination. In agreement, Dgcr8 and Dicer are required for proper maintenance of the myelinated SC state, where abundant miRNAs in adult SNs are predicted to target injury-response genes. We conclude that the miRNA biogenesis pathway in SCs is crucial for preventing inappropriate activity of injury-response genes in developing and adult SCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Gökbuget
- ETH Zurich, Department of BiologyInstitute of Molecular Health SciencesZurichSwitzerland
| | - Jorge A. Pereira
- ETH Zurich, Department of BiologyInstitute of Molecular Health SciencesZurichSwitzerland
| | - Lennart Opitz
- ETH Zurich/University of ZurichFunctional Genomics Center ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Dominik Christe
- ETH Zurich, Department of BiologyInstitute of Molecular Health SciencesZurichSwitzerland
| | - Tobias Kessler
- ETH Zurich, Department of BiologyInstitute of Molecular Health SciencesZurichSwitzerland
| | - Antonin Marchais
- ETH Zurich, Department of BiologyInstitute of Agricultural SciencesZurichSwitzerland
| | - Ueli Suter
- ETH Zurich, Department of BiologyInstitute of Molecular Health SciencesZurichSwitzerland
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404
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Farzamfar S, Ehterami A, Salehi M, Vaeez A, Atashi A, Sahrapeyma H. Unrestricted Somatic Stem Cells Loaded in Nanofibrous Conduit as Potential Candidate for Sciatic Nerve Regeneration. J Mol Neurosci 2018; 67:48-61. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-018-1209-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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405
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Tan D, Wen J, Li L, Wang X, Qian C, Pan M, Lai M, Deng J, Hu X, Zhang H, Guo J. Inhibition of RhoA-Subfamily GTPases Suppresses Schwann Cell Proliferation Through Regulating AKT Pathway Rather Than ROCK Pathway. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:437. [PMID: 30515082 PMCID: PMC6255816 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibiting RhoA-subfamily GTPases by C3 transferase is widely recognized as a prospective strategy to enhance axonal regeneration. When C3 transferase is administered for treating the injured peripheral nerves, Schwann cells (SCs, important glial cells in peripheral nerve) are inevitably impacted and therefore SC bioeffects on nerve regeneration might be influenced. However, the potential role of C3 transferase on SCs remains elusive. Assessed by cell counting, EdU and water-soluble tetrazolium salt-1 (WST-1) assays as well as western blotting with PCNA antibody, herein we first found that CT04 (a cell permeable C3 transferase) treatment could significantly suppress SC proliferation. Unexpectedly, using Y27632 to inhibit ROCK (the well-accepted downstream signal molecule of RhoA subfamily) did not impact SC proliferation. Further studies indicated that CT04 could inactivate AKT pathway by altering the expression levels of phosphorylated AKT (p-AKT), PI3K and PTEN, while activating AKT pathway by IGF-1 or SC79 could reverse the inhibitory effect of CT04 on SC proliferation. Based on present data, we concluded that inhibition of RhoA-subfamily GTPases could suppress SC proliferation, and this effect is independent of conventional ROCK pathway but involves inactivation of AKT pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Tan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinkun Wen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lixia Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianghai Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Changhui Qian
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Mengjie Pan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Muhua Lai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junyao Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaofang Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haowen Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiasong Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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406
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Hou B, Ye Z, Ji W, Cai M, Ling C, Chen C, Guo Y. Comparison of the Effects of BMSC-derived Schwann Cells and Autologous Schwann Cells on Remyelination Using a Rat Sciatic Nerve Defect Model. Int J Biol Sci 2018; 14:1910-1922. [PMID: 30443194 PMCID: PMC6231219 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.26765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Schwann cells (SCs) are primarily responsible for the formation of myelin sheaths, yet bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (BMSC)-derived SCs are often used to replace autologous SCs and assist with the repair of peripheral nerve myelin sheaths. In this study, the effects of the two cell types on remyelination were compared during the repair of peripheral nerves. Methods: An acellular nerve scaffold was prepared using the extraction technique. Rat BMSCs and autologous SCs were extracted. BMSCs were induced to differentiate into BMSC-derived SCs (B-dSCs) in vitro. Seed cells (BMSCs, B-dSCs, and autologous SCs) were cocultured with nerve scaffolds (Sca) in vitro. Rats with severed sciatic nerves were used as the animal model. A composite scaffold was used to bridge the broken ends. After surgery, electrophysiology, cell tracking analyses (EdU labeling), immunofluorescence staining (myelin basic protein (MBP)), toluidine blue staining, and transmission electron microscopy were conducted to compare remyelination between the various groups and to evaluate the effects of the seed cells on myelination. One week after transplantation, only a small number of B-dSCs expressed MBP, which was far less than the proportion of MBP-expressing autologous SCs (P<0.01) but was higher than the proportion of BMSCs expressing MBP (P<0.05). Four weeks after surgery, the electrophysiology results (latency time, conductive velocity and amplitude) and various quantitative indicators of remyelination (thickness, distribution, and the number of myelinated fibers) showed that the Sca+B-dSC group was inferior to the Sca+autologous SC group (P<0.05) but was superior to the Sca+BMSC group (P<0.05). Conclusions: Within 4 weeks after surgery, the use of an acellular nerve scaffold combined with B-dSCs promotes remyelination to a certain extent, but the effect is significantly less than that of the scaffold combined with autologous SCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Hou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510630, China
| | - Zhuopeng Ye
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510630, China
| | - Wanqing Ji
- Department of Obstetrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510623, China
| | - Meiqin Cai
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510630, China
| | - Cong Ling
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510630, China
| | - Chuan Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510630, China
| | - Ying Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510630, China
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407
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Cairns DM, Giordano JE, Conte S, Levin M, Kaplan DL. Ivermectin Promotes Peripheral Nerve Regeneration during Wound Healing. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:12392-12402. [PMID: 30411007 PMCID: PMC6210064 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b01451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral nerves have the capacity to regenerate due to the presence of neuroprotective glia of the peripheral nervous system, Schwann cells. Upon peripheral nerve injury, Schwann cells create a permissive microenvironment for neuronal regrowth by taking up cytotoxic glutamate and secreting neurotrophic signaling molecules. Impaired peripheral nerve repair is often caused by a defective Schwann cell response after injury, and there is a critical need to develop new strategies to enhance nerve regeneration, especially in organisms with restricted regenerative potential, such as humans. One approach is to explore mechanisms in lower organisms, in which nerve repair is much more efficient. A recent study demonstrated that the antiparasitic drug, ivermectin, caused hyperinnervation of primordial eye tissue in Xenopus laevis tadpoles. Our study aimed to examine the role of ivermectin in mammalian nerve repair. We performed in vitro assays utilizing human induced neural stem cells (hiNSCs) in co-culture with human dermal fibroblasts (hDFs) and found that ivermectin-treated hDFs promote hiNSC proliferation and migration. We also characterized the effects of ivermectin on hDFs and found that ivermectin causes hDFs to uptake extracellular glutamate, secrete glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor, develop an elongated bipolar morphology, and express glial fibrillary acidic protein. Finally, in a corresponding in vivo model, we found that localized ivermectin treatment in a dermal wound site induced the upregulation of both glial and neuronal markers upon healing. Taken together, we demonstrate that ivermectin promotes peripheral nerve regeneration by inducing fibroblasts to adopt a glia-like phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana M. Cairns
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Biology, Allen Discovery Center, and Tufts University
Biomedical Engineering Research Scholars Program (TUBERS), Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Jodie E. Giordano
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Biology, Allen Discovery Center, and Tufts University
Biomedical Engineering Research Scholars Program (TUBERS), Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Sylvia Conte
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Biology, Allen Discovery Center, and Tufts University
Biomedical Engineering Research Scholars Program (TUBERS), Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Michael Levin
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Biology, Allen Discovery Center, and Tufts University
Biomedical Engineering Research Scholars Program (TUBERS), Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - David L. Kaplan
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Biology, Allen Discovery Center, and Tufts University
Biomedical Engineering Research Scholars Program (TUBERS), Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
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408
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New Insights of a Neuronal Peptidase DINE/ECEL1: Nerve Development, Nerve Regeneration and Neurogenic Pathogenesis. Neurochem Res 2018; 44:1279-1288. [PMID: 30357652 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-018-2665-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Our understanding of the physiological relevance of unique Damage-induced neuronal endopeptidase (DINE) [also termed Endothelin-converting enzyme-like 1 (ECEL1)] has recently expanded. DINE/ECEL1 is a type II membrane-bound metalloprotease, belonging to a family including the neprilysin (NEP) and endothelin-converting enzyme (ECE). The family members degrade and/or process peptides such as amyloid β and big-endothelins, which are closely associated with pathological conditions. Similar to NEP and ECE, DINE has been expected to play an important role in injured neurons as well as in developing neurons, because of its remarkable transcriptional response to neuronal insults and predominant neuronal expression from the embryonic stage. However, the physiological significance of DINE has long remained elusive. In the last decade, a series of genetically manipulated mice have driven research progress to elucidate the physiological aspects of DINE. The mice ablating Dine fail to arborize the embryonic motor axons in some subsets of muscles, including the respiratory muscles, and die immediately after birth. The abnormal phenotype of motor axons is also caused by one amino acid exchanges of DINE/ECEL1, which are responsible for distal arthrogryposis type 5 in a group of human congenital movement disorders. Furthermore, the mature Dine-deficient mice in which the lethality is rescued by genetic manipulation have shown the involvement of DINE in central nervous system regeneration. Here we describe recent research advances that DINE-mediated proteolytic processes are critical for nerve development, regeneration and pathogenesis, and discuss the future potential for DINE as a therapeutic target for axonal degeneration/disorder.
