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Al Kabbani MA, Köhler C, Zempel H. Effects of P301L-TAU on post-translational modifications of microtubules in human iPSC-derived cortical neurons and TAU transgenic mice. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:2348-2360. [PMID: 38934386 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-01742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
JOURNAL/nrgr/04.03/01300535-202508000-00025/figure1/v/2024-09-30T120553Z/r/image-tiff TAU is a microtubule-associated protein that promotes microtubule assembly and stability in the axon. TAU is missorted and aggregated in an array of diseases known as tauopathies. Microtubules are essential for neuronal function and regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications, changes of which affect microtubule stability and dynamics, microtubule interaction with other proteins and cellular structures, and mediate recruitment of microtubule-severing enzymes. As impairment of microtubule dynamics causes neuronal dysfunction, we hypothesize cognitive impairment in human disease to be impacted by impairment of microtubule dynamics. We therefore aimed to study the effects of a disease-causing mutation of TAU (P301L) on the levels and localization of microtubule post-translational modifications indicative of microtubule stability and dynamics, to assess whether P301L-TAU causes stability-changing modifications to microtubules. To investigate TAU localization, phosphorylation, and effects on tubulin post-translational modifications, we expressed wild-type or P301L-TAU in human MAPT -KO induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons (iNeurons) and studied TAU in neurons in the hippocampus of mice transgenic for human P301L-TAU (pR5 mice). Human neurons expressing the longest TAU isoform (2N4R) with the P301L mutation showed increased TAU phosphorylation at the AT8, but not the p-Ser-262 epitope, and increased polyglutamylation and acetylation of microtubules compared with endogenous TAU-expressing neurons. P301L-TAU showed pronounced somatodendritic presence, but also successful axonal enrichment and a similar axodendritic distribution comparable to exogenously expressed 2N4R-wildtype-TAU. P301L-TAU-expressing hippocampal neurons in transgenic mice showed prominent missorting and tauopathy-typical AT8-phosphorylation of TAU and increased polyglutamylation, but reduced acetylation, of microtubules compared with non-transgenic littermates. In sum, P301L-TAU results in changes in microtubule PTMs, suggestive of impairment of microtubule stability. This is accompanied by missorting and aggregation of TAU in mice but not in iNeurons. Microtubule PTMs/impairment may be of key importance in tauopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Aghyad Al Kabbani
- Institute of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christoph Köhler
- Center Anatomy, Department II, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hans Zempel
- Institute of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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2
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Margvelani G, Welden JR, Maquera AA, Van Eyk JE, Murray C, Miranda Sardon SC, Stamm S. Influence of FTDP-17 mutants on circular tau RNAs. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:167036. [PMID: 38286213 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2024.167036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
At least 53 mutations in the microtubule associated protein tau gene (MAPT) have been identified that cause frontotemporal dementia. 47 of these mutations are localized between exons 7 and 13. They could thus affect the formation of circular RNAs (circRNAs) from the MAPT gene that occurs through backsplicing from exon 12 to either exon 10 or exon 7. We analyzed representative mutants and found that five FTDP-17 mutations increase the formation of 12➔7 circRNA and three different mutations increase the amount of 12➔10 circRNA. CircRNAs are translated after undergoing adenosine to inosine RNA editing, catalyzed by ADAR enzymes. We found that the interferon induced ADAR1-p150 isoform has the strongest effect on circTau RNA translation. ADAR1-p150 activity had a stronger effect on circTau RNA expression and strongly decreased 12➔7 circRNA, but unexpectedly increased 12➔10 circRNA. In both cases, ADAR-activity strongly promoted translation of circTau RNAs. Unexpectedly, we found that the 12➔7 circTau protein interacts with eukaryotic initiation factor 4B (eIF4B), which is reduced by four FTDP-17 mutations located in the second microtubule domain. These are the first studies of the effect of human mutations on circular RNA formation and translation. They show that point mutations influence circRNA expression levels, likely through changes in pre-mRNA structures. The effect of the mutations is surpassed by editing of the circular RNAs, leading to their translation. Thus, circular RNAs and their editing status should be considered when analyzing FTDP-17 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgi Margvelani
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Justin R Welden
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Andrea Arizaca Maquera
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | | | | | - Sandra C Miranda Sardon
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Stefan Stamm
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
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3
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Margvelani G, Welden JR, Maquera AA, Van Eyk JE, Murray C, Miranda Sardon SC, Stamm S. Influence of FTDP-17 mutants on circular Tau RNAs. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.08.556913. [PMID: 37786725 PMCID: PMC10541600 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.08.556913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
At least 53 mutations in the microtubule associated protein tau gene (MAPT) have been identified that cause frontotemporal dementia. 47 of these mutations are localized between exons 7 and 13. They could thus affect the formation of circular RNAs (circRNAs) from the MAPT gene that occur through backsplicing from exon 12 to either exon 10 or exon 7. We analyzed representative mutants and found that five FTDP-17 mutations increase the formation of 12➔7 circRNA and three different mutations increase the amount of 12➔10 circRNA. CircRNAs are translated after undergoing adenosine to inosine RNA editing, catalyzed by ADAR enzymes. We found that the interferon induced ADAR1-p150 isoform has the strongest effect on circTau RNA translation. ADAR1-p150 activity had a stronger effect on circTau RNA expression and strongly decreased 12➔7 circRNA, but unexpectedly increased 12➔10 circRNA. In both cases, ADAR-activity strongly promoted translation of circTau RNAs. Unexpectedly, we found that the 12➔7 circTau protein interacts with eukaryotic initiation factor 4B (eIF4B), which is reduced by four FTDP-17 mutations located in the second microtubule domain. These are the first studies of the effect of human mutations on circular RNA formation and translation. They show that point mutations influence circRNA expression levels, likely through changes in the secondary pre-mRNA structures. The effect of the mutations is surpassed by editing of the circular RNAs, leading to their translation. Thus, circular RNAs and their editing status should be considered when analyzing FTDP-17 mutations. Highlights 47/53 known FTDP-17 mutations are located in regions that could influence generation of circular RNAs from the MAPT geneCircular Tau RNAs are translated after adenosine to inosine RNA editing, most effectively caused by ADAR1-p150FTDP-17 mutations influence both circTau RNA and circTau protein expression levelsCircTau protein expression levels do not correlate with circTau RNA expression levelsCircTau proteins bind to eukaryotic initiation factor 4B, which is antagonized by FTDP-17 mutations in exon 10. Graphic Abstract
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Abstract
Tauopathies are a clinically and neuropathologically heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative disorders, characterized by abnormal tau aggregates. Tau, a microtubule-associated protein, is important for cytoskeletal structure and intracellular transport. Aberrant posttranslational modification of tau results in abnormal tau aggregates causing neurodegeneration. Tauopathies may be primary, or secondary, where a second protein, such as Aß, is necessary for pathology, for example, in Alzheimer's disease, the most common tauopathy. Primary tauopathies are classified based on tau isoform and cell types where pathology predominates. Primary tauopathies include Pick disease, corticobasal degeneration, progressive supranuclear palsy, and argyrophilic grain disease. Environmental tauopathies include chronic traumatic encephalopathy and geographically isolated tauopathies such as the Guam-Parkinsonian-dementia complex. The clinical presentation of tauopathies varies based on the brain areas affected, generally presenting with a combination of cognitive and motor symptoms either earlier or later in the disease course. As symptoms overlap and tauopathies such as Alzheimer's disease and argyrophilic grain disease often coexist, accurate clinical diagnosis is challenging when biomarkers are unavailable. Available treatments target cognitive, motor, and behavioral symptoms. Disease-modifying therapies have been the focus of drug development, particularly agents targeting Aß and tau pathology in Alzheimer's disease, although most of these trials have failed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayatri Devi
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, United States.
