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Zheng J, Hong BV, Agus JK, Tang X, Klebaner NR, Chen S, Guo F, Harvey DJ, Lebrilla CB, Zivkovic AM. Lutein and Zeaxanthin Enhance, Whereas Oxidation, Fructosylation, and Low pH Damage High-Density Lipoprotein Biological Functionality. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:616. [PMID: 38790721 PMCID: PMC11118252 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13050616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
High-density lipoproteins (HDLs) are key regulators of cellular cholesterol homeostasis but are functionally altered in many chronic diseases. The factors that cause HDL functional loss in chronic disease are not fully understood. It is also unknown what roles antioxidant carotenoids play in protecting HDL against functional loss. The aim of this study was to measure how various disease-associated chemical factors including exposure to (1) Cu2+ ions, (2) hypochlorous acid (HOCL), (3) hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), (4) sialidase, (5) glycosidase, (6) high glucose, (7) high fructose, and (8) acidic pH, and the carotenoid antioxidants (9) lutein and (10) zeaxanthin affect HDL functionality. We hypothesized that some of the modifications would have stronger impacts on HDL particle structure and function than others and that lutein and zeaxanthin would improve HDL function. HDL samples were isolated from generally healthy human plasma and incubated with the corresponding treatments listed above. Cholesterol efflux capacity (CEC), lecithin-cholesterol acyl transferase (LCAT) activity, and paraoxonase-1 (PON1) activity were measured in order to determine changes in HDL functionality. Median HDL particle diameter was increased by acidic pH treatment and reduced by HOCl, high glucose, high fructose, N-glycosidase, and lutein treatments. Acidic pH, oxidation, and fructosylation all reduced HDL CEC, whereas lutein, zeaxanthin, and sialidase treatment improved HDL CEC. LCAT activity was reduced by acidic pH, oxidation, high fructose treatments, and lutein. PON1 activity was reduced by sialidase, glycosidase, H2O2, and fructose and improved by zeaxanthin and lutein treatment. These results show that exposure to oxidizing agents, high fructose, and low pH directly impairs HDL functionality related to cholesterol efflux and particle maturation, whereas deglycosylation impairs HDL antioxidant capacity. On the other hand, the antioxidants lutein and zeaxanthin improve or preserve both HDL cholesterol efflux and antioxidant activity but have no effect on particle maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyuan Zheng
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (J.Z.); (B.V.H.); (J.K.A.); (X.T.); (N.R.K.)
| | - Brian V. Hong
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (J.Z.); (B.V.H.); (J.K.A.); (X.T.); (N.R.K.)
| | - Joanne K. Agus
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (J.Z.); (B.V.H.); (J.K.A.); (X.T.); (N.R.K.)
| | - Xinyu Tang
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (J.Z.); (B.V.H.); (J.K.A.); (X.T.); (N.R.K.)
| | - Nola R. Klebaner
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (J.Z.); (B.V.H.); (J.K.A.); (X.T.); (N.R.K.)
| | - Siyu Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (S.C.); (C.B.L.)
| | - Fei Guo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Danielle J. Harvey
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Carlito B. Lebrilla
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (S.C.); (C.B.L.)
| | - Angela M. Zivkovic
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (J.Z.); (B.V.H.); (J.K.A.); (X.T.); (N.R.K.)
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Yang Q, Han X, Ye M, Jiang T, Wang B, Zhang Z, Li F. Association of genetically predicted 486 blood metabolites on the risk of Alzheimer's disease: a Mendelian randomization study. Front Aging Neurosci 2024; 16:1372605. [PMID: 38681667 PMCID: PMC11047179 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2024.1372605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Studies have reported that metabolic disturbance exhibits in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Still, the presence of definitive evidence concerning the genetic effect of metabolites on AD risk remains insufficient. A systematic exploration of the genetic association between blood metabolites and AD would contribute to the identification of new targets for AD screening and prevention. Methods We conducted an exploratory two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) study aiming to preliminarily identify the potential metabolites involved in AD development. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) involving 7,824 participants provided information on 486 human blood metabolites. Outcome information was obtained from a large-scale GWAS meta-analysis of AD, encompassing 21,982 cases and 41,944 controls of Europeans. The primary two-sample MR analysis utilized the inverse variance weighted (IVW) model while supplementary analyses used Weighted median (WM), MR Egger, Simple mode, and Weighted mode, followed by sensitivity analyses such as the heterogeneity test, horizontal pleiotropy test, and leave-one-out analysis. For the further identification of metabolites, replication and meta-analysis with FinnGen data, steiger test, linkage disequilibrium score regression, confounding analysis, and were conducted for further evaluation. Multivariable MR was performed to assess the direct effect of metabolites on AD. Besides, an extra replication analysis with EADB data was conducted for final evaluation of the most promising findings. Results After rigorous genetic variant selection, IVW, complementary analysis, sensitivity analysis, replication and meta-analysis with the FinnGen data, five metabolites (epiandrosterone sulfate, X-12680, pyruvate, docosapentaenoate, and 1-stearoylglycerophosphocholine) were identified as being genetically associated with AD. MVMR analysis disclosed that genetically predicted these four known metabolites can directly influence AD independently of other metabolites. Only epiandrosterone sulfate and X-12680 remained suggestive significant associations with AD after replication analysis with the EADB data. Conclusion By integrating genomics with metabonomics, this study furnishes evidence substantiating the genetic association of epiandrosterone sulfate and X-12680 with AD. These findings hold significance for the screening, prevention, and treatment strategies for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiqi Yang
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- The First Clinical Medical School, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Xinyu Han
- The First Clinical Medical School, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Min Ye
- The First Clinical Medical School, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Tianxin Jiang
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Baoguo Wang
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Zhenfeng Zhang
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Fei Li
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Intelligent Manufacturing Institute, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
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Di Domenico F, Lanzillotta C, Perluigi M. Redox imbalance and metabolic defects in the context of Alzheimer disease. FEBS Lett 2024. [PMID: 38472147 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Redox reactions play a critical role for intracellular processes, including pathways involved in metabolism and signaling. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) act either as second messengers or generators of protein modifications, fundamental mechanisms for signal transduction. Disturbance of redox homeostasis is associated with many disorders. Among these, Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative pathology that presents hallmarks of oxidative damage such as increased ROS production, decreased activity of antioxidant enzymes, oxidative modifications of macromolecules, and changes in mitochondrial homeostasis. Interestingly, alteration of redox homeostasis is closely associated with defects of energy metabolism, involving both carbohydrates and lipids, the major energy fuels for the cell. As the brain relies exclusively on glucose metabolism, defects of glucose utilization represent a harmful event for the brain. During aging, a progressive perturbation of energy metabolism occurs resulting in brain hypometabolism. This condition contributes to increase neuronal cell vulnerability ultimately resulting in cognitive impairment. The current review discusses the crosstalk between alteration of redox homeostasis and brain energy defects that seems to act in concert in promoting Alzheimer's neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Di Domenico
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Lanzillotta
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Marzia Perluigi
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
- Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
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Guo X, Yu J, Wang R, Peng N, Li R. Deciphering the effect of phytosterols on Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease: the mediating role of lipid profiles. Alzheimers Res Ther 2024; 16:53. [PMID: 38461353 PMCID: PMC10924343 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-024-01424-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have suggested that blood circulating phytosterols, plant-derived sterols analogous to cholesterol, were associated with blood lipid levels and the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). This Mendelian randomization (MR) study is performed to determine the causal effect of circulating phytosterols on AD and PD and evaluate the mediation effect of blood lipids. METHODS Leveraging genome-wide association studies summary-level data for phytosterols, blood lipids, AD, and PD, univariable and multivariable MR (MVMR) analyses were conducted. Four types of phytosterols (brassicasterol, campesterol, sitosterol, and stigmasterol), three blood lipids parameters (high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL-C], non-HDL-C, and triglyceride), two datasets for AD and PD were used. Inverse-variance weighted method was applied as the primary analysis, and false discovery rate method was used for adjustment of multiple comparisons. RESULTS Using the largest AD dataset, genetically proxied higher levels of stigmasterol (OR = 0.593, 95%CI = 0.431-0.817, P = 0.004) and sitosterol (OR = 0.864, 95%CI = 0.791-0.943, P = 0.004) significantly correlated with a lower risk of AD. No significant associations were observed between all four types of phytosterols levels and PD. MVMR estimates showed that the above causal associations were missing after integrating the blood lipids as exposures. Sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of these associations, with no evidence of pleiotropy and heterogeneity. CONCLUSION The study supports a potential beneficial role of blood stigmasterol and sitosterol in reducing the risk of AD, but not PD, which is dependent on modulating blood lipids. These insights highlight circulating stigmasterol and sitosterol as possible biomarkers and therapeutic targets for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingzhi Guo
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, No. 256, Youyi West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710068, China
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, China
| | - Jing Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China
| | - Rui Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China
| | - Ning Peng
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immune Diseases, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710068, China
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, No. 256, Youyi West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710068, China.
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, China.
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Spinedi M, Clark C, Zullo L, Kerksiek A, Pistis G, Castelao E, von Gunten A, Preisig M, Lütjohann D, Popp J. Cholesterol-metabolism, plant sterols, and long-term cognitive decline in older people - Effects of sex and APOEe4. iScience 2024; 27:109013. [PMID: 38327787 PMCID: PMC10847741 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative, vascular, and dementia diseases are linked to dysregulations in cholesterol metabolism. Dietary plant sterols, or phytosterols, may interfere to neurodegeneration and cognitive decline, and have cholesterol-lowering, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant qualities. Here, we investigated the potential associations between circulating cholesterol precursors and metabolites, triglycerides, and phytosterols with cognitive decline in older people by performing multivariate analysis on 246 participants engaged in a population-based prospective study. In our analysis we considered the potential effect of sex and APOEe4. We reveal particular dysregulations of diet-derived phytosterols and endogenous cholesterol synthesis and metabolism, and their variations over time linked to cognitive decline in the general population. These results are significant to the development of interventions to avoid cognitive decline in older adults and suggest that levels of circulating sterols should be taken into account when evaluating risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Spinedi
- University Hospital of Psychiatry and University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Christopher Clark
- University Hospital of Psychiatry and University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Leonardo Zullo
- Service of Old Age Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anja Kerksiek
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Giorgio Pistis
- Psychiatric Epidemiology and Psychopathology Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Enrique Castelao
- Psychiatric Epidemiology and Psychopathology Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Armin von Gunten
- Service of Old Age Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Martin Preisig
- Psychiatric Epidemiology and Psychopathology Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dieter Lütjohann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Julius Popp
- University Hospital of Psychiatry and University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Service of Old Age Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Wang R, Jiao Z, Wang A, Zhang Y, Hong X, Huang S, Fu J, Zhou Y, Wang Y, Li C, Liu Y, Wei K, Meng X, Xu J. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol is associated with lowered cognitive recovery among acute ischemic stroke patients with mild cognitive impairment. Acta Neurol Belg 2024; 124:241-248. [PMID: 37752321 DOI: 10.1007/s13760-023-02375-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) has been documented to be related to mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia occurrence; however, the underlying basis behind this association remains unclear. We aimed to elucidate this basis by examining the association between HDL levels and cognitive improvements after 6 months, among acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients with MCI. Five hundred fifty-eight AIS and MCI patients from the NICE study were enrolled, and divided into four groups, according to their baseline HDL quartiles; median HDL was 1.12 mmol/L (interquartile range 0.96-1.34 mmol/L). The primary outcome examined was the extent of cognitive improvement, defined as ΔMoCA (Montreal Cognitive Assessment) ≥ 2, while the secondary outcome was cognitive deterioration, defined as ΔADAS-cog (Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive Subscale) ≥ 4 or ΔMMSE (Mini-Mental State Examination) ≤ - 3, at 6-months post-AIS. We found that 314 (56.27%), 49 (8.78%), and 31 (5.56%) patients had ΔMoCA ≥ 2, ΔADAS-cog ≥ 4, and ΔMMSE ≤ - 3, respectively. Furthermore, cognitive improvement negatively correlated to HDL levels, with the lowest being present among patients in quartiles 4 (Q4; adjusted OR = 0.44, 95% CI 0.25-0.78, P = 0.0050) and Q3 (OR = 0.38, CI 0.23-0.65, P = 0.0004), compared to Q2 (OR = 0.57, CI 0.34-0.96, P = 0.0331). Q2 patients also had positive correlations with ΔADAS-cog ≥ 4 (OR = 5.18, CI 1.55-17.29, P = 0.0074). However, no association between HDL and ΔMMSE ≤ - 3 was observed, nor with LDL and any cognitive changes. Additionally, restricted cubic spline analysis found a nonlinear relationship between HDL and cognitive improvements. All these findings suggested that low plasma HDL was positively associated with improved cognitive functioning among AIS patients with MCI after 6 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhuomin Jiao
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Anxin Wang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yijun Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangxiang Hong
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Shan Huang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jin Fu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yinglian Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yifei Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Chunyang Li
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yue Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ke Wei
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xia Meng
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China.
| | - Jie Xu
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China.
- Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis Research Center, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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Lee JK, Frank RD, Christenson LR, Fields JA, Rocca WA, Mielke MM. Associations of reproductive factors and exogenous estrogens with global and domain-specific cognition in later life. Alzheimers Dement 2024; 20:63-73. [PMID: 37450421 PMCID: PMC10787812 DOI: 10.1002/alz.13394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Few studies have comprehensively examined the impact of reproductive factors (i.e., reproductive window, parity, hormonal contraception [HC], and menopausal hormone therapy [MHT]) on global and domain-specific cognition in later life. METHODS We studied a population-based sample of 2458 women (median age 74.2 years) residing in Olmsted County, Minnesota; participants underwent a clinical evaluation and comprehensive cognitive testing. RESULTS The length of a woman's reproductive window was not associated with cognition. Higher parity was associated with greater cognitive decline in all domains. Ever HC use was associated with less decline in all domains. Ever MHT use was associated with greater decline in global cognition and all domain-specific z-scores except visuospatial; results were driven by women who initiated MHT 5 or more years after menopause. Additional adjustments for APOE and vascular-related covariates did not attenuate the results. DISCUSSION Multiple reproductive risk factors are associated with cognitive decline in later life. HIGHLIGHTS The length of a woman's reproductive window was not associated with cognition longitudinally. Greater parity was associated with greater cognitive decline longitudinally. Ever HC use was associated with less decline in global cognition and all domain-specific z-scores longitudinally (all p < 0.01). Ever MHT use was associated with greater decline in global cognition and all domain-specific z-scores except visuospatial longitudinally (all p < 0.01). The greatest cognitive decline was among women who initiated MHT more than 5 years after menopause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian K. Lee
- Department of Epidemiology and PreventionWake Forest University School of MedicineWinston‐SalemNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Ryan D. Frank
- Department of Quantitative Health SciencesMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | | | - Julie A. Fields
- Division of Neurocognitive DisordersDepartment of Psychiatry and PsychologyMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Walter A. Rocca
- Department of Quantitative Health SciencesMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
- Department of NeurologyMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
- Women's Health Research CenterMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Michelle M. Mielke
- Department of Epidemiology and PreventionWake Forest University School of MedicineWinston‐SalemNorth CarolinaUSA
- Department of Quantitative Health SciencesMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
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Perluigi M, Di Domenico F, Butterfield DA. Oxidative damage in neurodegeneration: roles in the pathogenesis and progression of Alzheimer disease. Physiol Rev 2024; 104:103-197. [PMID: 37843394 PMCID: PMC11281823 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00030.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is associated with multiple etiologies and pathological mechanisms, among which oxidative stress (OS) appears as a major determinant. Intriguingly, OS arises in various pathways regulating brain functions, and it seems to link different hypotheses and mechanisms of AD neuropathology with high fidelity. The brain is particularly vulnerable to oxidative damage, mainly because of its unique lipid composition, resulting in an amplified cascade of redox reactions that target several cellular components/functions ultimately leading to neurodegeneration. The present review highlights the "OS hypothesis of AD," including amyloid beta-peptide-associated mechanisms, the role of lipid and protein oxidation unraveled by redox proteomics, and the antioxidant strategies that have been investigated to modulate the progression of AD. Collected studies from our groups and others have contributed to unraveling the close relationships between perturbation of redox homeostasis in the brain and AD neuropathology by elucidating redox-regulated events potentially involved in both the pathogenesis and progression of AD. However, the complexity of AD pathological mechanisms requires an in-depth understanding of several major intracellular pathways affecting redox homeostasis and relevant for brain functions. This understanding is crucial to developing pharmacological strategies targeting OS-mediated toxicity that may potentially contribute to slow AD progression as well as improve the quality of life of persons with this severe dementing disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzia Perluigi
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi Fanelli," Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Di Domenico
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi Fanelli," Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - D Allan Butterfield
- Department of Chemistry and Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
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Hassen CB, Machado‐Fragua MD, Landré B, Fayosse A, Dumurgier J, Kivimaki M, Sabia S, Singh‐Manoux A. Change in lipids before onset of dementia, coronary heart disease, and mortality: A 28-year follow-up Whitehall II prospective cohort study. Alzheimers Dement 2023; 19:5518-5530. [PMID: 37243914 PMCID: PMC10679471 DOI: 10.1002/alz.13140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The association of lipids with dementia remains a subject of debate. Using data from 7,672 participants of the Whitehall II prospective cohort study, we examined whether timing of exposure, length of follow-up, or sex modifies this association. METHODS Twelve markers of lipid levels were measured from fasting blood and eight among them a further five times. We performed time-to-event as well as trajectory analyses. RESULTS No associations were observed in men; in women most lipids were associated with the risk of dementia, but only for events occurring after the first 20 years of follow-up. Differences in lipid trajectories in men emerged only in the years immediately before diagnosis whereas in women total cholesterol (TC), LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C), non-HDL-cholesterol (non-HDL-C), TC/HDL-C, and LDL-C/HDL-C were higher in midlife among dementia cases before declining progressively. DISCUSSION Abnormal lipid levels in midlife seem to be associated with a higher risk of dementia in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Ben Hassen
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm U1153, Epidemiology of Ageing and Neurodegenerative diseasesParisFrance
| | - Marcos D Machado‐Fragua
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm U1153, Epidemiology of Ageing and Neurodegenerative diseasesParisFrance
| | - Benjamin Landré
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm U1153, Epidemiology of Ageing and Neurodegenerative diseasesParisFrance
| | - Aurore Fayosse
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm U1153, Epidemiology of Ageing and Neurodegenerative diseasesParisFrance
| | - Julien Dumurgier
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm U1153, Epidemiology of Ageing and Neurodegenerative diseasesParisFrance
- Cognitive Neurology Center, Lariboisière – Fernand Widal Hospital, AP‐HPUniversité Paris CitéParisFrance
| | - Mika Kivimaki
- Department of Mental Health of Older People, Faculty of Brain SciencesUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Séverine Sabia
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm U1153, Epidemiology of Ageing and Neurodegenerative diseasesParisFrance
- Department of Mental Health of Older People, Faculty of Brain SciencesUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Archana Singh‐Manoux
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm U1153, Epidemiology of Ageing and Neurodegenerative diseasesParisFrance
- Department of Mental Health of Older People, Faculty of Brain SciencesUniversity College LondonLondonUK
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Huang SY, Zhang YR, Yang L, Li YZ, Wu BS, Chen SD, Feng JF, Dong Q, Cheng W, Yu JT. Circulating metabolites and risk of incident dementia: A prospective cohort study. J Neurochem 2023; 167:668-679. [PMID: 37908051 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Identifying circulating metabolites associated with dementia, cognition, and brain volume may improve the understanding of dementia pathogenesis and provide novel insights for preventive and therapeutic interventions. This cohort study included a total of 87 885 participants (median follow-up of 9.1 years, 54% female) without dementia at baseline from the UK Biobank. A total of 249 plasma metabolites were measured using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy at baseline. Cox proportional regression was used to examine the associations of each metabolite with incident dementia (cases = 1134), Alzheimer's disease (AD; cases = 488), and vascular dementia (VD; cases = 257) during follow-up. Dementia-associated metabolites were further analyzed for association with cognitive deficits (N = 87 885) and brain volume (N = 7756) using logistic regression and linear regression. We identified 26 metabolites associated with incident dementia, of which 6 were associated with incident AD and 5 were associated with incident VD. These 26 dementia-related metabolites were subfractions of intermediate-density lipoprotein, large low-density lipoprotein (L-LDL), small high-density lipoprotein (S-HDL), very-low-density lipoprotein, fatty acids, ketone bodies, citrate, glucose, and valine. Among them, the cholesterol percentage in L-LDL (L-LDL-C%) was associated with lower risk of AD (HR [95% CI] = 0.92 [0.87-0.97], p = 0.002), higher brain cortical (β = 0.047, p = 3.91 × 10-6 ), and hippocampal (β = 0.043, p = 1.93 × 10-4 ) volume. Cholesteryl ester-to-total lipid ratio in L-LDL (L-LDL-CE%) was associated with lower risk of AD (HR [95% CI] = 0.93 [0.90-0.96], p = 1.48 × 10-4 ), cognitive deficits (odds ratio = 0.98, p = 0.009), and higher hippocampal volume (β = 0.027, p = 0.009). Cholesteryl esters in S-HDL (S-HDL-CE) were associated with lower risk of VD (HR [95% CI] = 0.81 [0.71-0.93], p = 0.002), but not AD. Taken together, circulating levels of L-LDL-CE% and L-LDL-C% were robustly associated with risk of AD and AD phenotypes, but not with VD. S-HDL-CE was associated with lower risk of VD, but not with AD or AD phenotypes. These metabolites may play a role in the advancement of future intervention trials. Additional research is necessary to gain a complete comprehension of the molecular mechanisms behind these associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Yi Huang
- Department of Neurology and National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ya-Ru Zhang
- Department of Neurology and National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of Neurology and National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Zhu Li
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bang-Sheng Wu
- Department of Neurology and National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shi-Dong Chen
- Department of Neurology and National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian-Feng Feng
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
- Fudan ISTBI-ZJNU Algorithm Centre for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Qiang Dong
- Department of Neurology and National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Cheng
- Department of Neurology and National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
- Fudan ISTBI-ZJNU Algorithm Centre for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
- Shanghai Medical College and Zhongshan Hospital Immunotherapy Technology Transfer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin-Tai Yu
- Department of Neurology and National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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11
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Koblinsky ND, Carmichael PH, Belleville S, Fiocco AJ, Gaudreau P, Greenwood CE, Kergoat MJ, Morais JA, Presse N, Laurin D, Ferland G. Associations between circulating cardiovascular disease risk factors and cognitive performance in cognitively healthy older adults from the NuAge study. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1274794. [PMID: 38020779 PMCID: PMC10668121 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1274794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Cardiovascular disease risk factors (CVRFs) contribute to the development of cognitive impairment and dementia. Methods This study examined the associations between circulating CVRF biomarkers and cognition in 386 cognitively healthy older adults (mean age = 78 ± 4 years, 53% females) selected from the Quebec Longitudinal Study on Nutrition and Successful Aging (NuAge). Memory, executive function, and processing speed were assessed at baseline and 2-year follow-up. CVRF biomarkers included total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), triglycerides, glucose, insulin, high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), homocysteine, protein carbonyls, and cortisol. Linear mixed models were used to determine associations between individual CVRF biomarkers and cognition at both time points. Results HDL-C was most consistently associated with cognition with higher values related to better performance across several domains. Overall, stronger and more consistent relationships between CVRF biomarkers and cognition were observed in females relative to males. Discussion Findings suggest that increases in the majority of circulating CVRFs are not associated with worse cognition in cognitively healthy older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah D. Koblinsky
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Health Sciences, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Pierre-Hugues Carmichael
- Center d’excellence sur le Vieillissement de Québec, Center de Recherche du Center Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec-Université Laval and VITAM-Center de Recherche en Santé Durable, Center Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Capitale Nationale, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Sylvie Belleville
- Center de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, CIUSSS du Center-Sud-de-l’Île-de-Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Alexandra J. Fiocco
- Department of Psychology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Pierrette Gaudreau
- Center de Recherche du Center Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal and Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Carol E. Greenwood
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Health Sciences, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - José A. Morais
- Division of Geriatrics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Nancy Presse
- Center de Recherche du Center Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal and Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé de l’Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
- Center de Recherche sur le Vieillissement du CIUSSS de l’Estrie-Center Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (CHUS), Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Danielle Laurin
- Center d’excellence sur le Vieillissement de Québec, Center de Recherche du Center Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec-Université Laval and VITAM-Center de Recherche en Santé Durable, Center Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de la Capitale Nationale, Québec, QC, Canada
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Institut sur le Vieillissement et la Participation Sociale des Aînés and Institut sur la Nutrition et les Aliments Fonctionnels (INAF), Université Laval, Montreal, ON, Canada
| | - Guylaine Ferland
- Montreal Heart Institute Research Center, and Département de Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
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12
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Al-Kuraishy HM, Jabir MS, Albuhadily AK, Al-Gareeb AI, Rafeeq MF. The link between metabolic syndrome and Alzheimer disease: A mutual relationship and long rigorous investigation. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 91:102084. [PMID: 37802319 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.102084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
It has been illustrated that metabolic syndrome (MetS) is associated with Alzheimer disease (AD) neuropathology. Components of MetS including central obesity, hypertension, insulin resistance (IR), and dyslipidemia adversely affect the pathogenesis of AD by different mechanisms including activation of renin-angiotensin system (RAS), inflammatory signaling pathways, neuroinflammation, brain IR, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress. MetS exacerbates AD neuropathology, and targeting of molecular pathways in MetS by pharmacological approach could a novel therapeutic strategy in the management of AD in high risk group. However, the underlying mechanisms of these pathways in AD neuropathology are not completely clarified. Therefore, this review aims to elucidate the association between MetS and AD regarding the oxidative and inflammatory mechanistic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haydar M Al-Kuraishy
- Department of Clinical pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Majid S Jabir
- Department of Applied science, University of technology, Iraq.
