1
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Wang Q, Wu Q, Yang J, Saad A, Mills E, Dowling C, Lundy S, Mao-Draayer Y. Dysregulation of humoral immunity, iron homeostasis, and lipid metabolism is associated with multiple sclerosis progression. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2023; 79:105020. [PMID: 37806231 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2023.105020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Though most patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) presented earlier on as a relapsing-remitting (RR) disease, disability progression eventually occurred. Uncovering the mechanisms underlying progression may facilitate the unmet need for developing therapies to prevent progression. Benign MS (BMS), a rare form of MS, is the opposite from secondary progressive MS (SPMS) in that it lacks disease progression defined as Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) ≤3 after at least 15 years of disease onset. BMS is characterized by rare and mild relapses with complete remission of clinical symptoms (lower activity of the disease) and lack of progression. Our study aims to identify transcriptomic and immunological differences between BMS and SPMS to unravel the pathogenesis of disease progression. METHODS We took multi-modal approaches with microarrays, flow cytometry, and lipidomics by three-way comparisons of patients with BMS vs. RRMS (low disease activity vs. moderate or severe activity), RRMS vs. SPMS (continued activity vs. complete transformation into progressive phase) as well as BMS vs. SPMS, matched for age and disease-duration (low disease activity and no progression vs. progression with or without activity). RESULTS We found that patients with RRMS and SPMS have a significantly higher percentage of B cells than those with BMS. BMS shows a different transcriptomic profile than SPMS. Many of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) are involved in B cell-mediated immune responses. Additionally, long-chain fatty acids (LCFA), which can act as inflammatory mediators, are also altered in SPMS. Overall, our data suggest a role for the dysregulation of B cell differentiation and function, humoral immunity, and iron and lipid homeostasis in the pathogenesis of MS disease progression. CONCLUSION BMS has a unique transcriptomic and immunological profile compared to RRMS and SPMS. These differences will allow for personalized precision medicine and may ultimately lead to the discovery of new therapeutic targets for disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Wang
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, USA; Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, University of Michigan Medical School, USA
| | - Qi Wu
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, USA; Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, University of Michigan Medical School, USA
| | - Jennifer Yang
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, USA; Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, University of Michigan Medical School, USA
| | - Aiya Saad
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, USA; Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, University of Michigan Medical School, USA
| | - Elizabeth Mills
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, USA; Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, University of Michigan Medical School, USA
| | - Catherine Dowling
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, USA; Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, University of Michigan Medical School, USA
| | - Steven Lundy
- Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, University of Michigan Medical School, USA
| | - Yang Mao-Draayer
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, USA; Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, University of Michigan Medical School, USA; Graduate Program in Immunology, Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, USA; Michigan Institute for Neurological Disorders, USA.
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2
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Huseby CJ, Delvaux E, Brokaw DL, Coleman PD. Blood RNA transcripts reveal similar and differential alterations in fundamental cellular processes in Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases. Alzheimers Dement 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/alz.12880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carol J. Huseby
- ASU‐Banner Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center Arizona State University Tempe Arizona USA
| | - Elaine Delvaux
- ASU‐Banner Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center Arizona State University Tempe Arizona USA
| | - Danielle L. Brokaw
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
| | - Paul D. Coleman
- ASU‐Banner Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center Arizona State University Tempe Arizona USA
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3
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Kang DS, Lee HJ, Seo YR, Lee CM, Hwang IT. Identifying the role of RUNX2 in bone development through network analysis in girls with central precocious puberty. Mol Cell Toxicol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-021-00183-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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4
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Lamothe H, Tamouza R, Hartmann A, Mallet L. Immunity and Gilles de la Tourette syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis of evidence for immune implications in Tourette syndrome. Eur J Neurol 2021; 28:3187-3200. [PMID: 34133837 DOI: 10.1111/ene.14983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The neurobiology of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (GTS) is known to involve corticostriatal loops possibly under genetic control. Less is known about possible environmental triggers of GTS. Specifically, immune-related events following possible environmental inducers have been evoked, but important controversies still exist. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we looked for evidence in favor of such possibilities. METHODS We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of all immunological data in PubMed. RESULTS We found large discrepancies concerning immune dysfunctions in GTS, and meta-analyzing cytokines data did not allow us to conclude there is an involvement of specific cytokines in GTS neurobiology. When looking specifically at pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorder associated with streptococcus/pediatric acute onset neuropsychiatric syndrome, we found some important evidence of a possible infectious involvement but in a limited number of studies. Our meta-analysis found an increased level of anti-streptolysin O antibodies in GTS patients, but the level of anti-DNase B antibodies was not increased. CONCLUSIONS Too many questions still exist to allow us to definitively reach the conclusion that there is an infectious and immunological etiology in GTS. Much work is still needed to elucidate the possible role of immunology in GTS neurobiology and to favor immunological treatment rather than classical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugues Lamothe
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Pôle de Psychiatrie, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor-Albert Chenevier, Paris-East Créteil University, Créteil, France.,Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière, INSERM U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Ryad Tamouza
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Pôle de Psychiatrie, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor-Albert Chenevier, Paris-East Créteil University, Créteil, France.,Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédical, Paris-East Créteil University, Team "Psychiatrie Translationnelle, INSERM U955, Créteil, France
| | - Andreas Hartmann
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière, INSERM U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne University, Paris, France.,Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de la Pitié Salpétrière, Paris, France
| | - Luc Mallet
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Pôle de Psychiatrie, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor-Albert Chenevier, Paris-East Créteil University, Créteil, France.,Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière, INSERM U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne University, Paris, France.,Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry, Global Health Institute, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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5
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Mathew R, Toufiq M, Mattei V, Al Hashmi M, Shobha Manjunath H, Syed Ahamed Kabeer B, Calzone R, Cugno C, Chaussabel D, Deola S, Tomei S. Influence of storage conditions of small volumes of blood on immune transcriptomic profiles. BMC Res Notes 2020; 13:150. [PMID: 32169090 PMCID: PMC7069204 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-020-04980-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Transcriptome analysis of human whole blood is used to discover biomarkers of diseases and to assess phenotypic traits. Here we have collected small volumes of blood in Tempus solution and tested whether different storage conditions have an impact on transcriptomic profiling. Fifty µl of blood were collected in 100µl of Tempus solutions, freezed at - 20 °C for 1 day and eventually thawed, stored and processed under five different conditions: (i) - 20 °C for 1 week; (ii) +4 °C for 1 week; (iii) room temperature for 1 week; (iv) room temperature for 1 day, - 20 °C for 1 day, room temperature until testing at day 7, (v) - 20 °C for 1 week, RNA was isolated and stored in GenTegra solution. We used 272 immune transcript specific assays to test the expression profiling using qPCR based Fluidigm BioMark HD dynamic array. RESULTS RNA yield ranged between 0.17 and 1.39µg. Except for one sample, RIN values were > 7. Using Principal Component Analysis, we saw that the storage conditions did not drive sample distribution. The condition that showed larger variability was the RT-FR-RT (room temperature-freezing-room temperature), suggesting that freezing-thawing cycles may have a worse effect on data reproducibility than keeping the samples at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Mathew
- Omics Core, Research Branch, Out Patient Clinic, Sidra Medicine, PO 26999, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mohammed Toufiq
- System Biology, Research Branch, Out Patient Clinic, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Valentina Mattei
- Omics Core, Research Branch, Out Patient Clinic, Sidra Medicine, PO 26999, Doha, Qatar
| | - Muna Al Hashmi
- Omics Core, Research Branch, Out Patient Clinic, Sidra Medicine, PO 26999, Doha, Qatar
| | | | | | - Rita Calzone
- Advanced Cell Therapy Core, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Chiara Cugno
- Advanced Cell Therapy Core, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Damien Chaussabel
- System Biology, Research Branch, Out Patient Clinic, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Sara Deola
- Advanced Cell Therapy Core, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Sara Tomei
- Omics Core, Research Branch, Out Patient Clinic, Sidra Medicine, PO 26999, Doha, Qatar.