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409
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He J, Sun C, Gu Z, Yang Y, Gu M, Xue C, Xie Z, Ren H, Wang Y, Liu Y, Liu M, Ding F, Leong KW, Gu X. Morphology, Migration, and Transcriptome Analysis of Schwann Cell Culture on Butterfly Wings with Different Surface Architectures. ACS NANO 2018; 12:9660-9668. [PMID: 30125084 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b00552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
It has been shown that material surface topography greatly affects cell attachment, growth, proliferation, and differentiation. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms for cell-material interactions are still not understood well. Here, two kinds of butterfly wings with different surface architectures were employed for addressing such an issue. Papilio ulysses telegonus (P.u.t.) butterfly wing surface is composed of micro/nanoconcaves, whereas Morpho menelaus (M.m.) butterfly wings are decorated with grooves. RSC96 cells grown on M.m. wings showed a regular sorting pattern along with the grooves. On the contrary, the cells seeded on P.u.t. wings exhibited random arrangement. Transcriptome sequencing and bioinformatics analysis revealed that huntingtin (Htt)-regulated lysosome activity is a potential key factor for determining cell growth behavior on M.m. butterfly wings. Gene silence further confirmed this notion. In vivo experiments showed that the silicone tubes fabricated with M.m. wings markedly facilitate rat sciatic nerve regeneration after injury. Lysosome activity and Htt expression were greatly increased in the M.m. wing-fabricated graft-bridged nerves. Collectively, our data provide a theoretical basis for employing butterfly wings to construct biomimetic nerve grafts and establish Htt lysosome as a crucial regulator for cell-material interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianghong He
- Key Laboratory for Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu Province and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration , Nantong University , Nantong 226001 , China
| | - Cheng Sun
- Key Laboratory for Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu Province and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration , Nantong University , Nantong 226001 , China
| | - Zhongze Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics , Southeast University , Nanjing 210096 , China
| | - Yumin Yang
- Key Laboratory for Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu Province and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration , Nantong University , Nantong 226001 , China
| | - Miao Gu
- Chengde Medical College , Chengde 067000 , China
| | - Chengbin Xue
- Key Laboratory for Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu Province and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration , Nantong University , Nantong 226001 , China
- Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair , Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University , Nantong 226001 , China
| | - Zhuoying Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics , Southeast University , Nanjing 210096 , China
| | - Hechun Ren
- Key Laboratory for Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu Province and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration , Nantong University , Nantong 226001 , China
| | - Yongjun Wang
- Key Laboratory for Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu Province and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration , Nantong University , Nantong 226001 , China
| | - Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory for Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu Province and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration , Nantong University , Nantong 226001 , China
| | - Mei Liu
- Key Laboratory for Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu Province and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration , Nantong University , Nantong 226001 , China
| | - Fei Ding
- Key Laboratory for Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu Province and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration , Nantong University , Nantong 226001 , China
| | - Kam W Leong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , Columbia University , New York , New York 10027 , United States
| | - Xiaosong Gu
- Key Laboratory for Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu Province and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration , Nantong University , Nantong 226001 , China
- Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair , Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University , Nantong 226001 , China
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410
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Zhou X, Shi G, Fan B, Cheng X, Zhang X, Wang X, Liu S, Hao Y, Wei Z, Wang L, Feng S. Polycaprolactone electrospun fiber scaffold loaded with iPSCs-NSCs and ASCs as a novel tissue engineering scaffold for the treatment of spinal cord injury. Int J Nanomedicine 2018; 13:6265-6277. [PMID: 30349249 PMCID: PMC6186894 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s175914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a traumatic disease of the central nervous system, accompanied with high incidence and high disability rate. Tissue engineering scaffold can be used as therapeutic systems to provide effective repair for SCI. Purpose In this study, a novel tissue engineering scaffold has been synthesized in order to explore the effect of nerve repair on SCI. Patients and methods Polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds loaded with actived Schwann cells (ASCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells -derived neural stem cells (iPSC-NSCs), a combined cell transplantation strategy, were prepared and characterized. The cell-loaded PCL scaffolds were further utilized for the treatment of SCI in vivo. Histological observation, behavioral evaluation, Western-blot and qRT-PCR were used to investigate the nerve repair of Wistar rats after scaffold transplantation. Results The iPSCs displayed similar characteristics to embryonic stem cells and were efficiently differentiated into neural stem cells in vitro. The obtained PCL scaffolds werê0.5 mm in thickness with biocompatibility and biodegradability. SEM results indicated that the ASCs and (or) iPS-NSCs grew well on PCL scaffolds. Moreover, transplantation reduced the volume of lesion cavity and improved locomotor recovery of rats. In addition, the degree of spinal cord recovery and remodeling maybe closely related to nerve growth factor and glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor. In summary, our results demonstrated that tissue engineering scaffold treatment could increase tissue remodeling and could promote motor function recovery in a transection SCI model. Conclusion This study provides preliminary evidence for using tissue engineering scaffold as a clinically viable treatment for SCI in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- XianHu Zhou
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China,
| | - GuiDong Shi
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China,
| | - BaoYou Fan
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China, .,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin, People's Republic of China,
| | - Xin Cheng
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China, .,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin, People's Republic of China,
| | - XiaoLei Zhang
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China, .,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin, People's Republic of China,
| | - Xu Wang
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China, .,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin, People's Republic of China,
| | - Shen Liu
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China, .,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin, People's Republic of China,
| | - Yan Hao
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China, .,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin, People's Republic of China,
| | - ZhiJian Wei
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China, .,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin, People's Republic of China,
| | - LianYong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China,
| | - ShiQing Feng
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China, .,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin, People's Republic of China,
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411
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Liu YP, Xu P, Guo CX, Luo ZR, Zhu J, Mou FF, Cai H, Wang C, Ye XC, Shao SJ, Guo HD. miR-1b overexpression suppressed proliferation and migration of RSC96 and increased cell apoptosis. Neurosci Lett 2018; 687:137-145. [PMID: 30261232 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injury (PNI) is a global problem that leads to severe disability and high healthcare expenditure. Accumulating evidence suggested that the phenotypes of Schwann cells (SCs) could be regulated by microRNAs (miRNAs) and expressions of various miRNAs are altered after PNI. In this study, the expression of miR-1b in the injured nerve and hypoxia-treated SCs was detected through qRT-PCR. The target genes of miR-1b were predicted by bioinformatics prediction and dual-luciferase reporter assay and verified through qRT-PCR and western blot. The effects of miR-1b and its specific target gene on the proliferation, migration and apoptosis of SCs were determined and the regulation of miR-1b on peripheral nerve regeneration after PNI was further investigated in vivo. We found that miR-1b was obviously downregulated in the injured nerve in a rat sciatic nerve transection model and directly targeted N-myc downstream-regulated gene 3 (NDRG3) by binding to its 3'-UTR and caused both mRNA degradation and translation suppression of NDRG3. Overexpression of miR-1b or knockdown of NDRG3 decreased the proliferation and migration as well as increased the apoptosis of SCs. NDRG3 reversed the effects of miR-1b overexpression on proliferation/migration/apoptosis of RSC96. In addition, injection of miR-1b antagomir promoted the expression of NDRG3 in the injured nerve following sciatic nerve injury. Compared to the model group, the rats treated with miR-1b agomir had lower functional recovery rate, and downregulation of miR-1b through injection of specific antagomir improved the functional recovery rate according to the results of sciatic functional index and nerve conduction velocity. Overall, our results will contribute to the development of novel targets for promoting nerve regeneration after PNI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Pu Liu
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Peng Xu
- Affiliated Hospital of JiNing Medical College, Jining, Shandong, 272000, China
| | - Chun-Xia Guo
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Zhi-Rong Luo
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jing Zhu
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Fang-Fang Mou
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Hao Cai
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Chang Wang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xiao-Chun Ye
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Shui-Jin Shao
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Hai-Dong Guo
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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412
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Abstract
Glial cell types were classified less than 100 years ago by del Rio-Hortega. For instance, he correctly surmised that microglia in pathologic central nervous system (CNS) were "voracious monsters" that helped clean the tissue. Although these historical predictions were remarkably accurate, innovative technologies have revealed novel molecular, cellular, and dynamic physiologic aspects of CNS glia. In this review, we integrate recent findings regarding the roles of glia and glial interactions in healthy and injured spinal cord. The three major glial cell types are considered in healthy CNS and after spinal cord injury (SCI). Astrocytes, which in the healthy CNS regulate neurotransmitter and neurovascular dynamics, respond to SCI by becoming reactive and forming a glial scar that limits pathology and plasticity. Microglia, which in the healthy CNS scan for infection/damage, respond to SCI by promoting axon growth and remyelination-but also with hyperactivation and cytotoxic effects. Oligodendrocytes and their precursors, which in healthy tissue speed axon conduction and support axonal function, respond to SCI by differentiating and producing myelin, but are susceptible to death. Thus, post-SCI responses of each glial cell can simultaneously stimulate and stifle repair. Interestingly, potential therapies could also target interactions between these cells. Astrocyte-microglia cross-talk creates a feed-forward loop, so shifting the response of either cell could amplify repair. Astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes/precursors also influence post-SCI cell survival, differentiation, and remyelination, as well as axon sparing. Therefore, optimizing post-SCI responses of glial cells-and interactions between these CNS cells-could benefit neuroprotection, axon plasticity, and functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Gaudet
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Muenzinger D244 | 345 UCB, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA.
