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Klein SD, Teich CD, Pokorny VJ, Rawls E, Olman CA, Sponheim SR. Altered Use of Context During Visual Perception in Psychotic Psychopathology: A Neurophysiological Investigation of Tuned and Untuned Suppression During Contrast Perception. Schizophr Bull 2024:sbae103. [PMID: 39148463 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbae103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND HYPOTHESIS The human visual system streamlines visual processing by suppressing responses to textures that are similar to their surrounding context. Surround suppression is weaker in individuals with schizophrenia (ISZ); this altered use of visuospatial context may relate to the characteristic visual distortions they experience. STUDY DESIGN To understand atypical surround suppression in psychotic psychopathology, we investigated neurophysiological responses in ISZ, healthy controls (HC), individuals with bipolar disorder (IBP), and first-degree relatives (ISZR/IBPR). Participants performed a contrast judgment task on a circular target with annular surrounds, with concurrent electroencephalography. Orientation-independent (untuned) suppression was estimated from responses to central targets with orthogonal surrounds; the orientation-dependence of suppression was estimated by fitting an exponential function to the increase in suppression as surrounds became more aligned with the center. RESULTS ISZ exhibited weakened untuned suppression coupled with enhanced orientation-dependence of suppression. The N1 visual evoked potential was associated with the orientation-dependence of suppression, with ISZ and ISZR (but not IBP or IBPR) showing enhanced orientation-dependence of the N1. Collapsed across orientation conditions, the N1 for ISZ lacked asymmetry toward the right hemisphere; this reduction in N1 asymmetry was associated with reduced untuned suppression, real-world perceptual anomalies, and psychotic psychopathology. The overall amplitude of the N1 was reduced in ISZ and IBP. CONCLUSIONS Key measures of symptomatology for ISZ are associated with reductions in untuned suppression. Increased sensitivity for ISZ to the relative orientation of suppressive surrounds is reflected in the N1 VEP, which is commonly associated with higher-level visual functions such as allocation of spatial attention or scene segmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel D Klein
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Collin D Teich
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Victor J Pokorny
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Eric Rawls
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Cheryl A Olman
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Scott R Sponheim
- Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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2
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Killebrew KW, Moser HR, Grant AN, Marjańska M, Sponheim SR, Schallmo MP. Faster bi-stable visual switching in psychosis. Transl Psychiatry 2024; 14:201. [PMID: 38714650 PMCID: PMC11076514 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-024-02913-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Bi-stable stimuli evoke two distinct perceptual interpretations that alternate and compete for dominance. Bi-stable perception is thought to be driven at least in part by mutual suppression between distinct neural populations that represent each percept. Abnormal visual perception has been observed among people with psychotic psychopathology (PwPP), and there is evidence to suggest that these visual deficits may depend on impaired neural suppression in the visual cortex. However, it is not yet clear whether bi-stable visual perception is abnormal among PwPP. Here, we examined bi-stable perception in a visual structure-from-motion task using a rotating cylinder illusion in a group of 65 PwPP, 44 first-degree biological relatives, and 43 healthy controls. Data from a 'real switch' task, in which physical depth cues signaled real switches in rotation direction were used to exclude individuals who did not show adequate task performance. In addition, we measured concentrations of neurochemicals, including glutamate, glutamine, and γ-amino butyric acid (GABA), involved in excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission. These neurochemicals were measured non-invasively in the visual cortex using 7 tesla MR spectroscopy. We found that PwPP and their relatives showed faster bi-stable switch rates than healthy controls. Faster switch rates also correlated with significantly higher psychiatric symptom levels, specifically disorganization, across all participants. However, we did not observe any significant relationships across individuals between neurochemical concentrations and SFM switch rates. Our results are consistent with a reduction in suppressive neural processes during structure-from-motion perception in PwPP, and suggest that genetic liability for psychosis is associated with disrupted bi-stable perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle W Killebrew
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Hannah R Moser
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Andrea N Grant
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Małgorzata Marjańska
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Scott R Sponheim
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Michael-Paul Schallmo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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3
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Horsthuis DJ, Molholm S, Foxe JJ, Francisco AA. Event-related potential (ERP) evidence for visual processing differences in children and adults with cystinosis (CTNS gene mutations). Orphanet J Rare Dis 2023; 18:389. [PMID: 38087330 PMCID: PMC10714457 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-023-02985-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cystinosis, a rare lysosomal storage disease caused by mutations in the CTNS gene, is characterized by cystine crystallization and accumulation within multiple tissues, including kidney and brain. Its impact on neural function appears mild relative to its effects on other organs during early disease, but since therapeutic advances have led to substantially increased life expectancy, neurological implications are of increasing interest, necessitating deeper understanding of the impact of cystinosis on neurocognitive function. Behavioral difficulties have been reported in cystinosis in the visual domain. Very little is known, however, about how the brains of people living with cystinosis process visual information. This is especially interesting given that cystine accumulation in the cornea and posterior ocular structures is a hallmark of cystinosis. METHODS Here, high-density scalp electrophysiology was recorded to visual stimuli (during a Go/No-Go task) to investigate visual processing in individuals with cystinosis, compared to age-matched controls. Analyses focused on early stages of cortical visual processing. RESULTS The groups differed in their initial cortical response, with individuals with cystinosis exhibiting a significantly larger visual evoked potential (VEP) in the 130-150 ms time window. The groups also differed in the associations between neural responses and verbal abilities: While controls with higher IQ scores presented larger neural responses, that relationship was not observed in cystinosis. CONCLUSIONS The enlarged VEP in cystinosis could be the result of cortical hyperexcitability and/or differences in attentional engagement and explain, at least partially, the visual and visual-spatial difficulties described in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douwe J Horsthuis
- The Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Van Etten Building, Suite 1C, 1225 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Sophie Molholm
- The Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Van Etten Building, Suite 1C, 1225 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, Rose F. Kennedy Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
- The Frederick J. and Marion A. Schindler Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Ernest J. Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience & Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA.
| | - John J Foxe
- The Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Van Etten Building, Suite 1C, 1225 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Rose F. Kennedy Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- The Frederick J. and Marion A. Schindler Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Ernest J. Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience & Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Ana A Francisco
- The Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Van Etten Building, Suite 1C, 1225 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
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Horsthuis DJ, Molholm S, Foxe JJ, Francisco AA. Event-related potential (ERP) evidence for early visual processing differences in children and adults with Cystinosis (CTNS gene mutations). RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3176642. [PMID: 37546758 PMCID: PMC10402243 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3176642/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Background Cystinosis, a rare lysosomal storage disease caused by mutations in the CTNS gene, is characterized by cystine crystallization and accumulation within multiple tissues, including kidney and brain. Its impact on neural function appears mild relative to its effects on other organs during early disease, but since therapeutic advances have led to substantially increased life expectancy, neurological implications are of increasing interest, necessitating deeper understanding of the impact of cystinosis on neurocognitive function. Behavioral difficulties have been reported in cystinosis in the visual domain. Very little is known, however, about how the brains of people living with cystinosis process visual information. This is especially interesting given that cystine accumulation in the cornea and posterior ocular structures is a hallmark of cystinosis. Methods Here, high-density scalp electrophysiology was recorded to visual stimuli (during a Go/No-Go task) to investigate early visual processing in individuals with cystinosis, compared to age-matched controls. Analyses focused on early stages of cortical visual processing. Results The groups differed in their initial cortical response, with individuals with cystinosis exhibiting a significantly larger visual evoked potential (VEP) in the 130-150 ms time window. The groups also differed in the associations between neural responses and verbal abilities: While controls with higher IQ scores presented larger neural responses, that relationship was not observed in cystinosis. Conclusions The enlarged VEP in cystinosis could be the result of cortical hyperexcitability and/or differences in attentional engagement and explain, at least partially, the visual and visual-spatial difficulties described in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - John J Foxe
- University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry
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5
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Slapø NB, Jørgensen KN, Elvsåshagen T, Nerland S, Roelfs D, Valstad M, Timpe CMF, Richard G, Beck D, Sæther LS, Frogner Werner MC, Lagerberg TV, Andreassen OA, Melle I, Agartz I, Westlye LT, Moberget T, Jönsson EG. Relationship between function and structure in the visual cortex in healthy individuals and in patients with severe mental disorders. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2023; 332:111633. [PMID: 37028226 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2023.111633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
Patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SCZspect) and bipolar disorders (BD) show impaired function in the primary visual cortex (V1), indicated by altered visual evoked potential (VEP). While the neural substrate for altered VEP in these patients remains elusive, altered V1 structure may play a role. One previous study found a positive relationship between the amplitude of the P100 component of the VEP and V1 surface area, but not V1 thickness, in a small sample of healthy individuals. Here, we aimed to replicate these findings in a larger healthy control (HC) sample (n = 307) and to examine the same relationship in patients with SCZspect (n = 30) or BD (n = 45). We also compared the mean P100 amplitude, V1 surface area and V1 thickness between controls and patients and found no significant group differences. In HC only, we found a significant positive P100-V1 surface area association, while there were no significant P100-V1 thickness relationships in HC, SCZspect or BD. Together, our results confirm previous findings of a positive P100-V1 surface area association in HC, whereas larger patient samples are needed to further clarify the function-structure relationship in V1 in SCZspect and BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Berz Slapø
- NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway.