| | - Ali K Albuhadily
- Department of Clinical pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ali I Al-Gareeb
- Department of Clinical pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
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13
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Arce Rentería M, McClure LA, Callas PW, LaBode-Richman VM, Kroll DS, Manly JJ, Zakai NA, Unverzagt F, Cushman M. Lipoprotein(a) and risk of cognitive impairment in Black and White Americans: the Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke cohort. Res Pract Thromb Haemost 2023; 7:102170. [PMID: 37694266 PMCID: PMC10491800 DOI: 10.1016/j.rpth.2023.102170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cognitive impairment has a substantial vascular etiology. Higher lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] is associated with cardiovascular disease risk, but its association with cognitive function is uncertain. We hypothesized that Lp(a) is a risk factor for cognitive impairment, a relationship that would be modified by race and sex. Objectives To study the association of Lp(a) with cognitive impairment in a biracial cohort. Methods The Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study recruited 30,239 Black and White Americans aged >45 years from 2003 to 2007. After 3.4 years, among participants with normal baseline cognition, baseline Lp(a) was measured in 434 cases of incident cognitive impairment and 557 controls. Cognitive impairment was defined as scores below the sixth percentile based on age, sex, race, and education norms on 2 or 3 components of a 3-test battery administered every 2 years. Results Median Lp(a) was higher in Black than in White individuals. Among Black participants, the adjusted odds ratio (OR) of cognitive impairment per SD higher increment Lp(a) was 1.39 (95% CI: 1.05, 1.84). The OR in White participants was 1.03 (95% CI: 0.87, 1.21; P for race difference = .03). The relationship of Lp(a) with cognitive trajectory differed by sex and race. Elevated Lp(a) was associated with worse baseline memory in Black men and a steeper trajectory of verbal fluency decline in Black men than in White men and women. Conclusion Higher Lp(a) was associated with increased risk of cognitive impairment in Black but not White individuals. Future studies should evaluate the biological and social mechanisms through which race and Lp(a) interact to increase risk of cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Arce Rentería
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Leslie A. McClure
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Peter W. Callas
- Department of Medicine, Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | | | - Danielle S. Kroll
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jennifer J. Manly
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Neil A. Zakai
- Department of Medicine, Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Frederick Unverzagt
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Mary Cushman
- Department of Medicine, Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
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14
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Clark C, Gholam M, Zullo L, Kerksiek A, Castelao E, von Gunten A, Preisig M, Lütjohann D, Popp J. Plant sterols and cholesterol metabolism are associated with five-year cognitive decline in the elderly population. iScience 2023; 26:106740. [PMID: 37250771 PMCID: PMC10209479 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulations in cholesterol metabolism are associated with neurodegenerative and vascular pathologies, and dementia. Diet-derived plant sterols (phytosterols) have cholesterol-lowering, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties and may interfere with neurodegeneration and cognitive decline. Here we performed multivariate analysis in 720 individuals enrolled in a population-based prospective study to determine whether circulating cholesterol precursors and metabolites, triglycerides, and phytosterols, are associated with cognitive impairment and decline in the older population. We report specific dysregulations of endogenous cholesterol synthesis and metabolism, and diet-derived phytosterols, and their changes over time associated with cognitive impairment, and decline in the general population. These findings suggest circulating sterols levels could be considered in risk evaluation and are relevant for the development of strategies to prevent cognitive decline in older people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Clark
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zürich, Lenggstrasse 31, PO Box 363, 8032 Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Mathematics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mehdi Gholam
- Department of Mathematics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Leonardo Zullo
- Old Age Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Route de Cery 60, 1008 Prilly, Switzerland
| | - Anja Kerksiek
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Enrique Castelao
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Research in Psychiatric Epidemiology and Psychopathology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Armin von Gunten
- Old Age Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Route de Cery 60, 1008 Prilly, Switzerland
| | - Martin Preisig
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Research in Psychiatric Epidemiology and Psychopathology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dieter Lütjohann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Julius Popp
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zürich, Lenggstrasse 31, PO Box 363, 8032 Zürich, Switzerland
- Old Age Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Route de Cery 60, 1008 Prilly, Switzerland
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15
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Safari S, Mirazi N, Ahmadi N, Asadbegi M, Nourian A, Ghaderi S, Rashno M, Komaki A. The Protective Effects of Policosanol on Learning and Memory Impairments in a Male Rat Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:2507-2519. [PMID: 36680733 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03225-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common form of dementia, is characterized by a progressive decline in cognitive performance and memory formation. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of policosanol (PCO) on cognitive function, oxidative-antioxidative status, and amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaque formation in an AD rat model induced by intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of Aβ1-40. Healthy adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into seven groups: control, sham (5 μL, ICV injection of phosphate-buffered saline), AD model (5 μL, ICV injection of Aβ), acacia gum (50 mg/kg, 8 weeks, gavage), PCO (50 mg/kg, 8 weeks, gavage), AD + acacia gum (50 mg/kg, 8 weeks, gavage), and AD + PCO (50 mg/kg, 8 weeks, gavage). During the ninth and tenth weeks of the study, the cognitive function of the rats was assessed by commonly used behavioral paradigms. Subsequently, oxidative-antioxidative status was examined in the serum. Moreover, compact Aβ plaques were detected by Congo red staining. The results showed that injection of Aβ impaired recognition memory in the novel object recognition test, reduced the spatial cognitive ability in the Morris water maze, and alleviated retention and recall capability in the passive avoidance task. Additionally, injection of Aβ resulted in increased total oxidant status, decreased total antioxidant capacity, and enhanced Aβ plaque formation in the rats. Intriguingly, PCO treatment improved all the above-mentioned neuropathological changes in the Aβ-induced AD rats. The results suggest that PCO improves Aβ-induced cognitive decline, possibly through modulation of oxidative-antioxidative status and inhibition of Aβ plaque formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh Safari
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Science and Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Naser Mirazi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Nesa Ahmadi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Science and Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Asadbegi
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Science and Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Alireza Nourian
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Shahab Ghaderi
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Science and Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Masome Rashno
- Student Research Committee, Asadabad School of Medical Sciences, Asadabad, Iran
| | - Alireza Komaki
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Science and Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
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16
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Khate K, Chaudhary V, Longkumer I, Saraswathy KN, Devi NK. Gender-specific association of blood lipids and reproductive trajectory with cognitive impairment: A community based cross-sectional study from India. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1107152. [PMID: 36923148 PMCID: PMC10008908 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1107152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Abnormal blood lipid levels in the general population and adverse reproductive events among women have been associated with cognitive impairment (CI). However, their relationship has not been extensively studied in community settings. Hence, this study aims to explore the association of CI with blood lipid levels in both sexes and reproductive events/trajectory among women. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among a North Indian rural population. A total of 808 adults were recruited through door-to-door household survey. Data on socio-demographic variables, reproductive profile of women, and cognitive impairment status were collected. Fasting blood sample was collected to estimate serum lipid profile. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to test for association. Results The study demonstrated a lack of association between lipid profile and cognitive impairment among males. Surprisingly, low HDL-C among females was found to be protective against moderate/severe cognitive impairment (value of p = 0.049). Further, menopausal women and those having five or higher live births were found to be at higher risk of CI than pre-menopausal women and those with 1-2 live births, respectively. Conclusion The present study hints toward a gender-specific association of blood lipid levels with CI. Further, higher live births and menopause appear to be important risk factors for CI among women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevingu Khate
- Department of Anthropology, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Vineet Chaudhary
- Department of Anthropology, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
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Abstract
In this article, the authors discuss primarily what is known about the epidemiology of all-cause dementia. Dementia is caused by a complex interplay of genetics, comorbidities, and lifestyle factors, and drug development has been challenging. However, evidence from large, prospective, observational studies has identified a variety of factors that may prevent or delay the onset of dementia. Several of these factors are modifiable and lend themselves to well to treatments currently available. The authors discuss the state of current evidence on dementia risk factors, the most promising avenues, and future directions for dementia prevention and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina S Dintica
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kristine Yaffe
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; San Francisco VA Health Care System, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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18
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Wang T, Huynh K, Giles C, Mellett NA, Duong T, Nguyen A, Lim WLF, Smith AAT, Olshansky G, Cadby G, Hung J, Hui J, Beilby J, Watts GF, Chatterjee P, Martins I, Laws SM, Bush AI, Rowe CC, Villemagne VL, Ames D, Masters CL, Taddei K, Doré V, Fripp J, Arnold M, Kastenmüller G, Nho K, Saykin AJ, Baillie R, Han X, Martins RN, Moses EK, Kaddurah‐Daouk R, Meikle PJ. APOE ε2 resilience for Alzheimer's disease is mediated by plasma lipid species: Analysis of three independent cohort studies. Alzheimers Dement 2022; 18:2151-2166. [PMID: 35077012 PMCID: PMC9787288 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype is the strongest genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease. However, its effect on lipid metabolic pathways, and their mediating effect on disease risk, is poorly understood. METHODS We performed lipidomic analysis on three independent cohorts (the Australian Imaging, Biomarkers and Lifestyle [AIBL] flagship study, n = 1087; the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative [ADNI] 1 study, n = 819; and the Busselton Health Study [BHS], n = 4384), and we defined associations between APOE ε2 and ε4 and 569 plasma/serum lipid species. Mediation analysis defined the proportion of the treatment effect of the APOE genotype mediated by plasma/serum lipid species. RESULTS A total of 237 and 104 lipid species were associated with APOE ε2 and ε4, respectively. Of these 68 (ε2) and 24 (ε4) were associated with prevalent Alzheimer's disease. Individual lipid species or lipidomic models of APOE genotypes mediated up to 30% and 10% of APOE ε2 and ε4 treatment effect, respectively. DISCUSSION Plasma lipid species mediate the treatment effect of APOE genotypes on Alzheimer's disease and as such represent a potential therapeutic target.
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Pasqualetti G, Thayanandan T, Edison P. Influence of genetic and cardiometabolic risk factors in Alzheimer's disease. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 81:101723. [PMID: 36038112 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disorder. Cardiometabolic and genetic risk factors play an important role in the trajectory of AD. Cardiometabolic risk factors including diabetes, mid-life obesity, mid-life hypertension and elevated cholesterol have been linked with cognitive decline in AD subjects. These potential risk factors associated with cerebral metabolic changes which fuel AD pathogenesis have been suggested to be the reason for the disappointing clinical trial results. In appreciation of the risks involved, using search engines such as PubMed, Scopus, MEDLINE and Google Scholar, a relevant literature search on cardiometabolic and genetic risk factors in AD was conducted. We discuss the role of genetic as well as established cardiovascular risk factors in the neuropathology of AD. Moreover, we show new evidence of genetic interaction between several genes potentially involved in different pathways related to both neurodegenerative process and cardiovascular damage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tony Thayanandan
- Department of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Paul Edison
- Department of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, UK; School of Medicine, Cardiff University, UK.