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5
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Rittiner J, Cumaran M, Malhotra S, Kantor B. Therapeutic modulation of gene expression in the disease state: Treatment strategies and approaches for the development of next-generation of the epigenetic drugs. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1035543. [PMID: 36324900 PMCID: PMC9620476 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1035543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic dysregulation is an important determinant of many pathological conditions and diseases. Designer molecules that can specifically target endogenous DNA sequences provide a means to therapeutically modulate gene function. The prokaryote-derived CRISPR/Cas editing systems have transformed our ability to manipulate the expression program of genes through specific DNA and RNA targeting in living cells and tissues. The simplicity, utility, and robustness of this technology have revolutionized epigenome editing for research and translational medicine. Initial success has inspired efforts to discover new systems for targeting and manipulating nucleic acids on the epigenetic level. The evolution of nuclease-inactive and RNA-targeting Cas proteins fused to a plethora of effector proteins to regulate gene expression, epigenetic modifications and chromatin interactions opened up an unprecedented level of possibilities for the development of "next-generation" gene therapy therapeutics. The rational design and construction of different types of designer molecules paired with viral-mediated gene-to-cell transfers, specifically using lentiviral vectors (LVs) and adeno-associated vectors (AAVs) are reviewed in this paper. Furthermore, we explore and discuss the potential of these molecules as therapeutic modulators of endogenous gene function, focusing on modulation by stable gene modification and by regulation of gene transcription. Notwithstanding the speedy progress of CRISPR/Cas-based gene therapy products, multiple challenges outlined by undesirable off-target effects, oncogenicity and other virus-induced toxicities could derail the successful translation of these new modalities. Here, we review how CRISPR/Cas-based gene therapy is translated from research-grade technological system to therapeutic modality, paying particular attention to the therapeutic flow from engineering sophisticated genome and epigenome-editing transgenes to delivery vehicles throughout efficient and safe manufacturing and administration of the gene therapy regimens. In addition, the potential solutions to some of the obstacles facing successful CRISPR/Cas utility in the clinical research are discussed in this review. We believe, that circumventing these challenges will be essential for advancing CRISPR/Cas-based tools towards clinical use in gene and cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Rittiner
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
- Viral Vector Core, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
- Duke Center for Advanced Genomic Technologies, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Mohanapriya Cumaran
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
- Viral Vector Core, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
- Duke Center for Advanced Genomic Technologies, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Sahil Malhotra
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
- Viral Vector Core, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
- Duke Center for Advanced Genomic Technologies, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Boris Kantor
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
- Viral Vector Core, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
- Duke Center for Advanced Genomic Technologies, Durham, NC, United States
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Ruiz-Barrio I, Horta-Barba A, Illán-Gala I, Kulisevsky J, Pagonabarraga J. Genotype-Phenotype Correlation in Progressive Supranuclear Palsy Syndromes: Clinical and Radiological Similarities and Specificities. Front Neurol 2022; 13:861585. [PMID: 35557621 PMCID: PMC9087829 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.861585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) syndrome encompasses different entities. PSP disease of sporadic origin is the most frequent presentation, but different genetic mutations can lead either to monogenic variants of PSP disease, or to other conditions with a different pathophysiology that eventually may result in PSP phenotype. PSP syndrome of monogenic origin is poorly understood due to the low prevalence and variable expressivity of some mutations. Through this review, we describe how early age of onset, family history of early dementia, parkinsonism, dystonia, or motor neuron disease among other clinical features, as well as some neuroimaging signatures, may be the important clues to suspect PSP syndrome of monogenic origin. In addition, a diagnostic algorithm is proposed that may be useful to guide the genetic diagnosis once there is clinical suspicion of a monogenic PSP syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iñigo Ruiz-Barrio
- Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrea Horta-Barba
- Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.,Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación en Red - Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Illán-Gala
- Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain.,Sant Pau Memory Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaime Kulisevsky
- Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.,Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación en Red - Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Pagonabarraga
- Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.,Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación en Red - Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
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Chen Z, Ma J, Liu L, Liu S, Zhang J, Chu M, Wang Z, Chan P, Wu L. Alterations of Striatal Subregions in a Prion Protein Gene V180I Mutation Carrier Presented as Frontotemporal Dementia With Parkinsonism. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:830602. [PMID: 35493933 PMCID: PMC9053668 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.830602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To explore the roles of striatal subdivisions in the pathogenesis of frontotemporal dementia with parkinsonism (FTDP) in a patient resulting from prion protein gene (PRNP) mutation. Methods This patient received clinical interviews and underwent neuropsychological assessments, genetic testing, [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography ([18F]-FDG PET)/MRI, and [18F]-dihydrotetrabenazine positron emission tomography ([18F]-DTBZ PET)/CT. Region-of-interest analysis was conducted concerning metabolism, and dopamine transport function between this patient and 12 controls, focusing on the striatum subregions according to the Oxford-GSK-Imanova Striatal Connectivity Atlas. Results A 64-year-old man initially presented with symptoms of motor dysfunction and subsequently behavioral and personality changes. FTDP was initially suspected. Sequence analysis disclosed a valine to isoleucine at codon 180 in PRNP. Compared to controls, this patient had a severe reduction (> 2SD) of standard uptake value ratio (SUVR) in the limbic and executive subregions but relative retention of metabolism in rostral motor and caudal motor subregions using [18F]-FDG PET/MRI, and the SUVR decreased significantly across the striatal in [18F]-DTBZ PET/CT, especially in the rostral motor and caudal motor subregions. Conclusion The alteration of frontal striatal loops may be involved in cognitive impairment in FTDP, and the development of parkinsonism in FTDP may be primarily due to the involvement of the presynaptic nigrostriatal loops in PRNP V180I mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyun Chen
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinghong Ma
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuying Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Min Chu
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Piu Chan
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Liyong Wu
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, China
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Parkin beyond Parkinson’s Disease—A Functional Meaning of Parkin Downregulation in TDP-43 Proteinopathies. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123389. [PMID: 34943897 PMCID: PMC8699658 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkin and PINK1 are key regulators of mitophagy, an autophagic pathway for selective elimination of dysfunctional mitochondria. To this date, parkin depletion has been associated with recessive early onset Parkinson’s disease (PD) caused by loss-of-function mutations in the PARK2 gene, while, in sporadic PD, the activity and abundance of this protein can be compromised by stress-related modifications. Intriguingly, research in recent years has shown that parkin depletion is not limited to PD but is also observed in other neurodegenerative diseases—especially those characterized by TDP-43 proteinopathies, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). Here, we discuss the evidence of parkin downregulation in these disease phenotypes, its emerging connections with TDP-43, and its possible functional implications.
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9
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McTague A, Rossignoli G, Ferrini A, Barral S, Kurian MA. Genome Editing in iPSC-Based Neural Systems: From Disease Models to Future Therapeutic Strategies. Front Genome Ed 2021; 3:630600. [PMID: 34713254 PMCID: PMC8525405 DOI: 10.3389/fgeed.2021.630600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic advances for neurological disorders are challenging due to limited accessibility of the human central nervous system and incomplete understanding of disease mechanisms. Many neurological diseases lack precision treatments, leading to significant disease burden and poor outcome for affected patients. Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology provides human neuronal cells that facilitate disease modeling and development of therapies. The use of genome editing, in particular CRISPR-Cas9 technology, has extended the potential of iPSCs, generating new models for a number of disorders, including Alzheimers and Parkinson Disease. Editing of iPSCs, in particular with CRISPR-Cas9, allows generation of isogenic pairs, which differ only in the disease-causing mutation and share the same genetic background, for assessment of phenotypic differences and downstream effects. Moreover, genome-wide CRISPR screens allow high-throughput interrogation for genetic modifiers in neuronal phenotypes, leading to discovery of novel pathways, and identification of new therapeutic targets. CRISPR-Cas9 has now evolved beyond altering gene expression. Indeed, fusion of a defective Cas9 (dCas9) nuclease with transcriptional repressors or activation domains allows down-regulation or activation of gene expression (CRISPR interference, CRISPRi; CRISPR activation, CRISPRa). These new tools will improve disease modeling and facilitate CRISPR and cell-based therapies, as seen for epilepsy and Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Genome engineering holds huge promise for the future understanding and treatment of neurological disorders, but there are numerous barriers to overcome. The synergy of iPSC-based model systems and gene editing will play a vital role in the route to precision medicine and the clinical translation of genome editing-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy McTague
- Developmental Neurosciences, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Neurology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Giada Rossignoli
- Developmental Neurosciences, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Arianna Ferrini
- Developmental Neurosciences, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Serena Barral
- Developmental Neurosciences, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Manju A Kurian
- Developmental Neurosciences, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Neurology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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van Essen M, Riepsaame J, Jacob J. CRISPR-Cas Gene Perturbation and Editing in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. CRISPR J 2021; 4:634-655. [PMID: 34582693 DOI: 10.1089/crispr.2021.0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Directing the fates of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC) to generate a multitude of differentiated cell types allows the study of the genetic regulation of human development and disease. The translational potential of hPSC is maximized by exploiting CRISPR to silence or activate genes with spatial and temporal precision permanently or reversibly. Here, we summarize the increasingly refined and diverse CRISPR toolkit for the latter forms of gene perturbation in hPSC and their downstream applications. We discuss newer methods to install edits efficiently with single nucleotide resolution and describe pooled CRISPR screens as a powerful means of unbiased discovery of genes associated with a phenotype of interest. Last, we discuss the potential of these combined technologies in the treatment of hitherto intractable human diseases and the challenges to their implementation in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max van Essen
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom; and University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Joey Riepsaame
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - John Jacob
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom; and University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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11
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The Role of White Matter Dysfunction and Leukoencephalopathy/Leukodystrophy Genes in the Aetiology of Frontotemporal Dementias: Implications for Novel Approaches to Therapeutics. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052541. [PMID: 33802612 PMCID: PMC7961524 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is a common cause of presenile dementia and is characterized by behavioural and/or language changes and progressive cognitive deficits. Genetics is an important component in the aetiology of FTD, with positive family history of dementia reported for 40% of cases. This review synthesizes current knowledge of the known major FTD genes, including C9orf72 (chromosome 9 open reading frame 72), MAPT (microtubule-associated protein tau) and GRN (granulin), and their impact on neuronal and glial pathology. Further, evidence for white matter dysfunction in the aetiology of FTD and the clinical, neuroimaging and genetic overlap between FTD and leukodystrophy/leukoencephalopathy are discussed. The review highlights the role of common variants and mutations in genes such as CSF1R (colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor), CYP27A1 (cytochrome P450 family 27 subfamily A member 1), TREM2 (triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2) and TMEM106B (transmembrane protein 106B) that play an integral role in microglia and oligodendrocyte function. Finally, pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches for enhancing remyelination are discussed in terms of future treatments of FTD.