| | - Kjetil Nordbø Jørgensen
- NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway; Department of Psychiatry, Telemark Hospital, Skien, Norway
| | - Torbjørn Elvsåshagen
- NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway; Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | - Stener Nerland
- NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway; Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Daniel Roelfs
- NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Mathias Valstad
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway
| | - Clara M F Timpe
- NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway; Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Dani Beck
- NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway; Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | - Trine Vik Lagerberg
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University hospital, Norway
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway; NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University hospital, Norway
| | - Ingrid Melle
- NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingrid Agartz
- Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway; NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University hospital, Norway; Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm Health Care Sciences, Stockholm Region, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars T Westlye
- NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway; Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Torgeir Moberget
- NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway; Department of Behavioral Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, OsloMet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Erik G Jönsson
- NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway; Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm Health Care Sciences, Stockholm Region, Stockholm, Sweden
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6
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Francisco AA, Foxe JJ, Molholm S. Event-related potential (ERP) markers of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome and associated psychosis. J Neurodev Disord 2023; 15:19. [PMID: 37328766 PMCID: PMC10273715 DOI: 10.1186/s11689-023-09487-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023] Open
Abstract
22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) is a multisystemic disorder characterized by a wide range of clinical features, ranging from life-threatening to less severe conditions. One-third of individuals with the deletion live with mild to moderate intellectual disability; approximately 60% meet criteria for at least one psychiatric condition.22q11.2DS has become an important model for several medical, developmental, and psychiatric disorders. We have been particularly interested in understanding the risk for psychosis in this population: Approximately 30% of the individuals with the deletion go on to develop schizophrenia. The characterization of cognitive and neural differences between those individuals who develop schizophrenia and those who do not, despite being at genetic risk, holds important promise in what pertains to the clarification of paths to disease and to the development of tools for early identification and intervention.Here, we review our previous event-related potential (ERP) findings as potential markers for 22q11.2DS and the associated risk for psychosis, while discussing others' work. We focus on auditory processing (auditory-evoked potentials, auditory adaptation, and auditory sensory memory), visual processing (visual-evoked potentials and visual adaptation), and inhibition and error monitoring.The findings discussed suggest basic mechanistic and disease process effects on neural processing in 22q11.2DS that are present in both early sensory and later cognitive processing, with possible implications for phenotype. In early sensory processes, both during auditory and visual processing, two mechanisms that impact neural responses in opposite ways seem to coexist-one related to the deletion, which increases brain responses; another linked to psychosis, decreasing neural activity. Later, higher-order cognitive processes may be equally relevant as markers for psychosis. More specifically, we argue that components related to error monitoring may hold particular promise in the study of risk for schizophrenia in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana A Francisco
- Department of Pediatrics, The Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
| | - John J Foxe
- Department of Pediatrics, The Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Rose F. Kennedy Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, The Frederick J. and Marion A, Schindler Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, The Ernest J. Del Monde Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rochester, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Sophie Molholm
- Department of Pediatrics, The Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, Rose F. Kennedy Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, The Frederick J. and Marion A, Schindler Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, The Ernest J. Del Monde Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rochester, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA.
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7
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Killebrew KW, Moser HR, Grant AN, Marjańska M, Sponheim SR, Schallmo MP. Faster bi-stable visual switching in psychosis. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.02.13.23285774. [PMID: 36896020 PMCID: PMC9996680 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.13.23285774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Bi-stable stimuli evoke two distinct perceptual interpretations that alternate and compete for dominance. Bi-stable perception is thought to be driven at least in part by mutual suppression between distinct neural populations that represent each percept. Abnormal visual perception is observed among people with psychotic psychopathology (PwPP), and there is evidence to suggest that these visual deficits may depend on impaired neural suppression in visual cortex. However, it is not yet clear whether bi-stable visual perception is abnormal among PwPP. Here, we examined bi-stable perception in a visual structure-from-motion task using a rotating cylinder illusion in a group of 65 PwPP, 44 first-degree biological relatives, and 43 healthy controls. Data from a 'real switch' task, in which physical depth cues signaled real switches in rotation direction were used to exclude individuals who did not show adequate task performance. In addition, we measured concentrations of neurochemicals, including glutamate, glutamine, and γ-amino butyric acid (GABA), involved in excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission. These neurochemicals were measured non-invasively in visual cortex using 7 tesla MR spectroscopy. We found that PwPP and their relatives showed faster bi-stable switch rates than healthy controls. Faster switch rates also correlated with significantly higher psychiatric symptom levels across all participants. However, we did not observe any significant relationships across individuals between neurochemical concentrations and SFM switch rates. Our results are consistent with a reduction in suppressive neural processes during structure-from-motion perception in PwPP, and suggest that genetic liability for psychosis is associated with disrupted bi-stable perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle W. Killebrew
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Hannah R. Moser
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Andrea N. Grant
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Małgorzata Marjańska
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Scott R. Sponheim
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Michael-Paul Schallmo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
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8
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Horsthuis DJ, Molholm S, Foxe JJ, Francisco AA. Event-related potential (ERP) evidence of early visual processing differences in cystinosis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.31.535154. [PMID: 37034748 PMCID: PMC10081319 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.31.535154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Cystinosis, a rare lysosomal storage disease, is characterized by cystine crystallization and accumulation within tissues and organs, including the kidneys and brain. Its impact on neural function appears mild relative to its effects on other organs, but therapeutic advances have led to substantially increased life expectancy, necessitating deeper understanding of its impact on neurocognitive function. Behavioral difficulties have been reported in cystinosis in the visual and visual-processing domain. Very little is known, however, about how the brains of people living with cystinosis process visual information, although cysteamine accumulation in the retina is a prominent feature of cystinosis. Here, electrophysiology was recorded during a Go/No-Go task to investigate early visual processing in cystinosis, compared to an age-matched control group. Analyses focused on early stages of cortical visual processing. The groups differed in their initial cortical response, with individuals with cystinosis exhibiting a significantly larger visual evoked potential (VEP) in the 130 to 150 ms time window. The timing and topography of this response suggested an enhanced P1 in cystinosis that could be the result of cortical hyperexcitability and/or differences in attentional engagement and explain, at least partially, the visual and visual-spatial difficulties described in this population. The groups also differed in the associations between neural responses and verbal abilities: While controls with higher IQ scores presented larger neural responses, that relationship was not observed in cystinosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douwe J. Horsthuis
- The Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Sophie Molholm
- The Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Rose F. Kennedy Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- The Frederick J. and Marion A. Schindler Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Ernest J. Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience & Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - John J. Foxe
- The Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Rose F. Kennedy Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- The Frederick J. and Marion A. Schindler Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Ernest J. Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience & Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Ana A. Francisco
- The Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
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Roberts D, Rösler L, Wijnen JP, Thakkar KN. Associations between N-Acetylaspartate and white matter integrity in individuals with schizophrenia and unaffected relatives. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2023; 330:111612. [PMID: 36805928 PMCID: PMC10023491 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2023.111612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Compromised white matter has been reported in schizophrenia; however, few studies have investigated neurochemical abnormalities underlying microstructural differences. N-acetylaspartate (NAA) is used to synthesize myelin and is often reduced in persons with schizophrenia (PSZ) and their unaffected first-degree relatives (REL). Low levels of NAA could affect white matter by preventing the synthesis or repair of myelin. We used magnetic resonance spectroscopy and diffusion tensor imaging to investigate the relationship between NAA and white matter integrity in PSZ. REL were included to examine whether putative relationships are associated with symptom expression or illness liability. 52 controls, 23 REL and 25 PSZ underwent 7T proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy and/or 3T diffusion tensor imaging. NAA in the visual cortex and basal ganglia were measured and compared across groups. Diffusivity measures were compared across groups using tract-based spatial statistics and related to NAA concentrations. Visual cortex NAA was significantly reduced in PSZ compared to controls. White matter integrity did not differ between groups. Reduced cortical and subcortical NAA were associated with diffusivity measures of poor white matter microstructure. These data suggest that levels of neural NAA may be related to white matter integrity similarly across individuals with schizophrenia, those at genetic risk, and controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Roberts
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Lara Rösler
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jannie P Wijnen
- Department of Radiology, High Field MR Research, Centre for Image Sciences, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Katharine N Thakkar
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States.