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20
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Pedrini S, Doecke JD, Hone E, Wang P, Thota R, Bush AI, Rowe CC, Dore V, Villemagne VL, Ames D, Rainey‐Smith S, Verdile G, Sohrabi HR, Raida MR, Taddei K, Gandy S, Masters CL, Chatterjee P, Martins R. Plasma high-density lipoprotein cargo is altered in Alzheimer's disease and is associated with regional brain volume. J Neurochem 2022; 163:53-67. [PMID: 36000528 PMCID: PMC9804612 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol levels have been repeatedly linked to Alzheimer's Disease (AD), suggesting that high levels could be detrimental, but this effect is likely attributed to Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. On the other hand, High-Density Lipoproteins (HDL) cholesterol levels have been associated with reduced brain amyloidosis and improved cognitive function. However, recent findings have suggested that HDL-functionality, which depends upon the HDL-cargo proteins associated with HDL, rather than HDL levels, appears to be the key factor, suggesting a quality over quantity status. In this report, we have assessed the HDL-cargo (Cholesterol, ApoA-I, ApoA-II, ApoC-I, ApoC-III, ApoD, ApoE, ApoH, ApoJ, CRP, and SAA) in stable healthy control (HC), healthy controls who will convert to MCI/AD (HC-Conv) and AD patients (AD). Compared to HC we observed an increased cholesterol/ApoA-I ratio in AD and HC-Conv, as well as an increased ApoD/ApoA-I ratio and a decreased ApoA-II/ApoA-I ratio in AD. Higher cholesterol/ApoA-I ratio was also associated with lower cortical grey matter volume and higher ventricular volume, while higher ApoA-II/ApoA-I and ApoJ/ApoA-I ratios were associated with greater cortical grey matter volume (and for ApoA-II also with greater hippocampal volume) and smaller ventricular volume. Additionally, in a clinical status-independent manner, the ApoE/ApoA-I ratio was significantly lower in APOE ε4 carriers and lowest in APOE ε4 homozygous. Together, these data indicate that in AD patients the composition of HDL is altered, which may affect HDL functionality, and such changes are associated with altered regional brain volumetric data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Pedrini
- School of Medical SciencesEdith Cowan UniversityJoondalupWestern AustraliaAustralia,CRC for Mental HealthMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - James D. Doecke
- Australian E‐Health Research CentreCSIROBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Eugene Hone
- School of Medical SciencesEdith Cowan UniversityJoondalupWestern AustraliaAustralia,CRC for Mental HealthMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Penghao Wang
- College of Science, Health, Engineering and EducationMurdoch UniversityMurdochWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Rohith Thota
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Department of Biomedical SciencesMacquarie UniversitySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Ashley I. Bush
- CRC for Mental HealthMelbourneVictoriaAustralia,The Florey Institute, The University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Christopher C. Rowe
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Centre for PETAustin HealthHeidelbergVictoriaAustralia
| | - Vincent Dore
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Centre for PETAustin HealthHeidelbergVictoriaAustralia
| | | | - David Ames
- National Ageing Research InstituteParkvilleVictoriaAustralia,University of Melbourne Academic unit for Psychiatry of Old AgeSt George's HospitalKewVictoriaAustralia
| | - Stephanie Rainey‐Smith
- School of Medical SciencesEdith Cowan UniversityJoondalupWestern AustraliaAustralia,Centre for Healthy Ageing, Health Futures InstituteMurdoch UniversityMurdochWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Giuseppe Verdile
- Curtin Medical SchoolCurtin UniversityBentleyWestern AustraliaAustralia,Curtin Health Innovation Research InstituteCurtin UniversityBentleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Hamid R. Sohrabi
- Centre for Healthy Ageing, Health Futures InstituteMurdoch UniversityMurdochWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Manfred R. Raida
- Life Science Institute, Singapore Lipidomics IncubatorNational University of SingaporeSingapore CitySingapore
| | - Kevin Taddei
- School of Medical SciencesEdith Cowan UniversityJoondalupWestern AustraliaAustralia,CRC for Mental HealthMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Sam Gandy
- Department of NeurologyIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew York CityNew YorkUSA
| | - Colin L. Masters
- The Florey Institute, The University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Pratishtha Chatterjee
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Department of Biomedical SciencesMacquarie UniversitySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Ralph N. Martins
- School of Medical SciencesEdith Cowan UniversityJoondalupWestern AustraliaAustralia,CRC for Mental HealthMelbourneVictoriaAustralia,Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Department of Biomedical SciencesMacquarie UniversitySydneyNew South WalesAustralia,School of Psychiatry and Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of Western AustraliaCrawleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
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21
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Shared Risk Factors between Dementia and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179777. [PMID: 36077172 PMCID: PMC9456552 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease is the most common form of dementia, and the prodromal phases of Alzheimer’s disease can last for decades. Vascular dementia is the second most common form of dementia and is distinguished from Alzheimer’s disease by evidence of previous stroke or hemorrhage and current cerebrovascular disease. A compiled group of vascular-related dementias (vascular dementia and unspecified dementia) is often referred to as non-Alzheimer dementia. Recent evidence indicates that preventing dementia by lifestyle interventions early in life with a focus on reducing cardiovascular risk factors is a promising strategy for reducing future risk. Approximately 40% of dementia cases is estimated to be preventable by targeting modifiable, primarily cardiovascular risk factors. The aim of this review is to describe the association between risk factors for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and the risk of Alzheimer’s disease and non-Alzheimer dementia by providing an overview of the current evidence and to shed light on possible shared pathogenic pathways between dementia and cardiovascular disease. The included risk factors are body mass index (BMI); plasma triglyceride-, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol-, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol-, and total cholesterol concentrations; hypertension; diabetes; non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD); physical inactivity; smoking; diet; the gut microbiome; and genetics. Furthermore, we aim to disentangle the difference between associations of risk factors in midlife as compared with in late life.
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22
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Zanotti I. High-Density Lipoproteins in Non-Cardiovascular Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169413. [PMID: 36012681 PMCID: PMC9408873 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Zanotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università di Parma, 42124 Parma, Italy
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23
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Lam SM, Huang X, Shui G. Neurological aspects of SARS-CoV-2 infection: lipoproteins and exosomes as Trojan horses. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2022; 33:554-568. [PMID: 35613979 PMCID: PMC9058057 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2022.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) primarily targets lipid-producing cells for viral tropism. In this review, we connect systemic lipid couriers, particularly high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) and exosomes, with the neurological facets of SARS-CoV-2 infection. We discuss how SARS-CoV-2 preferentially targets lipid-secreting cells and usurps host cell lipid metabolism for efficient replication and systemic spreading. Besides providing natural veils for viral materials against host immunity, the inherent properties of some of these endogenous lipid particles to traverse the blood-brain barrier (BBB) also offer alternative routes for SARS-CoV-2 neurotropism. Importantly, virus-driven neurological aberrations mediated by HDLs and exosomes are fueled by lipid rafts, which are implicated in the production and transmigration of these lipid particles across the BBB. Finally, we discuss how repurposing existing drugs targeting lipid rafts and cholesterol homeostasis may be beneficial toward alleviating the global coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) disease burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sin Man Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; LipidALL Technologies Company Limited, Changzhou 213022, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Guanghou Shui
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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24
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Zaciragic A, Dervisevic A, Valjevac A, Fajkic A, Spahic S, Hasanbegovic I, Jadric R, Lepara O. Difference in the Standard and Novel Lipid Profile Parameters Between Patients With Alzheimer's Disease and Vascular Dementia Stratified by the Degree of Cognitive Impairment. Mater Sociomed 2022; 34:100-106. [PMID: 36199842 PMCID: PMC9478525 DOI: 10.5455/msm.2022.34.100-106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lipids and lipoproteins are significantly involved in maintaining structural and functional components of the human brain and neurons, but their role in the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VD) remains unclear. Objective The aim of the present study was to explore the differences in the standard and novel lipid profile parameters in patients with AD and VD, stratified by the degree of cognitive impairment (CI). Methods Present study included 66 patients with AD, 50 patients with VD, and 60 control subjects. For an evaluation of the global cognitive function the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) test was used. In order to distinguish patients with VD from those with AD the Hachinski ischemic score was used. Plasma total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein -cholesterol (HDL-C), and triglycerides (TG) levels were determined using standard enzymatic colorimetric techniques, whereas the Friedewald formula was used to calculate low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) levels. The non-traditional lipid indices such as TG/HDL-C, TC/HDL-C, and LDL-C/HDL-C ratio were separately calculated. The differences between the groups were analyzed with the Kruskal Wallis test followed by the Mann-Whitney test or with ANOVA followed by the Tuckey posthoc test. Results Results of the conducted study have found that the patients in AD group with moderate CI and patients in AD group with severe CI exhibited significantly lower levels of serum TC, TG, LDL-C, VLDL-C, Non- HDL-C, atherogenic index, TG/HDL-C, TC/HDL-C and LDL-C/HDL-C compared to cognitively normal control subjects. Moreover, patients in VD group with severe and moderate CI had significantly lower level of TG compared to control group of subjects. Our results have also shown that patients in AD group with moderate CI had significantly lower level of TC, TG, LDL-C, Non-HDL-C, atherogenic index, TG/HDL-C, TC/HDL-C compared to VD patients with moderate CI. In addition, patients in AD group with severe CI had significantly lower level of TC, LDL-C, Non-HDL-C and TC/HDL-C compared to VD patients with severe CI. Conclusion The results of this study have shown dysregulation of lipid metabolism in AD and VD patients with different degree of CI. In both moderate and in severe CI, patients with AD had lower levels of majority of standard and novel lipid parameters compared to patients with VD. Further larger prospective studies are required to elucidate the accuracy of standard and novel lipid parameters in the assessment of different degree of CI in AD and VD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asija Zaciragic
- Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Amela Dervisevic
- Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Amina Valjevac
- Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Almir Fajkic
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Selma Spahic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Ilvana Hasanbegovic
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Radivoj Jadric
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Orhan Lepara
- Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
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25
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Han G, Bai K, Yang X, Sun C, Ji Y, Zhou J, Zhang H, Ding Y. "Drug-Carrier" Synergy Therapy for Amyloid-β Clearance and Inhibition of Tau Phosphorylation via Biomimetic Lipid Nanocomposite Assembly. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2106072. [PMID: 35307993 PMCID: PMC9108666 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202106072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ) toxicity is considered to be companioned by Tau phosphorylation in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The clinical AD therapy is usually subjected to low blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetration and complex interaction mechanisms between Aβ and phosphorylated Tau. A "Drug-Carrier" synergy therapy is herein designed to simultaneously target Aβ and Tau-associated pathways for AD treatment. To imitate natural nanoparticle configuration, the endogenous apolipoprotein A-I and its mimicking peptide 4F fused angiopep-2 (Ang) are sequentially grafted onto lipid nanocomposite (APLN), providing liberty of BBB crossing and microglia targeted Aβ clearance. For synergy treatment, methylene blue (MB) is further assembled into APLN (APLN/MB) for Tau aggregation inhibition. After intravenous administration, the optimized density (5 wt%) of Ang ligands dramatically enhances APLN/MB intracerebral shuttling and accumulation, which is 2.15-fold higher than that Ang absent-modification. The site-specific release of MB collaborates APLN to promote Aβ capture for microglia endocytosis clearance and reduce p-Tau level by 25.31% in AD pathogenesis. In AD-Aβ-Tau bearing mouse models, APLN/MB can relieve AD symptoms, rescue neuron viability and cognitive functions. Collectively, it is confirmed that "Drug-Carrier" synergy therapy of APLN/MB is a promising approach in the development of AD treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guochen Han
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education)State Key Laboratory of Natural MedicinesDepartment of PharmaceuticsChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjing210009China
| | - Kaiwen Bai
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education)State Key Laboratory of Natural MedicinesDepartment of PharmaceuticsChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjing210009China
| | - Xiaoyu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education)State Key Laboratory of Natural MedicinesDepartment of PharmaceuticsChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjing210009China
| | - Chenhua Sun
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education)State Key Laboratory of Natural MedicinesDepartment of PharmaceuticsChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjing210009China
| | - Yi Ji
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education)State Key Laboratory of Natural MedicinesDepartment of PharmaceuticsChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjing210009China
| | - Jianping Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education)State Key Laboratory of Natural MedicinesDepartment of PharmaceuticsChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjing210009China
| | - Huaqing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education)State Key Laboratory of Natural MedicinesDepartment of PharmaceuticsChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjing210009China
| | - Yang Ding
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education)State Key Laboratory of Natural MedicinesDepartment of PharmaceuticsChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjing210009China
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Lin H, Himali JJ, Satizabal CL, Beiser AS, Levy D, Benjamin EJ, Gonzales MM, Ghosh S, Vasan RS, Seshadri S, McGrath ER. Identifying Blood Biomarkers for Dementia Using Machine Learning Methods in the Framingham Heart Study. Cells 2022; 11:1506. [PMID: 35563811 PMCID: PMC9100323 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood biomarkers for dementia have the potential to identify preclinical disease and improve participant selection for clinical trials. Machine learning is an efficient analytical strategy to simultaneously identify multiple candidate biomarkers for dementia. We aimed to identify important candidate blood biomarkers for dementia using three machine learning models. We included 1642 (mean 69 ± 6 yr, 53% women) dementia-free Framingham Offspring Cohort participants attending examination, 7 who had available blood biomarker data. We developed three machine learning models, support vector machine (SVM), eXtreme gradient boosting of decision trees (XGB), and artificial neural network (ANN), to identify candidate biomarkers for incident dementia. Over a mean 12 ± 5 yr follow-up, 243 (14.8%) participants developed dementia. In multivariable models including all 38 available biomarkers, the XGB model demonstrated the strongest predictive accuracy for incident dementia (AUC 0.74 ± 0.01), followed by ANN (AUC 0.72 ± 0.01), and SVM (AUC 0.69 ± 0.01). Stepwise feature elimination by random sampling identified a subset of the nine most highly informative biomarkers. Machine learning models confined to these nine biomarkers showed improved model predictive accuracy for dementia (XGB, AUC 0.76 ± 0.01; ANN, AUC 0.75 ± 0.004; SVM, AUC 0.73 ± 0.01). A parsimonious panel of nine candidate biomarkers were identified which showed moderately good predictive accuracy for incident dementia, although our results require external validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghuang Lin
- The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA 01701, USA; (H.L.); (J.J.H.); (C.L.S.); (A.S.B.); (D.L.); (E.J.B.); (M.M.G.); (S.G.); (R.S.V.); (S.S.)