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Muenzinger D244 | 345 UCB, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA.
| | - Laura K Fonken
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
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413
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Li Y, Sun Y, Cai M, Zhang H, Gao N, Huang H, Cui S, Yao D. Fas Ligand Gene (Faslg) Plays an Important Role in Nerve Degeneration and Regeneration After Rat Sciatic Nerve Injury. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:210. [PMID: 29970988 PMCID: PMC6018423 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Wallerian degeneration (WD) is associated with changes in the expression levels of a large number of genes. However, the effects of these up- or down-regulated genes are poorly understood. We have reported some key factors that are differentially regulated during WD in our previous research. Here, we explored the roles of Fas ligand gene (Faslg) in WD after rat sciatic nerve injury. The data showed that Faslg was up-regulated in injured nerves. Expression changed of Faslg in Schwann cells (SCs) resulted in alterations in the release of related factors. Silencing or overexpression of Faslg affected SC proliferation, migration, and apoptosis through β-catenin, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), and caspase-3 pathways in vivo and in vitro. Our data suggest that Faslg is a key regulatory gene that affects nerve repair and regeneration in peripheral nerve injury. This study sheds new light on the effects of Faslg on peripheral nerve degeneration and/or regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Li
- School of Life Sciences, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yuhua Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Genetic Laboratory, Lianyungang Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Lianyungang, China
| | - Min Cai
- School of Life Sciences, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Huanhuan Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Nannan Gao
- School of Life Sciences, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Huiwei Huang
- School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Shusen Cui
- Hand Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Dengbing Yao
- School of Life Sciences, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
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414
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Neuronal Subtype Determines Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Latency-Associated-Transcript Promoter Activity during Latency. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00430-18. [PMID: 29643250 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00430-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) latency in neurons remains poorly understood, and the heterogeneity of the sensory nervous system complicates mechanistic studies. In this study, we used primary culture of adult trigeminal ganglion (TG) mouse neurons in microfluidic devices and an in vivo model to examine the subtypes of sensory neurons involved in HSV latency. HSV-infected neurofilament heavy-positive (NefH+) neurons were more likely to express latency-associated transcripts (LATs) than infected neurofilament heavy-negative (NefH-) neurons. This differential expression of the LAT promoter correlated with differences in HSV-1 early infection that manifested as differences in the efficiency with which HSV particles reached the cell body following infection at the distal axon. In vivo, we further identified a specific subset of NefH+ neurons which coexpressed calcitonin gene-related peptide α (NefH+ CGRP+ neurons) as the sensory neuron subpopulation with the highest LAT promoter activity following HSV-1 infection. Finally, an early-phase reactivation assay showed HSV-1 reactivating in NefH+ CGRP+ neurons, although other sensory neuron subpopulations were also involved. Together, these results show that sensory neurons expressing neurofilaments exhibit enhanced LAT promoter activity. We hypothesize that the reduced efficiency of HSV-1 invasion at an early phase of infection may promote efficient establishment of latency in NefH+ neurons due to initiation of the antiviral state preceding arrival of the virus at the neuronal cell body. While the outcome of HSV-1 infection of neurons is determined by a broad variety of factors in vivo, neuronal subtypes are likely to play differential roles in modulating the establishment of latent infection.IMPORTANCE Two pivotal properties of HSV-1 make it a successful pathogen. First, it infects neurons, which are immune privileged. Second, it establishes latency in these neurons. Together, these properties allow HSV to persist for the lifetime of its host. Neurons are diverse and highly organized cells, with specific anatomical, physiological, and molecular characteristics. Previous work has shown that establishment of latency by HSV-1 does not occur equally in all types of neurons. Our results show that the kinetics of HSV infection and the levels of latency-related gene expression differ in certain types of neurons. The neuronal subtype infected by HSV is therefore a critical determinant of the outcome of infection and latency.
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415
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Miller SR, Benito C, Mirsky R, Jessen KR, Baker CVH. Neural crest Notch/Rbpj signaling regulates olfactory gliogenesis and neuronal migration. Genesis 2018; 56:e23215. [PMID: 30134068 PMCID: PMC6099236 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The neural crest-derived ensheathing glial cells of the olfactory nerve (OECs) are unique in spanning both the peripheral and central nervous systems: they ensheathe bundles of axons projecting from olfactory receptor neurons in the nasal epithelium to their targets in the olfactory bulb. OECs are clinically relevant as a promising autologous cell transplantation therapy for promoting central nervous system repair. They are also important for fertility, being required for the migration of embryonic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons from the olfactory placode along terminal nerve axons to the medial forebrain, which they enter caudal to the olfactory bulbs. Like Schwann cell precursors, OEC precursors associated with the developing olfactory nerve express the glial marker myelin protein zero and the key peripheral glial transcription factor Sox10. The transition from Schwann cell precursors to immature Schwann cells is accelerated by canonical Notch signaling via the Rbpj transcription factor. Here, we aimed to test the role of Notch/Rbpj signaling in developing OECs by blocking the pathway in both chicken and mouse. Our results suggest that Notch/Rbpj signaling prevents the cranial neural crest cells that colonize the olfactory nerve from differentiating as neurons, and at later stages contributes to the guidance of GnRH neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie R. Miller
- Department of Physiology, Development and NeuroscienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 3DYUnited Kingdom
| | - Cristina Benito
- Department of Cell and Developmental BiologyUniversity College London, Gower StreetLondonWC1E 6BTUnited Kingdom
| | - Rhona Mirsky
- Department of Cell and Developmental BiologyUniversity College London, Gower StreetLondonWC1E 6BTUnited Kingdom
| | - Kristján R. Jessen
- Department of Cell and Developmental BiologyUniversity College London, Gower StreetLondonWC1E 6BTUnited Kingdom
| | - Clare V. H. Baker
- Department of Physiology, Development and NeuroscienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 3DYUnited Kingdom
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416
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El Soury M, Fornasari BE, Morano M, Grazio E, Ronchi G, Incarnato D, Giacobini M, Geuna S, Provero P, Gambarotta G. Soluble Neuregulin1 Down-Regulates Myelination Genes in Schwann Cells. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:157. [PMID: 29867349 PMCID: PMC5960709 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerves are characterised by the ability to regenerate after injury. Schwann cell activity is fundamental for all steps of peripheral nerve regeneration: immediately after injury they de-differentiate, remove myelin debris, proliferate and repopulate the injured nerve. Soluble Neuregulin1 (NRG1) is a growth factor that is strongly up-regulated and released by Schwann cells immediately after nerve injury. To identify the genes regulated in Schwann cells by soluble NRG1, we performed deep RNA sequencing to generate a transcriptome database and identify all the genes regulated following 6 h stimulation of primary adult rat Schwann cells with soluble recombinant NRG1. Interestingly, the gene ontology analysis of the transcriptome reveals that NRG1 regulates genes belonging to categories that are regulated in the peripheral nerve immediately after an injury. In particular, NRG1 strongly inhibits the expression of genes involved in myelination and in glial cell differentiation, suggesting that NRG1 might be involved in the de-differentiation (or "trans-differentiation") process of Schwann cells from a myelinating to a repair phenotype. Moreover, NRG1 inhibits genes involved in the apoptotic process, and up-regulates genes positively regulating the ribosomal RNA processing, thus suggesting that NRG1 might promote cell survival and stimulate new protein expression. This in vitro transcriptome analysis demonstrates that in Schwann cells NRG1 drives the expression of several genes which partially overlap with genes regulated in vivo after peripheral nerve injury, underlying the pivotal role of NRG1 in the first steps of the nerve regeneration process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa El Soury
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Benedetta E Fornasari
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy.,Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Michela Morano
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy.,Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Elio Grazio
- Computational Epidemiology Group and Data Analysis Unit, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Giulia Ronchi
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy.,Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Mario Giacobini
- Computational Epidemiology Group and Data Analysis Unit, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Stefano Geuna
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Paolo Provero
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences (MBC), University of Torino, Turin, Italy.,Center for Translational Genomics and Bioinformatics, San Raffaele Scientific Institute (IRCCS), Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanna Gambarotta
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
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417
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Anderson WA, Willenberg AR, Bosak AJ, Willenberg BJ, Lambert S. Use of a capillary alginate gel (Capgel™) to study the three-dimensional development of sensory nerves reveals the formation of a rudimentary perineurium. J Neurosci Methods 2018; 305:46-53. [PMID: 29746890 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peripheral neuropathies affect approximately 20 million people in the United States and often stem from other chronic conditions, such as diabetes. In vitro methodologies to facilitate the understanding and treatment of these disorders often lack the cellular and functional complexity required to accurately model peripheral neuropathies. In particular, they are often 2D and fail to faithfully reproduce the 3D in vivo microenvironment. NEW METHOD Embryonic dorsal root ganglion (DRG) explants were inserted into laminin derivatized capillary alginate gel (Capgel™), a bioabsorbable, self-assembling biomaterial, possessing parallel microchannel architecture, and cultured to mimic normal nerve development, including Schwann cell myelination. RESULTS Laminin derivatization of the microchannels improved nerve growth through the gel. Axon bundles containing myelinating Schwann cells migrated through the gel and were ensheathed by rudimentary perineurium up to 1 mm from the DRG explant site. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS Other nerve models are two-dimensional in nature and/or fail to conserve the complicated architecture and cellular milieu observed in vivo. Our nerve model shows the simple culture technique of cells grown in 3D, which allows for a more advanced structural organization that more accurately mimics the in vivo nerve fascicle. CONCLUSIONS When embryonic DRG explants are cultured in this system, they show a striking resemblance to in vivo peripheral nerve fascicles, including myelinated axons and the formation of a rudimentary perineurium, suggesting that both neuronal and non-neuronal cells within the DRG explant are capable of recreating the 3D structure of a developing sensory fascicle within the microchannel architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley A Anderson
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Alicia R Willenberg
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Alexander J Bosak
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Bradley J Willenberg
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA; Saisijin Biotech, LLC, St. Cloud, FL, USA
| | - Stephen Lambert
- Department of Medical Education, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA.