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Schallmo MP, Weldon KB, Kamath RS, Moser HR, Montoya SA, Killebrew KW, Demro C, Grant AN, Marjańska M, Sponheim SR, Olman CA. The Psychosis Human Connectome Project: Design and rationale for studies of visual neurophysiology. Neuroimage 2023; 272:120060. [PMID: 36997137 PMCID: PMC10153004 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Visual perception is abnormal in psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia. In addition to hallucinations, laboratory tests show differences in fundamental visual processes including contrast sensitivity, center-surround interactions, and perceptual organization. A number of hypotheses have been proposed to explain visual dysfunction in psychotic disorders, including an imbalance between excitation and inhibition. However, the precise neural basis of abnormal visual perception in people with psychotic psychopathology (PwPP) remains unknown. Here, we describe the behavioral and 7 tesla MRI methods we used to interrogate visual neurophysiology in PwPP as part of the Psychosis Human Connectome Project (HCP). In addition to PwPP (n = 66) and healthy controls (n = 43), we also recruited first-degree biological relatives (n = 44) in order to examine the role of genetic liability for psychosis in visual perception. Our visual tasks were designed to assess fundamental visual processes in PwPP, whereas MR spectroscopy enabled us to examine neurochemistry, including excitatory and inhibitory markers. We show that it is feasible to collect high-quality data across multiple psychophysical, functional MRI, and MR spectroscopy experiments with a sizable number of participants at a single research site. These data, in addition to those from our previously described 3 tesla experiments, will be made publicly available in order to facilitate further investigations by other research groups. By combining visual neuroscience techniques and HCP brain imaging methods, our experiments offer new opportunities to investigate the neural basis of abnormal visual perception in PwPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael-Paul Schallmo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.
| | - Kimberly B Weldon
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Rohit S Kamath
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Hannah R Moser
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Samantha A Montoya
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Kyle W Killebrew
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Caroline Demro
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Andrea N Grant
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Małgorzata Marjańska
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Scott R Sponheim
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Cheryl A Olman
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
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Qian N, Lipkin RM, Kaszowska A, Silipo G, Dias EC, Butler PD, Javitt DC. Computational modeling of excitatory/inhibitory balance impairments in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2022; 249:47-55. [PMID: 32291128 PMCID: PMC8760932 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2020.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Deficits in glutamatergic function are well established in schizophrenia (SZ) as reflected in "input" dysfunction across sensory systems. By contrast, less is known about contributions of the GABAergic system to impairments in excitatory/inhibitory balance. We investigated this issue by measuring contrast thresholds for orientation detection, orientation discriminability, and orientation-tilt-aftereffect curves in schizophrenia subjects and matched controls. These measures depend on the amplitude and width of underlying orientation tuning curves, which, in turn, depend on excitatory and inhibitory interactions. By simulating a well-established V1 orientation selectivity model and its link to perception, we demonstrate that reduced cortical excitation and inhibition are both necessary to explain our psychophysical data. Reductions in GABAergic feedback may represent a compensatory response to impaired glutamatergic input in SZ, or a separate pathophysiological event. We also found evidence for the widely accepted, but rarely tested, inverse relationship between orientation discriminability and tuning width.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Qian
- Department of Neuroscience, Zuckerman Institute, Department of Physiology & Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, United States of America
| | - Richard M Lipkin
- Department of Neuroscience, Zuckerman Institute, Department of Physiology & Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, United States of America
| | - Aleksandra Kaszowska
- Schizophrenia Research Division, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, United States of America; Department of Electronic Systems, Aalborg University, Denmark
| | - Gail Silipo
- Schizophrenia Research Division, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, United States of America
| | - Elisa C Dias
- Schizophrenia Research Division, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, United States of America
| | - Pamela D Butler
- Schizophrenia Research Division, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, United States of America
| | - Daniel C Javitt
- Schizophrenia Research Division, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, United States of America; Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, United States of America.
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12
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Foxe JJ, Knight EJ, Myers EJ, Cao CZ, Molholm S, Freedman EG. The strength of feedback processing is associated with resistance to visual backward masking during Illusory Contour processing in adult humans. Neuroimage 2022; 259:119416. [PMID: 35764208 PMCID: PMC9396416 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Re-entrant feedback processing is a key mechanism of visual object-recognition, especially under compromised viewing conditions where only sparse information is available and object features must be interpolated. Illusory Contour stimuli are commonly used in conjunction with Visual Evoked Potentials (VEP) to study these filling-in processes, with characteristic modulation of the VEP in the ∼100-150 ms timeframe associated with this re-entrant processing. Substantial inter-individual variability in timing and amplitude of feedback-related VEP modulation is observed, raising the question whether this variability might underlie inter-individual differences in the ability to form strong perceptual gestalts. Backward masking paradig ms have been used to study inter-individual variance in the ability to form robust object perceptions before processing of the mask interferes with object-recognition. Some individuals recognize objects when the time between target object and mask is extremely short, whereas others struggle to do so even at longer target-to-mask intervals. We asked whether timing and amplitude of feedback-related VEP modulations were associated with individual differences in resistance to backward masking. Participants (N=40) showed substantial performance variability in detecting Illusory Contours at intermediate target-to-mask intervals (67 ms and 117 ms), allowing us to use kmeans clustering to divide the population into four performance groups (poor, low-average, high-average, superior). There was a clear relationship between the amplitude (but not the timing) of feedback-related VEP modulation and Illusory Contour detection during backward masking. We conclude that individual differences in the strength of feedback processing in neurotypical humans lead to differences in the ability to quickly establish perceptual awareness of incomplete visual objects.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Foxe
- The Frederick J. and Marion A. Schindler Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, The Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642, United States; The Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Departments of Pediatrics and Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine & Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States.
| | - Emily J Knight
- The Frederick J. and Marion A. Schindler Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, The Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642, United States; Division of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, United States
| | - Evan J Myers
- The Frederick J. and Marion A. Schindler Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, The Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642, United States
| | - Cody Zhewei Cao
- The Frederick J. and Marion A. Schindler Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, The Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642, United States
| | - Sophie Molholm
- The Frederick J. and Marion A. Schindler Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, The Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642, United States; The Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Departments of Pediatrics and Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine & Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States
| | - Edward G Freedman
- The Frederick J. and Marion A. Schindler Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, The Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642, United States
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13
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Barch DM, Boudewyn MA, Carter CC, Erickson M, Frank MJ, Gold JM, Luck SJ, MacDonald AW, Ragland JD, Ranganath C, Silverstein SM, Yonelinas A. Cognitive [Computational] Neuroscience Test Reliability and Clinical Applications for Serious Mental Illness (CNTRaCS) Consortium: Progress and Future Directions. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2022; 63:19-60. [PMID: 36173600 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2022_391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The development of treatments for impaired cognition in schizophrenia has been characterized as the most important challenge facing psychiatry at the beginning of the twenty-first century. The Cognitive Neuroscience Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (CNTRICS) project was designed to build on the potential benefits of using tasks and tools from cognitive neuroscience to better understanding and treat cognitive impairments in psychosis. These benefits include: (1) the use of fine-grained tasks that measure discrete cognitive processes; (2) the ability to design tasks that distinguish between specific cognitive domain deficits and poor performance due to generalized deficits resulting from sedation, low motivation, poor test taking skills, etc.; and (3) the ability to link cognitive deficits to specific neural systems, using animal models, neuropsychology, and functional imaging. CNTRICS convened a series of meetings to identify paradigms from cognitive neuroscience that maximize these benefits and identified the steps need for translation into use in clinical populations. The Cognitive Neuroscience Test Reliability and Clinical Applications for Schizophrenia (CNTRaCS) Consortium was developed to help carry out these steps. CNTRaCS consists of investigators at five different sites across the country with diverse expertise relevant to a wide range of the cognitive systems identified as critical as part of CNTRICs. This work reports on the progress and current directions in the evaluation and optimization carried out by CNTRaCS of the tasks identified as part of the original CNTRICs process, as well as subsequent extensions into the Positive Valence systems domain of Research Domain Criteria (RDoC). We also describe the current focus of CNTRaCS, which involves taking a computational psychiatry approach to measuring cognitive and motivational function across the spectrum of psychosis. Specifically, the current iteration of CNTRaCS is using computational modeling to isolate parameters reflecting potentially more specific cognitive and visual processes that may provide greater interpretability in understanding shared and distinct impairments across psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna M Barch
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | - James M Gold
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
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14
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Diamond A, Silverstein SM, Keane BP. Visual system assessment for predicting a transition to psychosis. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:351. [PMID: 36038544 PMCID: PMC9424317 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-02111-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The field of psychiatry is far from perfect in predicting which individuals will transition to a psychotic disorder. Here, we argue that visual system assessment can help in this regard. Such assessments have generated medium-to-large group differences with individuals prior to or near the first psychotic episode or have shown little influence of illness duration in larger samples of more chronic patients. For example, self-reported visual perceptual distortions-so-called visual basic symptoms-occur in up to 2/3rds of those with non-affective psychosis and have already longitudinally predicted an impending onset of schizophrenia. Possibly predictive psychophysical markers include enhanced contrast sensitivity, prolonged backward masking, muted collinear facilitation, reduced stereoscopic depth perception, impaired contour and shape integration, and spatially restricted exploratory eye movements. Promising brain-based markers include visual thalamo-cortical hyperconnectivity, decreased occipital gamma band power during visual detection (MEG), and reduced visually evoked occipital P1 amplitudes (EEG). Potentially predictive retinal markers include diminished cone a- and b-wave amplitudes and an attenuated photopic flicker response during electroretinography. The foregoing assessments are often well-described mechanistically, implying that their findings could readily shed light on the underlying pathophysiological changes that precede or accompany a transition to psychosis. The retinal and psychophysical assessments in particular are inexpensive, well-tolerated, easy to administer, and brief, with few inclusion/exclusion criteria. Therefore, across all major levels of analysis-from phenomenology to behavior to brain and retinal functioning-visual system assessment could complement and improve upon existing methods for predicting which individuals go on to develop a psychotic disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Diamond
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Steven M Silverstein
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, NY, USA
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Brian P Keane
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, NY, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, NY, USA.