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Jayandra J. Himali
- The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA 01701, USA; (H.L.); (J.J.H.); (C.L.S.); (A.S.B.); (D.L.); (E.J.B.); (M.M.G.); (S.G.); (R.S.V.); (S.S.)
- School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer’s & Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio, TX 77072, USA
| | - Claudia L. Satizabal
- The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA 01701, USA; (H.L.); (J.J.H.); (C.L.S.); (A.S.B.); (D.L.); (E.J.B.); (M.M.G.); (S.G.); (R.S.V.); (S.S.)
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer’s & Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio, TX 77072, USA
| | - Alexa S. Beiser
- The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA 01701, USA; (H.L.); (J.J.H.); (C.L.S.); (A.S.B.); (D.L.); (E.J.B.); (M.M.G.); (S.G.); (R.S.V.); (S.S.)
- School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Daniel Levy
- The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA 01701, USA; (H.L.); (J.J.H.); (C.L.S.); (A.S.B.); (D.L.); (E.J.B.); (M.M.G.); (S.G.); (R.S.V.); (S.S.)
- Population Sciences Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20824, USA
| | - Emelia J. Benjamin
- The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA 01701, USA; (H.L.); (J.J.H.); (C.L.S.); (A.S.B.); (D.L.); (E.J.B.); (M.M.G.); (S.G.); (R.S.V.); (S.S.)
- School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Mitzi M. Gonzales
- The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA 01701, USA; (H.L.); (J.J.H.); (C.L.S.); (A.S.B.); (D.L.); (E.J.B.); (M.M.G.); (S.G.); (R.S.V.); (S.S.)
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer’s & Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio, TX 77072, USA
| | - Saptaparni Ghosh
- The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA 01701, USA; (H.L.); (J.J.H.); (C.L.S.); (A.S.B.); (D.L.); (E.J.B.); (M.M.G.); (S.G.); (R.S.V.); (S.S.)
- School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Ramachandran S. Vasan
- The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA 01701, USA; (H.L.); (J.J.H.); (C.L.S.); (A.S.B.); (D.L.); (E.J.B.); (M.M.G.); (S.G.); (R.S.V.); (S.S.)
- School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Sudha Seshadri
- The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA 01701, USA; (H.L.); (J.J.H.); (C.L.S.); (A.S.B.); (D.L.); (E.J.B.); (M.M.G.); (S.G.); (R.S.V.); (S.S.)
- School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer’s & Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio, TX 77072, USA
| | - Emer R. McGrath
- The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA 01701, USA; (H.L.); (J.J.H.); (C.L.S.); (A.S.B.); (D.L.); (E.J.B.); (M.M.G.); (S.G.); (R.S.V.); (S.S.)
- HRB Clinical Research Facility, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, H91TK33 Galway, Ireland
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. A, Avula SN, Joseph KLTN, Onuchukwu CV, Thondamala V, Shrivastava S, Namburi AR, Mohammed L. The Role of High-Density Lipoprotein in Lowering Risk of Dementia in the Elderly: A Review. Cureus 2022; 14:e24374. [PMID: 35621297 PMCID: PMC9126470 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.24374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Dementia is one of the major causes of disability and hospitalization in the elderly. As far as non-invasive markers of dementia are concerned, we only have age and Apolipoprotein-E (Apo-E) gene, which can be considered as clinically relevant. Modifiable risk factors have been found to be the cause in one-third of the patients who develop dementia. The compatible data supporting the same, in particular for dyslipidemia, is limited, which in turn makes it difficult to devise prevention and interventional methods for both dementia and mild cognitive impairment. Hence, the objective of the review is to summarize the findings on the relation established between the high-density lipoprotein type C( HDL-C) levels and lower the chance of dementia in the elderly, and the possible role of HDL-C as a potential predictive biomarker for cases of dementia in elderly people. Dyslipidemia, a known risk factor for the occurrence of cardiovascular diseases, seems to be linked to Alzheimer’s disease. Elevated levels of serum cholesterol in mid-adult life increases the risk of dementia in older age. But elevated high-density lipoprotein (HDL) level and its principal apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA-I ) equates with a low risk of dementia in the elderly population HDL cholesterol has been found to promote endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity which in turn reduces the neural and vascular inflammation and suppresses vascular adhesion thereby exhibiting its vasoprotective function. It has been believed that all these factors have a role to play in the pathogenesis of dementia. The relation between the higher levels of HDL cholesterol or its key protein component ApoA-I and the lower dementia prevalence in the elderly had been documented in numerous observational studies. Some studies have reported conflicting results. Yet, observational studies measuring the baseline HDL level in middle age found a significant association between HDL level and dementia risk in the elderly, whereas those studies measuring HDL cholesterol level only in old age found no association. Likewise, a significant association between HDL cholesterol and dementia risk has been reported with studies that carry through to 10 years or longer. However, the studies with follow-up of fewer than 10 years had failed to document any such association between HDL cholesterol and dementia. HDL assays may also be used as a predictive biomarker for dementia patients to target the interventions. Although statins do not target HDL directly but can be an area of interest for dementia.
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The Current Status of Research on High-Density Lipoproteins (HDL): A Paradigm Shift from HDL Quantity to HDL Quality and HDL Functionality. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073967. [PMID: 35409326 PMCID: PMC8999423 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The quantity of high-density lipoproteins (HDL) is represented as the serum HDL-C concentration (mg/dL), while the HDL quality manifests as the diverse features of protein and lipid content, extent of oxidation, and extent of glycation. The HDL functionality represents several performance metrics of HDL, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cholesterol efflux activities. The quantity and quality of HDL can change during one’s lifetime, depending on infection, disease, and lifestyle, such as dietary habits, exercise, and smoking. The quantity of HDL can change according to age and gender, such as puberty, middle-aged symptoms, climacteric, and the menopause. HDL-C can decrease during disease states, such as acute infection, chronic inflammation, and autoimmune disease, while it can be increased by regular aerobic exercise and healthy food consumption. Generally, high HDL-C at the normal level is associated with good HDL quality and functionality. Nevertheless, high HDL quantity is not always accompanied by good HDL quality or functionality. The HDL quality concerns the morphology of the HDL, such as particle size, shape, and number. The HDL quality also depends on the composition of the HDL, such as apolipoproteins (apoA-I, apoA-II, apoC-III, serum amyloid A, and α-synuclein), cholesterol, and triglyceride. The HDL quality is also associated with the extent of HDL modification, such as glycation and oxidation, resulting in the multimerization of apoA-I, and the aggregation leads to amyloidogenesis. The HDL quality frequently determines the HDL functionality, which depends on the attached antioxidant enzyme activity, such as the paraoxonase and cholesterol efflux activity. Conventional HDL functionality is regression, the removal of cholesterol from atherosclerotic lesions, and the removal of oxidized species in low-density lipoproteins (LDL). Recently, HDL functionality was reported to expand the removal of β-amyloid plaque and inhibit α-synuclein aggregation in the brain to attenuate Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease, respectively. More recently, HDL functionality has been associated with the susceptibility and recovery ability of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) by inhibiting the activity of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The appearance of dysfunctional HDL is frequently associated with many acute infectious diseases and chronic aging-related diseases. An HDL can be a suitable biomarker to diagnose many diseases and their progression by monitoring the changes in its quantity and quality in terms of the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory abilities. An HDL can be a protein drug used for the removal of plaque and as a delivery vehicle for non-soluble drugs and genes. A dysfunctional HDL has poor HDL quality, such as a lower apoA-I content, lower antioxidant ability, smaller size, and ambiguous shape. The current review analyzes the recent advances in HDL quantity, quality, and functionality, depending on the health and disease state during one’s lifetime.
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Xiao Q, Xi J, Wang R, Zhao Q, Liang X, Wu W, Zheng L, Guo Q, Hong Z, Fu H, Ding D. The Relationship Between Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Progression of Mild Cognitive Impairment: The Influence of rs6859 in PVRL2. Front Genet 2022; 13:823406. [PMID: 35273639 PMCID: PMC8901437 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.823406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Genome-wide association studies have identified many Alzheimer’s disease (AD) genetic-risk single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and indicated the important role of the cholesterol/lipid metabolism pathway in AD pathogenesis. This study aims to investigate the effects of cholesterol and genetic risk factors on progression of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to AD. Methods: We prospectively followed 316 MCI participants aged ≥50 years with a baseline cholesterol profile and SNP genotyping data for 4.5 years on average in a sub-cohort of the Shanghai Aging Study. Total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in serum were measured at baseline. SNP genotyping was performed using a MassARRAY system. At follow-up, consensus diagnosis of incident dementia and AD were established based on medical, neurological, and neuropsychological examinations. Cox regression models were used to assess the association of cholesterol and SNP with incident AD. Results: The AG/AA genotypes of PVRL2 rs6859 were significantly associated with increased incident AD in MCI participants, compared with GG genotype (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 2.75, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.32–5.76, p = .007, false discovery rate–adjusted p = .030). In PVRL2 rs6859 AG/AA carriers, each-1 mmol/L higher level of LDL-C was significantly associated with a 48% decreased risk of AD (adjusted HR 0.52, 95%CI 0.33–0.84, p = .007). Consistent results were obtained when using LDL-C as the categorical variable (P for trend = 0.016). Conclusion: The relationship between LDL-C and progression of MCI may be influenced by genetic variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianyi Xiao
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Health Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianxiong Xi
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Health Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruru Wang
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Health Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qianhua Zhao
- Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Aging Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoniu Liang
- Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Aging Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Wanqing Wu
- Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Aging Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Zheng
- Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Aging Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Qihao Guo
- Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Aging Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen Hong
- Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Aging Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Fu
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Health Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ding Ding
- Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Aging Diseases, Shanghai, China
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Kim HK, Song J. Hypothyroidism and Diabetes-Related Dementia: Focused on Neuronal Dysfunction, Insulin Resistance, and Dyslipidemia. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23062982. [PMID: 35328405 PMCID: PMC8952212 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23062982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of dementia is steadily increasing worldwide. The risk factors for dementia are diverse, and include genetic background, environmental factors, sex differences, and vascular abnormalities. Among the subtypes of dementia, diabetes-related dementia is emerging as a complex type of dementia related to metabolic imbalance, due to the increase in the number of patients with metabolic syndrome and dementia worldwide. Thyroid hormones are considered metabolic regulatory hormones and affect various diseases, such as liver failure, obesity, and dementia. Thyroid dysregulation affects various cellular mechanisms and is linked to multiple disease pathologies. In particular, hypothyroidism is considered a critical cause for various neurological problems-such as metabolic disease, depressive symptoms, and dementia-in the central nervous system. Recent studies have demonstrated the relationship between hypothyroidism and brain insulin resistance and dyslipidemia, leading to diabetes-related dementia. Therefore, we reviewed the relationship between hypothyroidism and diabetes-related dementia, with a focus on major features of diabetes-related dementia such as insulin resistance, neuronal dysfunction, and dyslipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Kyung Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, 264 Seoyangro, Hwasun 58128, Korea;
| | - Juhyun Song
- Department of Anatomy, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun 58128, Korea
- BioMedical Sciences Graduate Program (BMSGP), Chonnam National University, 264 Seoyangro, Hwasun 58128, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-61-379-2706; Fax: +82-61-375-5834
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31
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Zhu Y, Liu X, Zhu R, Zhao J, Wang Q. Lipid levels and the risk of dementia: A dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2022; 9:296-311. [PMID: 35202496 PMCID: PMC8935316 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We performed a dose-response meta-analysis to estimate the association between lipid profiles with the risk of dementia and the potential differences according to the subtype of dementia based on prospective studies. METHODS We searched PubMed, Embase and Web of Science for relevant articles and performed a meta-analysis. We applied fixed or random-effects models to calculate pooled relative risk (RR) with their 95% confidence intervals (CI). The dose-response relationship was assessed by restricted cubic spline. RESULTS Twenty-five prospective studies comprising 362,443 participants and 20,121 cases were included in the final analysis. We found that increased risk of all-cause dementia could be predicted by elevated total cholesterol (TC) (RR = 1.13, 95% CI 1.04-1.22). When looking at dementia subtypes, we also observed high TC and triglycerides (TG) may increase the future risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD), with a pooled RR of 1.13 (95% CI: 1.06-1.21) and 1.10 (95% CI: 1.04-1.15) respectively. Moreover, a dose-response analysis revealed a linear association between TC or TG and the risk of AD, with a pooled RR of 1.09 (95% CI: 1.02-1.16) and 1.12 (95% CI: 1.05-1.21) for per 3-mmol/L increment in TC and TG, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Current evidence suggest that every 3-mmol/L increase in blood TC or TG is linearly associated with a 9% or 12% increase in RR of AD, supporting the notion that high TC and TG levels appear to play a causal role in the development of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhu
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xu Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ruixia Zhu
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jingjing Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qianwen Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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32
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Emerging role of HDL in brain cholesterol metabolism and neurodegenerative disorders. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2022; 1867:159123. [PMID: 35151900 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2022.159123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
High-density lipoproteins (HDLs play a key role in cholesterol homeostasis maintenance in the central nervous system (CNS), by carrying newly synthesized cholesterol from astrocytes to neurons, to support their lipid-related physiological functions. As occurs for plasma HDLs, brain lipoproteins are assembled through the activity of membrane cholesterol transporters, undergo remodeling mediated by specific enzymes and transport proteins, and finally deliver cholesterol to neurons by a receptor-mediated internalization process. A growing number of evidences indicates a strong association between alterations of CNS cholesterol homeostasis and neurodegenerative disorders, in particular Alzheimer's disease (AD), and a possible role in this relationship may be played by defects in brain HDL metabolism. In the present review, we summarize and critically examine the current state of knowledge on major modifications of HDL and HDL-mediated brain cholesterol transport in AD, by taking into consideration the individual steps of this process. We also describe potential and encouraging HDL-based therapies that could represent new therapeutic strategies for AD treatment. Finally, we revise the main plasma and brain HDL modifications in other neurodegenerative disorders including Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), and frontotemporal dementia (FTD).