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418
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Bingol B. Autophagy and lysosomal pathways in nervous system disorders. Mol Cell Neurosci 2018; 91:167-208. [PMID: 29729319 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved pathway for delivering cytoplasmic cargo to lysosomes for degradation. In its classically studied form, autophagy is a stress response induced by starvation to recycle building blocks for essential cellular processes. In addition, autophagy maintains basal cellular homeostasis by degrading endogenous substrates such as cytoplasmic proteins, protein aggregates, damaged organelles, as well as exogenous substrates such as bacteria and viruses. Given their important role in homeostasis, autophagy and lysosomal machinery are genetically linked to multiple human disorders such as chronic inflammatory diseases, cardiomyopathies, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases. Multiple targets within the autophagy and lysosomal pathways offer therapeutic opportunities to benefit patients with these disorders. Here, I will summarize the mechanisms of autophagy pathways, the evidence supporting a pathogenic role for disturbed autophagy and lysosomal degradation in nervous system disorders, and the therapeutic potential of autophagy modulators in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baris Bingol
- Genentech, Inc., Department of Neuroscience, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco 94080, United States.
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419
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Sekiya T, Holley MC. 'Surface Transplantation' for Nerve Injury and Repair: The Quest for Minimally Invasive Cell Delivery. Trends Neurosci 2018; 41:429-441. [PMID: 29625774 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2018.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cell transplantation is an ambitious, but arguably realistic, therapy for repair of the nervous system. Cell delivery is a major challenge for clinical translation, especially given the apparently inhibitory astrogliotic environment in degenerated tissue. However, astrogliotic tissue also contains endogenous structural and biochemical cues that can be harnessed for functional repair. Minimizing damage to these cues during cell delivery could enhance cell integration. This theory is supported by studies with an auditory astrocyte scar model, in which cells delivered onto the surface of the damaged nerve were more successfully integrated in the host than those injected into the tissue. We consider the application of this less invasive approach for nerve injury and its potential application to some neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuji Sekiya
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyou-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan; Hikone Chuo Hospital, Department of Neurological Surgery, Hikone Chuo Hospital, 421 Nishiima-cho, Hikone, 522-0054, Japan.
| | - Matthew C Holley
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, United Kingdom
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420
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Negro S, Lessi F, Duregotti E, Aretini P, La Ferla M, Franceschi S, Menicagli M, Bergamin E, Radice E, Thelen M, Megighian A, Pirazzini M, Mazzanti CM, Rigoni M, Montecucco C. CXCL12α/SDF-1 from perisynaptic Schwann cells promotes regeneration of injured motor axon terminals. EMBO Mol Med 2018; 9:1000-1010. [PMID: 28559442 PMCID: PMC5538331 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201607257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuromuscular junction has retained through evolution the capacity to regenerate after damage, but little is known on the inter-cellular signals involved in its functional recovery from trauma, autoimmune attacks, or neurotoxins. We report here that CXCL12α, also abbreviated as stromal-derived factor-1 (SDF-1), is produced specifically by perisynaptic Schwann cells following motor axon terminal degeneration induced by α-latrotoxin. CXCL12α acts via binding to the neuronal CXCR4 receptor. A CXCL12α-neutralizing antibody or a specific CXCR4 inhibitor strongly delays recovery from motor neuron degeneration in vivo Recombinant CXCL12α in vivo accelerates neurotransmission rescue upon damage and very effectively stimulates the axon growth of spinal cord motor neurons in vitro These findings indicate that the CXCL12α-CXCR4 axis plays an important role in the regeneration of the neuromuscular junction after motor axon injury. The present results have important implications in the effort to find therapeutics and protocols to improve recovery of function after different forms of motor axon terminal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuele Negro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Francesca Lessi
- Laboratory of Genomics, Pisa Science Foundation, Pisa, Italy
| | - Elisa Duregotti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Paolo Aretini
- Laboratory of Genomics, Pisa Science Foundation, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco La Ferla
- Laboratory of Genomics, Pisa Science Foundation, Pisa, Italy
| | - Sara Franceschi
- Laboratory of Genomics, Pisa Science Foundation, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Elisanna Bergamin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Egle Radice
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Marcus Thelen
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Aram Megighian
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Marco Pirazzini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Michela Rigoni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Cesare Montecucco
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy .,CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Padua, Italy
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421
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Gomis-Coloma C, Velasco-Aviles S, Gomez-Sanchez JA, Casillas-Bajo A, Backs J, Cabedo H. Class IIa histone deacetylases link cAMP signaling to the myelin transcriptional program of Schwann cells. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:1249-1268. [PMID: 29472387 PMCID: PMC5881490 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201611150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Schwann cells respond to cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) halting proliferation and expressing myelin proteins. Here we show that cAMP signaling induces the nuclear shuttling of the class IIa histone deacetylase (HDAC)-4 in these cells, where it binds to the promoter and blocks the expression of c-Jun, a negative regulator of myelination. To do it, HDAC4 does not interfere with the transcriptional activity of MEF2. Instead, by interacting with NCoR1, it recruits HDAC3 and deacetylates histone 3 in the promoter of c-Jun, blocking gene expression. Importantly, this is enough to up-regulate Krox20 and start Schwann cell differentiation program-inducing myelin gene expression. Using conditional knockout mice, we also show that HDAC4 together with HDAC5 redundantly contribute to activate the myelin transcriptional program and the development of myelin sheath in vivo. We propose a model in which cAMP signaling shuttles class IIa HDACs into the nucleus of Schwann cells to regulate the initial steps of myelination in the peripheral nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Gomis-Coloma
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Sant Joan, Alicante, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante (ISABIAL) and Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Saniatria y Biomédica de la Comunidad Valenciana (FISABIO), Alicante, Spain
| | - Sergio Velasco-Aviles
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Sant Joan, Alicante, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante (ISABIAL) and Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Saniatria y Biomédica de la Comunidad Valenciana (FISABIO), Alicante, Spain
| | - Jose A Gomez-Sanchez
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Sant Joan, Alicante, Spain
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, England, UK
| | - Angeles Casillas-Bajo
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Sant Joan, Alicante, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante (ISABIAL) and Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Saniatria y Biomédica de la Comunidad Valenciana (FISABIO), Alicante, Spain
| | - Johannes Backs
- Department of Molecular Cardiology and Epigenetics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Germany
| | - Hugo Cabedo
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Sant Joan, Alicante, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante (ISABIAL) and Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Saniatria y Biomédica de la Comunidad Valenciana (FISABIO), Alicante, Spain
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422
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Tsui YP, Shea GK, Chan YS, Shum DKY. Derivation of Fate-Committed Schwann Cells from Bone Marrow Stromal Cells of Adult Rats. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1739:137-148. [PMID: 29546705 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7649-2_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
Our goal is to derive phenotypically stable Schwann cells from bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) for use in transplantation studies of central/peripheral nerve injuries. With the adult rat as model, here we describe steps that foster (1) expansion of the BMSC subpopulation of neural progenitors as neurosphere cells, (2) differentiation of the progenitors into Schwann cell-like cells in adherent culture supplemented with soluble factors, and (3) cell-intrinsic switch of Schwann cell-like cells to the Schwann cell fate following co-culture with sensory neurons purified from dorsal root ganglia. The derived Schwann cells retain marker expression despite withdrawal of supplements and neuronal cues, survive passaging and cryopreservation, and, importantly, show functional capacity for myelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y P Tsui
- School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Graham K Shea
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Y S Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Daisy K Y Shum
- School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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423
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Vergara D, Romano A, Stanca E, La Pesa V, Aloisi L, De Domenico S, Franck J, Cicalini I, Giudetti A, Storelli E, Pieragostino D, Fournier I, Sannino A, Salzet M, Cerri F, Quattrini A, Maffia M. Proteomic expression profile of injured rat peripheral nerves revealed biological networks and processes associated with nerve regeneration. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:6207-6223. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Vergara
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and TechnologiesUniversity of SalentoLecceItaly
- Laboratory of Clinical Proteomic“Giovanni Paolo II” HospitalASL‐LecceLecceItaly
| | - Alessandro Romano
- Neuropathology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology and Division of NeuroscienceIRCCS San Raffaele Scientific InstituteMilanItaly
| | - Eleonora Stanca
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and TechnologiesUniversity of SalentoLecceItaly
- Laboratory of Clinical Proteomic“Giovanni Paolo II” HospitalASL‐LecceLecceItaly