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, NY, USA.
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, University of Rochester, 358 Meliora Hall, NY, Rochester, USA.
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15
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Kipiński L, Maciejowski A, Małyszczak K, Pilecki W. High-frequency changes in single-trial visual evoked potentials for unattended stimuli in chronic schizophrenia. J Neurosci Methods 2022; 377:109626. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2022.109626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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16
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Francisco AA, Foxe JJ, Horsthuis DJ, Molholm S. Early visual processing and adaptation as markers of disease, not vulnerability: EEG evidence from 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, a population at high risk for schizophrenia. SCHIZOPHRENIA (HEIDELBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 8:28. [PMID: 35314711 PMCID: PMC8938446 DOI: 10.1038/s41537-022-00240-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
We investigated visual processing and adaptation in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS), a condition characterized by an increased risk for schizophrenia. Visual processing differences have been described in schizophrenia but remain understudied early in the disease course. Electrophysiology was recorded during a visual adaptation task with different interstimulus intervals to investigate visual processing and adaptation in 22q11.2DS (with (22q+) and without (22q−) psychotic symptoms), compared to control and idiopathic schizophrenia groups. Analyses focused on early windows of visual processing. While increased amplitudes were observed in 22q11.2DS in an earlier time window (90–140 ms), decreased responses were seen later (165–205 ms) in schizophrenia and 22q+. 22q11.2DS, and particularly 22q−, presented increased adaptation effects. We argue that while amplitude and adaptation in the earlier time window may reflect specific neurogenetic aspects associated with a deletion in chromosome 22, amplitude in the later window may be a marker of the presence of psychosis and/or of its chronicity/severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana A Francisco
- The Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
| | - John J Foxe
- The Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Rose F. Kennedy Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.,The Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, The Ernest J. Del Monde Institute for Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Douwe J Horsthuis
- The Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Sophie Molholm
- The Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA. .,Department of Neuroscience, Rose F. Kennedy Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA. .,The Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, The Ernest J. Del Monde Institute for Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.
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17
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Genetic risk for schizophrenia is associated with altered visually-induced gamma band activity: evidence from a population sample stratified polygenic risk. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:592. [PMID: 34785639 PMCID: PMC8595678 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01678-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gamma oscillations (30-90 Hz) have been proposed as a signature of cortical visual information processing, particularly the balance between excitation and inhibition, and as a biomarker of neuropsychiatric diseases. Magnetoencephalography (MEG) provides highly reliable visual-induced gamma oscillation estimates, both at sensor and source level. Recent studies have reported a deficit of visual gamma activity in schizophrenia patients, in medication naive subjects, and high-risk clinical participants, but the genetic contribution to such a deficit has remained unresolved. Here, for the first time, we use a genetic risk score approach to assess the relationship between genetic risk for schizophrenia and visual gamma activity in a population-based sample drawn from a birth cohort. We compared visual gamma activity in a group (N = 104) with a high genetic risk profile score for schizophrenia (SCZ-PRS) to a group with low SCZ-PRS (N = 99). Source-reconstructed V1 activity was extracted using beamformer analysis applied to MEG recordings using individual MRI scans. No group differences were found in the induced gamma peak amplitude or peak frequency. However, a non-parametric statistical contrast of the response spectrum revealed more robust group differences in the amplitude of high-beta/gamma power across the frequency range, suggesting that overall spectral shape carries important biological information beyond the individual frequency peak. Our findings show that changes in gamma band activity correlate with liability to schizophrenia and suggest that the index changes to synaptic function and neuronal firing patterns that are of pathophysiological relevance rather than consequences of the disorder.
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18
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da Motta C, Pato MT, Barreto Carvalho C, Castilho P. The neurocognitive and functional profile of schizophrenia in a genetically homogenous European sample. Psychiatry Res 2021; 304:114140. [PMID: 34340130 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2021.114140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a complex heritable brain disorder that entails significant social, neurocognitive, and functional deficits, and significant psychosocial challenges to affected and unaffected family members. In this cross-sectional study, we explore impairments in specific neurocognitive and social cognition processes in patients affected with schizophrenia, unaffected relatives, and in controls to provide a characterization of a genetically homogenous European sample from an endophenotypic and functional standpoint. A sample of 38 affected patients, 28 first-degree relatives, and 97 controls performed a series of computerized and skills-based assessments. Samples were compared across several neurocognitive, social, and functional domains. Significant impairments in episodic memory, executive function, social cognition, complex cognition, sensorimotor domains were found in patients and first-degree relatives. Findings also showed increased processing speed in memory and other complex cognitive processes relevant to autonomous living. A discriminant function analysis yielded 2 functions allowing 79% of correct group classifications based on social cognition and functional skills, neurocognition, and age. The study highlights the importance of resourcing to wide-ranging assessment methodologies, of developing research efforts to further understand the decline of social and neurocognitive processes, and the need for designing more targeted intervention strategies to be implemented both with affected patients and families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina da Motta
- School of Psychology and Life Sciences, Lusófona University, Portugal; Digital Human-Environment Interaction Lab (HEI-Lab); Center for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive Behavioral Intervention (CINEICC), University of Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Michele T Pato
- SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States
| | - Célia Barreto Carvalho
- Center for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive Behavioral Intervention (CINEICC), University of Coimbra, Portugal; SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States; Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social and Human sciences, University of Azores, Azores, Portugal
| | - Paula Castilho
- Center for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive Behavioral Intervention (CINEICC), University of Coimbra, Portugal
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19
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Sendi MSE, Pearlson GD, Mathalon DH, Ford JM, Preda A, van Erp TGM, Calhoun VD. Multiple overlapping dynamic patterns of the visual sensory network in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2021; 228:103-111. [PMID: 33434723 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2020.11.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Although visual processing impairments have been explored in schizophrenia (SZ), their underlying neurobiology of the visual processing impairments has not been widely studied. Also, while some research has hinted at differences in information transfer and flow in SZ, there are few investigations of the dynamics of functional connectivity within visual networks. In this study, we analyzed resting-state fMRI data of the visual sensory network (VSN) in 160 healthy control (HC) subjects and 151 SZ subjects. We estimated 9 independent components within the VSN. Then, we calculated the dynamic functional network connectivity (dFNC) using the Pearson correlation. Next, using k-means clustering, we partitioned the dFNCs into five distinct states, and then we calculated the portion of time each subject spent in each state, which we termed the occupancy rate (OCR). Using OCR, we compared HC with SZ subjects and investigated the link between OCR and visual learning in SZ subjects. Besides, we compared the VSN functional connectivity of SZ and HC subjects in each state. We found that this network is indeed highly dynamic. Each state represents a unique connectivity pattern of fluctuations in VSN FNC, and all states showed significant disruption in SZ. Overall, HC showed stronger connectivity within the VSN in states. SZ subjects spent more time in a state in which the connectivity between the middle temporal gyrus and other regions of VNS is highly negative. Besides, OCR in a state with strong positive connectivity between the middle temporal gyrus and other regions correlated significantly with visual learning scores in SZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad S E Sendi
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering at Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States of America; Tri-institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science, Georgia State University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America.
| | - Godfrey D Pearlson
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America; Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Hartford, CT, United States of America
| | - Daniel H Mathalon
- Department of Psychiatry and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States of America; Mental Health Service, Veterans Affairs San Francisco Healthcare System, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Judith M Ford
- Department of Psychiatry and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States of America; Mental Health Service, Veterans Affairs San Francisco Healthcare System, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Adrian Preda
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, United States of America
| | - Theo G M van Erp
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, United States of America
| | - Vince D Calhoun
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering at Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States of America; Tri-institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science, Georgia State University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America.