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33
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Ryan MC, Hong LE, Hatch KS, Gao S, Chen S, Haerian K, Wang J, Goldwaser EL, Du X, Adhikari BM, Bruce H, Hare S, Kvarta MD, Jahanshad N, Nichols TE, Thompson PM, Kochunov P. The additive impact of cardio-metabolic disorders and psychiatric illnesses on accelerated brain aging. Hum Brain Mapp 2022; 43:1997-2010. [PMID: 35112422 PMCID: PMC8933252 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe mental illnesses (SMI) including major depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar disorder (BD), and schizophrenia spectrum disorder (SSD) elevate accelerated brain aging risks. Cardio‐metabolic disorders (CMD) are common comorbidities in SMI and negatively impact brain health. We validated a linear quantile regression index (QRI) approach against the machine learning “BrainAge” index in an independent SSD cohort (N = 206). We tested the direct and additive effects of SMI and CMD effects on accelerated brain aging in the N = 1,618 (604 M/1,014 F, average age = 63.53 ± 7.38) subjects with SMI and N = 11,849 (5,719 M/6,130 F; 64.42 ± 7.38) controls from the UK Biobank. Subjects were subdivided based on diagnostic status: SMI+/CMD+ (N = 665), SMI+/CMD− (N = 964), SMI−/CMD+ (N = 3,765), SMI−/CMD− (N = 8,083). SMI (F = 40.47, p = 2.06 × 10−10) and CMD (F = 24.69, p = 6.82 × 10−7) significantly, independently impacted whole‐brain QRI in SMI+. SSD had the largest effect (Cohen’s d = 1.42) then BD (d = 0.55), and MDD (d = 0.15). Hypertension had a significant effect on SMI+ (d = 0.19) and SMI− (d = 0.14). SMI effects were direct, independent of MD, and remained significant after correcting for effects of antipsychotic medications. Whole‐brain QRI was significantly (p < 10−16) associated with the volume of white matter hyperintensities (WMH). However, WMH did not show significant association with SMI and was driven by CMD, chiefly hypertension (p < 10−16). We used a simple and robust index, QRI, the demonstrate additive effect of SMI and CMD on accelerated brain aging. We showed a greater effect of psychiatric illnesses on QRI compared to cardio‐metabolic illness. Our findings suggest that subjects with SMI should be among the targets for interventions to protect against age‐related cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghann C Ryan
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - L Elliot Hong
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kathryn S Hatch
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Si Gao
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Shuo Chen
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Krystl Haerian
- Department of Clinical Research and Leadership, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Jingtao Wang
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Eric L Goldwaser
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Xiaoming Du
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Bhim M Adhikari
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Heather Bruce
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Stephanie Hare
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Mark D Kvarta
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Neda Jahanshad
- Imaging Genetics Center, Stevens Neuroimaging & Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Thomas E Nichols
- Nuffield Department of Population Health of the University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Paul M Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Stevens Neuroimaging & Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Peter Kochunov
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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34
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Association of low-frequency and rare coding variants with information processing speed. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:613. [PMID: 34864818 PMCID: PMC8643353 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01736-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Measures of information processing speed vary between individuals and decline with age. Studies of aging twins suggest heritability may be as high as 67%. The Illumina HumanExome Bead Chip genotyping array was used to examine the association of rare coding variants with performance on the Digit-Symbol Substitution Test (DSST) in community-dwelling adults participating in the Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology (CHARGE) Consortium. DSST scores were available for 30,576 individuals of European ancestry from nine cohorts and for 5758 individuals of African ancestry from four cohorts who were older than 45 years and free of dementia and clinical stroke. Linear regression models adjusted for age and gender were used for analysis of single genetic variants, and the T5, T1, and T01 burden tests that aggregate the number of rare alleles by gene were also applied. Secondary analyses included further adjustment for education. Meta-analyses to combine cohort-specific results were carried out separately for each ancestry group. Variants in RNF19A reached the threshold for statistical significance (p = 2.01 × 10-6) using the T01 test in individuals of European descent. RNF19A belongs to the class of E3 ubiquitin ligases that confer substrate specificity when proteins are ubiquitinated and targeted for degradation through the 26S proteasome. Variants in SLC22A7 and OR51A7 were suggestively associated with DSST scores after adjustment for education for African-American participants and in the European cohorts, respectively. Further functional characterization of its substrates will be required to confirm the role of RNF19A in cognitive function.
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35
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Zingel R, Bohlken J, Riedel-Heller S, Barth S, Kostev K. Association Between Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels, Statin Use, and Dementia in Patients followed in German General Practices. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 79:37-46. [PMID: 33216039 DOI: 10.3233/jad-201176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND No studies have been conducted to date on the association between low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), statin use classified into low, medium, and high statin dosages, and dementia in German general practices. OBJECTIVE The goal of this retrospective case-control study was to investigate the relationship between elevated LDL-C, statins, and dementia in elderly persons followed in general practices in Germany. METHODS This study included patients aged 65 or older with an initial dementia diagnosis between January 2015 and December 2019 and at least one documented LDL-C value within the year prior to the dementia diagnosis. These patients were treated in one of 963 general practices which document LDL-C in Germany. Dementia cases were matched to non-dementia controls using propensity scores based on age, sex, and comorbidities. Logistic regression models were conducted to assess a possible association between accelerated LDL-C, statins, and dementia. RESULTS The study included 12,236 patients with dementia and 12,236 non-dementia controls. In total, 2,528 of the dementia patients were diagnosed with vascular dementia. The use of all dosages of statin use was negatively associated with all-cause dementia (OR: 0.80 for low dose, OR: 0.92 for medium dose, and OR: 0.85 for high dose) and with vascular dementia (OR: 0.61 for low dose, OR: 0.77 for medium dose, and OR: 0.74 for high dose). There was no clinically relevant association between elevated LDL-C and dementia. CONCLUSION A negative association was found between all dosage use of statin therapy and all-cause dementia and vascular dementia in elderly patients in general practices in Germany.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jens Bohlken
- Institute for Social Medicine, Occupational Medicine, and Public Health (ISAP) of the Medical Faculty at the University of Leipzig
| | - Steffi Riedel-Heller
- Institute for Social Medicine, Occupational Medicine, and Public Health (ISAP) of the Medical Faculty at the University of Leipzig
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36
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Pedrini S, Hone E, Gupta VB, James I, Teimouri E, Bush AI, Rowe CC, Villemagne VL, Ames D, Masters CL, Rainey-Smith S, Verdile G, Sohrabi HR, Raida MR, Wenk MR, Taddei K, Chatterjee P, Martins I, Laws SM, Martins RN. Plasma High Density Lipoprotein Small Subclass is Reduced in Alzheimer's Disease Patients and Correlates with Cognitive Performance. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 77:733-744. [PMID: 32741823 PMCID: PMC7592676 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Background: The link between cholesterol and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has received much attention, as evidence suggests high levels of cholesterol might be an AD risk factor. The carriage of cholesterol and lipids through the body is mediated via lipoproteins, some of which, particularly apolipoprotein E (ApoE), are intimately linked with AD. In humans, high density lipoprotein (HDL) is regarded as a “good” lipid complex due to its ability to enable clearance of excess cholesterol via ‘cholesterol reverse transport’, although its activities in the pathogenesis of AD are poorly understood. There are several subclasses of HDL; these range from the newly formed small HDL, to much larger HDL. Objective: We examined the major subclasses of HDL in healthy controls, mild cognitively impaired, and AD patients who were not taking statins to determine whether there were HDL profile differences between the groups, and whether HDL subclass levels correlated with plasma amyloid-β (Aβ) levels or brain Aβ deposition. Methods: Samples from AIBL cohort were used in this study. HDL subclass levels were assessed by Lipoprint while Aβ1–42 levels were assessed by ELISA. Brain Aβ deposition was assessed by PET scan. Statistical analysis was performed using parametric and non-parametric tests. Results: We found that small HDL subclass is reduced in AD patients and it correlates with cognitive performance while plasma Aβ concentrations do not correlate with lipid profile or HDL subfraction levels. Conclusion: Our data indicate that AD patients exhibit altered plasma HDL profile and that HDL subclasses correlate with cognitive performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Pedrini
- School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.,CRC for Mental Health, Carlton South, Victoria, Australia
| | - Eugene Hone
- School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.,CRC for Mental Health, Carlton South, Victoria, Australia
| | - Veer B Gupta
- School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.,CRC for Mental Health, Carlton South, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ian James
- Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Elham Teimouri
- School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Ashley I Bush
- CRC for Mental Health, Carlton South, Victoria, Australia.,The Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christopher C Rowe
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Centre for PET, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Victor L Villemagne
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Centre for PET, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - David Ames
- National Ageing Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,University of Melbourne Academic unit for Psychiatry of Old Age, St George's Hospital, Kew, Victoria, Australia
| | - Colin L Masters
- The Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Giuseppe Verdile
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Hamid R Sohrabi
- Centre for Healthy Ageing, School of Psychology and Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Manfred R Raida
- Life Science Institute, Singapore Lipidomics Incubator, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Markus R Wenk
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kevin Taddei
- School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.,CRC for Mental Health, Carlton South, Victoria, Australia
| | - Pratishtha Chatterjee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ian Martins
- School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.,CRC for Mental Health, Carlton South, Victoria, Australia
| | - Simon M Laws
- School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.,CRC for Mental Health, Carlton South, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ralph N Martins
- School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.,CRC for Mental Health, Carlton South, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
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37
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Hua R, Ma Y, Li C, Zhong B, Xie W. Low levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and cognitive decline. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2021; 66:1684-1690. [PMID: 36654302 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2021.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between low levels of serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and subsequent cognitive decline remains unclear. The present study aimed to evaluate the longitudinal association between low LDL-C levels and cognition decline in the context of the current aggressive guideline-recommended targets (LDL-C levels less than 55 mg/dL for individuals at very high risk of cardiovascular events, and less than 70 mg/dL for high risk individuals). Data from wave 13 (2016) to wave 14 (2018) of the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) were utilized. LDL-C concentrations measured at wave 13 were categorized into 5 levels, reflecting currently recommended values for lipid lowering treatment. Of 7129 included participants (mean age: 69.0 ± 9.9 years, 60.3% female), we found that compared to participants with LDL-C levels of 70.0-99.9 mg/dL, those with LDL-C levels of <55 mg/dL had significantly slower 2-year decline rates in global cognitive function (0.244 point/year; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.065-0.422; P = 0.008), working memory (0.068 point/year; 95% CI: 0.004-0.133; P = 0.038), and borderline significantly in episodic memory (0.155 point/year; 95% CI: -0.004-0.315; P = 0.057). Similarly, significantly slower decline rates were observed in those with LDL-C levels of 55.0-69.9 mg/dL. The present study demonstrated that compared with LDL-C levels 70.0-99.9 mg/dL, low LDL-C levels (<70 mg/dL, especially <55 mg/dL) were associated with significantly slower cognitive decline in population-based setting. Future randomized controlled trials are warranted to ascertain the safety and benefit of current aggressive guideline-recommended targets on cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Hua
- Heart and Vascular Health Research Center, Peking University Clinical Research Institute, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yanjun Ma
- Heart and Vascular Health Research Center, Peking University Clinical Research Institute, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Chenglong Li
- Heart and Vascular Health Research Center, Peking University Clinical Research Institute, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Baoliang Zhong
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Affiliated Wuhan Mental Health Center, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Wuxiang Xie
- Heart and Vascular Health Research Center, Peking University Clinical Research Institute, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China.