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12
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Bonnerjee D, Bagh S. Application of CRISPR-Cas systems in neuroscience. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2021; 178:231-264. [PMID: 33685599 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2020.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
CRISPR-Cas systems have, over the years, emerged as indispensable tools for Genetic interrogation in contexts of clinical interventions, elucidation of genetic pathways and metabolic engineering and have pervaded almost every aspect of modern biology. Within this repertoire, the nervous system comes with its own set of perplexities and mysteries. Scientists have, over the years, tried to draw up a clearer genetic picture of the neuron and how it functions in a network, mainly in an endeavor to mitigate diseases of the human nervous system like Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Huntington's, Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), etc. With most being progressive in nature, these diseases have plagued mankind for centuries. In spite of our immense progress in modern biology, we are yet to get a grasp over these diseases and unraveling their mechanisms is of utmost importance. Before CRISPR-Cas systems came along, the elucidation of the complex interactome of the mammalian nervous system was attempted with erstwhile existing electrophysiological, histological and pharmacological techniques coupled with Next Generation Sequencing and cell-specific targeting technologies. Zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs) and transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), imparted excellent sequence specific DNA targeting capabilities but came with their huge baggage of extensive protein engineering requirements, which practically rendered them unsuitable for high throughput exercises. With the discovery of Clustered Regularly Interspaced Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR Associated proteins(CAS) systems by Ishino (1987)1, the era of extensive custom made endonuclease targeting was ushered in. For the first time in 2012, Jinek et al. (2012)2 repurposed the CRISPR-Cas mediated bacterial immune system for customizable mammalian gene editing. The CRISPR-Cas technology made it possible to easily customize Cas9 endonucleases to cleave near specifically targeted sequences, thereby facilitating knock-ins or knock-outs, silencing or activating or editing any gene, at any locus of the genome, both at the base-pair level or at the epigenetic level. With this enhanced degree of freedom, decrypting the nervous system and therapeutic interventions for neuropathies became significantly less cumbersome an exercise. Here we take a brisk walk through the several endeavors of research that show how the humble bacteria's CRISPR-Cas system gave us the "nerves" to "talk" to our nerves with ease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepro Bonnerjee
- Biophysics and Structural Genomics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Kolkata, India.
| | - Sangram Bagh
- Biophysics and Structural Genomics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Kolkata, India
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13
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Mood and emotional disorders associated with parkinsonism, Huntington disease, and other movement disorders. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2021; 183:175-196. [PMID: 34389117 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-822290-4.00015-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This chapter provides a review of mood, emotional disorders, and emotion processing deficits associated with diseases that cause movement disorders, including Parkinson's disease, Lewy body dementia, multiple system atrophy, progressive supranuclear palsy, corticobasal degeneration, frontotemporal dementia with parkinsonism, Huntington's disease, essential tremor, dystonia, and tardive dyskinesia. For each disorder, a clinical description of the common signs and symptoms, disease progression, and epidemiology is provided. Then the mood and emotional disorders associated with each of these diseases are described and discussed in terms of clinical presentation, incidence, prevalence, and alterations in quality of life. Alterations of emotion communication, such as affective speech prosody and facial emotional expression, associated with these disorders are also discussed. In addition, if applicable, deficits in gestural and lexical/verbal emotion are reviewed. Throughout the chapter, the relationships among mood and emotional disorders, alterations of emotional experiences, social communication, and quality of life, as well as treatment, are emphasized.
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Vilasboas-Campos D, Costa MD, Teixeira-Castro A, Rios R, Silva FG, Bessa C, Dias ACP, Maciel P. Neurotherapeutic effect of Hyptis spp. leaf extracts in Caenorhabditis elegans models of tauopathy and polyglutamine disease: Role of the glutathione redox cycle. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 162:202-215. [PMID: 33096249 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Hyptis suaveolens (HS), Hyptis pectinata (HP) and Hyptis marrubioides (HM) are plants used in folk medicine for treatment of several diseases. Here, we tested the in vivo antioxidant and neuroprotective potential of methanolic extracts from these plants, containing several rosmarinic acid derivatives and isoquercetin. In C. elegans, HS, HP and HM leaf extracts enhanced the antioxidant responses through the induction of specific antioxidant enzymes and demonstrated neurotherapeutic potential in transgenic models of genetically determined human neurodegenerative diseases - Frontotemporal dementia with parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17 and Machado-Joseph disease. Chronic treatment of disease models with HS, HP and HM leaf extracts improved the animals' motor function and increased their tolerance to an oxidative insult. The restorative effect of HM extract in motor performance of both disease models required the presence of glutathione reductase (gsr-1), an enzyme that assures the glutathione redox cycle, highlighting the role of this pathway and unveiling a common candidate therapeutic target for these diseases. Our findings strengthen the relevance of plant-derived bioactive compound discovery for neurodegenerative disorders that remain without effective treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Vilasboas-Campos
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal; Biology Department - University of Minho, School of Sciences (DB-ECUM), Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Marta Daniela Costa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Andreia Teixeira-Castro
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Rejaine Rios
- Biology Department - University of Minho, School of Sciences (DB-ECUM), Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal; Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology Goiano, Biology Departament, Campus Rio Verde, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Fabiano Guimarães Silva
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology Goiano, Biology Departament, Campus Rio Verde, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Carlos Bessa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Alberto C P Dias
- Biology Department - University of Minho, School of Sciences (DB-ECUM), Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal; Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA) - University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal; CITAB-UM, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal; Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Maciel
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal.
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D’Souza GX, Rose SE, Knupp A, Nicholson DA, Keene CD, Young JE. The application of in vitro-derived human neurons in neurodegenerative disease modeling. J Neurosci Res 2021; 99:124-140. [PMID: 32170790 PMCID: PMC7487003 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The development of safe and effective treatments for age-associated neurodegenerative disorders is an on-going challenge faced by the scientific field. Key to the development of such therapies is the appropriate selection of modeling systems in which to investigate disease mechanisms and to test candidate interventions. There are unique challenges in the development of representative laboratory models of neurodegenerative diseases, including the complexity of the human brain, the cumulative and variable contributions of genetic and environmental factors over the course of a lifetime, inability to culture human primary neurons, and critical central nervous system differences between small animal models and humans. While traditional rodent models have advanced our understanding of neurodegenerative disease mechanisms, key divergences such as the species-specific genetic background can limit the application of animal models in many cases. Here we review in vitro human neuronal systems that employ stem cell and reprogramming technology and their application to a range of neurodegenerative diseases. Specifically, we compare human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons to directly converted, or transdifferentiated, induced neurons, as both model systems can take advantage of patient-derived human tissue to produce neurons in culture. We present recent technical developments using these two modeling systems, as well as current limitations to these systems, with the aim of advancing investigation of neuropathogenic mechanisms using these models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary X. D’Souza
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Shannon E. Rose
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Allison Knupp
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Daniel A. Nicholson
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - C. Dirk Keene
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jessica E. Young
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine (ISCRM), University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Coughlin DG, Dickson DW, Josephs KA, Litvan I. Progressive Supranuclear Palsy and Corticobasal Degeneration. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1281:151-176. [PMID: 33433875 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-51140-1_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and corticobasal degeneration (CBD) are neurodegenerative tauopathies with neuronal and glial lesions composed of tau that is composed predominantly of isomers with four repeats in the microtubule-binding domain (4R tau). The brain regions vulnerable to pathology in PSP and CBD overlap, but there are differences, particularly with respect to distribution of neuronal loss, the relative abundance of neuronal and glial lesions, the morphologic features of glial lesions, and the frequency of comorbid pathology. Both PSP and CBD have a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations, including disorders of movement and cognition. Recognition of phenotypic diversity in PSP and CBD may improve antemortem diagnostic accuracy, which tends to be very good for the most common presentation of PSP (Richardson syndrome), but poor for the most characteristic presentation of CBD (corticobasal syndrome: CBS). Development of molecular and imaging biomarkers may improve antemortem diagnostic accuracy. Currently, multidisciplinary symptomatic and supportive treatment with pharmacological and non-pharmacological strategies remains the standard of care. In the future, experimental therapeutic trials will be important to slow disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Irene Litvan
- UC San Diego Department of Neurosciences, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Abstract
Highlights In the current review, we thoroughly reviewed 74 identified articles regarding genes and genetic loci that confer susceptibility to ET. Over 50 genes/genetic loci have been examined for possible association with ET, but consistent results failed to be reported raising the need for collaborative multiethnic studies. Background: Essential tremor (ET) is a common movement disorder, which is mainly characterized by bilateral tremor (postural and/or kinetic) in the upper limbs, with other parts of the body possibly involved. While the pathophysiology of ET is still unclear, there is accumulating evidence indicating that genetic variability may be heavily involved in ET pathogenesis. This review focuses on the role of genetic risk factors in ET susceptibility. Methods: The PubMed database was searched for articles written in English, for studies with humans with ET, controls without ET, and genetic variants. The terms “essential tremor” and “polymorphism” (as free words) were used during search. We also performed meta-analyses for the most examined genetic variants. Results: Seventy four articles concerning LINGO1, LINGO2, LINGO4, SLC1A2, STK32B, PPARGC1A, CTNNA3, DRD3, ALAD, VDR, HMOX1, HMOX2, LRRK1,LRRK2, GBA, SNCA, MAPT, FUS, CYPsIL17A, IL1B, NOS1, ADH1B, TREM2, RIT2, HNMT, MTHFR, PPP2R2B, GSTP1, PON1, GABA receptors and GABA transporter, HS1BP3, ADH2, hSKCa3 and CACNL1A4 genes, and ETM genetic loci were included in the current review. Results from meta-analyses revealed a marginal association for the STK32B rs10937625 and a marginal trend for association (in sensitivity analysis) for the LINGO1 rs9652490, with ET. Discussion: Quite a few variants have been examined for their possible association with ET. LINGO1 rs9652490 and STK32B rs10937625 appear to influence, to some extent, ET susceptibility. However, the conflicting results and the lack of replication for many candidate genes raise the need for collaborative multiethnic studies.