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20
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Aberrant Cortical Connectivity During Ambiguous Object Recognition Is Associated With Schizophrenia. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY: COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2020; 6:1193-1201. [PMID: 33359154 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2020.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dysfunctional connectivity within the perceptual hierarchy is proposed to be an integral component of psychosis. The fragmented ambiguous object task was implemented to investigate neural connectivity during object recognition in patients with schizophrenia (SCZ) and bipolar disorder and first-degree relatives of patients with SCZ (SREL). METHODS We analyzed 3T functional magnetic resonance imaging data collected from 27 patients with SCZ, 23 patients with bipolar disorder, 24 control subjects, and 19 SREL during the administration of the fragmented ambiguous object task. Fragmented ambiguous object task stimuli were line-segmented versions of objects and matched across a number of low-level features. Images were categorized as meaningful or meaningless based on ratings assigned by the participants. RESULTS An a priori region of interest was defined in the primary visual cortex (V1). In addition, the lateral occipital complex/ventral visual areas, intraparietal sulcus (IPS), and middle frontal gyrus (MFG) were identified functionally via the contrast of cortical responses to stimuli judged as meaningful or meaningless. SCZ was associated with altered neural activations at V1, IPS, and MFG. Psychophysiological interaction analyses revealed negative connectivity between V1 and MFG in patient groups and altered modulation of connectivity between conditions from right IPS to left IPS and right IPS to left MFG in patients with SCZ and SREL. CONCLUSIONS Results provide evidence that SCZ is associated with inefficient processing of ambiguous visual objects at V1, which is likely attributable to altered feedback from higher-level visual areas. We also observed distinct patterns of aberrant connectivity among low-level, mid-level, and high-level visual areas in patients with SCZ, patients with bipolar disorder, and SREL.
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21
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Francisco AA, Horsthuis DJ, Popiel M, Foxe JJ, Molholm S. Atypical response inhibition and error processing in 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome and schizophrenia: Towards neuromarkers of disease progression and risk. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2020; 27:102351. [PMID: 32731196 PMCID: PMC7390764 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2020.102351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
22q11.2 deletion syndrome (also known as DiGeorge syndrome or velo-cardio-facial syndrome) is characterized by increased vulnerability to neuropsychiatric symptoms, with approximately 30% of individuals with the deletion going on to develop schizophrenia. Clinically, deficits in executive function have been noted in this population, but the underlying neural processes are not well understood. Using a Go/No-Go response inhibition task in conjunction with high-density electrophysiological recordings (EEG), we sought to investigate the behavioral and neural dynamics of inhibition of a prepotent response (a critical component of executive function) in individuals with 22q11.2DS with and without psychotic symptoms, when compared to individuals with idiopathic schizophrenia and age-matched neurotypical controls. Twenty-eight participants diagnosed with 22q11.2DS (14-35 years old; 14 with at least one psychotic symptom), 15 individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia (18-63 years old) and two neurotypical control groups (one age-matched to the 22q11.2DS sample, the other age-matched to the schizophrenia sample) participated in this study. Analyses focused on the N2 and P3 no-go responses and error-related negativity (Ne) and positivity (Pe). Atypical inhibitory processing was shown behaviorally and by significantly reduced P3, Ne, and Pe responses in 22q11.2DS and schizophrenia. Interestingly, whereas P3 was only reduced in the presence of psychotic symptoms, Ne and Pe were equally reduced in schizophrenia and 22q11.2DS, regardless of the presence of symptoms. We argue that while P3 may be a marker of disease severity, Ne and Pe might be candidate markers of risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana A Francisco
- The Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Rose F. Kennedy Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
| | - Douwe J Horsthuis
- The Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Maryann Popiel
- Department of Psychiatry, Jacobi Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - John J Foxe
- The Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Rose F. Kennedy Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; The Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, The Ernest J. Del Monde Institute for Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Sophie Molholm
- The Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Rose F. Kennedy Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; The Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, The Ernest J. Del Monde Institute for Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.
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22
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da Cruz JR, Shaqiri A, Roinishvili M, Favrod O, Chkonia E, Brand A, Figueiredo P, Herzog MH. Neural Compensation Mechanisms of Siblings of Schizophrenia Patients as Revealed by High-Density EEG. Schizophr Bull 2020; 46:1009-1018. [PMID: 31961928 PMCID: PMC7345810 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbz133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Visual backward masking (VBM) deficits are candidate endophenotypes of schizophrenia indexing genetic liability of the disorder. In VBM, a target is followed by a mask that deteriorates target perception. Schizophrenia patients and, to a lesser extent, their unaffected relatives show strong and reproducible VBM deficits. In patients, VBM deficits are associated with strongly decreased amplitudes in the evoked-related potentials (ERPs). Here, to unveil the neural mechanisms of VBM in schizophrenia, circumventing illness-specific confounds, we investigated the electroencephalogram correlates of VBM in unaffected siblings of schizophrenia patients. We tested 110 schizophrenia patients, 60 siblings, and 83 healthy controls. As in previous studies, patients showed strong behavioral deficits and decreased ERP amplitudes compared to controls. Surprisingly, the ERP amplitudes of siblings were even higher than the ones of controls, while their performances were similar. ERP amplitudes in siblings were found to correlate with performance. These results suggest that VBM is deteriorated in patients and siblings. However, siblings, unlike patients, can partially compensate for the deficits by over-activating a network of brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janir R da Cruz
- Laboratory of Psychophysics, Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland,Institute for Systems and Robotics – Lisbon (LARSyS) and Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal,To whom correspondence should be addressed; CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; tel: +41 21 693 17 42, fax: +41 21 693 1749, e-mail:
| | - Albulena Shaqiri
- Laboratory of Psychophysics, Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Maya Roinishvili
- Laboratory of Vision Physiology, Beritashvili Centre of Experimental Biomedicine, Tbilisi, Georgia,Institute of Cognitive Neurosciences, Free University of Tbilisi, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Ophélie Favrod
- Laboratory of Psychophysics, Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Eka Chkonia
- Institute of Cognitive Neurosciences, Free University of Tbilisi, Tbilisi, Georgia,Department of Psychiatry, Tbilisi State Medical University, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Andreas Brand
- Laboratory of Psychophysics, Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Patrícia Figueiredo
- Institute for Systems and Robotics – Lisbon (LARSyS) and Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Michael H Herzog
- Laboratory of Psychophysics, Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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23
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Retinal ganglion cells dysfunctions in schizophrenia patients with or without visual hallucinations. Schizophr Res 2020; 219:47-55. [PMID: 31353068 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2019.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The electroretinogram has revealed photoreceptor, bipolar cell, and, in one prior study, retinal ganglion cell (RGC) dysfunction in schizophrenia. The structural abnormalities of the RGC are well documented in schizophrenia and such abnormalities have been associated with visual hallucinations (VH) in neurological disorders. The goals of this study were: 1) to examine the functional responses of photoreceptors and RGC in schizophrenia patients in comparison with healthy controls; and 2) to compare the extent of retinal dysfunction in schizophrenia patients with or without VH. We recorded the flash electroretinogram in scotopic and photopic conditions, and the pattern electroretinogram, in schizophrenia patients (n = 29) and healthy controls (n = 29). Schizophrenia patients were divided in two groups: schizophrenia patients with VH (VH group, n = 12) and schizophrenia patients with auditory hallucinations or no hallucinations (AHNH group, n = 17). Our results replicate previous findings regarding photoreceptor dysfunction in schizophrenia. PERG results showed a significant increase of the P50 implicit time in schizophrenia patients compared with controls (t(55) = 2.1, p < .05, d = 0.55) and a significant increase of the N95 implicit time in schizophrenia patients compared with controls (t(55) = 4.2; p < .001, d = 0.66). We found an increased rod b-wave implicit time (dark-adapted 0.01 ERG) in the VH group compared to the AHNH group and to the control group, which was associated with lifetime VH score. Our results demonstrate a slowing of RGC signaling in schizophrenia patients, which could affect the quality of visual information reaching the visual cortex. The implications of the data for understanding VH in schizophrenia are discussed.