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38
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Kim JH, Lim DK, Suh YH, Chang KA. Long-Term Treatment of Cuban Policosanol Attenuates Abnormal Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Response via Amyloid Plaques Reduction in 5xFAD Mice. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10081321. [PMID: 34439569 PMCID: PMC8389325 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10081321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder resulting in cognitive decline or dementia, the number of patients with AD is continuously increasing. Although a lot of great progress has been made in research and development of AD therapeutics, there is no fundamental cure for this disease yet. This study demonstrated the memory-improving effects of Cuban policosanol (PCO) in 5xFAD mice, which is an animal model of AD. Following 4-months of treatment with PCO in 5xFAD mice, we found that the number of amyloid plaques decreased in the brain compared to the vehicle-treated 5xFAD mice. Long-term PCO treatment in 5xFAD mice resulted in the reduction of gliosis and abnormal inflammatory cytokines level (interleukin [IL]-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α) in the cortex and hippocampus. Levels of lipid peroxide (4-hydroxynonenal [4-HNE]) and superoxide dismutase (SOD1 and SOD2) levels were also recoverd in the brains of PCO-treated 5xFAD mice. Notably, PCO administration reduced memory deficits in the passive avoidance test, as well as synaptic loss (PSD-95, synaptophysin) in 5xFAD mice. Collectively, we identified the potential effects of PCO as a useful supplement to delay or prevent AD progression by inhibiting the formation of Aβ plaques in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ho Kim
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Gachon Advanced Insiue for Healh Sciences & Technology (GAIHST), Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Korea;
| | - Dong-Kyun Lim
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21565, Korea; (D.-K.L.); (Y.-H.S.)
| | - Yoo-Hun Suh
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21565, Korea; (D.-K.L.); (Y.-H.S.)
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Keun-A Chang
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Gachon Advanced Insiue for Healh Sciences & Technology (GAIHST), Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Korea;
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21565, Korea; (D.-K.L.); (Y.-H.S.)
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-32-899-6411
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Jin Y, Chifodya K, Han G, Jiang W, Chen Y, Shi Y, Xu Q, Xi Y, Wang J, Zhou J, Zhang H, Ding Y. High-density lipoprotein in Alzheimer's disease: From potential biomarkers to therapeutics. J Control Release 2021; 338:56-70. [PMID: 34391838 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The inverse correlation between high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels in vivo and the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) has become an inspiration for HDL-inspired AD therapy, including plain HDL and various intelligent HDL-based drug delivery systems. In this review, we will focus on the two endogenous HDL subtypes in the central nervous system (CNS), apolipoprotein E-based HDL (apoE-HDL) and apolipoprotein A-I-based HDL (apoA-I-HDL), especially their influence on AD pathophysiology to reveal HDL's potential as biomarkers for risk prediction, and summarize the relevant therapeutic mechanisms to propose possible treatment strategies. We will emphasize the latest advances of HDL as therapeutics (plain HDL and HDL-based drug delivery systems) to discuss the potential for AD therapy and review innovative techniques in the preparation of HDL-based nanoplatforms to provide a basis for the rational design and future development of anti-AD drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Jin
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, China Pharmaceutical University, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210009, China; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Kudzai Chifodya
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Guochen Han
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, China Pharmaceutical University, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210009, China; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Wenxin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Qiao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yilong Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Jianping Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, China Pharmaceutical University, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210009, China; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Huaqing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, China Pharmaceutical University, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210009, China; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Yang Ding
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, China Pharmaceutical University, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210009, China; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, Nanjing 210009, China.
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40
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Gong Q, Xie L, Bi M, Yu L. A probability formula derived from serum indicators, age, and comorbidities as an early predictor of dementia in elderly Chinese people. Brain Behav 2021; 11:e2236. [PMID: 34173349 PMCID: PMC8413781 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Blood-based indicators are potentially economical and a safe method for screening a population for dementia, although their predictive values have not been unequivocally confirmed. The present study proposes a dementia prediction formula based on serum indicators and patient characteristics. METHODS From January 2016 to December 2018, the data of elderly patients older than 60 years admitted to the Department of Neurology and Geriatrics in our hospital were retrospectively reviewed. A multivariate logistic regression model was applied to verify the patients' characteristics and serum indicators associated with the risk of dementia. After receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve and area under the ROC curve (AUC) analyses, we propose a dementia prediction formula and cutoff values for the predictive ability of early dementia. RESULTS Four thousand seven hundred twenty two elderly patients were enrolled, and the incidence of dementia was 12.0% (565). When patients had ≥8 comorbidities, their risk of developing dementia was 20 times higher than those without comorbidities. After multivariate regression analysis, age (OR: 1.086, p < .001) and homocysteine (HCY) concentrations (OR: 1.017, p = .003) were proven to be linked to the risk of developing dementia, while total cholesterol (TC) (OR: 0.674, p = .005) was a protective factor for dementia. We developed a formula of age + low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) + TC + HCY + number of comorbidities as a good predictor of dementia (AUC: 0.79), with a probability (cutoff) value of 0.112 (sensitivity 87.4%, specificity 55.8%, and accuracy 60.5%). CONCLUSIONS High-serum HCY and low TC were risk factors for developing dementia. A cutoff value > 0.112 derived from our formula was an excellent predictor for people at a high risk of developing dementia, and may be a potentially useful diagnostic tool for identifying patients at risk for dementia in routine clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Gong
- Department of Geriatrics, Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Lianhong Xie
- Department of Geriatrics, Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Minghui Bi
- Department of Geriatrics, Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Lina Yu
- Department of Geriatrics, Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital, Shanghai, China
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41
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Bakeberg MC, Gorecki AM, Kenna JE, Jefferson A, Byrnes M, Ghosh S, Horne MK, McGregor S, Stell R, Walters S, Mastaglia FL, Anderton RS. Elevated HDL Levels Linked to Poorer Cognitive Ability in Females With Parkinson's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:656623. [PMID: 34177552 PMCID: PMC8226251 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.656623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Cholesterol levels have been associated with age-related cognitive decline, however, such an association has not been comprehensively explored in people with Parkinson's disease (PD). To address this uncertainty, the current cross-sectional study examined the cholesterol profile and cognitive performance in a cohort of PD patients. Methods Cognitive function was evaluated using two validated assessments (ACE-R and SCOPA-COG) in 182 people with PD from the Australian Parkinson's Disease Registry. Total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and Triglyceride (TRG) levels were examined within this cohort. The influence of individual lipid subfractions on domain-specific cognitive performance was investigated using covariate-adjusted generalised linear models. Results Females with PD exhibited significantly higher lipid subfraction levels (TC, HDL, and LDL) when compared to male counterparts. While accounting for covariates, HDL levels were strongly associated with poorer performance across multiple cognitive domains in females but not males. Conversely, TC and LDL levels were not associated with cognitive status in people with PD. Conclusion Higher serum HDL associates with poorer cognitive function in females with PD and presents a sex-specific biomarker for cognitive impairment in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan C Bakeberg
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Anastazja M Gorecki
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Jade E Kenna
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Alexa Jefferson
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Michelle Byrnes
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Soumya Ghosh
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Malcolm K Horne
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Centre for Clinical Neurosciences and Neurological Research, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Sarah McGregor
- Centre for Clinical Neurosciences and Neurological Research, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Rick Stell
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Sue Walters
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Frank L Mastaglia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Ryan S Anderton
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,School of Health Sciences, Institute for Health Research, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, WA, Australia
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42
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Ferguson AC, Tank R, Lyall LM, Ward J, Celis-Morales C, Strawbridge R, Ho F, Whelan CD, Gill J, Welsh P, Anderson JJ, Mark PB, Mackay DF, Smith DJ, Pell JP, Cavanagh J, Sattar N, Lyall DM. Alzheimer's Disease Susceptibility Gene Apolipoprotein E (APOE) and Blood Biomarkers in UK Biobank (N = 395,769). J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 76:1541-1551. [PMID: 32651323 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative condition where the underlying etiology is still unclear. Investigating the potential influence of apolipoprotein E (APOE), a major genetic risk factor, on common blood biomarkers could provide a greater understanding of the mechanisms of AD and dementia risk. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to conduct the largest (to date) single-protocol investigation of blood biomarkers in the context of APOE genotype, in UK Biobank. METHODS After quality control and exclusions, data on 395,769 participants of White European ancestry were available for analysis. Linear regressions were used to test potential associations between APOE genotypes and biomarkers. RESULTS Several biomarkers significantly associated with APOEɛ4 'risk' and ɛ2 'protective' genotypes (versus neutral ɛ3/ɛ3). Most associations supported previous data: for example, ɛ4 genotype was associated with elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) (standardized beta [b] = 0.150 standard deviations [SDs] per allele, p < 0.001) and ɛ2 with lower LDL (b = -0.456 SDs, p < 0.001). There were however instances of associations found in unexpected directions: e.g., ɛ4 and increased insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) (b = 0.017, p < 0.001) where lower levels have been previously suggested as an AD risk factor. CONCLUSION These findings highlight biomarker differences in non-demented people at genetic risk for dementia. The evidence herein supports previous hypotheses of involvement from cardiometabolic and neuroinflammatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy C Ferguson
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Rachana Tank
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Laura M Lyall
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Joey Ward
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Carlos Celis-Morales
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK.,GEEAFyS, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Rona Strawbridge
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK.,Health Data Research UK.,Department of Medicine Solna, Cardiovascular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Frederick Ho
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | | | - Jason Gill
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Paul Welsh
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Jana J Anderson
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Patrick B Mark
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Daniel F Mackay
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Daniel J Smith
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Jill P Pell
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Jonathan Cavanagh
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Naveed Sattar
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Donald M Lyall
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK
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Kjeldsen EW, Thomassen JQ, Juul Rasmussen I, Nordestgaard BG, Tybjærg-Hansen A, Frikke-Schmidt R. Plasma HDL cholesterol and risk of dementia - observational and genetic studies. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 118:1330-1343. [PMID: 33964140 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvab164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The association of plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol with risk of dementia is unclear. We therefore tested the hypothesis that high levels of plasma HDL cholesterol are associated with increased risk of dementia and whether a potential association is of a causal nature. METHODS AND RESULTS In two prospective population-based studies, the Copenhagen General Population Study and the Copenhagen City Heart Study (N = 111,984 individuals), we first tested whether high plasma HDL cholesterol is associated with increased risk of any dementia and its subtypes. These analyses in men and women separately were adjusted multifactorially for other risk factors including apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype. Second, taking advantage of two-sample Mendelian randomization, we tested whether genetically elevated HDL cholesterol was causally associated with Alzheimer's disease using publicly available consortia data on 643,836 individuals. Observationally, multifactorially adjusted Cox regression restricted cubic spline models showed that both men and women with extreme high HDL cholesterol concentrations had increased risk of any dementia and of Alzheimer's disease. Men in the 96th-99th and 100th versus the 41st-60th percentiles of HDL cholesterol had multifactorially including APOE genotype adjusted hazard ratios of 1.66 (95% confidence interval 1.30-2.11) and 2.00 (1.35-2.98) for any dementia and 1.59 (1.16-2.20) and 1.87 (1.11-3.16) for Alzheimer's disease. Corresponding estimates for women were 0.94 (0.74-1.18) and 1.45 (1.03-2.05) for any dementia and 0.94 (0.70-1.26) and 1.69 (1.13-2.53) for Alzheimer's disease. Genetically, the two-sample Mendelian randomization odds ratio for Alzheimer's disease per 1 standard deviation increase in HDL cholesterol was 0.92 (0.74-1.10) in the IGAP2019 consortium and 0.98 (0.95-1.00) in the ADSP/IGAP/PGC-ALZ/UKB consortium. Similar estimates were observed in sex stratified analyses. CONCLUSION High plasma HDL cholesterol was observationally associated with increased risk of any dementia and Alzheimer's disease, suggesting that HDL cholesterol can be used as an easily accessible plasma biomarker for individual risk assessment. TRANSLATIONAL PERSPECTIVE The present study identifies very high plasma HDL cholesterol levels as an independent risk factor for any dementia and Alzheimer's disease in both men and women of the general population. Two-sample Mendelian randomization studies do not support that this association is of a causal nature, indicating HDL cholesterol as a non-causal risk factor for Alzheimer's disease. Our findings suggest that very high HDL cholesterol can be used as an easily accessible plasma biomarker to evaluate increased risk of dementia and potential identification of high-risk individuals for early targeted prevention - an area highly recommended to direct attention towards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie W Kjeldsen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.,The Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
| | - Jesper Q Thomassen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.,The Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
| | - Ida Juul Rasmussen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.,The Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
| | - Børge G Nordestgaard
- The Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2730 Herlev, Denmark.,The Copenhagen City Heart Study, Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2000 Frederiksberg, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
| | - Anne Tybjærg-Hansen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.,The Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2730 Herlev, Denmark.,The Copenhagen City Heart Study, Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2000 Frederiksberg, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ruth Frikke-Schmidt
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.,The Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2730 Herlev, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Robert J, Osto E, von Eckardstein A. The Endothelium Is Both a Target and a Barrier of HDL's Protective Functions. Cells 2021; 10:1041. [PMID: 33924941 PMCID: PMC8146309 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The vascular endothelium serves as a barrier between the intravascular and extravascular compartments. High-density lipoproteins (HDL) have two kinds of interactions with this barrier. First, bloodborne HDL must pass the endothelium to access extravascular tissues, for example the arterial wall or the brain, to mediate cholesterol efflux from macrophages and other cells or exert other functions. To complete reverse cholesterol transport, HDL must even pass the endothelium a second time to re-enter circulation via the lymphatics. Transendothelial HDL transport is a regulated process involving scavenger receptor SR-BI, endothelial lipase, and ATP binding cassette transporters A1 and G1. Second, HDL helps to maintain the integrity of the endothelial barrier by (i) promoting junction closure as well as (ii) repair by stimulating the proliferation and migration of endothelial cells and their progenitor cells, and by preventing (iii) loss of glycocalix, (iv) apoptosis, as well as (v) transmigration of inflammatory cells. Additional vasoprotective functions of HDL include (vi) the induction of nitric oxide (NO) production and (vii) the inhibition of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. These vasoprotective functions are exerted by the interactions of HDL particles with SR-BI as well as specific agonists carried by HDL, notably sphingosine-1-phophate (S1P), with their specific cellular counterparts, e.g., S1P receptors. Various diseases modify the protein and lipid composition and thereby the endothelial functionality of HDL. Thorough understanding of the structure-function relationships underlying the multiple interactions of HDL with endothelial cells is expected to elucidate new targets and strategies for the treatment or prevention of various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Arnold von Eckardstein
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University of Zurich and University Hospital of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland; (J.R.); (E.O.)