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Coughlin DG, Litvan I. Progressive supranuclear palsy: Advances in diagnosis and management. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2020; 73:105-116. [PMID: 32487421 PMCID: PMC7462164 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2020.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) is a complex clinicopathologic disease with no current cure or disease modulating therapies that can only be definitively confirmed at autopsy. Growing understanding of the phenotypic diversity of PSP has led to expanded clinical criteria and new insights into etiopathogenesis that coupled with improved in vivo biomarkers makes increased access to current clinical trials possible. Current standard-of-care treatment of PSP is multidisciplinary, supportive and symptomatic, and several trials of potentially disease modulating agents have already been completed with disappointing results. Current ongoing clinical trials target the abnormal aggregation of tau through a variety of mechanisms including immunotherapy and gene therapy offer a more direct method of treatment. Here we review PSP clinicopathologic correlations, in vivo biomarkers including MRI, PET, and CSF biomarkers. We additionally review current pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic methods of treatment, prior and ongoing clinical trials in PSP. Newly expanded clinical criteria and improved specific biomarkers will aid in identifying patients with PSP earlier and more accurately and expand access to these potentially beneficial clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Coughlin
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Irene Litvan
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA.
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Sandoval A, Elahi H, Ploski JE. Genetically Engineering the Nervous System with CRISPR-Cas. eNeuro 2020; 7:ENEURO.0419-19.2020. [PMID: 32098761 PMCID: PMC7096538 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0419-19.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The multitude of neuronal subtypes and extensive interconnectivity of the mammalian brain presents a substantial challenge to those seeking to decipher its functions. While the molecular mechanisms of several neuronal functions remain poorly characterized, advances in next-generation sequencing (NGS) and gene-editing technology have begun to close this gap. The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-associated protein (CRISPR-Cas) system has emerged as a powerful genetic tool capable of manipulating the genome of essentially any organism and cell type. This technology has advanced our understanding of complex neurologic diseases by enabling the rapid generation of novel, disease-relevant in vitro and transgenic animal models. In this review, we discuss recent developments in the rapidly accelerating field of CRISPR-mediated genome engineering. We begin with an overview of the canonical function of the CRISPR platform, followed by a functional review of its many adaptations, with an emphasis on its applications for genetic interrogation of the normal and diseased nervous system. Additionally, we discuss limitations of the CRISPR editing system and suggest how future modifications to existing platforms may advance our understanding of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Sandoval
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences and the Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080
| | - Hajira Elahi
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences and the Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080
| | - Jonathan E Ploski
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences and the Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080
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21
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Dube U, Ibanez L, Budde JP, Benitez BA, Davis AA, Harari O, Iles MM, Law MH, Brown KM, Cruchaga C. Overlapping genetic architecture between Parkinson disease and melanoma. Acta Neuropathol 2020; 139:347-364. [PMID: 31845298 PMCID: PMC7379325 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-019-02110-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiologic studies have reported inconsistent results regarding an association between Parkinson disease (PD) and cutaneous melanoma (melanoma). Identifying shared genetic architecture between these diseases can support epidemiologic findings and identify common risk genes and biological pathways. Here, we apply polygenic, linkage disequilibrium-informed methods to the largest available case-control, genome-wide association study summary statistic data for melanoma and PD. We identify positive and significant genetic correlation (correlation: 0.17, 95% CI 0.10-0.24; P = 4.09 × 10-06) between melanoma and PD. We further demonstrate melanoma and PD-inferred gene expression to overlap across tissues (correlation: 0.14, 95% CI 0.06 to 0.22; P = 7.87 × 10-04) and highlight seven genes including PIEZO1, TRAPPC2L, and SOX6 as potential mediators of the genetic correlation between melanoma and PD. These findings demonstrate specific, shared genetic architecture between PD and melanoma that manifests at the level of gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umber Dube
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave. CB8134, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, NeuroGenomics and Informatics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave. B8111, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Laura Ibanez
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave. CB8134, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, NeuroGenomics and Informatics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave. B8111, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - John P Budde
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave. CB8134, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, NeuroGenomics and Informatics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave. B8111, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Bruno A Benitez
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave. CB8134, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, NeuroGenomics and Informatics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave. B8111, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Albert A Davis
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Oscar Harari
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave. CB8134, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, NeuroGenomics and Informatics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave. B8111, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Mark M Iles
- Leeds Institute for Data Analytics, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Matthew H Law
- Statistical Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kevin M Brown
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Carlos Cruchaga
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave. CB8134, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, NeuroGenomics and Informatics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave. B8111, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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Rahul DR, Joseph Ponniah R. Language impairment in primary progressive aphasia and other neurodegenerative diseases. J Genet 2019; 98:95. [PMID: 31767822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Primary progressive aphasia (PPA) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that disrupts the language capacity of an individual by selectively affecting the language network of brain. Although aphasic literature is replete with reports of brain damage responsible for various types of PPA, it does not provide a comprehensive understanding of whether PPA is an independent pathological condition or an atypical syndrome of neurodegenerative diseases (NDD). To address this ambiguity, we provide a detailed description of PPA, its variants and their brain anatomy. Subsequently, we unravel the relationship between PPA and NDDs like Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Dyslexia. To substantiate the relationship further, we also provide a brief account of their genetic aetiology. In the final section, we offer an exhaustive approach towards the treatment of PPA by combining the existing language the rapies with clinical and pharmacological interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Rahul
- National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli 620 015, India.
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23
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Rahul DR, Joseph Ponniah R. Language impairment in primary progressive aphasia and other neurodegenerative diseases. J Genet 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12041-019-1139-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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LRRK2, alpha-synuclein, and tau: partners in crime or unfortunate bystanders? Biochem Soc Trans 2019; 47:827-838. [PMID: 31085616 DOI: 10.1042/bst20180466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The identification of genetic forms of Parkinson's disease (PD) has tremendously expanded our understanding of the players and mechanisms involved. Mutations in the genes encoding for alpha-synuclein (aSyn), LRRK2, and tau have been associated with familial and sporadic forms of the disease. aSyn is the major component of Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites, which are pathognomonic protein inclusions in PD. Hyperphosphorylated tau protein accumulates in neurofibrillary tangles in the brains of Alzheimer's disease patients but is also seen in the brains of PD patients. LRRK2 is a complex multi-domain protein with kinase and GTPase enzymatic activity. Since aSyn and tau are phosphoproteins, we review the possible interplay between the three proteins. Understanding the interplay between LRRK2, aSyn and tau is extremely important, as this may enable the identification of novel targets and pathways for therapeutic intervention.