| | - Velia La Pesa
- Neuropathology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology and Division of NeuroscienceIRCCS San Raffaele Scientific InstituteMilanItaly
| | - Laura Aloisi
- Neuropathology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology and Division of NeuroscienceIRCCS San Raffaele Scientific InstituteMilanItaly
| | | | - Julien Franck
- Université de Lille, InsermU‐1192−Laboratoire ProtéomiqueRéponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse‐PRISMLilleFrance
| | - Ilaria Cicalini
- Analitical Biochemistry and Proteomics UnitResearch Center on Aging (Ce.S.I)University “G. d'Annunzio” of Chieti‐PescaraChietiItaly
| | - Anna Giudetti
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and TechnologiesUniversity of SalentoLecceItaly
| | - Elisa Storelli
- Neuropathology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology and Division of NeuroscienceIRCCS San Raffaele Scientific InstituteMilanItaly
- Department of Innovation EngineeringUniversity of SalentoLecceItaly
| | - Damiana Pieragostino
- Analitical Biochemistry and Proteomics UnitResearch Center on Aging (Ce.S.I)University “G. d'Annunzio” of Chieti‐PescaraChietiItaly
| | - Isabelle Fournier
- Université de Lille, InsermU‐1192−Laboratoire ProtéomiqueRéponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse‐PRISMLilleFrance
| | | | - Michel Salzet
- Université de Lille, InsermU‐1192−Laboratoire ProtéomiqueRéponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse‐PRISMLilleFrance
| | - Federica Cerri
- Neuropathology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology and Division of NeuroscienceIRCCS San Raffaele Scientific InstituteMilanItaly
| | - Angelo Quattrini
- Neuropathology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology and Division of NeuroscienceIRCCS San Raffaele Scientific InstituteMilanItaly
| | - Michele Maffia
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and TechnologiesUniversity of SalentoLecceItaly
- Laboratory of Clinical Proteomic“Giovanni Paolo II” HospitalASL‐LecceLecceItaly
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424
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Kim KJ, Namgung U. Facilitating effects of Buyang Huanwu decoction on axonal regeneration after peripheral nerve transection. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 213:56-64. [PMID: 29102766 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE In traditional Asian medicine, Buyang Huanwu decoction (BYHWD) has been used for the treatment of cardiovascular and neurological disorders. Recent experimental studies have begun to provide evidence on the protective effects of BYHWD on injured peripheral nerves. AIM OF THE STUDY To examine whether BYHWD was effective in inducing axonal regeneration after peripheral nerve transection, and if so, how it acted on the nerve. MATERIALS AND METHODS The sciatic nerve in rats was transected and resutured 0, 1, or 4 weeks later. BYHWD was orally administered daily into the animals with nerve transection and coaptation (NTC). Axonal regeneration was measured by immunofluorescence staining of NF-200 and superior cervical ganglion 10 (SCG10) and by retrograde tracing method. Changes of protein levels in the sciatic nerve were analyzed by western blot analysis. Effects of BYHWD and its constituents on neurite outgrowth were analyzed in cultured dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. Hot plate and treadmill training tests were performed to assess the levels of functional recovery after nerve injury. RESULTS The rate of axonal regeneration was attenuated by delayed coaptation after transection, but improved by BYHWD treatment. Levels of phospho-Erk1/2 and Cdc2 phosphorylation of vimentin, measured as indicators of the activation of regenerating axons and supportive Schwann cells, were increased in the sciatic nerve of NTC animals, and their distribution in the proximal and distal nerves were affected by BYHWD treatment. Treatment of BYHWD during the period of chronic denervation significantly increased axonal regeneration when analyzed by immunofluorescence staining and retrograde tracing methods. Neurite outgrowth of DRG neurons cocultured with Schwann cells from the chronically transected sciatic nerves was enhanced by BYHWD treatment. Radix Paeoniae Rubra induced neurite outgrowth most efficiently among all herbal constituents of BYHWD. Finally, hot plate and treadmill training tests demonstrated that BYHWD administration significantly improved the sensorimotor nerve function in NTC animals. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that BYHWD treatment may contribute to the timely interaction between regenerating axons and distal Schwann cells in the transected nerve and facilitate axonal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Joong Kim
- Department of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon University, Daejeon 34520, South Korea
| | - Uk Namgung
- Department of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon University, Daejeon 34520, South Korea.
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425
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EGFP transgene: a useful tool to track transplanted bone marrow mononuclear cell contribution to peripheral remyelination. Transgenic Res 2018; 27:135-153. [DOI: 10.1007/s11248-018-0062-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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426
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A histone deacetylase 3-dependent pathway delimits peripheral myelin growth and functional regeneration. Nat Med 2018; 24:338-351. [PMID: 29431744 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Deficits in Schwann cell-mediated remyelination impair functional restoration after nerve damage, contributing to peripheral neuropathies. The mechanisms mediating block of remyelination remain elusive. Here, through small-molecule screening focusing on epigenetic modulators, we identified histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3; a histone-modifying enzyme) as a potent inhibitor of peripheral myelinogenesis. Inhibition of HDAC3 enhanced myelin growth and regeneration and improved functional recovery after peripheral nerve injury in mice. HDAC3 antagonizes the myelinogenic neuregulin-PI3K-AKT signaling axis. Moreover, genome-wide profiling analyses revealed that HDAC3 represses promyelinating programs through epigenetic silencing while coordinating with p300 histone acetyltransferase to activate myelination-inhibitory programs that include the HIPPO signaling effector TEAD4 to inhibit myelin growth. Schwann cell-specific deletion of either Hdac3 or Tead4 in mice resulted in an elevation of myelin thickness in sciatic nerves. Thus, our findings identify the HDAC3-TEAD4 network as a dual-function switch of cell-intrinsic inhibitory machinery that counters myelinogenic signals and maintains peripheral myelin homeostasis, highlighting the therapeutic potential of transient HDAC3 inhibition for improving peripheral myelin repair.
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427
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Lau YT, Kwok LF, Tam KW, Chan YS, Shum DKY, Shea GKH. Genipin-treated chitosan nanofibers as a novel scaffold for nerve guidance channel design. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2018; 162:126-134. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.11.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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428
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Zhou XB, Zou DX, Gu W, Wang D, Feng JS, Wang JY, Zhou JL. An Experimental Study on Repeated Brief Ischemia in Promoting Sciatic Nerve Repair and Regeneration in Rats. World Neurosurg 2018; 114:e11-e21. [PMID: 29374605 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2018.01.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research has shown that ischemic preconditioning reduced the severity of ischemia-reperfusion injury in brain in rats, we have a hypothesis that repeated brief ischemia has positive effects on peripheral nerve damage. This study was conducted to investigate the potential protective effects of repeated brief ischemia on peripheral nerve regeneration using a rat model of experimental sciatic nerve transection injury. METHODS Treatment groups (groups A-D) received repeated, brief ischemia every 1 day/2 days/3 days/7 days. After surgery for 4, 8, 12 weeks, we evaluated sciatic functional index test, gastrocnemius muscle wet mass, axon and nerve fiber diameter, density, G-ratio, immunohistochemistry of S-100, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and the ultrastructure of the nerves. RESULTS Sciatic functional index test and muscle wet mass were improved on the repeated brief ischemia groups. Ischemia treatment resulted in a significant increase in axon and nerve fiber density as well as S-100 and VEGF-positive cell, which indicated that repeated brief ischemia promotes Schwann cell proliferation and reconstruction. CONCLUSIONS This study exhibits the positive effects of repeated brief ischemia in sciatic nerve transection injury, possibly in part because it can improve VEGF and the physiologic state of Schwann cells in the ischemic environment and then accelerate the ability of neurite outgrow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Bin Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third Hospital of Shi Jia-Zhuang, Hebei, People's Republic of China; Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - De-Xin Zou
- Department of Spine Surgery, YanTai-Shan Hospital, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Gu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Hospital of Shi Jia-Zhuang, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Shu Feng
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third Hospital of Shi Jia-Zhuang, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiang-Yong Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third Hospital of Shi Jia-Zhuang, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Lin Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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429
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Injury-activated glial cells promote wound healing of the adult skin in mice. Nat Commun 2018; 9:236. [PMID: 29339718 PMCID: PMC5770460 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01488-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous wound healing is a complex process that aims to re-establish the original structure of the skin and its functions. Among other disorders, peripheral neuropathies are known to severely impair wound healing capabilities of the skin, revealing the importance of skin innervation for proper repair. Here, we report that peripheral glia are crucially involved in this process. Using a mouse model of wound healing, combined with in vivo fate mapping, we show that injury activates peripheral glia by promoting de-differentiation, cell-cycle re-entry and dissemination of the cells into the wound bed. Moreover, injury-activated glia upregulate the expression of many secreted factors previously associated with wound healing and promote myofibroblast differentiation by paracrine modulation of TGF-β signalling. Accordingly, depletion of these cells impairs epithelial proliferation and wound closure through contraction, while their expansion promotes myofibroblast formation. Thus, injury-activated glia and/or their secretome might have therapeutic potential in human wound healing disorders.