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6
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Aldosary M, Al-Bakheet A, Al-Dhalaan H, Almass R, Alsagob M, Al-Younes B, AlQuait L, Mustafa OM, Bulbul M, Rahbeeni Z, Alfadhel M, Chedrawi A, Al-Hassnan Z, AlDosari M, Al-Zaidan H, Al-Muhaizea MA, AlSayed MD, Salih MA, AlShammari M, Faiyaz-Ul-Haque M, Chishti MA, Al-Harazi O, Al-Odaib A, Kaya N, Colak D. Rett Syndrome, a Neurodevelopmental Disorder, Whole-Transcriptome, and Mitochondrial Genome Multiomics Analyses Identify Novel Variations and Disease Pathways. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2020; 24:160-171. [PMID: 32105570 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2019.0192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Rett syndrome (RTT) is a severe neurodevelopmental disorder reported worldwide in diverse populations. RTT is diagnosed primarily in females, with clinical findings manifesting early in life. Despite the variable rates across populations, RTT has an estimated prevalence of ∼1 in 10,000 live female births. Among 215 Saudi Arabian patients with neurodevelopmental and autism spectrum disorders, we identified 33 patients with RTT who were subsequently examined by genome-wide transcriptome and mitochondrial genome variations. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first in-depth molecular and multiomics analyses of a large cohort of Saudi RTT cases with a view to informing the underlying mechanisms of this disease that impact many patients and families worldwide. The patients were unrelated, except for 2 affected sisters, and comprised of 25 classic and eight atypical RTT cases. The cases were screened for methyl-CpG binding protein 2 (MECP2), CDKL5, FOXG1, NTNG1, and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variants, as well as copy number variations (CNVs) using a genome-wide experimental strategy. We found that 15 patients (13 classic and two atypical RTT) have MECP2 mutations, 2 of which were novel variants. Two patients had novel FOXG1 and CDKL5 variants (both atypical RTT). Whole mtDNA sequencing of the patients who were MECP2 negative revealed two novel mtDNA variants in two classic RTT patients. Importantly, the whole-transcriptome analysis of our RTT patients' blood and further comparison with previous expression profiling of brain tissue from patients with RTT revealed 77 significantly dysregulated genes. The gene ontology and interaction network analysis indicated potentially critical roles of MAPK9, NDUFA5, ATR, SMARCA5, RPL23, SRSF3, and mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress response and MAPK signaling pathways in the pathogenesis of RTT genes. This study expands our knowledge on RTT disease networks and pathways as well as presents novel mutations and mtDNA alterations in RTT in a population sample that was not previously studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazhor Aldosary
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - AlBandary Al-Bakheet
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hesham Al-Dhalaan
- Department of Neuroscience, and King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rawan Almass
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maysoon Alsagob
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Banan Al-Younes
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Laila AlQuait
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Osama Mufid Mustafa
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mustafa Bulbul
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zuhair Rahbeeni
- Department of Medical Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Majid Alfadhel
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Genetics Division, Department of Pediatrics, King Abdullah Specialized Children Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aziza Chedrawi
- Department of Neuroscience, and King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zuhair Al-Hassnan
- Department of Medical Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed AlDosari
- Center for Pediatric Neurosciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Hamad Al-Zaidan
- Department of Medical Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad A Al-Muhaizea
- Department of Neuroscience, and King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Moeenaldeen D AlSayed
- Department of Medical Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mustafa A Salih
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mai AlShammari
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Mohammad Azhar Chishti
- Department of Biochemistry, King Khalid Hospital, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Olfat Al-Harazi
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Scientific Computing, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Al-Odaib
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Namik Kaya
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dilek Colak
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Scientific Computing, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Ludhiadch A, Vasudeva K, Munshi A. Establishing molecular signatures of stroke focusing on omic approaches: a narrative review. Int J Neurosci 2020; 130:1250-1266. [PMID: 32075476 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2020.1732964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Stroke or 'brain attack' is considered to be the major cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide after myocardial infraction. Inspite of the years of research and clinical practice, the pathogenesis of stroke still remains incompletely understood. Omics approaches not only enable the description of a huge number of molecular platforms but also have a potential to recognize new factors associated with various complex disorders including stroke. The most significant development among all other omics technologies over the recent years has been seen by genomics which is a powerful tool for exploring the genetic architecture of stroke. Genomics has decisively established itself in stroke research and by now wealth of data has been generated providing new insights into the physiology and pathophysiology of stroke. However, the efficacy of genomic data is restricted to risk prediction only. Omics approaches not only enable the description of a huge number of molecular platforms but also have a potential to recognize new factors associated with various complex disorders including stroke. The data generated by omics technologies enables clinicians to provide detailed insight into the makeup of stroke in individual patients, which will further help in developing diagnostic procedures to direct therapies. Present review has been compiled with an aim to understand the potential of integrated omics approach to help in characterization of mechanisms leading to stroke, to predict the patient risk of getting stroke by analyzing signature biomarkers and to develop targeted therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhilash Ludhiadch
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab
| | - Kanika Vasudeva
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab
| | - Anjana Munshi
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab
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8
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Meta-Analysis of Gene Expression Changes in the Blood of Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer's Disease Dementia. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20215403. [PMID: 31671574 PMCID: PMC6862214 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Dementia is a major public health concern affecting approximately 47 million people worldwide. Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is one form of dementia that affects an individual’s memory with or without affecting their daily life. Alzheimer’s disease dementia (ADD) is a more severe form of dementia that usually affects elderly individuals. It remains unclear whether MCI is a distinct disorder from or an early stage of ADD. Methods: Gene expression data from blood were analyzed to identify potential biomarkers that may be useful for distinguishing between these two forms of dementia. Results: A meta-analysis revealed 91 genes dysregulated in individuals with MCI and 387 genes dysregulated in ADD. Pathway analysis identified seven pathways shared between MCI and ADD and nine ADD-specific pathways. Fifteen transcription factors were associated with MCI and ADD, whereas seven transcription factors were specific for ADD. Mir-335-5p was specific for ADD, suggesting that it may be useful as a biomarker. Diseases that are associated with MCI and ADD included developmental delays, cognition impairment, and movement disorders. Conclusion: These results provide a better molecular understanding of peripheral changes that occur in MCI and ADD patients and may be useful in the identification of diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers.
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9
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Zou J, Wang X, Huang L, Liu J, Kong Y, Li S, Lu Q. Kininogen Level in the Cerebrospinal Fluid May Be a Potential Biomarker for Predicting Epileptogenesis. Front Neurol 2019; 10:37. [PMID: 30804871 PMCID: PMC6371036 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Epilepsy is a highly disabling neurological disorder. Brain insult is the most critical cause of epilepsy in adults. This study aimed to find reliable and efficient biomarkers for predicting secondary epilepsy. Materials and methods: The LiCl-pilocarpine (LiCl-Pilo) chronic epilepsy rat model was used, and rat cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was collected 5 days after status epilepticus (SE). The CSF was analyzed using the label-free LC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS/MS. Differential expression of proteins was confirmed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blotting. The corresponding protein level in the CSF of patients with encephalitis in the postacute phase was determined using ELISA and compared between patients with and without symptomatic epilepsy after encephalitis during a 2-year follow-up. Results: The proteomics and ELISA results showed that the protein level of kininogen (KNG) was obviously elevated in both CSF and hippocampus, but not in serum, 5 days after the onset of SE in LiCl-Pilo chronic epilepsy model rats. In patients with encephalitis, the protein level of KNG in the CSF in the postacute phase was significantly elevated in patients with a recurrent epileptic seizure during a 2-year follow-up than in patients without a recurrent seizure. Conclusion: KNG in the CSF may serve as a potential biomarker for predicting epileptogenesis in patients with encephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zou
- Department of Neurology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinxin Wang
- Department of Neurology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ligang Huang
- Department of Neurology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Juan Liu
- Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Development and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, and Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Bio-X Institutes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingying Kong
- Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Development and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, and Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Bio-X Institutes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengtian Li
- Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Development and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, and Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Bio-X Institutes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qinchi Lu
- Department of Neurology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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10
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Vawter MP, Philibert R, Rollins B, Ruppel PL, Osborn TW. Exon Array Biomarkers for the Differential Diagnosis of Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder. MOLECULAR NEUROPSYCHIATRY 2018; 3:197-213. [PMID: 29888231 DOI: 10.1159/000485800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
This study developed potential blood-based biomarker tests for diagnosing and differentiating schizophrenia (SZ), bipolar disorder type I (BD), and normal control (NC) subjects using mRNA gene expression signatures. A total of 90 subjects (n = 30 each for the three groups of subjects) provided blood samples at two visits. The Affymetrix exon microarray was used to profile the expression of over 1.4 million probesets. We selected potential biomarker panels using the temporal stability of the probesets and also back-tested them at two different visits for each subject. The 18-gene biomarker panels, using logistic regression modeling, correctly differentiated the three groups of subjects with high accuracy across the two different clinical visits (83-88% accuracy). The results are also consistent with the actual data and the "leave-one-out" analyses, indicating that the models should be predictive when applied to independent data cohorts. Many of the SZ and BD subjects were taking antipsychotic and mood stabilizer medications at the time of blood draw, raising the possibility that these drugs could have affected some of the differential transcription signatures. Using an independent Illumina data set of gene expression data from antipsychotic medication-free SZ subjects, the 18-gene biomarker panels produced a receiver operating characteristic curve accuracy greater than 0.866 in patients that were less than 30 years of age and medication free. We confirmed select transcripts by quantitative PCR and the nCounter® System. The episodic nature of psychiatric disorders might lead to highly variable results depending on when blood is collected in relation to the severity of the disease/symptoms. We have found stable trait gene panel markers for lifelong psychiatric disorders that may have diagnostic utility in younger undiagnosed subjects where there is a critical unmet need. The study requires replication in subjects for ultimate proof of the utility of the differential diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marquis Philip Vawter
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Robert Philibert
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Brandi Rollins
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
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11
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Abstract
A biomarker to aid in the diagnosis of ischemic stroke and its causes would be of value in acute clinical practice. It could have applications to aid in acute stroke treatment decisions for tissue plasminogen activator and/or the triage to endovascular therapy. A stroke biomarker may also be useful to identify stroke etiology and guide stroke prevention treatments. This review provides an overview of RNA as a novel biomarker for the diagnosis and assessment of ischemic stroke. Topics addressed include RNA to identify acute ischemic stroke; RNA to identify transient ischemic attack; RNA to predict large vessel, cardioembolic and small vessel cause of stroke; and RNA to predict risk of tissue plasminogen activator related hemorrhagic transformation. Emerging methods to measure RNA as a point-of-care assay include microfluidics sorting and electrochemical sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas E Swyngedouw
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2S2, Canada
| | - Glen C Jickling
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2S2, Canada
- Department of Neurology, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
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12
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Gene expression analysis in untreated absence epilepsy demonstrates an inconsistent pattern. Epilepsy Res 2017; 132:84-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2017.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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13