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25
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Cheran G, Wu L, Lee S, Manoochehri M, Cines S, Fallon E, Lynch T, Heidebrink J, Paulson H, Goldman J, Huey E, Cosentino S. Cognitive Indicators of Preclinical Behavioral Variant Frontotemporal Dementia in MAPT Carriers. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2019; 25:184-194. [PMID: 30458895 PMCID: PMC6374161 DOI: 10.1017/s1355617718001005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The cognitive indicators of preclinical behavioral variant Frontotemporal Dementia (bvFTD) have not been identified. To investigate these indicators, we compared cross-sectional performance on a range of cognitive measures in 12 carriers of pathogenic MAPT mutations not meeting diagnostic criteria for bvFTD (i.e., preclinical) versus 32 demographically-matched familial non-carriers (n = 44). Studying preclinical carriers offers a rare glimpse into emergent disease, environmentally and genetically contextualized through comparison to familial controls. METHODS Evaluating personnel blinded to carrier status administered a standardized neuropsychological battery assessing attention, speed, executive function, language, memory, spatial ability, and social cognition. Results from mixed effect modeling were corrected for multiplicity of comparison by the false discovery rate method, and results were considered significant at p < .05. To control for potential interfamilial variation arising from enrollment of six families, family was treated as a random effect, while carrier status, age, gender, and education were treated as fixed effects. RESULTS Group differences were detected in 17 of 31 cognitive scores and spanned all domains except spatial ability. As hypothesized, carriers performed worse on specific measures of executive function, and social cognition, but also on measures of attention, speed, semantic processing, and memory storage and retrieval. CONCLUSIONS Most notably, group differences arose on measures of memory storage, challenging long-standing ideas about the absence of amnestic features on neuropsychological testing in early bvFTD. Current findings provide important and clinically relevant information about specific measures that may be sensitive to early bvFTD, and advance understanding of neurocognitive changes that occur early in the disease. (JINS, 2019, 25, 184-194).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayathri Cheran
- Columbia University, Cognitive Neuroscience Division of the Taub Institute, G.H. Sergievsky Center, Department of Neurology, New York, NY
| | - Liwen Wu
- Columbia University, Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY
| | - Seonjoo Lee
- Columbia University, Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY
| | - Masood Manoochehri
- Columbia University, Cognitive Neuroscience Division of the Taub Institute, G.H. Sergievsky Center, Department of Neurology, New York, NY
| | - Sarah Cines
- Columbia University, Cognitive Neuroscience Division of the Taub Institute, G.H. Sergievsky Center, Department of Neurology, New York, NY
- Fairleigh Dickinson University, Teaneck, NJ
| | - Emer Fallon
- Dublin Neurological Institute, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | | | - Henry Paulson
- The University of Michigan, Department of Neurology, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Jill Goldman
- Columbia University, Cognitive Neuroscience Division of the Taub Institute, G.H. Sergievsky Center, Department of Neurology, New York, NY
| | - Edward Huey
- Columbia University, Cognitive Neuroscience Division of the Taub Institute, G.H. Sergievsky Center, Department of Neurology, New York, NY
- Columbia University, Department of Psychiatry & New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY
| | - Stephanie Cosentino
- Columbia University, Cognitive Neuroscience Division of the Taub Institute, G.H. Sergievsky Center, Department of Neurology, New York, NY
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Genetic mimics of the non-genetic atypical parkinsonian disorders – the ‘atypical’ atypical. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2019; 149:327-351. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2019.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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27
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Abstract
Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is a common young-onset dementia presenting with heterogeneous and distinct syndromes. It is characterized by progressive deficits in behavior, language, and executive function. The disease may exhibit similar characteristics to many psychiatric disorders owing to its prominent behavioral features. The concept of precision medicine has recently emerged, and it involves neurodegenerative disease treatment that is personalized to match an individual's specific pattern of neuroimaging, neuropathology, and genetic variability. In this paper, the pathophysiology underlying FTD, which is characterized by the selective degeneration of the frontal and temporal cortices, is reviewed. We also discuss recent advancements in FTD research from the perspectives of clinical, imaging, molecular characterizations, and treatment. This review focuses on the approach of precision medicine to manage the clinical and biological complexities of FTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu-N Liu
- Institute of Brain Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Centre, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Chi-Ieong Lau
- Department of Neurology, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Group, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,College of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Po Lin
- Institute of Brain Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Aging and Health Research Center, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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28
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Abstract
Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is the second commonest cause of young onset dementia. Our understanding of FTD and its related syndromes has advanced significantly in recent years. Among the most prominent areas of progress is the overlap between FTD, MND, and other neurodegenerative conditions at a clinicopathologic and genetic level. In parallel major advances in neuroimaging techniques, the discovery of new genetic mutations as well as the development of potential biomarkers may serve to further expand knowledge of the biologic processes at play in FTD and may in turn propel research toward identifying curative and preventative pharmacologic therapies. The aim of this chapter is to discuss the clinical, pathologic, and genetic complexities of FTD and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma M Devenney
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Rebekah M Ahmed
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - John R Hodges
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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29
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Liu J, Zhan S, Huang C, Liu Y, Liu L, Wu L, Wang Y. Sleep Architecture Changed Without RBD in Patients With FTDP-17. J Clin Sleep Med 2018; 14:1735-1739. [PMID: 30353822 DOI: 10.5664/jcsm.7384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES The aim of this study is to detect the features of sleep disorder via polysomnography (PSG) based on Chinese pedigree of frontotemporal dementia with parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17 (FTDP-17). METHODS Five members (two symptomatic patients and three patients with a presymptomatic mutation) from the FTDP-17 pedigree were enrolled, in comparison with 9 patients with Parkinson disease (PD) and 11 control patients. Each patient underwent standard PSG and hypnogram analysis. RESULTS Sleep architecture is affected in the presymptomatic stage of FTDP-17, including total sleep time and sleep efficiency. However, rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder seems to be exempt from FTDP-17. In hypnogram analysis, five individuals with FTDP-17 exhibited decreased sleep efficiency and disruption of the normal cyclic sleep organization. CONCLUSIONS In FTDP-17, striatum and brainstem are the pathological lesions, which may be involved in the pathophysiology of the alterations in sleep architecture. The concrete mechanisms need further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuqin Zhan
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chaoyang Huang
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Liyong Wu
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuping Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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30
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Kim EJ, Kim YE, Jang JH, Cho EH, Na DL, Seo SW, Jung NY, Jeong JH, Kwon JC, Park KH, Park KW, Lee JH, Roh JH, Kim HJ, Yoon SJ, Choi SH, Jang JW, Ki CS, Kim SH. Analysis of frontotemporal dementia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and other dementia-related genes in 107 Korean patients with frontotemporal dementia. Neurobiol Aging 2018; 72:186.e1-186.e7. [PMID: 30054184 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2018.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
To identify pathogenic variants in 107 Korean patients with sporadic frontotemporal dementia (FTD), 46 genes related to FTD, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and other dementias were screened by next-generation sequencing. Hexanucleotide repeats in C9orf72 gene were also tested by repeat-primed polymerase chain reaction. Next-generation sequencing revealed one known pathogenic variant (c.708+1G>A) in the GRN gene in a patient with behavioral variant FTD (bvFTD). In addition, a novel in-frame deletion (c.2675_2683del) in the CSF1R gene was identified in a patient with bvFTD who had severe bifrontal atrophy with frontal subcortical white matter changes. Novel compound heterozygous variants in the AARS2 gene, c.1040+1G>A and c.636G>A (p.Met212Ile), were found in a patient with bvFTD. Forty-six variants of uncertain significance were detected in other patients. None of the patients had expanded hexanucleotide repeats in C9orf72. These results show that pathogenic variants of known FTD genes are rare in Korean FTD patients but the CSF1R and AARS2 genes should be screened for a genetic diagnosis of FTD or other dementias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Joo Kim
- Department of Neurology, Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Eun Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ja-Hyun Jang
- Green Cross Genome, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Hae Cho
- Green Cross Genome, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Duk L Na
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Won Seo
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Na-Yeon Jung
- Department of Neurology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee H Jeong
- Department of Neurology, Ewha Womans University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jay C Kwon
- Department of Neurology, Changwon Fatima Hospital, Changwon, Gyeongsangnam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Kee Hyung Park
- Department of Neurology, Gachon University Gil Hospital, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Won Park
- Department of Neurology, Dong-A Medical Center, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hong Lee
- Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee Hoon Roh
- Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Jin Kim
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Jin Yoon
- Department of Neurology, Eulgi University Hospital, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Hye Choi
- Department of Neurology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Won Jang
- Department of Neurology, Kangwon National University Hospital, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Seok Ki
- Green Cross Genome, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seung Hyun Kim
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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31
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Konermann S, Lotfy P, Brideau NJ, Oki J, Shokhirev MN, Hsu PD. Transcriptome Engineering with RNA-Targeting Type VI-D CRISPR Effectors. Cell 2018; 173:665-676.e14. [PMID: 29551272 PMCID: PMC5910255 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 711] [Impact Index Per Article: 118.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Class 2 CRISPR-Cas systems endow microbes with diverse mechanisms for adaptive immunity. Here, we analyzed prokaryotic genome and metagenome sequences to identify an uncharacterized family of RNA-guided, RNA-targeting CRISPR systems that we classify as type VI-D. Biochemical characterization and protein engineering of seven distinct orthologs generated a ribonuclease effector derived from Ruminococcus flavefaciens XPD3002 (CasRx) with robust activity in human cells. CasRx-mediated knockdown exhibits high efficiency and specificity relative to RNA interference across diverse endogenous transcripts. As one of the most compact single-effector Cas enzymes, CasRx can also be flexibly packaged into adeno-associated virus. We target virally encoded, catalytically inactive CasRx to cis elements of pre-mRNA to manipulate alternative splicing, alleviating dysregulated tau isoform ratios in a neuronal model of frontotemporal dementia. Our results present CasRx as a programmable RNA-binding module for efficient targeting of cellular RNA, enabling a general platform for transcriptome engineering and future therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Konermann
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Biology, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Helmsley Center for Genomic Medicine, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Peter Lotfy
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Biology, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Helmsley Center for Genomic Medicine, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Nicholas J Brideau
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Biology, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Helmsley Center for Genomic Medicine, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jennifer Oki
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Biology, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Helmsley Center for Genomic Medicine, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Maxim N Shokhirev
- Razavi Newman Integrative Genomics and Bioinformatics Core, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Patrick D Hsu
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Biology, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Helmsley Center for Genomic Medicine, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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32