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430
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Evidence that LDL receptor-related protein 1 acts as an early injury detection receptor and activates c-Jun in Schwann cells. Neuroreport 2018; 27:1305-1311. [PMID: 27824728 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000000691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Schwann cells (SCs) detect injury to peripheral nerves and transform phenotypically to respond to injury and facilitate repair. Cell-signaling pathways and changes in gene expression that drive SC phenotypic transformation in injury have been described; however, the SC receptors that detect peripheral nervous system (PNS) injury have not been identified. LDL receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) is a receptor for numerous ligands, including intracellular proteins released by injured cells and protein components of degenerated myelin. In certain cell types, including SCs, LRP1 is a cell-signaling receptor. Here, we show that binding of the LRP1 ligand, tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA), to cultured rat SCs induces c-Jun phosphorylation, a central event in activation of the SC repair program. The response to tPA was blocked by the LRP1 antagonist, receptor-associated protein. c-Jun phosphorylation was also observed when cultured rat SCs were treated with a recombinant derivative of matrix metalloproteinase-9 that contains the LRP1 recognition motif (PEX). The ability of LRP1 to induce c-Jun phosphorylation and ERK1/2 activation was confirmed using cultures of human SCs. When tPA or PEX was injected directly into crush-injured rat sciatic nerves, c-Jun phosphorylation and ERK1/2 activation were observed in SCs in vivo. The ability of LRP1 to bind proteins released in the earliest stages of PNS injury and to induce c-Jun phosphorylation support a model in which SC LRP1 functions as an injury-detection receptor in the PNS.
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431
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Qian T, Wang P, Chen Q, Yi S, Liu Q, Wang H, Wang S, Geng W, Liu Z, Li S. The dynamic changes of main cell types in the microenvironment of sciatic nerves following sciatic nerve injury and the influence of let-7 on their distribution. RSC Adv 2018; 8:41181-41191. [PMID: 35559286 PMCID: PMC9091661 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra08298g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Schwann cells (SCs), fibroblasts and macrophages are the main cells in the peripheral nerve stumps.
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432
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Abstract
Schwann cell precursors are the first defined stage in the generation of Schwann cells from the neural crest and represent the glial cell of embryonic nerves. Highly pure cultures of these cells can be obtained by enzymatic dissociation of nerves dissected from the limbs of 14- or 12-day-old rat and mouse embryos, respectively. Since Schwann cell precursors, unlike Schwann cells, are acutely dependent on axonal signals for survival, they require addition of trophic factors, typically β-neuregulin-1, for maintenance in cell culture. Under these conditions they convert to Schwann cells on schedule, within about 4 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhona Mirsky
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Kristjan R Jessen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK.
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433
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Abstract
Schwann cells are the main glial cells of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and play key roles in peripheral nerve development and function, including providing myelin that is essential for normal movement and sensation in the adult. Schwann cells can be readily destabilized by a wide variety of distinct conditions that range from nerve injury to immune assaults, metabolic disturbances, microbial infections, or genetic defects, leading to the breakdown of myelin (demyelination) and a subsequent switch in phenotypic states. This striking feature of Schwann cells forms the cornerstone of several debilitating and even fatal PNS neurological disorders that include the demyelinating neuropathies Guillain Barré syndrome (GBS) and Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT), and PNS cancers, including Neurofibromatosis.Primary Schwann cell cultures have proved a valuable tool to dissect key mechanisms that regulate proliferation, survival, differentiation, and myelination of these glial cell types. In this chapter, we describe the steps involved in the isolation and purification of Schwann cells from rodent peripheral nerves and the use of these cultures to model myelination in vitro.
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434
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Andersen ND, Monje PV. Isolation, Culture, and Cryopreservation of Adult Rodent Schwann Cells Derived from Immediately Dissociated Teased Fibers. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1739:49-66. [PMID: 29546700 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7649-2_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Adult Schwann cell (SC) cultures are usually derived from nerves subjected to a lengthy step of pre-degeneration to facilitate enzymatic digestion and recovery of viable cells. To overcome the need for pre-degeneration, we developed a method that allows the isolation of adult rat sciatic nerve SCs immediately after tissue harvesting. This method combines the advantages of implementing a rapid enzymatic dissociation of the nerve fibers and a straightforward separation of cells versus myelin that improves both cell yield and viability. Essentially, the method consists of (1) acute dissociation with collagenase and dispase immediately after removal of the epineurium layer and extensive teasing of the nerve fibers, (2) removal of myelin debris by selective attachment of the cells to a highly adhesive poly-L-lysine/laminin substrate, (3) expansion of the initial SC population in medium containing chemical mitogens, and (4) preparation of cryogenic stocks for transfer or delayed experimentation. This protocol allows for the procurement of homogeneous SC cultures deprived of myelin and fibroblast growth as soon as 3-4 days after nerve tissue dissection. SC cultures can be used as such for experimentation or subjected to consecutive rounds of expansion prior to use, purification, or cryopreservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia D Andersen
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Paula V Monje
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
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435
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Fuhrmann D, Elsässer HP. Schwann cell Myc-interacting zinc-finger protein 1 without pox virus and zinc finger: epigenetic implications in a peripheral neuropathy. Neural Regen Res 2018; 13:1534-1537. [PMID: 30127108 PMCID: PMC6126141 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.235221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Functionality of adult peripheral nerves essentially relies on differentiation of Schwann cells during postnatal development, as well as fine-tuned re- and transdifferentiation in response to peripheral nerve injury. Epigenetic histone modifications play a major role during the differentiation of embryonic stem cells and diverse organ specific progenitor cells, yet only little is known about the epigenetic regulation of Schwann cells. Just recently, Fuhrmann et al. reported how the transcription factor Myc-interacting zinc-finger protein 1 (Miz1) might contribute to Schwann cell differentiation through repression of the histone demethylase Kdm8. Here, we discuss the potential novel role of Miz1 in Schwann cell differentiation and give a short overview about previously reported histone modifications underlying peripheral nerve development and response to injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Fuhrmann
- Department of Cytobiology and Cytopathobiology, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Elsässer
- Department of Cytobiology and Cytopathobiology, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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436
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Fazal SV, Gomez-Sanchez JA, Wagstaff LJ, Musner N, Otto G, Janz M, Mirsky R, Jessen KR. Graded Elevation of c-Jun in Schwann Cells In Vivo: Gene Dosage Determines Effects on Development, Remyelination, Tumorigenesis, and Hypomyelination. J Neurosci 2017; 37:12297-12313. [PMID: 29109239 PMCID: PMC5729195 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0986-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Schwann cell c-Jun is implicated in adaptive and maladaptive functions in peripheral nerves. In injured nerves, this transcription factor promotes the repair Schwann cell phenotype and regeneration and promotes Schwann-cell-mediated neurotrophic support in models of peripheral neuropathies. However, c-Jun is associated with tumor formation in some systems, potentially suppresses myelin genes, and has been implicated in demyelinating neuropathies. To clarify these issues and to determine how c-Jun levels determine its function, we have generated c-Jun OE/+ and c-Jun OE/OE mice with graded expression of c-Jun in Schwann cells and examined these lines during development, in adulthood, and after injury using RNA sequencing analysis, quantitative electron microscopic morphometry, Western blotting, and functional tests. Schwann cells are remarkably tolerant of elevated c-Jun because the nerves of c-Jun OE/+ mice, in which c-Jun is elevated ∼6-fold, are normal with the exception of modestly reduced myelin thickness. The stronger elevation of c-Jun in c-Jun OE/OE mice is, however, sufficient to induce significant hypomyelination pathology, implicating c-Jun as a potential player in demyelinating neuropathies. The tumor suppressor P19ARF is strongly activated in the nerves of these mice and, even in aged c-Jun OE/OE mice, there is no evidence of tumors. This is consistent with the fact that tumors do not form in injured nerves, although they contain proliferating Schwann cells with strikingly elevated c-Jun. Furthermore, in crushed nerves of c-Jun OE/+ mice, where c-Jun levels are overexpressed sufficiently to accelerate axonal regeneration, myelination and function are restored after injury.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT In injured and diseased nerves, the transcription factor c-Jun in Schwann cells is elevated and variously implicated in controlling beneficial or adverse functions, including trophic Schwann cell support for neurons, promotion of regeneration, tumorigenesis, and suppression of myelination. To analyze the functions of c-Jun, we have used transgenic mice with graded elevation of Schwann cell c-Jun. We show that high c-Jun elevation is a potential pathogenic mechanism because it inhibits myelination. Conversely, we did not find a link between c-Jun elevation and tumorigenesis. Modest c-Jun elevation, which is beneficial for regeneration, is well tolerated during Schwann cell development and in the adult and is compatible with restoration of myelination and nerve function after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaline V Fazal
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Jose A Gomez-Sanchez
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Laura J Wagstaff
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | | | - Georg Otto
- University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London WC1N1EH, United Kingdom, and
| | - Martin Janz
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité, University Hospital Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, 13092 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rhona Mirsky
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom,
| | - Kristján R Jessen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom,
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437
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Chang IA, Kim KJ, Namgung U. α6 and β1 Integrin Heterodimer Mediates Schwann Cell Interactions with Axons and Facilitates Axonal Regeneration after Peripheral Nerve Injury. Neuroscience 2017; 371:49-59. [PMID: 29223350 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.11.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Several isoforms of integrin subunits are expressed in Schwann cells and mediate Schwann cell interactions with axons. Here, we identify α6 and β1 integrins as heterodimeric proteins expressed in Schwann cells and define their functions in axonal regeneration. α6 and β1 integrins are induced in Schwann cells in the sciatic nerve after a crush injury, and the blocking of integrin activity by siRNA expression and by treatment with anti-integrin antibodies attenuates Schwann cell contact with cultured neurons and decreases neurite outgrowth. After nerve transection, the levels of α6 and β1 integrins in the distal nerve stump are lower than those in the corresponding nerve area after a crush injury. Schwann cells prepared from the distal nerves 7 days after transection are less supportive of neurite outgrowth in co-cultured neurons than those prepared from the nerves 7 days after a crush injury. When the transected nerves are reconnected after a delay of 1 to 2 weeks, the induced levels of α6 and β1 integrins in the reconnected distal nerves are significantly reduced compared to those in the nerves after a crush injury. These changes correlate with retarded axonal regeneration in animals that have experienced nerve transections and delayed coaptation, which implies an attenuated Schwann cell capacity to support axonal regeneration due to delayed Schwann cell contact with axons. The present data suggest that α6 and β1 integrins induced in Schwann cells after nerve injury may play a role in mediating Schwann cell interactions with axons and promote axonal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Ae Chang
- Department of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon University, Daehak-ro 62, Dong-gu, Daejeon 34520, South Korea
| | - Ki-Joong Kim
- Department of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon University, Daehak-ro 62, Dong-gu, Daejeon 34520, South Korea
| | - Uk Namgung
- Department of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon University, Daehak-ro 62, Dong-gu, Daejeon 34520, South Korea.