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24
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Saito R, Koebis M, Nagai T, Shimizu K, Liao J, Wulaer B, Sugaya Y, Nagahama K, Uesaka N, Kushima I, Mori D, Maruyama K, Nakao K, Kurihara H, Yamada K, Kano M, Fukada Y, Ozaki N, Aiba A. Comprehensive analysis of a novel mouse model of the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: a model with the most common 3.0-Mb deletion at the human 22q11.2 locus. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:35. [PMID: 32066675 PMCID: PMC7026107 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-0723-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) is associated with an increased risk for psychiatric disorders. Although most of the 22q11.2DS patients have a 3.0-Mb deletion, existing mouse models only mimic a minor mutation of 22q11.2DS, a 1.5-Mb deletion. The role of the genes existing outside the 1.5-Mb deletion in psychiatric symptoms of 22q11.2DS is unclear. In this study, we generated a mouse model that reproduced the 3.0-Mb deletion of the 22q11.2DS (Del(3.0 Mb)/ +) using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Ethological and physiological phenotypes of adult male mutants were comprehensively evaluated by visual-evoked potentials, circadian behavioral rhythm, and a series of behavioral tests, such as measurement of locomotor activity, prepulse inhibition, fear-conditioning memory, and visual discrimination learning. As a result, Del(3.0 Mb)/ + mice showed reduction of auditory prepulse inhibition and attenuated cue-dependent fear memory, which is consistent with the phenotypes of existing 22q11.2DS models. In addition, Del(3.0 Mb)/ + mice displayed an impaired early visual processing that is commonly seen in patients with schizophrenia. Meanwhile, unlike the existing models, Del(3.0 Mb)/ + mice exhibited hypoactivity over several behavioral tests, possibly reflecting the fatigability of 22q11.2DS patients. Lastly, Del(3.0 Mb)/ + mice displayed a faster adaptation to experimental jet lag as compared with wild-type mice. Our results support the validity of Del(3.0 Mb)/ + mice as a schizophrenia animal model and suggest that our mouse model is a useful resource to understand pathogenic mechanisms of schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders associated with 22q11.2DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Saito
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XLaboratory of Animal Resources, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan ,grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XDepartment of Biological Sciences, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michinori Koebis
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XLaboratory of Animal Resources, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taku Nagai
- grid.27476.300000 0001 0943 978XDepartment of Neuropsychopharmacology and Hospital Pharmacy, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi Japan
| | - Kimiko Shimizu
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XDepartment of Biological Sciences, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jingzhu Liao
- grid.27476.300000 0001 0943 978XDepartment of Neuropsychopharmacology and Hospital Pharmacy, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi Japan
| | - Bolati Wulaer
- grid.27476.300000 0001 0943 978XDepartment of Neuropsychopharmacology and Hospital Pharmacy, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi Japan
| | - Yuki Sugaya
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XDepartment of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan ,grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XInternational Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced study (UTIAS), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Nagahama
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XDepartment of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan ,grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XInternational Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced study (UTIAS), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naofumi Uesaka
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XDepartment of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan ,grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XInternational Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced study (UTIAS), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Itaru Kushima
- grid.27476.300000 0001 0943 978XDepartment of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi Japan ,grid.437848.40000 0004 0569 8970Medical Genomics Center, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya, Aichi Japan
| | - Daisuke Mori
- grid.27476.300000 0001 0943 978XDepartment of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi Japan
| | - Kazuaki Maruyama
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XDepartment of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuki Nakao
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XLaboratory of Animal Resources, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kurihara
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XDepartment of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyofumi Yamada
- grid.27476.300000 0001 0943 978XDepartment of Neuropsychopharmacology and Hospital Pharmacy, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi Japan
| | - Masanobu Kano
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XDepartment of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan ,grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XInternational Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced study (UTIAS), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Fukada
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XDepartment of Biological Sciences, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norio Ozaki
- grid.27476.300000 0001 0943 978XDepartment of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi Japan
| | - Atsu Aiba
- Laboratory of Animal Resources, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. .,Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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25
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The Influence of Maternal Schizotypy on the perception of Facial Emotional Expressions during Infancy: an Event-Related Potential Study. Infant Behav Dev 2020; 58:101390. [DOI: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2019.101390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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26
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Daskalakis AA, Zomorrodi R, Blumberger DM, Rajji TK. Evidence for prefrontal cortex hypofunctioning in schizophrenia through somatosensory evoked potentials. Schizophr Res 2020; 215:197-203. [PMID: 31662233 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2019.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Patients with schizophrenia (SCZ) exhibit a variety of symptoms related to altered processing of somatosensory information. Little is known, however, about the neural substrates underlying somatosensory impairments in SCZ. This study endeavored to evaluate somatosensory processing in patients with SCZ compared to healthy individuals by generating somatosensory evoked potentials through stimulation of the right median nerve. The median nerve was stimulated by a peripheral nerve stimulator in 34 SCZ and 33 healthy control (HC) participants. The peripheral nerve stimulus (PNS) intensity was adjusted to 300 percent of sensory threshold and delivered at 0.1 Hz. The EEG data were acquired through 64-channels per 10-20 montage. We collected and averaged 100 trials and the recording electrodes of interest were the F3/F5 electrodes representing the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and C3/CP3 representing the somatosensory cortex (S1). In response to PNS, SCZ participants experienced over the DLPFC N30 amplitude that was significantly smaller than that of HC participants. By contrast, S1 N20 was of similar amplitude between the two groups. In addition, we found an association between N20 and N30 amplitudes in SCZ but not in HC participants. Our findings suggest that patients with SCZ demonstrate aberrant processing of somatosensory activation by the DLPFC locally and not due to a connectivity disruption between S1 and DLPFC. These results could help to develop a model through which to DLPFC hypofunctioning could be studied. Our findings may also help to identify a potential biological target to treat somatosensory information processing related deficits in SCZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasios A Daskalakis
- Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Reza Zomorrodi
- Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel M Blumberger
- Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tarek K Rajji
- Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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27
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Ramsay IS, Schallmo MP, Biagianti B, Fisher M, Vinogradov S, Sponheim SR. Deficits in Auditory and Visual Sensory Discrimination Reflect a Genetic Liability for Psychosis and Predict Disruptions in Global Cognitive Functioning. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:638. [PMID: 32733293 PMCID: PMC7358403 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensory discrimination thresholds (i.e., the briefest stimulus that can be accurately perceived) can be measured using tablet-based auditory and visual sweep paradigms. These basic sensory functions have been found to be diminished in patients with psychosis. However, the extent to which worse sensory discrimination characterizes genetic liability for psychosis, and whether it is related to clinical symptomatology and community functioning remains unknown. In the current study we compared patients with psychosis (PSY; N=76), their first-degree biological relatives (REL; N=44), and groups of healthy controls (CON; N=13 auditory and visual/N=275 auditory/N=267 visual) on measures of auditory and visual sensory discrimination, and examined relationships with a battery of symptom, cognitive, and functioning measures. Sound sweep thresholds differed among the PSY, REL, and CON groups, driven by higher thresholds in the PSY compared to CON group, with the REL group showing intermediate thresholds. Visual thresholds also differed among the three groups, driven by higher thresholds in the REL versus CON group, and no significant differences between the REL and PSY groups. Across groups and among patients, higher thresholds (poorer discrimination) for both sound and visual sweeps strongly correlated with lower global cognitive scores. We conclude that low-level auditory and visual sensory discrimination deficits in psychosis may reflect genetic liability for psychotic illness. Critically, these deficits relate to global cognitive disruptions that are a hallmark of psychotic illnesses such as schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian S Ramsay
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Michael-Paul Schallmo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Bruno Biagianti
- Department of R&D, Posit Science Corporation, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Melissa Fisher
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Sophia Vinogradov
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Scott R Sponheim
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States.,Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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28
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Niznikiewicz MA. Neurobiological approaches to the study of clinical and genetic high risk for developing psychosis. Psychiatry Res 2019; 277:17-22. [PMID: 30926150 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2019.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Research on neurobiological impairments in clinical and genetic high risk for developing psychosis individuals (CHR) has identified several brain abnormalities that impact both brain structure and function. The current review will discuss research examining brain abnormalities in clinical and genetic high risk for psychosis using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) focusing on structural brain abnormalities, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) focusing on the integrity of white matter tracks, functional MRI focusing on functional brain abnormalities, and EEG and event related potential (ERP) methodologies focusing on indices of cognitive dysfunction in CHR. Studies conducted across these different methodologies sought to identify brain regions and brain processes that would distinguish between those high risk individuals who converted to psychosis versus those who did not. In addition, in some of the studies, the distinction was made between individuals who converted to psychosis, those who did not, and those individuals who remained clinically symptomatic while not converting to psychosis. The brain regions most often identified as abnormal in this subject group were the brain areas often found abnormal in schizophrenia, including frontal and temporal regions. Similarly, several cognitive processes often found to be abnormal in schizophrenia have been also found impaired in CHR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret A Niznikiewicz
- Harvard Medical School and Veterans Administration Boston, Healthcare System, United States.
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29
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Laycock R, Cutajar E, Crewther SG. Subclinical high schizotypy traits are associated with slower change detection. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2019; 195:80-86. [PMID: 30925292 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with schizophrenia often show impairments in visual information processing that have been linked to abnormal magnocellular or dorsal stream functioning. However, such deficits are not consistently reported, possibly due to the broad symptomology inherent to schizophrenia, and/or medication effects. To avoid these latter issues this study employed visual perceptual tasks targeting magnocellular (flicker-defined form contrast threshold), dorsal stream (motion coherence, change detection) and ventral stream (form coherence) processing, and compared performance of groups of high and low sub-clinical schizotypy traits from a neurotypical population (n = 20 per group). Significantly worse performance of high compared with low schizotypy participants was only demonstrated on the change detection task that requires rapid attention acquisition and encoding of the first visual array into short term memory prior to a comparison of a second array presentation. No group differences on the other tasks were established. Given this potentially important effect is apparent in a non-clinical population, there are likely to be implications for understanding visual and attentional abnormalities in the schizophrenia spectrum more broadly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Laycock
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia; School of Psychological Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3086, Australia.