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Jackson J, Bianco G, Rosa AO, Cowan K, Bond P, Anichtchik O, Fern R. White matter tauopathy: Transient functional loss and novel myelin remodeling. Glia 2018; 66:813-827. [PMID: 29315804 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Early white matter (WM) changes are common in dementia and may contribute to functional decline. We here examine this phenomenon in an induced dementia model for the first time. We report a novel and selective form of myelin injury as the first manifestation of tauopathy in the adult central nervous system. Myelin pathology rapidly followed the induction of a P301 tau mutation associated with fronto-temporal dementia in humans (rTG4510 line). Damage involved focal disruption of the ad-axonal myelin lamella and internal oligodendrocyte tongue process, followed by myelin remodeling with features of re-myelination that included myelin thinning and internodal shortening. The evolution of the re-myelinated phenotype was complete in the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus after 1 month and in the optic nerve (ON) after 9 months of transgene induction and proceeded in the absence of actual demyelination, reactive glial changes or inflammatory response. The initial rapid myelin pathology was associated with loss of WM function and performance decline in a novel recognition test and both these effects largely reversed during the myelin re-modeling phase. The initial phase of myelin injury was accompanied by disruption of the vesicle population present in the axoplasm of hippocampal and ON axons. Axoplasmic vesicle release is significant for the regulation of myelin plasticity and disruption of this pathway may underlie the myelin damage and remodeling evoked by tauopathy. WM dysfunction early in tauopathy will disorder neural circuits, the current findings suggest this event may make a significant contribution to early clinical deficit in dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Angelo O Rosa
- Plymouth Electron Microscopy Centre, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Katrina Cowan
- Peninsula School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Plymouth, PUPSMD, Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Bond
- Plymouth Electron Microscopy Centre, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Oleg Anichtchik
- Peninsula School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Plymouth, PUPSMD, Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Fern
- Peninsula School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Plymouth, PUPSMD, Plymouth, United Kingdom
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33
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Young JJ, Lavakumar M, Tampi D, Balachandran S, Tampi RR. Frontotemporal dementia: latest evidence and clinical implications. Ther Adv Psychopharmacol 2018; 8:33-48. [PMID: 29344342 PMCID: PMC5761910 DOI: 10.1177/2045125317739818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) describes a cluster of neurocognitive syndromes that present with impairment of executive functioning, changes in behavior, and a decrease in language proficiency. FTD is the second most common form of dementia in those younger than 65 years and is expected to increase in prevalence as the population ages. This goal in our review is to describe advances in the understanding of neurobiological pathology, classification, assessment, and treatment of FTD syndromes. METHODS PubMed was searched to obtain reviews and studies that pertain to advancements in genetics, neurobiology, neuroimaging, classification, and treatment of FTD syndromes. Articles were chosen with a predilection to more recent preclinical/clinical trials and systematic reviews. RESULTS Recent reviews and trials indicate a significant advancement in the understanding of molecular and neurobiological clinical correlates to variants of FTD. Genetic and histopathologic markers have only recently been discovered in the past decade. Current therapeutic modalities are limited, with most studies reporting improvement in symptoms with nonpharmacological interventions. However, a small number of studies have reported improvement of behavioral symptoms with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) treatment. Stimulants may help with disinhibition, apathy, and risk-taking behavior. Memantine and cholinesterase inhibitors have not demonstrated efficacy in ameliorating FTD symptoms. Antipsychotics have been used to treat agitation and psychosis, but safety concerns and side effect profiles limit utilization in the general FTD population. Nevertheless, recent breakthroughs in the understanding of FTD pathology have led to developments in pharmacological interventions that focus on producing treatments with autoimmune, genetic, and molecular targets. CONCLUSION FTD is an underdiagnosed group of neurological syndromes comprising multiple variants with distinct neurobiological profiles and presentations. Recent advances suggest there is an array of potential novel therapeutic targets, although data concerning their effectiveness are still preliminary or preclinical. Further studies are required to develop pharmacological interventions, as there are currently no US Food and Drug administration approved treatments to manage FTD syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Joseph Young
- Department of Psychiatry, MetroHealth Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Mallika Lavakumar
- Department of Psychiatry, MetroHealth Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Deena Tampi
- Mercy Regional Medical Center, 3700 Kolbe Rd, Lorain, OH 44053, USA
| | - Silpa Balachandran
- Department of Psychiatry, MetroHealth Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Rajesh R Tampi
- MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 2500 MetroHealth Drive, Cleveland, OH 44109, USA
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34
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Wu L, Liu J, Feng X, Dong J, Qin W, Liu Y, Wang J, Lu J, Chen K, Wang Y, Jia J. 11C-CFT-PET in Presymptomatic FTDP-17: A Potential Biomarker Predicting Onset. J Alzheimers Dis 2017; 61:613-618. [PMID: 29226866 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liyong Wu
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xueyan Feng
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Dong
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Qin
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingjuan Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Lu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Radiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Kewei Chen
- Banner Alzheimer’s Institute Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Yuping Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianping Jia
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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35
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Fern R. The Leukocentric Theory of Neurological Disorder: A Manifesto. Neurochem Res 2017; 42:2666-2672. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-017-2279-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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36
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Miller M, Shirole N, Tian R, Pal D, Sordella R. The Evolution of TP53 Mutations: From Loss-of-Function to Separation-of-Function Mutants. JOURNAL OF CANCER BIOLOGY & RESEARCH 2016; 4:1091. [PMID: 28191499 PMCID: PMC5298884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
As the most mutated gene in cancer, it is no surprise that TP53 has been the center of cancer biology discourse since its discovery in the late 1970s. Although early demonstrations of p53's role in the modulation of cell proliferation and survival solidified its classification as a tumor suppressor and transcription factor, our conceptualization of p53 is ever-evolving. Here, we present novel evidence of the role of alternative splicing isoforms, truncating/separation-of-function mutations, and hotspot silent mutations in the regulation of p53's activities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nitin Shirole
- Cancer Center, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, USA
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Stony Brook University, USA
| | - Ruxiao Tian
- Cancer Center, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, USA
| | - Debjani Pal
- Cancer Center, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, USA
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Stony Brook University, USA
| | - Raffaella Sordella
- Cancer Center, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, USA
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Stony Brook University, USA
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37
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Abstract
Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is a not-uncommon explanation for progressive cognitive deficit in patients who often have a genetic susceptibility for such a neurodegenerative process. However, FTD does not seem to identify one particular pathogenetic mechanism but rather a spectrum of pathologies with particular predilection for the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain. There have been various subcategorizations of this form of dementia that have a tendency to be of earlier onset than typical Alzheimer disease and heralded by behavioral or communication manifestations. There is a behavioral variant and a language variant, referred to as primary progressive aphasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger E Kelley
- Department of Neurology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, 8065, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
| | - Ramy El-Khoury
- Department of Neurology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, 8065, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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38
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Maeda S, Djukic B, Taneja P, Yu GQ, Lo I, Davis A, Craft R, Guo W, Wang X, Kim D, Ponnusamy R, Gill TM, Masliah E, Mucke L. Expression of A152T human tau causes age-dependent neuronal dysfunction and loss in transgenic mice. EMBO Rep 2016; 17:530-51. [PMID: 26931567 PMCID: PMC4818780 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201541438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A152T-variant human tau (hTau-A152T) increases risk for tauopathies, including Alzheimer's disease. Comparing mice with regulatable expression of hTau-A152T or wild-type hTau (hTau-WT), we find age-dependent neuronal loss, cognitive impairments, and spontaneous nonconvulsive epileptiform activity primarily in hTau-A152T mice. However, overexpression of either hTau species enhances neuronal responses to electrical stimulation of synaptic inputs and to an epileptogenic chemical. hTau-A152T mice have higher hTau protein/mRNA ratios in brain, suggesting that A152T increases production or decreases clearance of hTau protein. Despite their functional abnormalities, aging hTau-A152T mice show no evidence for accumulation of insoluble tau aggregates, suggesting that their dysfunctions are caused by soluble tau. In human amyloid precursor protein (hAPP) transgenic mice, co-expression of hTau-A152T enhances risk of early death and epileptic activity, suggesting copathogenic interactions between hTau-A152T and amyloid-β peptides or other hAPP metabolites. Thus, the A152T substitution may augment risk for neurodegenerative diseases by increasing hTau protein levels, promoting network hyperexcitability, and synergizing with the adverse effects of other pathogenic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumihiro Maeda
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA, USA Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Biljana Djukic
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Praveen Taneja
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Gui-Qiu Yu
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Iris Lo
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Allyson Davis
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ryan Craft
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Weikun Guo
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Xin Wang
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Kim
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - T Michael Gill
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Eliezer Masliah
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Lennart Mucke
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA, USA Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Taghdiri F, Sato C, Ghani M, Moreno D, Rogaeva E, Tartaglia MC. Novel GRN Mutations in Patients with Corticobasal Syndrome. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22913. [PMID: 26961809 PMCID: PMC4785496 DOI: 10.1038/srep22913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss-of-function GRN mutations lead to GRN haploinsufficiency and consequently neurodegeneration with significant heterogeneity in clinical presentation of various syndromes. The aim of this study was to investigate the genetics and clinical features of patients with GRN-related frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) syndromes. We performed mutation analysis of GRN in 45 unrelated Canadian patients with a broad spectrum of FTLD-like syndromes (mean age at onset of 64.0 ± 11.2 years). In our cohort, two patients were carriers of two novel heterozygous alterations in GRN: 2 bp insertion (c.769-770insCC:p.Q257fs) and 12 bp deletion (c.1009-1020del:p.337-340del). Both patients presented with corticobasal syndrome supported by clinical and radiological findings. The absence of the mutant allele in the RT-PCR product was only observed for the sample with 2 bp insertion in GRN. In contrast, the allele with 12 bp deletion in GRN was not down-regulated at the RNA level and did not segregate with FTLD in the family. Our report extends the evidence for genetic and phenotypic variability in FTLD disorders, and detects a novel pathogenic GRN mutation, carriers of which could eventually help to evaluate the efficacy of different treatments at early stages of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Foad Taghdiri
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, 60 Leonard avenue, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Christine Sato
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, 60 Leonard avenue, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Mahdi Ghani
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, 60 Leonard avenue, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Danielle Moreno
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, 60 Leonard avenue, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Ekaterina Rogaeva
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, 60 Leonard avenue, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Maria Carmela Tartaglia
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, 60 Leonard avenue, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada.,Devision of Neurology, University Health Network memory clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, 399 Bathurst street, ON M5T 2S8, Canada
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40
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Abstract
Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) refers to a group of clinically and genetically heterogeneous neurodegenerative disorders that are a common cause of adult-onset behavioural and cognitive impairment. FTD often presents in combination with various hyperkinetic or hypokinetic movement disorders, and evidence suggests that various genetic mutations underlie these different presentations. Here, we review the known syndromatic-genetic correlations in FTD. Although no direct genotype-phenotype correlations have been identified, mutations in multiple genes have been associated with various presentations. Mutations in the genes that encode microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT) and progranulin (PGRN) can manifest as symmetrical parkinsonism, including the phenotypes of Richardson syndrome and corticobasal syndrome (CBS). Expansions in the C9orf72 gene are most frequently associated with familial FTD, typically combined with motor neuron disease, but other manifestations, such as symmetrical parkinsonism, CBS and multiple system atrophy-like presentations, have been described in patients with these mutations. Less common gene mutations, such as those in TARDBP, CHMP2B, VCP, FUS and TREM2, can also present as atypical parkinsonism. The most common hyperkinetic movement disorders in FTD are motor and vocal stereotypies, which have been observed in up to 78% of patients with autopsy-proven FTD. Other hyperkinetic movements, such as chorea, orofacial dyskinesias, myoclonus and dystonia, are also observed in some patients with FTD.