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438
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Figlia G, Gerber D, Suter U. Myelination and mTOR. Glia 2017; 66:693-707. [PMID: 29210103 PMCID: PMC5836902 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Myelinating cells surround axons to accelerate the propagation of action potentials, to support axonal health, and to refine neural circuits. Myelination is metabolically demanding and, consistent with this notion, mTORC1—a signaling hub coordinating cell metabolism—has been implicated as a key signal for myelination. Here, we will discuss metabolic aspects of myelination, illustrate the main metabolic processes regulated by mTORC1, and review advances on the role of mTORC1 in myelination of the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. Recent progress has revealed a complex role of mTORC1 in myelinating cells that includes, besides positive regulation of myelin growth, additional critical functions in the stages preceding active myelination. Based on the available evidence, we will also highlight potential nonoverlapping roles between mTORC1 and its known main upstream pathways PI3K‐Akt, Mek‐Erk1/2, and AMPK in myelinating cells. Finally, we will discuss signals that are already known or hypothesized to be responsible for the regulation of mTORC1 activity in myelinating cells. Myelination is metabolically demanding. The metabolic regulator mTORC1 controls differentiation of myelinating cells and promotes myelin
growth. mTORC1‐independent targets of the PI3K‐Akt and Mek‐Erk1/2 pathways may also be significant in myelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Figlia
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, CH 8093, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Gerber
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, CH 8093, Switzerland
| | - Ueli Suter
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, CH 8093, Switzerland
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439
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Wang DZ, Liu P, Yao L, Hao YH, Zhu RJ, Zhang T, Tang XB. Aberrant expression of thyroid transcription factor-1 in schwannomas. Hum Pathol 2017; 71:84-90. [PMID: 29104109 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2017.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant expression of thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1) has been observed in tumors arising in locations other than thyroid gland, lung and ventral forebrain. However, TTF-1 expression in schwannomas has not yet been studied. Meanwhile, a few inconsistent changes in protein expression have been identified between schwannomas and other peripheral nerve sheath tumors. We evaluated TTF-1 expression in 161 schwannomas and 43 other peripheral nervous system lesions, including ganglioneuromas (n = 8), malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs) (n = 11), neurofibromas (n = 24), and traumatic neuromas (n = 9), using immunohistochemistry and verified it using quantitative real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) to explore TTF-1 expression in peripheral nervous system lesions. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues were obtained for both analyses. In this study, we observed nuclear TTF-1 staining in 109 (67.7%) schwannomas, including 102 of 131 (77.9%) conventional, 1 of 20 (5.0%) cellular and 6 of 10 (60.0%) plexiform schwannomas. Nuclear staining was not observed in normal peripheral nerves and non-schwannoma lesions. qPCR verified the aberrant expression and revealed a correlation between TTF-1 protein and mRNA levels (r = 0.633, P = .003). In conclusion, the data from our study show that TTF-1 is selectively expressed in the majority of schwannomas, particularly the conventional variants. Based on this observation, the TTF-1 protein and mRNA are specifically expressed in schwannomas. This highly aberrant expression of varying amounts of TTF-1 may provide new clues to reveal the pathogenesis of schwannoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dai-Zhong Wang
- Department of Pathology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Hubei, China 442000
| | - Ping Liu
- Department of Pathology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Hubei, China 442000
| | - Li Yao
- Department of Pathology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Hubei, China 442000
| | - Ying-Hua Hao
- Department of Pathology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Hubei, China 442000
| | - Rui-Juan Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Hubei, China 442000
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Hubei, China 442000
| | - Xian-Bin Tang
- Department of Pathology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Hubei, China 442000.
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440
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Aging Schwann cells: mechanisms, implications, future directions. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2017; 47:203-208. [DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2017.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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441
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Gennari CG, Cilurzo F, Mitro N, Caruso D, Minghetti P, Magnaghi V. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of silk fibroin functionalized with GABA and allopregnanolone for Schwann cell and neuron survival. Regen Med 2017; 13:141-157. [PMID: 29160149 DOI: 10.2217/rme-2017-0102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM This in vitro and in vivo study reports on silk fibroin (SF) scaffold, functionalized for in situ delivery of GABA and/or allopregnanolone (ALLO), as biomaterial for potential application in tissue engineering and nerve regeneration. MATERIALS & METHODS We evaluated the feasibility to design 2D scaffolds (films) made of regenerated Bombyx mori SF, functionalized with GABA and/or ALLO to enhance in vitro biological functions, health, survival and growth of Schwann cells and sensitive neurons of the dorsal root ganglia. RESULTS & CONCLUSION Our 2D-SF film showed an efficient loading and controllable release of drugs promoting nerve regeneration. SF functionalized film may be helpful for the development of bioengineered conduits and, in principle, have great potential for long-gap nerve injury repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Gm Gennari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Cilurzo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Nico Mitro
- Department of Pharmacological & Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Donatella Caruso
- Department of Pharmacological & Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Minghetti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Valerio Magnaghi
- Department of Pharmacological & Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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442
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Iribar H, Pérez-López V, Etxaniz U, Gutiérrez-Rivera A, Izeta A. Schwann Cells in the Ventral Dermis Do Not Derive from Myf5-Expressing Precursors. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 9:1477-1487. [PMID: 29033303 PMCID: PMC5830985 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The embryonic origin of lineage precursors of the trunk dermis is somewhat controversial. Precursor cells traced by Myf5 and Twist2 (Dermo1) promoter activation (i.e., cells of presumed dermomyotomal lineage) have been reported to generate Schwann cells. On the other hand, abundant data demonstrate that dermal Schwann cells derive from the neural crest. This is relevant because dermal precursors give rise to neural lineages, and multilineage differentiation potential qualifies them as adult stem cells. However, it is currently unclear whether neural lineages arise from dedifferentiated Schwann cells instead of mesodermally derived dermal precursor cells. To clarify these discrepancies, we traced SOX2+ adult dermal precursor cells by two independent Myf5 lineage tracing strains. We demonstrate that dermal Schwann cells do not belong to the Myf5+ cell lineage, indicating that previous tracing data reflected aberrant cre recombinase expression and that bona fide Myf5+ dermal precursors cannot transdifferentiate to neural lineages in physiological conditions. Adult Myf5-creSor mice aberrantly trace dermal Schwann cells (dSCs) Dedifferentiated, SOX2+ dSCs are the neural-competent precursors in the dermis These findings cast doubt on the multipotency of adult skin-derived precursors
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Affiliation(s)
- Haizea Iribar
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Bioengineering Area, Instituto Biodonostia, San Sebastian 20014, Spain
| | - Virginia Pérez-López
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Bioengineering Area, Instituto Biodonostia, San Sebastian 20014, Spain
| | - Usue Etxaniz
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Bioengineering Area, Instituto Biodonostia, San Sebastian 20014, Spain
| | - Araika Gutiérrez-Rivera
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Bioengineering Area, Instituto Biodonostia, San Sebastian 20014, Spain.
| | - Ander Izeta
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Bioengineering Area, Instituto Biodonostia, San Sebastian 20014, Spain; Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Tecnun-University of Navarra, San Sebastian 20009, Spain.
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443
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Chan WH, Anderson CR, Gonsalvez DG. From proliferation to target innervation: signaling molecules that direct sympathetic nervous system development. Cell Tissue Res 2017; 372:171-193. [PMID: 28971249 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-017-2693-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system includes a variety of cells including neurons, endocrine cells and glial cells. A recent study (Furlan et al. 2017) has revised thinking about the developmental origin of these cells. It now appears that sympathetic neurons and chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla do not have an immediate common ancestor in the form a "sympathoadrenal cell", as has been long believed. Instead, chromaffin cells arise from Schwann cell precursors. This review integrates the new findings with the expanding body of knowledge on the signalling pathways and transcription factors that regulate the origin of cells of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- W H Chan
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Australia
| | - C R Anderson
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Australia
| | - David G Gonsalvez
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Australia.