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Ponnampalam SN, Kamaluddin NR, Zakaria Z, Matheneswaran V, Ganesan D, Haspani MS, Ryten M, Hardy JA. A blood-based gene expression and signaling pathway analysis to differentiate between high and low grade gliomas. Oncol Rep 2016; 37:10-22. [PMID: 28004117 PMCID: PMC5355666 DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.5285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The aims of the present study were to undertake gene expression profiling of the blood of glioma patients to determine key genetic components of signaling pathways and to develop a panel of genes that could be used as a potential blood-based biomarker to differentiate between high and low grade gliomas, non-gliomas and control samples. In this study, blood samples were obtained from glioma patients, non-glioma and control subjects. Ten samples each were obtained from patients with high and low grade tumours, respectively, ten samples from non-glioma patients and twenty samples from control subjects. Total RNA was isolated from each sample after which first and second strand synthesis was performed. The resulting cRNA was then hybridized with the Agilent Whole Human Genome (4×44K) microarray chip according to the manufacturer's instructions. Universal Human Reference RNA and samples were labeled with Cy3 CTP and Cy5 CTP, respectively. Microarray data were analyzed by the Agilent Gene Spring 12.1V software using stringent criteria which included at least a 2-fold difference in gene expression between samples. Statistical analysis was performed using the unpaired Student's t-test with a P<0.01. Pathway enrichment was also performed, with key genes selected for validation using droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR). The gene expression profiling indicated that were a substantial number of genes that were differentially expressed with more than a 2-fold change (P<0.01) between each of the four different conditions. We selected key genes within significant pathways that were analyzed through pathway enrichment. These key genes included regulators of cell proliferation, transcription factors, cytokines and tumour suppressor genes. In the present study, we showed that key genes involved in significant and well established pathways, could possibly be used as a potential blood-based biomarker to differentiate between high and low grade gliomas, non-gliomas and control samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen N Ponnampalam
- Cancer Research Center, Institute for Medical Research, Jalan Pahang, 50588 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nor Rizan Kamaluddin
- Cancer Research Center, Institute for Medical Research, Jalan Pahang, 50588 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Zubaidah Zakaria
- Cancer Research Center, Institute for Medical Research, Jalan Pahang, 50588 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Vickneswaran Matheneswaran
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Malaya Medical Centre, Jalan Universiti, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Dharmendra Ganesan
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Malaya Medical Centre, Jalan Universiti, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Mina Ryten
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - John A Hardy
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
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Sun G, Luan B, Zhao R, Li Z, Xing Z. Characterizing Dysregulated Networks in Individual Patients with Ischemic Stroke Based on Monte Carlo Cross-Validation. DNA Cell Biol 2016; 35:795-801. [PMID: 27726417 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2016.3453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to introduce a new method to elucidating the molecular mechanisms in ischemic stroke. Genes from microarray data were performed enrichment to biological pathways. Dysregulated pathways and dysregulated pathway pairs were identified and constructed into networks. After Random Forest classification was performed, area under the curve (AUC) value of main network was calculated. After 50 bootstraps of Monte Carlo Cross-Validation, six pairs of pathways were found for >40 times. The best main network with AUC value = 0.735 was identified, including 14 pairs of pathways. Compared with the traditional method (gene set enrichment analysis), although a small part of pathways were shared, most of the pathways were closely related with ischemic stroke. The best network may give new insights into the underlying molecular mechanisms in ischemic stroke. It may play pivotal roles in the progression of ischemic stroke and particular attention should be focused on them for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guojian Sun
- 1 Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The People's Hospital of Liaocheng , Liaocheng, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Luan
- 1 Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The People's Hospital of Liaocheng , Liaocheng, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruiying Zhao
- 2 The Blood Center of Liaocheng , Liaocheng, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhanbiao Li
- 1 Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The People's Hospital of Liaocheng , Liaocheng, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhangmin Xing
- 1 Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The People's Hospital of Liaocheng , Liaocheng, People's Republic of China
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Breen MS, Stein DJ, Baldwin DS. Systematic review of blood transcriptome profiling in neuropsychiatric disorders: guidelines for biomarker discovery. Hum Psychopharmacol 2016; 31:373-81. [PMID: 27650405 DOI: 10.1002/hup.2546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The utility of blood for genome-wide gene expression profiling and biomarker discovery has received much attention in patients diagnosed with major neuropsychiatric disorders. While numerous studies have been conducted, statistical rigor and clarity in terms of blood-based biomarker discovery, validation, and testing are needed. METHODS We conducted a systematic review of the literature to investigate methodological approaches and to assess the value of blood transcriptome profiling in research on mental disorders. We were particularly interested in statistical considerations related to machine learning, gene network analyses, and convergence across different disorders. RESULTS A total of 108 peripheral blood transcriptome studies across 15 disorders were surveyed: 25 studies used a variety of machine learning techniques to assess putative clinical viability of the candidate biomarkers; 11 leveraged a higher-order systems-level perspective to identify gene module-based biomarkers; and nine performed analyses across two or more neuropsychiatric phenotypes. Notably, ~50% of the surveyed studies included fewer than 50 samples (cases and controls), while ~75% included less than 100. CONCLUSIONS Detailed consideration of statistical analysis in the early stages of experimental planning is critical to ensure blood-based biomarker discovery and validation. Statistical guidelines are presented to enhance implementation and reproducibility of machine learning and gene network analyses across independent studies. Future studies capitalizing on larger sample sizes and emerging next-generation technologies set the stage for moving the field forwards. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Breen
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK. .,Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Dan J Stein
- Department of Psychiatry and MRC Unit on Anxiety and Stress Disorders, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - David S Baldwin
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,Department of Psychiatry and MRC Unit on Anxiety and Stress Disorders, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Forde NJ, Kanaan AS, Widomska J, Padmanabhuni SS, Nespoli E, Alexander J, Rodriguez Arranz JI, Fan S, Houssari R, Nawaz MS, Rizzo F, Pagliaroli L, Zilhäo NR, Aranyi T, Barta C, Boeckers TM, Boomsma DI, Buisman WR, Buitelaar JK, Cath D, Dietrich A, Driessen N, Drineas P, Dunlap M, Gerasch S, Glennon J, Hengerer B, van den Heuvel OA, Jespersgaard C, Möller HE, Müller-Vahl KR, Openneer TJC, Poelmans G, Pouwels PJW, Scharf JM, Stefansson H, Tümer Z, Veltman DJ, van der Werf YD, Hoekstra PJ, Ludolph A, Paschou P. TS-EUROTRAIN: A European-Wide Investigation and Training Network on the Etiology and Pathophysiology of Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:384. [PMID: 27601976 PMCID: PMC4994475 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome (GTS) is characterized by the presence of multiple motor and phonic tics with a fluctuating course of intensity, frequency, and severity. Up to 90% of patients with GTS present with comorbid conditions, most commonly attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), thus providing an excellent model for the exploration of shared etiology across disorders. TS-EUROTRAIN (FP7-PEOPLE-2012-ITN, Grant Agr.No. 316978) is a Marie Curie Initial Training Network (http://ts-eurotrain.eu) that aims to elucidate the complex etiology of the onset and clinical course of GTS, investigate the neurobiological underpinnings of GTS and related disorders, translate research findings into clinical applications, and establish a pan-European infrastructure for the study of GTS. This includes the challenges of (i) assembling a large genetic database for the evaluation of the genetic architecture with high statistical power; (ii) exploring the role of gene-environment interactions including the effects of epigenetic phenomena; (iii) employing endophenotype-based approaches to understand the shared etiology between GTS, OCD, and ADHD; (iv) establishing a developmental animal model for GTS; (v) gaining new insights into the neurobiological mechanisms of GTS via cross-sectional and longitudinal neuroimaging studies; and (vi) partaking in outreach activities including the dissemination of scientific knowledge about GTS to the public. Fifteen partners from academia and industry and 12 PhD candidates pursue the project. Here, we aim to share the design of an interdisciplinary project, showcasing the potential of large-scale collaborative efforts in the field of GTS. Our ultimate aims are to elucidate the complex etiology and neurobiological underpinnings of GTS, translate research findings into clinical applications, and establish Pan-European infrastructure for the study of GTS and associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie J Forde
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningen, Netherlands; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical CenterNijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Ahmad S Kanaan
- Clinic of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical SchoolHannover, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesLeipzig, Germany
| | - Joanna Widomska
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Shanmukha S Padmanabhuni
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace Alexandropoulos, Greece
| | - Ester Nespoli
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, CNS ResearchBiberach an der Riss, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of UlmUlm, Germany
| | - John Alexander
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace Alexandropoulos, Greece
| | - Juan I Rodriguez Arranz
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Applied Human Molecular Genetics, Kennedy Center, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark
| | - Siyan Fan
- Department of Clinical and health Psychology, Utrecht UniversityUtrecht, Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical CenterAmsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, VU University Medical CenterAmsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Rayan Houssari
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Applied Human Molecular Genetics, Kennedy Center, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark
| | - Muhammad S Nawaz
- deCODE Genetics/AmgenReykjavik, Iceland; Faculty of Medicine, University of IcelandReykjavik, Iceland
| | - Francesca Rizzo
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of UlmUlm, Germany; Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm UniversityUlm, Germany
| | - Luca Pagliaroli
- Institute of Medical Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry, Semmelweis UniversityBudapest, Hungary; Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Institute of Enzymology, Hungarian Academy of SciencesBudapest, Hungary
| | - Nuno R Zilhäo
- Department of Clinical and health Psychology, Utrecht UniversityUtrecht, Netherlands; Department of Biological Psychology, VU UniversityAmsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tamas Aranyi
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Institute of Enzymology, Hungarian Academy of SciencesBudapest, Hungary; Université d'Angers, BNMI (Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale 1083 / Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 6214)Angers, France
| | - Csaba Barta
- Institute of Medical Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry, Semmelweis University Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tobias M Boeckers
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm UniversityUlm, Germany; EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical CentreAmsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Jan K Buitelaar
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical CenterNijmegen, Netherlands; Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University CentreNijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Danielle Cath
- Department of Clinical and health Psychology, Utrecht University Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Andrea Dietrich
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Nicole Driessen
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Sarah Gerasch
- Clinic of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School Hannover, Germany
| | - Jeffrey Glennon
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Bastian Hengerer
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, CNS Research Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Odile A van den Heuvel
- Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical CenterAmsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, VU University Medical CenterAmsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Cathrine Jespersgaard
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Applied Human Molecular Genetics, Kennedy Center, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark
| | - Harald E Möller
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kirsten R Müller-Vahl
- Clinic of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School Hannover, Germany
| | - Thaïra J C Openneer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Geert Poelmans
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical CenterNijmegen, Netherlands; Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical CenterNijmegen, Netherlands; Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud UniversityNijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Petra J W Pouwels
- Department of Physics and Medical Technology, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jeremiah M Scharf
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, Center for Human Genetic Research, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Zeynep Tümer
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Applied Human Molecular Genetics, Kennedy Center, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark
| | - Dick J Veltman
- Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ysbrand D van der Werf
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, VU University Medical CenterAmsterdam, Netherlands; Netherlands Institute for NeuroscienceAmsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Pieter J Hoekstra