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41
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Grimm A, Biliouris EE, Lang UE, Götz J, Mensah-Nyagan AG, Eckert A. Sex hormone-related neurosteroids differentially rescue bioenergetic deficits induced by amyloid-β or hyperphosphorylated tau protein. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:201-15. [PMID: 26198711 PMCID: PMC4700074 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1988-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disease marked by a progressive cognitive decline. Metabolic impairments are common hallmarks of AD, and amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide and hyperphosphorylated tau protein--the two foremost histopathological signs of AD--have been implicated in mitochondrial dysfunction. Neurosteroids have recently shown promise in alleviating cognitive and neuronal sequelae of AD. The present study evaluates the impact of neurosteroids belonging to the sex hormone family (progesterone, estradiol, estrone, testosterone, 3α-androstanediol) on mitochondrial dysfunction in cellular models of AD: human neuroblastoma cells (SH-SY5Y) stably transfected with constructs encoding (1) the human amyloid precursor protein (APP) resulting in overexpression of APP and Aβ, (2) wild-type tau (wtTau), and (3) mutant tau (P301L), that induces abnormal tau hyperphosphorylation. We show that while APP and P301L cells both display a drop in ATP levels, they present distinct mitochondrial impairments with regard to their bioenergetic profiles. The P301L cells presented a decreased maximal respiration and spare respiratory capacity, while APP cells exhibited, in addition, a decrease in basal respiration, ATP turnover, and glycolytic reserve. All neurosteroids showed beneficial effects on ATP production and mitochondrial membrane potential in APP/Aβ overexpressing cells while only progesterone and estradiol increased ATP levels in mutant tau cells. Of note, testosterone was more efficient in alleviating Aβ-induced mitochondrial deficits, while progesterone and estrogen were the most effective neurosteroids in our model of AD-related tauopathy. Our findings lend further support to the neuroprotective effects of neurosteroids in AD and may open new avenues for the development of gender-specific therapeutic approaches in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Grimm
- Neurobiology Laboratory for Brain Aging and Mental Health, Transfaculty Research Platform, Molecular and Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Basel, Wilhelm Klein-Str. 27, 4012, Basel, Switzerland
- Psychiatric University Clinics, University of Basel, Wilhelm Klein-Str. 27, 4012, Basel, Switzerland
- Biopathologie de la Myéline, Neuroprotection et Stratégies Thérapeutiques, INSERM U1119, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Bâtiment 3 de la Faculté de Médecine, 11 rue Humann, 67 000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Emily E Biliouris
- Neurobiology Laboratory for Brain Aging and Mental Health, Transfaculty Research Platform, Molecular and Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Basel, Wilhelm Klein-Str. 27, 4012, Basel, Switzerland
- Psychiatric University Clinics, University of Basel, Wilhelm Klein-Str. 27, 4012, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Undine E Lang
- Psychiatric University Clinics, University of Basel, Wilhelm Klein-Str. 27, 4012, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jürgen Götz
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research (CJCADR), Queensland Brain Institute (QBI), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, QLD, Australia
| | - Ayikoe Guy Mensah-Nyagan
- Biopathologie de la Myéline, Neuroprotection et Stratégies Thérapeutiques, INSERM U1119, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Bâtiment 3 de la Faculté de Médecine, 11 rue Humann, 67 000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Anne Eckert
- Neurobiology Laboratory for Brain Aging and Mental Health, Transfaculty Research Platform, Molecular and Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Basel, Wilhelm Klein-Str. 27, 4012, Basel, Switzerland.
- Psychiatric University Clinics, University of Basel, Wilhelm Klein-Str. 27, 4012, Basel, Switzerland.
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Van Mossevelde S, van der Zee J, Gijselinck I, Engelborghs S, Sieben A, Van Langenhove T, De Bleecker J, Baets J, Vandenbulcke M, Van Laere K, Ceyssens S, Van den Broeck M, Peeters K, Mattheijssens M, Cras P, Vandenberghe R, De Jonghe P, Martin JJ, De Deyn PP, Cruts M, Van Broeckhoven C. Clinical features of TBK1 carriers compared with C9orf72, GRN and non-mutation carriers in a Belgian cohort. Brain 2015; 139:452-67. [PMID: 26674655 PMCID: PMC4805085 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awv358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We identified in a cohort of patients with frontotemporal dementia (n = 481) or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (n = 147), 10 index patients carrying a TBK1 loss of function mutation reducing TBK1 expression by 50%. Here, we describe the clinical and pathological characteristics of the 10 index patients and six of their affected relatives carrying a TBK1 mutation. Six TBK1 carriers were diagnosed with frontotemporal dementia, seven with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, one with both clinical phenotypes and two with dementia unspecified. The mean age at onset of all 16 TBK1 carriers was 62.1 ± 8.9 years (range 41–73) with a mean disease duration of 4.7 ± 4.5 years (range 1–13). TBK1 carriers with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis had shorter disease duration than carriers with frontotemporal dementia. Six of seven TBK1 carriers were diagnosed with the behavioural variant of frontotemporal dementia, presenting predominantly as disinhibition. Memory loss was an important associated symptom in the initial phase of the disease in all but one of the carriers with frontotemporal dementia. Three of the patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis exhibited pronounced upper motor neuron symptoms. Overall, neuroimaging displayed widespread atrophy, both symmetric and asymmetric. Brain perfusion single-photon emission computed tomography or fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography showed asymmetric and predominantly frontotemporal involvement. Neuropathology in two patients demonstrated TDP-43 type B pathology. Further, we compared genotype–phenotype data of TBK1 carriers with frontotemporal dementia (n = 7), with those of frontotemporal dementia patients with a C9orf72 repeat expansion (n = 65) or a GRN mutation (n = 52) and with frontotemporal dementia patients (n = 259) negative for mutations in currently known causal genes. TBK1 carriers with frontotemporal dementia had a later age at onset (63.3 years) than C9orf72 carriers (54.3 years) (P = 0.019). In clear contrast with TBK1 carriers, GRN carriers were more often diagnosed with the language variant than the behavioural variant, and presented in case of the diagnosis of behavioural variant, more often than TBK1 carriers with apathy as the predominant characteristic (P = 0.004). Also, TBK1 carriers exhibited more often extrapyramidal symptoms than C9orf72 carriers (P = 0.038). In conclusion, our study identified clinical differences between the TBK1, C9orf72 and GRN carriers, which allows us to formulate guidelines for genetic diagnosis. After a negative result for C9orf72, patients with both frontotemporal dementia and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis should be tested first for mutations in TBK1. Specifically in frontotemporal dementia patients with early memory difficulties, a relatively late age at onset or extrapyramidal symptoms, screening for TBK1 mutations should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Van Mossevelde
- 1 Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium 2 Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium 3 Department of Neurology and Memory Clinic, Hospital Network Antwerp (ZNA) Middelheim and Hoge Beuken, Antwerp, Belgium 4 Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Julie van der Zee
- 1 Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium 2 Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ilse Gijselinck
- 1 Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium 2 Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sebastiaan Engelborghs
- 2 Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium 3 Department of Neurology and Memory Clinic, Hospital Network Antwerp (ZNA) Middelheim and Hoge Beuken, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Anne Sieben
- 1 Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium 2 Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium 5 Department of Neurology, University Hospital Ghent and University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tim Van Langenhove
- 1 Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium 2 Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium 4 Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Jan De Bleecker
- 5 Department of Neurology, University Hospital Ghent and University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jonathan Baets
- 1 Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium 2 Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium 4 Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Vandenbulcke
- 6 Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium 7 Department of Old Age Psychiatry and Memory Clinic, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Koen Van Laere
- 8 Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sarah Ceyssens
- 9 Molecular Imaging Centre Antwerp, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium 10 Department of Nuclear Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital Edegem, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Marleen Van den Broeck
- 1 Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium 2 Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Karin Peeters
- 1 Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium 2 Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Maria Mattheijssens
- 1 Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium 2 Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Patrick Cras
- 2 Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium 4 Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Rik Vandenberghe
- 6 Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium 11 Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter De Jonghe
- 1 Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium 2 Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium 4 Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | | | - Peter P De Deyn
- 2 Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium 3 Department of Neurology and Memory Clinic, Hospital Network Antwerp (ZNA) Middelheim and Hoge Beuken, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Marc Cruts
- 1 Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium 2 Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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Abstract
Atypical parkinsonism comprises typically progressive supranuclear palsy, corticobasal degeneration, and mutilple system atrophy, which are distinct pathologic entities; despite ongoing research, their cause and pathophysiology are still unknown, and there are no biomarkers or effective treatments available. The expanding phenotypic spectrum of these disorders as well as the expanding pathologic spectrum of their classic phenotypes makes the early differential diagnosis challenging for the clinician. Here, clinical features and investigations that may help to diagnose these conditions and the existing limited treatment options are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Stamelou
- Second Department of Neurology, Attiko Hospital, University of Athens, Rimini 1, Athens 12462, Greece; Department of Neurology, Philipps Universität, Baldingerstrasse, Marburg 35039, Germany; Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK.