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444
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Clements MP, Byrne E, Camarillo Guerrero LF, Cattin AL, Zakka L, Ashraf A, Burden JJ, Khadayate S, Lloyd AC, Marguerat S, Parrinello S. The Wound Microenvironment Reprograms Schwann Cells to Invasive Mesenchymal-like Cells to Drive Peripheral Nerve Regeneration. Neuron 2017; 96:98-114.e7. [PMID: 28957681 PMCID: PMC5626803 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Schwann cell dedifferentiation from a myelinating to a progenitor-like cell underlies the remarkable ability of peripheral nerves to regenerate following injury. However, the molecular identity of the differentiated and dedifferentiated states in vivo has been elusive. Here, we profiled Schwann cells acutely purified from intact nerves and from the wound and distal regions of severed nerves. Our analysis reveals novel facets of the dedifferentiation response, including acquisition of mesenchymal traits and a Myc module. Furthermore, wound and distal dedifferentiated Schwann cells constitute different populations, with wound cells displaying increased mesenchymal character induced by localized TGFβ signaling. TGFβ promotes invasion and crosstalks with Eph signaling via N-cadherin to drive collective migration of the Schwann cells across the wound. Consistently, Tgfbr2 deletion in Schwann cells resulted in misdirected and delayed reinnervation. Thus, the wound microenvironment is a key determinant of Schwann cell identity, and it promotes nerve repair through integration of multiple concerted signals. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie P Clements
- Cell Interactions and Cancer Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom; Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Byrne
- Cell Interactions and Cancer Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom; Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Luis F Camarillo Guerrero
- Cell Interactions and Cancer Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom; Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom; Quantitative Gene Expression Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Anne-Laure Cattin
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Leila Zakka
- Cell Interactions and Cancer Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom; Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Azhaar Ashraf
- Cell Interactions and Cancer Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom; Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Jemima J Burden
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Sanjay Khadayate
- Cell Interactions and Cancer Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom; Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Alison C Lloyd
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom; UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6DD, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel Marguerat
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom; Quantitative Gene Expression Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Simona Parrinello
- Cell Interactions and Cancer Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom; Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom.
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445
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Jacob C. Chromatin-remodeling enzymes in control of Schwann cell development, maintenance and plasticity. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2017; 47:24-30. [PMID: 28850819 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Gene regulation is essential for cellular differentiation and plasticity. Schwann cells (SCs), the myelinating glia of the peripheral nervous system (PNS), develop from neural crest cells to mature myelinating SCs and can at early developmental stage differentiate into various cell types. After a PNS lesion, SCs can also convert into repair cells that guide and stimulate axonal regrowth, and remyelinate regenerated axons. What controls their development and versatile nature? Several recent studies highlight the key roles of chromatin modifiers in these processes, allowing SCs to regulate their gene expression profile and thereby acquire or change their identity and quickly react to their environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Jacob
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 10, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
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446
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After Nerve Injury, Lineage Tracing Shows That Myelin and Remak Schwann Cells Elongate Extensively and Branch to Form Repair Schwann Cells, Which Shorten Radically on Remyelination. J Neurosci 2017; 37:9086-9099. [PMID: 28904214 PMCID: PMC5597985 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1453-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
There is consensus that, distal to peripheral nerve injury, myelin and Remak cells reorganize to form cellular columns, Bungner's bands, which are indispensable for regeneration. However, knowledge of the structure of these regeneration tracks has not advanced for decades and the structure of the cells that form them, denervated or repair Schwann cells, remains obscure. Furthermore, the origin of these cells from myelin and Remak cells and their ability to give rise to myelin cells after regeneration has not been demonstrated directly, although these conversions are believed to be central to nerve repair. Using genetic lineage-tracing and scanning-block face electron microscopy, we show that injury of sciatic nerves from mice of either sex triggers extensive and unexpected Schwann cell elongation and branching to form long, parallel processes. Repair cells are 2- to 3-fold longer than myelin and Remak cells and 7- to 10-fold longer than immature Schwann cells. Remarkably, when repair cells transit back to myelinating cells, they shorten ∼7-fold to generate the typically short internodes of regenerated nerves. The present experiments define novel morphological transitions in injured nerves and show that repair Schwann cells have a cell-type-specific structure that differentiates them from other cells in the Schwann cell lineage. They also provide the first direct evidence using genetic lineage tracing for two basic assumptions in Schwann cell biology: that myelin and Remak cells generate the elongated cells that build Bungner bands in injured nerves and that such cells can transform to myelin cells after regeneration. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT After injury to peripheral nerves, the myelin and Remak Schwann cells distal to the injury site reorganize and modify their properties to form cells that support the survival of injured neurons, promote axon growth, remove myelin-associated growth inhibitors, and guide regenerating axons to their targets. We show that the generation of these repair-supportive Schwann cells involves an extensive cellular elongation and branching, often to form long, parallel processes. This generates a distinctive repair cell morphology that is favorable for the formation of the regeneration tracks that are essential for nerve repair. Remyelination, conversely, involves a striking cell shortening to form the typical short myelin cells of regenerated nerves. We also provide evidence for direct lineage relationships between: (1) repair cells and myelin and Remak cells of uninjured nerves and (2) remyelinating cells in regenerated nerves.
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447
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A RET-ER81-NRG1 Signaling Pathway Drives the Development of Pacinian Corpuscles. J Neurosci 2017; 36:10337-10355. [PMID: 27707970 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2160-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Axon-Schwann cell interactions are crucial for the development, function, and repair of the peripheral nervous system, but mechanisms underlying communication between axons and nonmyelinating Schwann cells are unclear. Here, we show that ER81 is functionally required in a subset of mouse RET+ mechanosensory neurons for formation of Pacinian corpuscles, which are composed of a single myelinated axon and multiple layers of nonmyelinating Schwann cells, and Ret is required for the maintenance of Er81 expression. Interestingly, Er81 mutants have normal myelination but exhibit deficient interactions between axons and corpuscle-forming nonmyelinating Schwann cells. Finally, ablating Neuregulin-1 (Nrg1) in mechanosensory neurons results in no Pacinian corpuscles, and an Nrg1 isoform not required for communication with myelinating Schwann cells is specifically decreased in Er81-null somatosensory neurons. Collectively, our results suggest that a RET-ER81-NRG1 signaling pathway promotes axon communication with nonmyelinating Schwann cells, and that neurons use distinct mechanisms to interact with different types of Schwann cells. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Communication between neurons and Schwann cells is critical for development, normal function, and regeneration of the peripheral nervous system. Despite many studies about axonal communication with myelinating Schwann cells, mostly via a specific isoform of Neuregulin1, the molecular nature of axonal communication with nonmyelinating Schwann cells is poorly understood. Here, we described a RET-ER81-Neuregulin1 signaling pathway in neurons innervating Pacinian corpuscle somatosensory end organs, which is essential for communication between the innervating axon and the end organ nonmyelinating Schwann cells. We also showed that this signaling pathway uses isoforms of Neuregulin1 that are not involved in myelination, providing evidence that neurons use different isoforms of Neuregulin1 to interact with different types of Schwann cells.
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448
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Ishii T, Kawakami E, Endo K, Misawa H, Watabe K. Myelinating cocultures of rodent stem cell line-derived neurons and immortalized Schwann cells. Neuropathology 2017; 37:475-481. [PMID: 28707715 DOI: 10.1111/neup.12397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Myelination is one of the most remarkable biological events in the neuron-glia interactions for the development of the mammalian nervous system. To elucidate molecular mechanisms of cell-to-cell interactions in myelin synthesis in vitro, establishment of the myelinating system in cocultures of continuous neuronal and glial cell lines are desirable. In the present study, we performed co-culture experiments using rat neural stem cell-derived neurons or mouse embryonic stem (ES) cell-derived motoneurons with immortalized rat IFRS1 Schwann cells to establish myelinating cultures between these cell lines. Differentiated neurons derived from an adult rat neural stem cell line 1464R or motoneurons derived from a mouse ES cell line NCH4.3, were mixed with IFRS1 Schwann cells, plated, and maintained in serum-free F12 medium with B27 supplement, ascorbic acid, and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor. Myelin formation was demonstrated by electron microscopy at 4 weeks in cocultures of 1464R-derived neurons or NCH4.3-derived motoneurons with IFRS1 Schwann cells. These in vitro coculture systems utilizing the rodent stable stem and Schwann cell lines can be useful in studies of peripheral nerve development and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Ishii
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Pharmacology, Keio University Faculty of Pharmacy, Minato, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Emiko Kawakami
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Endo
- Center for Basic Technology Research, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidemi Misawa
- Department of Pharmacology, Keio University Faculty of Pharmacy, Minato, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Watabe
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Medical Technology (Neuropathology), Kyorin University Faculty of Health Sciences, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
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449
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Functional and Molecular Characterization of a Novel Traumatic Peripheral Nerve–Muscle Injury Model. Neuromolecular Med 2017; 19:357-374. [DOI: 10.1007/s12017-017-8450-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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450
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Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated a critical role for nerves in enabling tumor progression. The association of nerves with cancer cells is well established for a variety of malignant tumors, including pancreatic, prostate and the head and neck cancers. This association is often correlated with poor prognosis. A strong partnership between cancer cells and nerve cells leads to both cancer progression and expansion of the nerve network. This relationship is supported by molecular pathways related to nerve growth and repair. Peripheral nerves form complex tumor microenvironments, which are made of several cell types including Schwann cells. Recent studies have revealed that Schwann cells enable cancer progression by adopting a de-differentiated phenotype, similar to the Schwann cell response to nerve trauma. A detailed understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in the regulation of cancer progression by the nerves is essential to design strategies to inhibit tumor progression.
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