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Andrea Ludolph
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Ulm Ulm, Germany
| | - Peristera Paschou
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace Alexandropoulos, Greece
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Franken C, Remy S, Lambrechts N, Hollanders K, Den Hond E, Schoeters G. Peripheral blood collection: the first step towards gene expression profiling. Biomarkers 2016; 21:458-65. [DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2016.1153721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Franken
- Unit Environmental Risk and Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO NV), Mol, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Sylvie Remy
- Unit Environmental Risk and Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO NV), Mol, Belgium
- Department of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Lambrechts
- Unit Environmental Risk and Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO NV), Mol, Belgium
| | - Karen Hollanders
- Unit Environmental Risk and Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO NV), Mol, Belgium
| | - Elly Den Hond
- Unit Environmental Risk and Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO NV), Mol, Belgium
| | - Greet Schoeters
- Unit Environmental Risk and Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO NV), Mol, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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18
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Breen MS, Beliakova-Bethell N, Mujica-Parodi LR, Carlson JM, Ensign WY, Woelk CH, Rana BK. Acute psychological stress induces short-term variable immune response. Brain Behav Immun 2016; 53:172-182. [PMID: 26476140 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In spite of advances in understanding the cross-talk between the peripheral immune system and the brain, the molecular mechanisms underlying the rapid adaptation of the immune system to an acute psychological stressor remain largely unknown. Conventional approaches to classify molecular factors mediating these responses have targeted relatively few biological measurements or explored cross-sectional study designs, and therefore have restricted characterization of stress-immune interactions. This exploratory study analyzed transcriptional profiles and flow cytometric data of peripheral blood leukocytes with physiological (endocrine, autonomic) measurements collected throughout the sequence of events leading up to, during, and after short-term exposure to physical danger in humans. Immediate immunomodulation to acute psychological stress was defined as a short-term selective up-regulation of natural killer (NK) cell-associated cytotoxic and IL-12 mediated signaling genes that correlated with increased cortisol, catecholamines and NK cells into the periphery. In parallel, we observed down-regulation of innate immune toll-like receptor genes and genes of the MyD88-dependent signaling pathway. Correcting gene expression for an influx of NK cells revealed a molecular signature specific to the adrenal cortex. Subsequently, focusing analyses on discrete groups of coordinately expressed genes (modules) throughout the time-series revealed immune stress responses in modules associated to immune/defense response, response to wounding, cytokine production, TCR signaling and NK cell cytotoxicity which differed between males and females. These results offer a spring-board for future research towards improved treatment of stress-related disease including the impact of stress on cardiovascular and autoimmune disorders, and identifies an immune mechanism by which vulnerabilities to these diseases may be gender-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Breen
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
| | | | - Lilianne R Mujica-Parodi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5281, USA
| | - Joshua M Carlson
- Department of Psychology, Northern Michigan University, Marquette, MI 49855, USA
| | - Wayne Y Ensign
- Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center - Pacific, Applied Sciences Division, San Diego, CA 92152, USA
| | - Christopher H Woelk
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Brinda K Rana
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; VA San Diego Center for Stress and Mental Health, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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20
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Marr RA, Hafez DM. Amyloid-beta and Alzheimer's disease: the role of neprilysin-2 in amyloid-beta clearance. Front Aging Neurosci 2014; 6:187. [PMID: 25165447 PMCID: PMC4131500 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of the amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptide is a central factor in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis as supported by continuing evidence. This review concisely summarizes this evidence supporting a critical role for Aβ in AD before discussing the clearance of this peptide. Mechanisms of clearance of Aβ are critical for preventing pathological elevations in Aβ concentration. Direct degradation of Aβ by endopeptidases has emerged as one important pathway for clearance. Of particular interest are endopeptidases that are sensitive to the neprilysin (NEP) inhibitors thiorphan and phosphoramidon (i.e., are "NEP-like") as these inhibitors induce a dramatic increase in Aβ levels in rodents. This review will focus on neprilysin-2 (NEP2), a NEP-like endopeptidase which cooperates with NEP to control Aβ levels in the brain. The evidence for the involvement of NEP2 in AD is discussed as well as the therapeutic relevance with regards to gene therapy and the development of molecular markers for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Marr
- Department of Neuroscience, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Daniel M Hafez
- Department of Neuroscience, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science North Chicago, IL, USA
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21
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Cox C, Sharp FR. RNA-based blood genomics as an investigative tool and prospective biomarker for ischemic stroke. Neurol Res 2013; 35:457-64. [DOI: 10.1179/1743132813y.0000000212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Nickles D, Chen HP, Li MM, Khankhanian P, Madireddy L, Caillier SJ, Santaniello A, Cree BAC, Pelletier D, Hauser SL, Oksenberg JR, Baranzini SE. Blood RNA profiling in a large cohort of multiple sclerosis patients and healthy controls. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 22:4194-205. [PMID: 23748426 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS). It is characterized by the infiltration of autoreactive immune cells into the CNS, which target the myelin sheath, leading to the loss of neuronal function. Although it is accepted that MS is a multifactorial disorder with both genetic and environmental factors influencing its development and course, the molecular pathogenesis of MS has not yet been fully elucidated. Here, we studied the longitudinal gene expression profiles of whole-blood RNA from a cohort of 195 MS patients and 66 healthy controls. We analyzed these transcriptomes at both the individual transcript and the biological pathway level. We found 62 transcripts to be significantly up-regulated in MS patients; the expression of 11 of these genes was counter-regulated by interferon treatment, suggesting partial restoration of a 'healthy' gene expression profile. Global pathway analyses linked the proteasome and Wnt signaling to MS disease processes. Since genotypes from a subset of individuals were available, we were able to identify expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL), a number of which involved two genes of the MS gene signature. However, all these eQTL were also present in healthy controls. This study highlights the challenge posed by analyzing transcripts from whole blood and how these can be mitigated by using large, well-characterized cohorts of patients with longitudinal follow-up and multi-modality measurements.
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Joseph P, Umbright C, Sellamuthu R. Blood transcriptomics: applications in toxicology. J Appl Toxicol 2013; 33:1193-202. [PMID: 23456664 DOI: 10.1002/jat.2861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Revised: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The number of new chemicals that are being synthesized each year has been steadily increasing. While chemicals are of immense benefit to mankind, many of them have a significant negative impact, primarily owing to their inherent chemistry and toxicity, on the environment as well as human health. In addition to chemical exposures, human exposures to numerous non-chemical toxic agents take place in the environment and workplace. Given that human exposure to toxic agents is often unavoidable and many of these agents are found to have detrimental human health effects, it is important to develop strategies to prevent the adverse health effects associated with toxic exposures. Early detection of adverse health effects as well as a clear understanding of the mechanisms, especially at the molecular level, underlying these effects are key elements in preventing the adverse health effects associated with human exposure to toxic agents. Recent developments in genomics, especially transcriptomics, have prompted investigations into this important area of toxicology. Previous studies conducted in our laboratory and elsewhere have demonstrated the potential application of blood gene expression profiling as a sensitive, mechanistically relevant and practical surrogate approach for the early detection of adverse health effects associated with exposure to toxic agents. The advantages of blood gene expression profiling as a surrogate approach to detect early target organ toxicity and the molecular mechanisms underlying the toxicity are illustrated and discussed using recent studies on hepatotoxicity and pulmonary toxicity. Furthermore, the important challenges this emerging field in toxicology faces are presented in this review article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pius Joseph
- Toxicology and Molecular Biology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Morgantown, WV, USA
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24
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Oh SH, Kim OJ, Shin DA, Song J, Yoo H, Kim YK, Kim JK. Alteration of immunologic responses on peripheral blood in the acute phase of ischemic stroke: blood genomic profiling study. J Neuroimmunol 2012; 249:60-5. [PMID: 22591946 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2012.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Revised: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Peripheral blood cells and inflammatory mediators have a detrimental effect on brain during cerebral ischemia. We investigated the immunologic changes on peripheral blood in the acute phase of ischemic stroke using RNA microarray. METHODS mRNA microarray and real time-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for genes of interest in microarray data were analyzed in 12 stroke patients and 12 controls. Plasma matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) concentrations were measured in 120 stroke patients and 82 controls. RESULTS In microarray analysis, a total of 11 genes of interest showed different expression in patients with ischemic stroke. The three most highly expressed genes were C19orf59 (chromosome 19 open reading frame 59), MMP9 and IL18RAP (interleukin-18 receptor accessory protein), whereas gene with the lowest expression was GNLY (granulysin). The expression patterns of three selected genes (MMP9, IL18RAP and GNLY) were validated by RT-PCR. The plasma concentration of MMP-9 was significantly elevated in the stroke patients, and showed a weakly positive correlation with infarct volume. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) showed that gene sets related to immunity and defense, signal transduction, transport and cell adhesion were significant in acute ischemic stroke. CONCLUSIONS In the peripheral blood, numerous genes of inflammatory mediators, including MMP9, IL18RAP and GNLY, are altered in the acute phase of ischemic stroke. This stroke-specific gene expression profiling provides valuable information about the role of peripheral inflammation to the pathophysiological mechanism of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Hun Oh
- Department of Neurology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
The heterogeneity of epilepsy syndromes and pathologies creates a great challenge for the search for biomarkers. Not surprisingly, identification of a marker that is specific and sensitive for a given epileptogenic pathology remains an unmet need. There have, however, been several studies of major epileptogenic etiologies like traumatic brain injury that aimed to identify molecular markers in blood and cerebrospinal fluid that predict outcome, by using proteomics and metabolomics. Unfortunately, epileptogenesis has not been analyzed as an outcome measure. Another question to be explored is whether a palette of molecular markers is needed, rather than a single molecule, with each marker probing a different component of epileptogenic pathology. Further, perhaps multiple biomarker platforms (e.g., imaging, proteomics, electrophysiology) should be used in combination and/or in a defined temporal sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asla Pitkänen
- Department of Neurobiology, AI Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
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Hershey A, Horn P, Kabbouche M, O'Brien H, Powers S. Genomic expression patterns in menstrual-related migraine in adolescents. Headache 2012; 52:68-79. [PMID: 22220971 PMCID: PMC3265619 DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-4610.2011.02049.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exacerbation of migraine with menses is common in adolescent girls and women with migraine, occurring in up to 60% of females with migraine. These migraines are oftentimes longer and more disabling and may be related to estrogen levels and hormonal fluctuations. OBJECTIVE This study identifies the unique genomic expression pattern of menstrual-related migraine (MRM) in comparison to migraine occurring outside the menstrual period and headache-free controls. METHODS Whole blood samples were obtained from female subjects having an acute migraine during their menstrual period (MRM) or outside of their menstrual period (non-MRM) and controls (C)--females having a menstrual period without any history of headache. The messenger RNA was isolated from these samples, and genomic profile was assessed. Affymetrix Human Exon ST 1.0 (Affymetrix, Santa Clara, CA, USA) arrays were used to examine the genomic expression pattern differences between these 3 groups. RESULTS Blood genomic expression patterns were obtained on 56 subjects (MRM = 18, non-MRM = 18, and controls = 20). Unique genomic expression patterns were observed for both MRM and non-MRM. For MRM, 77 genes were identified that were unique to MRM, while 61 genes were commonly expressed for MRM and non-MRM, and 127 genes appeared to have a unique expression pattern for non-MRM. In addition, there were 279 genes that differentially expressed for MRM compared to non-MRM that were not differentially expressed for non-MRM. Gene ontology of these samples indicated many of these groups of genes were functionally related and included categories of immunomodulation/inflammation, mitochondrial function, and DNA homeostasis. CONCLUSIONS Blood genomic patterns can accurately differentiate MRM from non-MRM. These results indicate that MRM involves a unique molecular biology pathway that can be identified with a specific biomarker and suggest that individuals with MRM have a different underlying genetic etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Hershey
- Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Neurology, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA.