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45
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HDL Cholesterol and Non-Cardiovascular Disease: A Narrative Review. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094547. [PMID: 33925284 PMCID: PMC8123633 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
High density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol has traditionally been considered the “good cholesterol”, and most of the research regarding HDL cholesterol has for decades revolved around the possible role of HDL in atherosclerosis and its therapeutic potential within atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Randomized trials aiming at increasing HDL cholesterol have, however, failed and left questions to what role HDL cholesterol plays in human health and disease. Recent observational studies involving non-cardiovascular diseases have shown that high levels of HDL cholesterol are not necessarily associated with beneficial outcomes as observed for age-related macular degeneration, type II diabetes, dementia, infection, and mortality. In this narrative review, we discuss these interesting associations between HDL cholesterol and non-cardiovascular diseases, covering observational studies, human genetics, and plausible mechanisms.
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46
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He JT, Zhao X, Xu L, Mao CY. Vascular Risk Factors and Alzheimer's Disease: Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption, Metabolic Syndromes, and Molecular Links. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 73:39-58. [PMID: 31815697 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder, marked by cortical and hippocampal deposition of amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles and cognitive impairment. Studies indicate a prominent link between cerebrovascular abnormalities and the onset and progression of AD, where blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction and metabolic disorders play key risk factors. Pericyte degeneration, endothelial cell damage, astrocyte depolarization, diminished tight junction integrity, and basement membrane disarray trigger BBB damage. Subsequently, the altered expression of low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 and receptor for advanced glycation end products at the microvascular endothelial cells dysregulate Aβ transport across the BBB. White matter lesions and microhemorrhages, dyslipidemia, altered brain insulin signaling, and insulin resistance contribute to tau and Aβ pathogenesis, and oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage, inflammation, and hypoperfusion serve as mechanistic links between pathophysiological features of AD and ischemia. Deregulated calcium homeostasis, voltage gated calcium channel functioning, and protein kinase C signaling are also common mechanisms for both AD pathogenesis and cerebrovascular abnormalities. Additionally, APOE polymorphic alleles that characterize impaired cerebrovascular integrity function as primary genetic determinants of AD. Overall, the current review enlightens key vascular risk factors for AD and underscores pathophysiologic relationship between AD and vascular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ting He
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Department of Paediatrics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Lei Xu
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Cui-Ying Mao
- Department of Cardiology, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
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Zeki Al Hazzouri A, Caunca MR, Jawadekar N, Grasset L, Elfassy T, Odden MC, Wu C, Elbejjani M, Launer L, Yaffe K. Associations between 20-year lipid variability throughout young adulthood and midlife cognitive function and brain integrity. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2021; 77:114-121. [PMID: 33839774 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glab108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about long-term lipid variability in young adulthood in relation to cognitive function and brain integrity in midlife. METHODS We studied 3,328 adults from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults. We defined low- and high- density lipoprotein (LDL, HDL) variability as the intra-individual standard deviation of lipid measurements over 20 years of young adulthood (1985-2005). Cognitive tests were administered in 2010. Brain scans were performed in 2010 on 714 participants. To facilitate comparison, cognitive tests and brain metrics were z-scored. RESULTS Mean age at baseline was 25.4 years. Higher 20-year LDL variability was associated with worse verbal memory in midlife (β=-0.25, 95% CI [-0.42, -0.08]), adjusted for important covariates. Higher 20-year HDL variability was associated with worse processing speed in midlife (β=-0.80, 95% CI [-1.18, -0.41]) and brain integrity, e.g. smaller total brain volume (β=-0.58, 95% CI [-0.82, -0.34]) and worse total brain fractional anisotropy (β=-1.13, 95% CI [-1.87, -0.39]). CONCLUSIONS Higher long-term lipid variability in adulthood was associated with worse cognition and brain integrity in midlife, in a relatively young cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michelle R Caunca
- Departments of Neurology and Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, FL.,Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, FL
| | - Neal Jawadekar
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, NY
| | - Leslie Grasset
- Université de Bordeaux, INSERM, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Team VINTAGE UMR1219, Bordeaux, France
| | - Tali Elfassy
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami
| | - Michelle C Odden
- Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Chenkai Wu
- Department of Global Health, Duke Kunshan University, Suzhou, China
| | - Martine Elbejjani
- Clinical Research Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Lenore Launer
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Science, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Kristine Yaffe
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, and Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, CA
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Paraoxonase-1 and Other HDL Accessory Proteins in Neurological Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10030454. [PMID: 33804040 PMCID: PMC8000390 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10030454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The burden of neurological diseases continues to increase as they still are the leading cause of disability and the second-leading cause of death worldwide [...].
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Handy A, Lord J, Green R, Xu J, Aarsland D, Velayudhan L, Hye A, Dobson R, Proitsi P. Assessing Genetic Overlap and Causality Between Blood Plasma Proteins and Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 83:1825-1839. [PMID: 34459398 PMCID: PMC8609677 DOI: 10.3233/jad-210462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blood plasma proteins have been associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD), but understanding which proteins are on the causal pathway remains challenging. OBJECTIVE Investigate the genetic overlap between candidate proteins and AD using polygenic risk scores (PRS) and interrogate their causal relationship using bi-directional Mendelian randomization (MR). METHODS Following a literature review, 31 proteins were selected for PRS analysis. PRS were constructed for prioritized proteins with and without the apolipoprotein E region (APOE+/-PRS) and tested for association with AD status across three cohorts (n = 6,244). An AD PRS was also tested for association with protein levels in one cohort (n = 410). Proteins showing association with AD were taken forward for MR. RESULTS For APOE ɛ3, apolipoprotein B-100, and C-reactive protein (CRP), protein APOE+ PRS were associated with AD below Bonferroni significance (pBonf, p < 0.00017). No protein APOE- PRS or AD PRS (APOE+/-) passed pBonf. However, vitamin D-binding protein (protein PRS APOE-, p = 0.009) and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 2 (AD APOE- PRS p = 0.025, protein APOE- PRS p = 0.045) displayed suggestive signals and were selected for MR. In bi-directional MR, none of the five proteins demonstrated a causal association (p < 0.05) in either direction. CONCLUSION Apolipoproteins and CRP PRS are associated with AD and provide a genetic signal linked to a specific, accessible risk factor. While evidence of causality was limited, this study was conducted in a moderate sample size and provides a framework for larger samples with greater statistical power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Handy
- University College London, Institute of Health Informatics, London, UK
- King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Jodie Lord
- King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Rebecca Green
- King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
- NIHR Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre, South London and Maudsley NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Jin Xu
- King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, UK
| | - Dag Aarsland
- King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
- Center for Age-Related Medicine, Stavanger University Hospital, Norway
| | - Latha Velayudhan
- King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Abdul Hye
- King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Richard Dobson
- University College London, Institute of Health Informatics, London, UK
- King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
- NIHR Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre, South London and Maudsley NHS Trust, London, UK
- Health Data Research UK London, University College London, London, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Petroula Proitsi
- King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
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Leszek J, Mikhaylenko EV, Belousov DM, Koutsouraki E, Szczechowiak K, Kobusiak-Prokopowicz M, Mysiak A, Diniz BS, Somasundaram SG, Kirkland CE, Aliev G. The Links between Cardiovascular Diseases and Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Neuropharmacol 2021; 19:152-169. [PMID: 32727331 PMCID: PMC8033981 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x18666200729093724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The root cause of non-inherited Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains unknown despite hundreds of research studies performed to attempt to solve this problem. Since proper prophylaxis remains the best strategy, many scientists have studied the risk factors that may affect AD development. There is robust evidence supporting the hypothesis that cardiovascular diseases (CVD) may contribute to AD progression, as the diseases often coexist. Therefore, a lack of well-defined diagnostic criteria makes studying the relationship between AD and CVD complicated. Additionally, inflammation accompanies the pathogenesis of AD and CVD, and is not only a consequence but also implicated as a significant contributor to the course of the diseases. Of note, АроЕε4 is found to be one of the major risk factors affecting both the cardiovascular and nervous systems. According to genome wide association and epidemiological studies, numerous common risk factors have been associated with the development of AD-related pathology. Furthermore, the risk of developing AD and CVDs appears to be increased by a wide range of conditions and lifestyle factors: hypertension, dyslipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, hyperhomocysteinemia, gut/oral microbiota, physical activity, and diet. This review summarizes the literature and provides possible mechanistic links between CVDs and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy Leszek
- Address correspondence to these authors at the Department of Psychiatry, Wrocław Medical University, Ul. Pasteura 10, 50-367, Wroclaw, Poland;, E-mail: and GALLY International Research Institute, 7733 Louis Pasteur Drive, #330, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; Tel: +1-210-442-8625 or +1-440-263-7461; E-mails: ,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Gjumrakch Aliev
- Address correspondence to these authors at the Department of Psychiatry, Wrocław Medical University, Ul. Pasteura 10, 50-367, Wroclaw, Poland;, E-mail: and GALLY International Research Institute, 7733 Louis Pasteur Drive, #330, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; Tel: +1-210-442-8625 or +1-440-263-7461; E-mails: ,
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