| | - Elizabeth Cutajar
- School of Psychological Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3086, Australia
| | - Sheila G Crewther
- School of Psychological Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3086, Australia
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30
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Ichinose M, Park S. Mechanisms Underlying Visuospatial Working Memory Impairments in Schizophrenia. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2019; 41:345-367. [PMID: 31407240 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2019_99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Working memory deficits are observed in the vast majority of individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia and those at risk for the disorder. Working memory impairments are present during the prodromal stage and persist throughout the course of schizophrenia. Given the importance of cognition in functional outcome, working memory deficits are an important therapeutic target for schizophrenia. This chapter examines mechanisms underlying working memory deficits in schizophrenia, focusing on the roles of perception and attention in the encoding process. Lastly, we present a comprehensive discussion of neural oscillation and internal noise in the context of the etiology of working memory deficits in schizophrenia and introduce noninvasive treatment strategies that could improve encoding processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Ichinose
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Sohee Park
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
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31
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Gunnarsdóttir ED, Hällgren J, Hultman CM, McNeil TF, Crisby M, Sandin S. Risk of neurological, eye and ear disease in offspring to parents with schizophrenia or depression compared with offspring to healthy parents. Psychol Med 2018; 48:2710-2716. [PMID: 29669615 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291718000338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurological, visual and hearing deviations have been observed in the offspring of parents with schizophrenia. This study test whether children to parents hospitalized with schizophrenia have increased the likelihood of childhood neurological disorder. METHODS Among all parents in Sweden born 1950-1985 and with offspring born 1968-2002: 7107 children with a parent hospitalized for schizophrenia were compared to 172 982 children with no parents hospitalized for schizophrenia or major depression, as well as to 32 494 children with a parent hospitalized for major depression as a control population with another severe psychiatric outcome. We estimated relative risks (RR) and two-sided 95% confidence intervals calculated from Poisson regression. RESULTS Children to parents with schizophrenia were more likely than controls to have been hospitalized before the age of 10 with a diagnosis of cerebral palsy, RR = 1.76 (95% CI: 1.15-2.69); epilepsy, RR = 1.78 (95% CI: 1.33-2.40), combined neurological disease, RR = 1.33 (95% CI: 1.11-1.60) and certain diseases of the eye, RR = 1.92 (95% CI: 1.17-3.15) and ear, RR = 1.18 (95% CI: 1.05-1.32). Similar disease-risk-pattern was found for children to parents hospitalized with a diagnosis of major depression. A specific risk increase for strabismus RR = 1.21 (95%CI: 1.05-1.40) was found for off-spring with parental depression. CONCLUSIONS Compared with children to healthy parents, children to parents with schizophrenia have increased risk of a variety of neurological disorders as well as visual and hearing disorders at an early age. The risk increase was not specific to schizophrenia but was also seen in children to parents with a diagnosis of major depression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonas Hällgren
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Family Medicine,Karolinska Institutet,Stockholm,Sweden
| | - Christina M Hultman
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics,Karolinska Institutet,Stockholm,Sweden
| | - Thomas F McNeil
- School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia,Perth,Australia
| | - Milita Crisby
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Science and Society,Karolinska Institutet,Stockholm,Sweden
| | - Sven Sandin
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics,Karolinska Institutet,Stockholm,Sweden
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32
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Shah D, Knott V, Baddeley A, Bowers H, Wright N, Labelle A, Smith D, Collin C. Impairments of emotional face processing in schizophrenia patients: Evidence from P100, N170 and P300 ERP components in a sample of auditory hallucinators. Int J Psychophysiol 2018; 134:120-134. [PMID: 30291891 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Patients with schizophrenia show impaired face and emotional expression processing that may be due to early perceptual deficits or late impairments in higher-order emotional facial recognition. This study examined event-related potentials (ERPs) in 23 patients with schizophrenia who experience auditory hallucinations and 19 healthy controls. EEG activity was recorded from 32 scalp sites positioned according to the 10-10 placement system. Linked left and right electrodes at the mastoids served as the reference. The P100, N170 and P300 were measured during an emotional facial identification task, which included neutral, joyful, sad, angry and fearful facial expressions and non-face stimuli (chairs). P100 was measured at O1/2 and P7/8. N170 was measured at P7/8. P300 was measured at Pz. Patients with schizophrenia were slower at identifying all facial expressions, including neutral ones. They also showed less positive P100 amplitude to sad, angry and fearful facial expressions. N170 amplitudes were smaller in patients in response to neutral, joyful, sad, angry, and fearful facial expression. Patients showed less positive P300 mean amplitudes to all facial expressions, including neutral ones. Within-group comparisons showed that patients exhibited a different pattern of ERP modulation across facial expressions than controls for P100 and N170, but not for P300. Our findings are compatible with the idea that behavioural and electrophysiological face-processing deficits in schizophrenia arise from early-stage deficits in visual processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhrasti Shah
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, 136 Jean Jacques Lussier, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Verner Knott
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, 136 Jean Jacques Lussier, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; The Royal Ottawa Mental Health Centre, 1145 Carling Ave, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; University of Ottawa Institute of Mental Health Research, 1145 Carling Ave, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ashley Baddeley
- University of Ottawa Institute of Mental Health Research, 1145 Carling Ave, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hayley Bowers
- Department of Psychology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nicola Wright
- The Royal Ottawa Mental Health Centre, 1145 Carling Ave, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Allen Labelle
- The Royal Ottawa Mental Health Centre, 1145 Carling Ave, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dylan Smith
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, 136 Jean Jacques Lussier, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Charles Collin
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, 136 Jean Jacques Lussier, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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33
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Biria M, Tomescu MI, Custo A, Cantonas LM, Song KW, Schneider M, Murray MM, Eliez S, Michel CM, Rihs TA. Visual processing deficits in 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2017. [PMID: 29527499 PMCID: PMC5842759 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2017.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Carriers of the rare 22q11.2 microdeletion present with a high percentage of positive and negative symptoms and a high genetic risk for schizophrenia. Visual processing impairments have been characterized in schizophrenia, but less so in 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome (DS). Here, we focus on visual processing using high-density EEG and source imaging in 22q11.2DS participants (N = 25) and healthy controls (N = 26) with an illusory contour discrimination task. Significant differences between groups emerged at early and late stages of visual processing. In 22q11.2DS, we first observed reduced amplitudes over occipital channels and reduced source activations within dorsal and ventral visual stream areas during the P1 (100–125 ms) and within ventral visual cortex during the N1 (150–170 ms) visual evoked components. During a later window implicated in visual completion (240–285 ms), we observed an increase in global amplitudes in 22q11.2DS. The increased surface amplitudes for illusory contours at this window were inversely correlated with positive subscales of prodromal symptoms in 22q11.2DS. The reduced activity of ventral and dorsal visual areas during early stages points to an impairment in visual processing seen both in schizophrenia and 22q11.2DS. During intervals related to perceptual closure, the inverse correlation of high amplitudes with positive symptoms suggests that participants with 22q11.2DS who show an increased brain response to illusory contours during the relevant window for contour processing have less psychotic symptoms and might thus be at a reduced prodromal risk for schizophrenia. In schizophrenia, early visual processing is altered. 22q11.2DS carriers have an increased risk for schizophrenia. Hd-EEG to investigate visual processing in an illusory contour task in 22q11.2DS. Occipital cortex activity is reduced in 22q11.2DS early in time. Both in 22q11.2DS and schizophrenia, early visual processing is impaired at P1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Biria
- Functional Brain Mapping Laboratory, Department of Fundamental Neuroscience, University Medical School, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Miralena I Tomescu
- Functional Brain Mapping Laboratory, Department of Fundamental Neuroscience, University Medical School, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Anna Custo
- Functional Brain Mapping Laboratory, Department of Fundamental Neuroscience, University Medical School, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; EEG Brain Mapping Core, Center for Biomedical Imaging (CIBM) of Lausanne and Geneva, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lucia M Cantonas
- Functional Brain Mapping Laboratory, Department of Fundamental Neuroscience, University Medical School, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Kun-Wei Song
- Functional Brain Mapping Laboratory, Department of Fundamental Neuroscience, University Medical School, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Maude Schneider
- Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Micah M Murray
- The Laboratory for Investigative Neurophysiology (The LINE), Neuropsychology and Neurorehabilitation Service and Department of Radiology, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; EEG Brain Mapping Core, Center for Biomedical Imaging (CIBM) of Lausanne and Geneva, Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Lausanne, Fondation Asile des Aveugles, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Eliez
- Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christoph M Michel
- Functional Brain Mapping Laboratory, Department of Fundamental Neuroscience, University Medical School, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; EEG Brain Mapping Core, Center for Biomedical Imaging (CIBM) of Lausanne and Geneva, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tonia A Rihs
- Functional Brain Mapping Laboratory, Department of Fundamental Neuroscience, University Medical School, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