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Abstract
Whole genome expression microarrays can be used to study gene expression in blood, which comes in part from leukocytes, immature platelets, and red blood cells. Since these cells are important in the pathogenesis of stroke, RNA provides an index of these cellular responses to stroke. Our studies in rats have shown specific gene expression changes 24 hours after ischemic stroke, hemorrhage, status epilepticus, hypoxia, hypoglycemia, global ischemia, and following brief focal ischemia that simulated transient ischemic attacks in humans. Human studies show gene expression changes following ischemic stroke. These gene profiles predict a second cohort with >90% sensitivity and specificity. Gene profiles for ischemic stroke caused by large-vessel atherosclerosis and cardioembolism have been described that predict a second cohort with >85% sensitivity and specificity. Atherosclerotic genes were associated with clotting, platelets, and monocytes, and cardioembolic genes were associated with inflammation, infection, and neutrophils. These gene profiles predicted the cause of stroke in 58% of cryptogenic patients. These studies will provide diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic markers, and will advance our understanding of stroke in humans. New techniques to measure all coding and noncoding RNAs along with alternatively spliced transcripts will markedly advance molecular studies of human stroke.
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Abstract
This review provides a summary of the protein and RNA biomarkers that have been studied for the diagnosis and assessment of ischemic stroke. Many of the biomarkers identified relate to the pathophysiology of ischemic stroke, including ischemia of CNS tissue, acute thrombosis and inflammatory response. These biomarkers are summarized by their intended clinical application in ischemic stroke including diagnosis, prediction of stroke severity and outcome, and stratification of patients for stroke therapy. Among the biomarkers discussed are recent whole genome studies using RNA expression profiles to diagnose ischemic stroke and stroke etiology. Though many candidate blood based biomarkers for ischemic stroke have been identified, none are currently used in clinical practice. With further well designed study and careful validation, the development of blood biomarkers to improve the care of patients with ischemic stroke may be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glen C Jickling
- Department of Neurology and MIND Institute, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
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Lerer E, Levi S, Israel S, Yaari M, Nemanov L, Mankuta D, Nurit Y, Ebstein RP. Low CD38 expression in lymphoblastoid cells and haplotypes are both associated with autism in a family-based study. Autism Res 2011; 3:293-302. [PMID: 21182206 DOI: 10.1002/aur.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impairments in social processes characterize one of the core deficits in autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and accumulating evidence suggests that oxytocin neurotransmission is implicated in mediating social adaptation in ASD. Using a mouse model, CD38, a transmembrane protein expressed in immune cells but also in brain, was found to be critical for social behavior via regulation of oxytocin secretion. This prompted us to both examine CD38 expression in human lymphoblastoid cell lines (LBC) as well as to test association between SNPs across the CD38 gene and ASD. METHODS LBC’s were derived from 44 ASD lines and 40 "unaffected" parents. Family-based association (UNPHASED) was examined by genotyping 11 tagging SNPs spanning the CD38 gene identified using HapMap data in 170 trios. An additional SNP (rs3796863) associated in a study by Munesue et al. with ASD was also genotyped. RESULTS A highly significant reduction in CD38 expression was observed in immortalized lymphocytes derived from ASD subjects compared to their "unaffected" parents (F517.2, P50.00024, df51). Haplotype analysis showed significant association (permutation corrected) between three and seven locus haplotypes and DSM IV ASD in low functioning (IQ < 70) subjects. CONCLUSIONS The current report supports a role for CD38 in conferring risk for ASD. Notably, our study shows that this gene is not only associated with low functioning ASD but that CD38 expression is markedly reduced in LBC derived from ASD subjects compared to "unaffected" parents, strengthening the connection between oxytocin and ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elad Lerer
- Human Genetics, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
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30
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Karsten SL, Kudo LC, Bragin AJ. Use of peripheral blood transcriptome biomarkers for epilepsy prediction. Neurosci Lett 2011; 497:213-7. [PMID: 21419828 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2010] [Revised: 03/06/2011] [Accepted: 03/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
There are currently no predictive methods to identify patients who suffered an initial brain injury and are at high risk of developing chronic epilepsy. Consequently, treatments aimed at epilepsy prevention that would target the underlying epileptogenic process are neither available nor being developed. After a brain injury or any other initial precipitating event (IPE) to the development of epilepsy, pathological changes may occur in forms of inflammation, damage in the blood brain barrier, neuron loss, gliosis, axon sprouting, etc., in multiple brain areas. Recent studies provide connections between various kinds of brain pathology and alterations in the peripheral blood transcriptome. In this review we discuss the possibility of using peripheral blood transcriptome biomarkers for the detection of epileptogenesis and consequently, subjects at high risk of developing epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav L Karsten
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90504, USA.
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31
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Tian Y, Gunther JR, Liao IH, Liu D, Ander BP, Stamova BS, Lit L, Jickling GC, Xu H, Zhan X, Sharp FR. GABA- and acetylcholine-related gene expression in blood correlate with tic severity and microarray evidence for alternative splicing in Tourette syndrome: a pilot study. Brain Res 2011; 1381:228-36. [PMID: 21241679 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2010] [Revised: 12/08/2010] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Tourette syndrome (TS) is a complex childhood neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by motor and vocal tics. Recently, altered numbers of GABAergic-parvalbumin (PV) and cholinergic interneurons were observed in the basal ganglia of individuals with TS. Thus, we postulated that gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA)- and acetylcholine (ACh)-related genes might be associated with the pathophysiology of TS. Total RNA isolated from whole blood of 26 un-medicated TS subjects and 23 healthy controls (HC) was processed on Affymetrix Human Exon 1.0 ST arrays. Data were analyzed to identify genes whose expression correlated with tic severity in TS, and to identify genes differentially spliced in TS compared to HC subjects. Many genes (3627) correlated with tic severity in TS (p < 0.05) among which GABA- (p = 2.1 × 10⁻³) and ACh- (p = 4.25 × 10⁻⁸) related genes were significantly over-represented. Moreover, several GABA and ACh-related genes were predicted to be alternatively spliced in TS compared to HC including GABA receptors GABRA4 and GABRG1, the nicotinic ACh receptor CHRNA4 and cholinergic differentiation factor (CDF). This pilot study suggests that at least some of these GABA- and ACh-related genes observed in blood that correlate with tics or are alternatively spliced are involved in the pathophysiology of TS and tics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingfang Tian
- University of California at Davis, M.I.N.D., Institute and Department of Neurology, USA
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32
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Tian Y, Liao IH, Zhan X, Gunther JR, Ander BP, Liu D, Lit L, Jickling GC, Corbett BA, Bos-Veneman NGP, Hoekstra PJ, Sharp FR. Exon expression and alternatively spliced genes in Tourette Syndrome. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2011; 156B:72-8. [PMID: 21184586 PMCID: PMC3070201 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.31140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2010] [Accepted: 10/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Tourette Syndrome (TS) is diagnosed based upon clinical criteria including motor and vocal tics. We hypothesized that differences in exon expression and splicing might be useful for pathophysiology and diagnosis. To demonstrate exon expression and alternatively spliced gene differences in blood of individuals with TS compared to healthy controls (HC), RNA was isolated from the blood of 26 un-medicated TS subjects and 23 HC. Each sample was run on Affymetrix Human Exon 1.0 ST (HuExon) arrays and on 3' biased U133 Plus 2.0 (HuU133) arrays. To investigate the differentially expressed exons and transcripts, analyses of covariance (ANCOVA) were performed, controlling for age, gender, and batch. Differential alternative splicing patterns between TS and HC were identified using analyses of variance (ANOVA) models in Partek. Three hundred and seventy-six exon probe sets were differentially expressed between TS and HC (raw P < 0.005, fold change >|1.2|) that separated TS and HC subjects using hierarchical clustering and Principal Components Analysis. The probe sets predicted TS compared to HC with a >90% sensitivity and specificity using a 10-fold cross-validation. Ninety genes (transcripts) had differential expression of a single exon (raw P < 0.005) and were predicted to be alternatively spliced (raw P < 0.05) in TS compared to HC. These preliminary findings might provide insight into the pathophysiology of TS and potentially provide prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers. However, the findings are tempered by the small sample size and multiple comparisons and require confirmation using PCR or deep RNA sequencing and a much larger patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingfang Tian
- M.I.N.D. Institute, Department of Neurology, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, 95817, USA.