| | - Kailash P Bhatia
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
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Devenney E, Vucic S, Hodges JR, Kiernan MC. Motor neuron disease-frontotemporal dementia: a clinical continuum. Expert Rev Neurother 2015; 15:509-22. [DOI: 10.1586/14737175.2015.1034108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Ghetti B, Oblak AL, Boeve BF, Johnson KA, Dickerson BC, Goedert M. Invited review: Frontotemporal dementia caused by microtubule-associated protein tau gene (MAPT) mutations: a chameleon for neuropathology and neuroimaging. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2015; 41:24-46. [PMID: 25556536 PMCID: PMC4329416 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 310] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary frontotemporal dementia associated with mutations in the microtubule-associated protein tau gene (MAPT) is a protean disorder. Three neuropathologic subtypes can be recognized, based on the presence of inclusions made of tau isoforms with three and four repeats, predominantly three repeats and mostly four repeats. This is relevant for establishing a correlation between structural magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography using tracers specific for aggregated tau. Longitudinal studies will be essential to determine the evolution of anatomical alterations from the asymptomatic stage to the various phases of disease following the onset of symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Ghetti
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of MedicineIndianapolis, USA
| | - A L Oblak
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of MedicineIndianapolis, USA
| | - B F Boeve
- Department of Neurology, Mayo ClinicRochester, USA
| | - K A Johnson
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, USA
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, USA
| | - B C Dickerson
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, USA
| | - M Goedert
- Medical Research Council, Laboratory of Molecular BiologyCambridge, UK
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Abstract
Objective:Primitive reflexes and parkinsonian signs are used by clinicians to differentiate among dementias. We reviewed our clinical sample to determine whether primitive reflexes were more prevalent in frontally-based dementias and whether parkinsonian signs were more common in dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) than in other types of dementia.Design:We retrospectively reviewed charts from 204 patients with dementia who presented for consultation at Baycrest's Ross Memory Clinic between April, 2003, to December, 2007.Results:A greater proportion of subjects with DLB and dementia of the Alzheimer type with cardiovascular disease had primitive reflexes than subjects with frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Primitive reflexes were not positively predictive of FTD or vascular dementia (VaD). Dementia with Lewy bodies subjects were more likely to have parkinsonian signs than the other dementias, and bradykinesia and rigidity were positively predictive of FTD. The palmomental reflex was the most common primitive reflex in the sample, and cogwheeling was the most common parkinsonian sign. There was no significant difference between early- and late-stage groups in presence of primitive reflexes or parkinsonian signs.Conclusions:Primitive reflexes appear not to be clinically discriminative of frontally-based dementias such as FTD and VaD.
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47
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Wei Z, Huang Y, Xie N, Ma Q. Elevated Expression of Secreted Autocrine Growth Factor Progranulin Increases Cervical Cancer Growth. Cell Biochem Biophys 2014; 71:189-93. [DOI: 10.1007/s12013-014-0183-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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49
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Siuda J, Fujioka S, Wszolek ZK. Parkinsonian syndrome in familial frontotemporal dementia. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2014; 20:957-64. [PMID: 24998994 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Parkinsonism in frontotemporal dementia (FTD) was first described in families with mutations in the microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT) and progranulin (PRGN) genes. Since then, mutations in several other genes have been identified for FTD with parkinsonism, including chromosome 9 open reading frame 72 (C9ORF72), chromatin modifying protein 2B (CHMP2B), valosin-containing protein (VCP), fused in sarcoma (FUS) and transactive DNA-binding protein (TARDBP). The clinical presentation of patients with familial forms of FTD with parkinsonism is highly variable. The parkinsonism seen in FTD patients is usually characterized by akinetic-rigid syndrome and is mostly associated with the behavioral variant of FTD (bvFTD); however, some cases may present with classical Parkinson's disease. In other cases, atypical parkinsonism resembling progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) or corticobasal syndrome (CBS) has also been described. Although rare, parkinsonism in FTD may coexist with motor neuron disease. Structural neuroimaging, which is crucial for the diagnosis of FTD, shows characteristic patterns of brain atrophy associated with specific mutations. Structural neuroimaging is not helpful in distinguishing among patients with parkinsonian features. Furthermore, dopaminergic imaging that shows nigrostriatal neurodegeneration in FTD with parkinsonism cannot discriminate parkinsonian syndromes that arise from different mutations. Generally, parkinsonism in FTD is levodopa unresponsive, but there have been cases where a temporary benefit has been reported, so dopaminergic treatment is worth trying, especially, when motor and non-motor manifestations can cause significant problems with daily functioning. In this review, we present an update on the clinical and genetic correlations of FTD with parkinsonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Siuda
- Department of Neurology, Silesian Medical University, Katowice, Poland; Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, FL, USA
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50
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Premi E, Garibotto V, Gazzina S, Formenti A, Archetti S, Gasparotti R, Padovani A, Borroni B. Subcortical and Deep Cortical Atrophy in Frontotemporal Dementia due to Granulin Mutations. Dement Geriatr Cogn Dis Extra 2014; 4:95-102. [PMID: 24926307 PMCID: PMC4036148 DOI: 10.1159/000355428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Parkinsonism is often associated with symptoms of frontotemporal dementia (FTD), but its pathogenesis has been largely neglected. In genetic inherited FTD-related granulin (GRN) mutations, parkinsonism is an early sign, and it is more common than in sporadic disorders. Our aim was to study grey matter (GM) volume changes in subcortical and deep cortical regions in GRN-related FTD. METHODS A total of 33 FTD patients (13 carriers of the GRN mutation, GRN+, and 20 non-carriers, GRN-) and 12 healthy controls (HC) were included in the study. Each subject underwent an MRI examination (1) for voxel-based morphometry to study GM differences in cortical and subcortical regions, and (2) for a region of interest approach using a probabilistic atlas of subcortical regions (caudate nucleus, putamen, thalamus and amygdala) to assess the regional differences. RESULTS The GRN+ group showed greater damage in frontotemporal regions than the GRN- group. The FTD patients had greater GM atrophy in the caudate nucleus and in the thalamus bilaterally than the HC. Damage to these subcortical and deep cortical regions was greater in the GRN+ than in the GRN- patients. DISCUSSION Subcortical and deep cortical involvement is a key feature of FTD, and more pronounced in GRN-related disease. Damage to the caudate region in GRN+ patients may explain the parkinsonism frequently associated since the early stages of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Premi
- Centre for Ageing Brain and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Neurology Unit, Brescia, Italy
| | - Valentina Garibotto
- Department of Medical Imaging, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stefano Gazzina
- Centre for Ageing Brain and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Neurology Unit, Brescia, Italy
| | - Anna Formenti
- Centre for Ageing Brain and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Neurology Unit, Brescia, Italy
| | | | | | - Alessandro Padovani
- Centre for Ageing Brain and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Neurology Unit, Brescia, Italy
| | - Barbara Borroni
- Centre for Ageing Brain and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Neurology Unit, Brescia, Italy
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