| | - Isaac H. Liao
- M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Neurology, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California. USA
| | - Xinhua Zhan
- M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Neurology, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California. USA
| | - Joan R. Gunther
- M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Neurology, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California. USA
| | - Bradley P. Ander
- M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Neurology, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California. USA
| | - Dazhi Liu
- M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Neurology, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California. USA
| | - Lisa Lit
- M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Neurology, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California. USA
| | - Glen C. Jickling
- M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Neurology, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California. USA
| | - Blythe A. Corbett
- M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Psychiatry, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California. USA
| | - Netty GP. Bos-Veneman
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Pieter J. Hoekstra
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Frank R. Sharp
- M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Neurology, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California. USA
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33
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic daily headache (CDH) and chronic migraine (CM) are one of the most frequent problems encountered in neurology, are often difficult to treat, and frequently complicated by medication-overuse headache (MOH). Proper recognition of MOH may alter treatment outcome and prevent long term disability. OBJECTIVE This study identifies the unique genomic expression pattern MOH that respond to cessation of the overused medication. METHODS Baseline occurrence of MOH and typical pattern of response to medication cessation were measured from a large database. Whole blood samples from patients with CM with or without MOH were obtained and their genomic profile was assessed. Affymetrix human U133 plus2 arrays were used to examine the genomic expression patterns prior to treatment and 6-12 weeks later. Headache characterisation and response to treatment based on headache frequency and disability were compared. RESULTS Of 1311 patients reporting daily or continuous headaches, 513 (39.1%) reported overusing analgesic medication. At follow-up, 44.5% had a 50% or greater reduction in headache frequency, while 41.6% had no change. Blood genomic expression patterns were obtained on 33 patients with 19 (57.6%) overusing analgesic medication with a unique genomic expression pattern in MOH that responded to cessation of analgesics. Gene ontology of these samples indicated a significant number were involved with brain and immunological tissues, including multiple signalling pathways and apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS Blood genomic patterns can accurately identify MOH patients that respond to medication cessation. These results suggest that MOH involves a unique molecular biology pathway that can be identified with a specific biomarker.
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34
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Quest for new genomic and proteomic biomarkers in neurology. Transl Neurosci 2011. [DOI: 10.2478/s13380-011-0005-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe possibility of identifying novel biomarkers for neurodegenerative diseases has been greatly enhanced with recent advances in genomics and proteomics. Novel technologies have the potential to hasten the development of new biomarkers useful as predictors of disease etiology and outcome, as well as responsiveness to therapy. Disease-modifying new therapies are very much needed in modern approaches to treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Current progress in the field encounters a degree of skepticism about the reliability of genomic and proteomic data and its relevance for clinical applications. Standard operating procedures covering sample collection, methodology and statistical analysis need to be fully developed and strictly adhered to in order to assure reproducible and clinically relevant results. Previous studies involving patients with neurodegenerative diseases show promise in using genomic and proteomic approaches for development of new biomarkers. Confirmation of any novel biomarker in multiple independent patient cohorts and correlation of the improvement in biomarker endpoint with clinical improvement in longitudinal patient studies remains crucial for future successful application. We propose that a combination of approaches in biomarker discovery may in the end lead to identification of promising candidates at DNA, RNA, protein and small molecule level.
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35
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Bos-Veneman NGP, Bijzet J, Limburg PC, Minderaa RB, Kallenberg CG, Hoekstra PJ. Cytokines and soluble adhesion molecules in children and adolescents with a tic disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2010; 34:1390-5. [PMID: 20599460 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2010.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2010] [Revised: 06/14/2010] [Accepted: 06/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIM Dysregulation of the immune system may play a role in tic disorders. We screened for immune disturbances by investigating serum levels of cytokines and soluble adhesion molecules in patients with a tic disorder. METHODS Serum levels of interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-12, soluble IL-2 receptor (sIL2R), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interferon (IFN)-γ, soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1), and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) of 66 children and adolescents with a tic disorder and 71 healthy volunteers were compared. We also addressed possible relations between concentrations of the immune markers and severity of tics and comorbid obsessive-compulsive symptoms. RESULTS Median serum concentrations did not differ significantly between patients and healthy subjects. Serum IL-2 concentrations were positively associated with tic severity ratings; serum IL-12 concentrations negatively with severity ratings of obsessive-compulsive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS These preliminary findings do not reveal major immune activation in children with a tic disorder but may suggest more subtle disturbances related to disease expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Netty G P Bos-Veneman
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, P.O. Box 660, 9700 AR, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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36
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Barr TL, Alexander S, Conley Y. Gene expression profiling for discovery of novel targets in human traumatic brain injury. Biol Res Nurs 2010; 13:140-53. [PMID: 21112922 DOI: 10.1177/1099800410385671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Several clinical trials have failed to demonstrate a significant effect on outcome following human traumatic brain injury (TBI) despite promising results obtained in preclinical animal studies. These failures may be due in part to a misinterpretation of the findings obtained in preclinical animal models of TBI, a misunderstanding of the complexity of the human response to TBI, limited knowledge about the biological pathways that interact to contribute to good and bad outcomes after brain injury, and the effects of genomic variability and environment on individual recovery. Recent publications suggest that data obtained from gene expression profiling studies of complex neurological diseases such as stroke, multiple sclerosis (MS), Alzheimer's and Parkinson's may contribute to a more informed understanding of what affects outcome following TBI. These data may help to bridge the gap between successful preclinical studies and negative clinical trials in humans to reveal novel targets for therapy. Gene expression profiling has the capability to identify biomarkers associated with response to TBI, elucidate complex genetic interactions that may play a role in outcome following TBI, and reveal biological pathways related to brain health. This review highlights the current state of the literature on gene expression profiling for neurological disease and discusses its ability to aid in unraveling the variable human response to TBI and the potential for it to offer treatment strategies in an area where we currently have limited therapeutic options primarily based on supportive care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taura L Barr
- West Virginia University School of Nursing & Center for Neuroscience, Morgantown, WV, USA.
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37
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Colak D, Al-Dhalaan H, Nester M, Albakheet A, Al-Younes B, Al-Hassnan Z, Al-Dosari M, Chedrawi A, Al-Owain M, Abudheim N, Al-Alwan L, Al-Odaib A, Ozand P, Inan MS, Kaya N. Genomic and transcriptomic analyses distinguish classic Rett and Rett-like syndrome and reveals shared altered pathways. Genomics 2010; 97:19-28. [PMID: 20934504 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2010.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2010] [Revised: 09/20/2010] [Accepted: 09/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Rett syndrome (RTT) is an X-linked neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by derangements in nervous system especially in cognition and behavior. The present study aims to understand the molecular underpinnings of two subtypes of RTT, classic RTT and Rett-like, and to elucidate common pathways giving rise to common RTT phenotype using genomic and transcriptomic approaches. Mutation screening on selected nuclear genes revealed only MECP2 mutations in a subset of classic RTT patients. MLPA assays and mtDNA screenings were all negative. Genome-wide copy number analysis indicated a novel duplication on X chromosome. Transcriptional profiling revealed blood gene signatures that clearly distinguish classic RTT and RTT-like patients, as well as shared altered pathways in interleukin-4 and NF-κB signaling pathways in both subtypes of the syndrome. To our knowledge, this is the first report on investigating common regulatory mechanisms/signaling pathways that may be relevant to the pathobiology of the "common RTT" phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilek Colak
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Scientific Computing, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Barr TL, Conley Y, Ding J, Dillman A, Warach S, Singleton A, Matarin M. Genomic biomarkers and cellular pathways of ischemic stroke by RNA gene expression profiling. Neurology 2010; 75:1009-14. [PMID: 20837969 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0b013e3181f2b37f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to provide insight into the molecular mechanisms of acute ischemic cerebrovascular syndrome (AICS) through gene expression profiling and pathway analysis. METHODS Peripheral whole blood samples were collected from 39 MRI-diagnosed patients with AICS and 25 nonstroke control subjects ≥ 18 years of age. Total RNA was extracted from whole blood stabilized in Paxgene RNA tubes, amplified, and hybridized to Illumina HumanRef-8v2 bead chips. Gene expression was compared in a univariate manner between stroke patients and control subjects using t test in GeneSpring. The significant genes were tested in a logistic regression model controlling for age, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. Inflation of type 1 error was corrected by Bonferroni and Ingenuity Systems Pathway analysis was performed. Validation was performed by QRT-PCR using Taqman gene expression assays. RESULTS A 9-gene profile was identified in the whole blood of ischemic stroke patients using gene expression profiling. Five of these 9 genes were identified in a previously published expression profiling study of stroke and are therefore likely biomarkers of stroke. Pathway analysis revealed toll-like receptor signaling as a highly significant canonical pathway present in the peripheral whole blood of patients with AICS. CONCLUSIONS Our study highlights the relevance of the innate immune system through toll-like receptor signaling as a mediator of response to ischemic stroke and supports the claim that gene expression profiling can be used to identify biomarkers of ischemic stroke. Further studies are needed to validate and refine these biomarkers for their diagnostic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Barr
- National Institute of Nursing Research, Tissue Injury Unit Building, Bethesda, MD 20812, USA.
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Murphy TK, Kurlan R, Leckman J. The immunobiology of Tourette's disorder, pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with Streptococcus, and related disorders: a way forward. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2010; 20:317-31. [PMID: 20807070 PMCID: PMC4003464 DOI: 10.1089/cap.2010.0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and related conditions including Tourette's disorder (TD) are chronic, relapsing disorders of unknown etiology associated with marked impairment and disability. Associated immune dysfunction has been reported and debated in the literature since the late 80s. The immunologic culprit receiving the most interest has been Group A Streptococcus (GAS), which began to receive attention as a potential cause of neuropsychiatric symptoms, following the investigation of the symptoms reported in Sydenham's chorea (SC) and rheumatic fever, such as motor tics, vocal tics, and both obsessive-compulsive and attention deficit/hyperactivity symptoms. Young children have been described as having a sudden onset of these neuropsychiatric symptoms temporally associated with GAS, but without supporting evidence of rheumatic fever. This presentation of OCD and tics has been termed pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with Streptococcus (PANDAS). Of note, SC, OCD, and TD often begin in early childhood and share common anatomic areas--the basal ganglia of the brain and the related cortical and thalamic sites--adding support to the possibility that these disorders might share a common immunologic and/or genetic vulnerability. Relevant manuscripts were identified through searches of the PsycINFO and MedLine databases using the following keywords: OCD, immune, PANDAS, Sydenham chorea, Tourette's disorder Group A Streptococcus. Articles were also identified through reference lists from research articles and other materials on childhood OCD, PANDAS, and TD between 1966 and December 2010. Considering the overlap of clinical and neuroanatomic findings among these disorders, this review explores evidence regarding the immunobiology as well as the relevant clinical and therapeutic aspects of TD, OCD, and PANDAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya K Murphy
- Department of Pediatrics and Psychiatry, University of South Florida, St Petersburg, Florida 33701, USA.
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Guindalini C, Lee KS, Andersen ML, Santos-Silva R, Bittencourt LRA, Tufik S. The influence of obstructive sleep apnea on the expression of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 1 gene. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2010; 235:52-6. [PMID: 20404019 DOI: 10.1258/ebm.2009.009150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 1 (GPD1) is considered to be a key enzyme that connects carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. This gene is induced in response to sleep deprivation, suggesting a potential role for this enzyme in the manifestation of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). This study aims to examine the effects of sleep apnea, obesity and other relevant clinical parameters on GPD1 expression in the peripheral blood of a rigorously selected sample population in order to identify a biological marker that would allow for early intervention and prevention of the disorder. Clinical and sleep parameters were assessed by a complete full-night polysomnography and the expression of GPD1 at the mRNA level was determined. The results were compared among 20 OSA patients and 20 controls, further classified into two subgroups according to their body mass index. The expression levels of the GPD1 gene did not differ between patients with OSA and their matched controls. The results were not affected by the clinical and biochemical measurements, the sleep parameters or the severity of nocturnal hypoxemia. On the other hand, individuals with OSA had higher levels of fasting glucose when compared with weight-matched controls (P = 0.01). Moreover, higher very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) was found in the over-weight OSA patient group, and higher cholesterol levels were found in the eutrophic OSA group when compared with their respective controls (P < 0.05). Based on logistic regression analyses, fasting glucose levels emerged as an independent factor for OSA in both the eutrophic (odds ratio [OR] = 1.27; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.00-1.59) and over-weight groups (OR = 1.29; 95% CI = 1.04-1.59). Although the results from the current study corroborate the growing body of data connecting OSA to altered glucose metabolism, it does not provide evidence for the modulation of GPD1 transcription by either OSA or its related phenotypes. This suggests that GPD1 may not play a major role in the OSA manifestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Guindalini
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil.
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Lin H, Williams KA, Katsovich L, Findley DB, Grantz H, Lombroso PJ, King RA, Bessen DE, Johnson D, Kaplan EL, Landeros-Weisenberger A, Zhang H, Leckman JF. Streptococcal upper respiratory tract infections and psychosocial stress predict future tic and obsessive-compulsive symptom severity in children and adolescents with Tourette syndrome and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2010; 67:684-91. [PMID: 19833320 PMCID: PMC2843763 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2008] [Revised: 06/30/2009] [Accepted: 08/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One goal of this prospective longitudinal study was to identify new group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infections (GABHS) in children and adolescents with Tourette syndrome (TS) and/or obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) compared with healthy control subjects. We then examined the power of GABHS infections and measures of psychosocial stress to predict future tic, obsessive-compulsive (OC), and depressive symptom severity. METHODS Consecutive ratings of tic, OC, and depressive symptom severity were obtained for 45 cases and 41 matched control subjects over a 2-year period. Clinical raters were blinded to the results of laboratory tests. Laboratory personnel were blinded to case or control status and clinical ratings. Structural equation modeling for unbalanced repeated measures was used to assess the sequence of new GABHS infections and psychosocial stress and their impact on future symptom severity. RESULTS Increases in tic and OC symptom severity did not occur after every new GABHS infection. However, the structural equation model found that these newly diagnosed infections were predictive of modest increases in future tic and OC symptom severity but did not predict future depressive symptom severity. In addition, the inclusion of new infections in the model greatly enhanced, by a factor of three, the power of psychosocial stress in predicting future tic and OC symptom severity. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that a minority of children with TS and early-onset OCD were sensitive to antecedent GABHS infections. These infections also enhanced the predictive power of current psychosocial stress on future tic and OC symptom severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiqun Lin
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale Center for Clinical Investigation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-7900, USA
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Pemov A, Park C, Reilly KM, Stewart DR. Evidence of perturbations of cell cycle and DNA repair pathways as a consequence of human and murine NF1-haploinsufficiency. BMC Genomics 2010; 11:194. [PMID: 20307317 PMCID: PMC2858150 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-11-194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2009] [Accepted: 03/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a common monogenic tumor-predisposition disorder that arises secondary to mutations in the tumor suppressor gene NF1. Haploinsufficiency of NF1 fosters a permissive tumorigenic environment through changes in signalling between cells, however the intracellular mechanisms for this tumor-promoting effect are less clear. Most primary human NF1+/- cells are a challenge to obtain, however lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) have been collected from large NF1 kindreds. We hypothesized that the genetic effects of NF1-haploinsufficiency may be discerned by comparison of genome-wide transcriptional profiling in somatic, non-tumor cells (LCLs) from NF1-affected and -unaffected individuals. As a cross-species filter for heterogeneity, we compared the results from two human kindreds to whole-genome transcriptional profiling in spleen-derived B lymphocytes from age- and gender-matched Nf1+/- and wild-type mice, and used gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), Onto-Express, Pathway-Express and MetaCore tools to identify genes perturbed in NF1-haploinsufficiency. Results We observed moderate expression of NF1 in human LCLs and of Nf1 in CD19+ mouse B lymphocytes. Using the t test to evaluate individual transcripts, we observed modest expression differences in the transcriptome in NF1-haploinsufficient LCLs and Nf1-haploinsuffiicient mouse B lymphocytes. However, GSEA, Onto-Express, Pathway-Express and MetaCore analyses identified genes that control cell cycle, DNA replication and repair, transcription and translation, and immune response as the most perturbed in NF1-haploinsufficient conditions in both human and mouse. Conclusions Haploinsufficiency arises when loss of one allele of a gene is sufficient to give rise to disease. Haploinsufficiency has traditionally been viewed as a passive state. Our observations of perturbed, up-regulated cell cycle and DNA repair pathways may functionally contribute to NF1-haploinsufficiency as an "active state" that ultimately promotes the loss of the wild-type allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Pemov
- Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Lovrecic L, Kastrin A, Kobal J, Pirtosek Z, Krainc D, Peterlin B. Gene expression changes in blood as a putative biomarker for Huntington's disease. Mov Disord 2010; 24:2277-81. [PMID: 19844910 DOI: 10.1002/mds.22477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies demonstrated alterations of gene expression in blood in various neurological disorders including Huntington's disease (HD). Using microarray technology, a recent study identified a large number of significantly altered mRNAs in HD blood, from which a 12-gene set was selected as classifier for discriminating controls and HD patients. The aim of our study was to validate expression changes of these 12 genes in an independent cohort of HD patients and evaluate their sensitivity and specificity. Four different subject groups were included--patients with HD, Parkinson's disease (PD), acute ischemic stroke (AS) and healthy controls. Although the previous results were successfully validated, gene expression changes in HD blood partly overlapped with those observed in blood from PD and AS patients. Predictive value of the selected biomarker set for HD group was 78%, with 82% sensitivity and 53% specificity. Further gene expression analyses in longitudinal studies are needed to validate and refine possible transcriptomic blood biomarkers in HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Lovrecic
- Institute of Medical Genetics, University Medical Centre, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Walter M, Bonin M, Pullman RS, Valente EM, Loi M, Gambarin M, Raymond D, Tinazzi M, Kamm C, Glöckle N, Poths S, Gasser T, Bressman SB, Klein C, Ozelius LJ, Riess O, Grundmann K. Expression profiling in peripheral blood reveals signature for penetrance in DYT1 dystonia. Neurobiol Dis 2010; 38:192-200. [PMID: 20053375 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2009.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2009] [Revised: 12/14/2009] [Accepted: 12/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
DYT1 dystonia is an autosomal-dominantly inherited movement disorder, which is usually caused by a GAG deletion in the TOR1A gene. Due to the reduced penetrance of approximately 30-40%, the determination of the mutation in a subject is of limited use with regard to actual manifestation of symptoms. In the present study, we used Affymetrix oligonucleotide microarrays to analyze global gene expression in blood samples of 15 manifesting and 15 non-manifesting mutation carriers in order to identify a susceptibility profile beyond the GAG deletion which is associated with the manifestation of symptoms in DYT1 dystonia. We identified a genetic signature which distinguished between asymptomatic mutation carriers and symptomatic DYT1 patients with 86.7% sensitivity and 100% specificity. This genetic signature could correctly predict the disease state in an independent test set with a sensitivity of 87.5% and a specificity of 85.7%. Conclusively, this genetic signature might provide a possibility to distinguish DYT1 patients from asymptomatic mutation carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Walter
- Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
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Martino D, Dale RC, Gilbert DL, Giovannoni G, Leckman JF. Immunopathogenic mechanisms in tourette syndrome: A critical review. Mov Disord 2009; 24:1267-79. [PMID: 19353683 DOI: 10.1002/mds.22504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Tourette syndrome (TS) has a multifactorial etiology, in which genetic, environmental, immunological and hormonal factors interact to establish vulnerability. This review: (i) summarizes research exploring the exposure of TS patients to immune-activating environmental factors, and (ii) focuses on recent findings supporting a role of the innate and adaptive immune systems in the pathogenesis of TS and related disorders. A higher exposure prior to disease onset to group A beta-haemolytic streptococcal (GABHS) infections in children with tics and obsessive-compulsive (OC) symptoms has been documented, although their influence upon the course of disease remains uncertain. Increased activation of immune responses in TS is suggested by changes in gene expression profiles of peripheral immune cells, relative frequency of lymphocyte subpopulations, and synthesis of immune effector molecules. Increased activity of cell-mediated mechanisms is suggested by the increased expression of genes controlling natural killer and cytotoxic T cells, increased plasma levels of some pro-inflammatory cytokines which correlate with disease severity, and increased synthesis of antineuronal antibodies. Important methodological differences might account for some inconsistency among results of studies addressing autoantibodies in TS. Finally, a general predisposition to autoimmune responses in TS patients is indicated by the reduced frequency of regulatory T cells, which induce tolerance towards self-antigens. Although the pathogenic role of immune activation in TS has not been definitively proven, a pathophysiological model is proposed to explain the possible effect of immunity upon dopamine transmission regulation and the generation of tics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Martino
- Department of Neurological and Psychiatric Sciences, University of Bari, Italy.
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Martin MV, Rollins B, Sequeira PA, Mesén A, Byerley W, Stein R, Moon EA, Akil H, Jones EG, Watson SJ, Barchas J, DeLisi LE, Myers RM, Schatzberg A, Bunney WE, Vawter MP. Exon expression in lymphoblastoid cell lines from subjects with schizophrenia before and after glucose deprivation. BMC Med Genomics 2009; 2:62. [PMID: 19772658 PMCID: PMC2760574 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8794-2-62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2008] [Accepted: 09/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of glucose reduction stress on lymphoblastic cell line (LCL) gene expression in subjects with schizophrenia compared to non-psychotic relatives. Methods LCLs were grown under two glucose conditions to measure the effects of glucose reduction stress on exon expression in subjects with schizophrenia compared to unaffected family member controls. A second aim of this project was to identify cis-regulated transcripts associated with diagnosis. Results There were a total of 122 transcripts with significant diagnosis by probeset interaction effects and 328 transcripts with glucose deprivation by probeset interaction probeset effects after corrections for multiple comparisons. There were 8 transcripts with expression significantly affected by the interaction between diagnosis and glucose deprivation and probeset after correction for multiple comparisons. The overall validation rate by qPCR of 13 diagnosis effect genes identified through microarray was 62%, and all genes tested by qPCR showed concordant up- or down-regulation by qPCR and microarray. We assessed brain gene expression of five genes found to be altered by diagnosis and glucose deprivation in LCLs and found a significant decrease in expression of one gene, glutaminase, in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). One SNP with previously identified regulation by a 3' UTR SNP was found to influence IRF5 expression in both brain and lymphocytes. The relationship between the 3' UTR rs10954213 genotype and IRF5 expression was significant in LCLs (p = 0.0001), DLPFC (p = 0.007), and anterior cingulate cortex (p = 0.002). Conclusion Experimental manipulation of cells lines from subjects with schizophrenia may be a useful approach to explore stress related gene expression alterations in schizophrenia and to identify SNP variants associated with gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen V Martin
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Univ. of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
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Stamova BS, Apperson M, Walker WL, Tian Y, Xu H, Adamczy P, Zhan X, Liu DZ, Ander BP, Liao IH, Gregg JP, Turner RJ, Jickling G, Lit L, Sharp FR. Identification and validation of suitable endogenous reference genes for gene expression studies in human peripheral blood. BMC Med Genomics 2009; 2:49. [PMID: 19656400 PMCID: PMC2736983 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8794-2-49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2009] [Accepted: 08/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gene expression studies require appropriate normalization methods. One such method uses stably expressed reference genes. Since suitable reference genes appear to be unique for each tissue, we have identified an optimal set of the most stably expressed genes in human blood that can be used for normalization. METHODS Whole-genome Affymetrix Human 2.0 Plus arrays were examined from 526 samples of males and females ages 2 to 78, including control subjects and patients with Tourette syndrome, stroke, migraine, muscular dystrophy, and autism. The top 100 most stably expressed genes with a broad range of expression levels were identified. To validate the best candidate genes, we performed quantitative RT-PCR on a subset of 10 genes (TRAP1, DECR1, FPGS, FARP1, MAPRE2, PEX16, GINS2, CRY2, CSNK1G2 and A4GALT), 4 commonly employed reference genes (GAPDH, ACTB, B2M and HMBS) and PPIB, previously reported to be stably expressed in blood. Expression stability and ranking analysis were performed using GeNorm and NormFinder algorithms. RESULTS Reference genes were ranked based on their expression stability and the minimum number of genes needed for nomalization as calculated using GeNorm showed that the fewest, most stably expressed genes needed for acurate normalization in RNA expression studies of human whole blood is a combination of TRAP1, FPGS, DECR1 and PPIB. We confirmed the ranking of the best candidate control genes by using an alternative algorithm (NormFinder). CONCLUSION The reference genes identified in this study are stably expressed in whole blood of humans of both genders with multiple disease conditions and ages 2 to 78. Importantly, they also have different functions within cells and thus should be expressed independently of each other. These genes should be useful as normalization genes for microarray and RT-PCR whole blood studies of human physiology, metabolism and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boryana S Stamova
- Department of Neurology and M,I,N,D, Institute, University of California at Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
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Dvornyk V, Liu Y, Lu Y, Shen H, Lappe JM, Lei S, Recker RR, Deng H. Effect of menopause on gene expression profiles of circulating monocytes: a pilot in vivo microarray study. J Genet Genomics 2009; 34:974-83. [PMID: 18037134 DOI: 10.1016/s1673-8527(07)60110-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2007] [Accepted: 08/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Menopause is one of the key physiological events in the female life and can increase the risk for a number of complex autoimmune, neurodegenerative, metabolic, and cardiovascular disorders. Circulating monocytes can differentiate into various cell types and play an important role in tissue morphogenesis and immune response. We studied gene expression profiles of peripheral blood monocytes in healthy pre- and postmenopausal women using Affymetrix Human U133A GeneChip array that contains probes for approximately 14,500 genes. Comparative analyses between the samples showed that 20 genes were up- and 20 were down-regulated. Of these genes, 28 were classified into six major GO categories relevant to such biological processes as the cell proliferation, immune response, cellular metabolism, and the others. The remaining 12 genes have yet unidentified biological functions. Our results support the hypothesis that functional state of circulating monocytes is indeed affected by menopause, and resulting changes may be determined through the genomewide gene expression profiling. Several differentially expressed genes identified in this study may be candidates for further studies of menopause-associated systemic autoimmune, neurodegenerative, and cardiovascular disorders. Our study is only the first attempt in this direction, but it lays a basis for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volodymyr Dvornyk
- Laboratory of Molecular and Statistical Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
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Age-related gene expression in Tourette syndrome. J Psychiatr Res 2009; 43:319-30. [PMID: 18485367 PMCID: PMC2662336 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2008.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2007] [Revised: 03/24/2008] [Accepted: 03/25/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Because infection and immune responses have been implicated in the pathogenesis of Tourette syndrome (TS), we hypothesized that children with TS would have altered gene expression in blood compared to controls. In addition, because TS symptoms in childhood vary with age, we tested whether gene expression changes that occur with age in TS differ from normal control children. Whole blood was obtained from 30 children and adolescents with TS and 28 healthy children and adolescents matched for age, race, and gender. Gene expression (RNA) was assessed using whole genome Affymetrix microarrays. Age was analyzed as a continuous covariate and also stratified into three groups: 5-9 (common age for tic onset), 10-12 (when tics often peak), and 13-16 (tics may begin to wane). No global differences were found between TS and controls. However, expression of many genes and multiple pathways differed between TS and controls within each age group (5-9, 10-12, and 13-16), including genes involved in the immune-synapse, and proteasome- and ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis pathways. Notably, across age strata, expression of interferon response, viral processing, natural killer and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte cell genes differed. Our findings suggest age-related interferon, immune and protein degradation gene expression differences between TS and controls.
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Silver H, Chertkow Y, Weinreb O, Danovich L, Youdim M. Multifunctional pharmacotherapy: what can we learn from study of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor augmentation of antipsychotics in negative-symptom schizophrenia? Neurotherapeutics 2009; 6:86-93. [PMID: 19110201 PMCID: PMC5084258 DOI: 10.1016/j.nurt.2008.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Many patients suffering from major psychiatric disorders do not respond adequately to monotherapy and require additional drugs. To date, there are no objective guidelines for deciding which combination may be effective, and the choice is based on previous clinical experience and on trial and error. Even when combination drugs are effective, the biochemical mechanisms responsible for the value-added effect are unknown. Understanding the mechanism of such synergism may provide a rational basis for choosing drug combinations and for developing more effective drugs. In schizophrenia, negative symptoms respond poorly to antipsychotics, but may improve when these are augmented with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI). This augmenting effect cannot be explained by summating the pharmacological effects of the individual drugs. We proposed that the study of SSRI augmentation can serve as a window to understanding the biochemical mechanisms of clinically effective drug synergism. In a series of studies we identified unique biochemical effects of the combination, different from each individual drug, and proposed that some of these are involved in mediating the clinical effect. Here we review some of the findings and propose that the mechanism of action involves regionally selective modulation of the GABA system. The evidence indicates that the SSRI antidepressant-antipsychotic combination may be a useful paradigm for studying therapeutically effective synergistic drug interactions in schizophrenia. Although as yet limited in scope, the findings of definable molecular targets for synergistic SSRI-antipsychotic interaction provide new directions to inform future research and provide novel bio-molecular targets for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Silver
- Molecular Neuropsychiatry Unit, Brain Behavior Laboratory, Shaar Menashe Mental Health Center, and Technion-Faculty of Medicine, Haifa 32000, Israel.
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