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Green AE, Fitzgerald PB, Johnston PJ, Nathan PJ, Kulkarni J, Croft RJ. Evidence for a differential contribution of early perceptual and late cognitive processes during encoding to episodic memory impairment in schizophrenia. World J Biol Psychiatry 2017; 18:369-381. [PMID: 27573041 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2016.1208839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Schizophrenia is characterised by significant episodic memory impairment that is thought to be related to problems with encoding, however the neuro-functional mechanisms underlying these deficits are not well understood. The present study used a subsequent recognition memory paradigm and event-related potentials (ERPs) to investigate temporal aspects of episodic memory encoding deficits in schizophrenia. METHODS Electroencephalographic data was recorded in 24 patients and 19 healthy controls whilst participants categorised single words as pleasant/unpleasant. ERPs were generated to subsequently recognised versus unrecognised words on the basis of a forced-choice recognition memory task. Subsequent memory effects were examined with the late positive component (LPP). Group differences in N1, P2, N400 and LPP were examined for words correctly recognised. RESULTS Patients performed more poorly than controls on the recognition task. During encoding patients had significantly reduced N400 and LPP amplitudes than controls. LPP amplitude correlated with task performance however amplitudes did not differ between patients and controls as a function of subsequent memory. No significant differences in N1 or P2 amplitude or latency were observed. CONCLUSIONS The present results indicate that early sensory processes are intact and dysfunctional higher order cognitive processes during encoding are contributing to episodic memory impairments in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amity E Green
- a Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Central Clinical School, Monash University and the Alfred Hospital , Australia
| | - Paul B Fitzgerald
- a Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Central Clinical School, Monash University and the Alfred Hospital , Australia
| | - Patrick J Johnston
- b Department of Psychology and York Neuroimaging Centre , University of York , UK.,c School of Psychology & Counselling, Queensland University of Technology , Australia
| | - Pradeep J Nathan
- d School of Psychology and Psychiatry, Monash University , Australia.,e Brain Mapping Unit, Department of Psychiatry , University of Cambridge , UK
| | - Jayashri Kulkarni
- a Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Central Clinical School, Monash University and the Alfred Hospital , Australia
| | - Rodney J Croft
- f Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong , Australia.,g School of Psychology, University of Wollongong , Australia
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The role of the retina in visual hallucinations: A review of the literature and implications for psychosis. Neuropsychologia 2017; 99:128-138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Koychev I, William Deakin JF, El-Deredy W, Haenschel C. Effects of Acute Ketamine Infusion on Visual Working Memory: Event-Related Potentials. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY: COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2016. [PMID: 29528296 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2016.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Working memory (WM) deficits are a core feature of schizophrenia. Electrophysiological studies suggest that impaired early visual processing may contribute to impaired WM in the visual domain. Abnormal N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor function has been implicated both in WM and in early visual processing deficits in schizophrenia. We investigated whether ketamine, a noncompetitive NMDA antagonist, would replicate in healthy volunteers the WM performance and early visual processing abnormalities we and others have reported in patients with schizophrenia. METHODS Forty-four healthy volunteers were randomly assigned to receive intravenous ketamine or placebo. During infusion, the effects of ketamine were recorded using standardized psychiatric scales. Visual evoked potentials (P100 and P300 components) were recorded during performance of a delayed matching to sample task. RESULTS Ketamine induced mild psychosis-like symptoms and impaired WM performance. It also significantly increased the P100 amplitude, while P300 amplitude decreased in a load-dependent manner. Amplitudes of P100 during retrieval correlated with cognitive performance only in the placebo group. CONCLUSIONS We confirmed previous studies showing that ketamine reproduces the impairment of WM performance and smaller P300 amplitudes observed in schizophrenia. However, ketamine increased visual P100 amplitude in contrast to our observation of reduced P100 amplitudes in established schizophrenia. The effects of ketamine on WM and P300 are likely to involve impaired NMDA function, as these receptors are implicated in changes of synaptic strength underlying associative learning and memory. Increased P100 amplitude may reflect the secondary disinhibition of cortical glutamate release that occurs after NMDA blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Koychev
- Neuroscience and Psychiatry Unit, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | - John Francis William Deakin
- Neuroscience and Psychiatry Unit, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Manchester Mental Health and Social Care Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Wael El-Deredy
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Valparaiso, Valparaiso, Chile
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Lynn PA, Kang SS, Sponheim SR. Impaired retrieval processes evident during visual working memory in schizophrenia. SCHIZOPHRENIA RESEARCH-COGNITION 2016; 5:47-55. [PMID: 28740817 PMCID: PMC5514301 DOI: 10.1016/j.scog.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Prominent working memory (WM) deficits have been observed in people with schizophrenia (PSZ) across multiple sensory modalities, including the visuospatial realm. Electrophysiological abnormalities noted during early visual processing as well as later cognitive functions in PSZ may underlie deficiencies in WM ability, though the mechanisms linking behavior to neural responses are not well understood. WM dysfunction has also been observed in biological relatives of PSZ (REL) and therefore may be a manifestation of genetic liability for the disorder. We administered a delayed response visuospatial WM task to 23 PSZ, 30 of their REL, and 37 healthy controls (CTRL) to better understand the contributions of neural abnormalities to WM performance deficits associated with schizophrenia. PSZ performed more poorly on the WM task and failed to effectively process distractor stimuli as well as CTRL and REL. N1 electrophysiological responses to probes during retrieval differentiated the type and locations of stimuli presented during encoding in CTRL. Retrieval N1 responses in PSZ, however, failed to do so, while retrieval responses in REL showed more pronounced differentiation of stimulus features during encoding. Furthermore, neural responses during retrieval predicted behavioral performance in PSZ and REL, but not CTRL. These results suggest that retrieval processes are particularly important to efficient visuospatial WM function in PSZ and REL, and support further investigation of WM retrieval as a potential target for improving overall WM function through clinical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Lynn
- University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, United States.,Minneapolis VA Health Care System, 1 Veterans Drive, Minneapolis, MN, 55417, United States
| | - Seung Suk Kang
- University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, United States.,Minneapolis VA Health Care System, 1 Veterans Drive, Minneapolis, MN, 55417, United States
| | - Scott R Sponheim
- Minneapolis VA Health Care System, 1 Veterans Drive, Minneapolis, MN, 55417, United States.,University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, United States
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LeBlanc JJ, Nelson CA. Deletion and duplication of 16p11.2 are associated with opposing effects on visual evoked potential amplitude. Mol Autism 2016; 7:30. [PMID: 27354901 PMCID: PMC4924305 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-016-0095-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Duplication and deletion of the chromosomal region 16p11.2 cause a broad range of impairments, including intellectual disability, language disorders, and sensory symptoms. However, it is unclear how changes in 16p11.2 dosage affect cortical circuitry during development. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the visual evoked potential (VEP) could be used as a noninvasive quantitative measure of cortical processing in children with 16p11.2 copy number variation. Methods Pattern-reversal VEPs were successfully recorded in 19 deletion carriers, 9 duplication carriers, and 13 typically developing children between the ages of 3 and 14 years. The stimulus was a black and white checkerboard (60’) that reversed contrast at 2 Hz. VEP responses were extracted from continuous EEG recorded using a high-density elasticized electrode net. Results Quantitative analysis of the VEP waveform revealed that, relative to controls, deletion carriers displayed increased amplitude and duplication carriers displayed diminished amplitude. Latencies of the VEP waveform components were unaffected by 16p11.2 status. P1 amplitude did not correlate with age, IQ, or head circumference. Conclusions The results of this study suggest that recording VEP is a useful method to assay cortical processing in children with 16p11.2 copy number variation. There is a gene dosage-dependent effect on P1 amplitude that merits further investigation. The VEP is directly translatable to animal models, offering a promising way to probe the neurobiological mechanisms underlying cortical dysfunction in this developmental disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn J LeBlanc
- Division of Developmental Medicine, Laboratories of Cognitive Neuroscience, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA USA ; Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA USA ; Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Charles A Nelson
- Division of Developmental Medicine, Laboratories of Cognitive Neuroscience, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA USA ; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
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Koychev I, Joyce D, Barkus E, Ettinger U, Schmechtig A, Dourish CT, Dawson GR, Craig KJ, Deakin JFW. Cognitive and oculomotor performance in subjects with low and high schizotypy: implications for translational drug development studies. Transl Psychiatry 2016; 6:C. [PMID: 27187233 PMCID: PMC5070057 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2016.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of drugs to improve cognition in patients with schizophrenia is a major unmet clinical need. A number of promising compounds failed in recent clinical trials, a pattern linked to poor translation between preclinical and clinical stages of drug development. Seeking proof of efficacy in early Phase 1 studies in surrogate patient populations (for example, high schizotypy individuals where subtle cognitive impairment is present) has been suggested as a strategy to reduce attrition in the later stages of drug development. However, there is little agreement regarding the pattern of distribution of schizotypal features in the general population, creating uncertainty regarding the optimal control group that should be included in prospective trials. We aimed to address this question by comparing the performance of groups derived from the general population with low, average and high schizotypy scores over a range of cognitive and oculomotor tasks. We found that tasks dependent on frontal inhibitory mechanisms (N-Back working memory and anti-saccade oculomotor tasks), as well as a smooth-pursuit oculomotor task were sensitive to differences in the schizotypy phenotype. In these tasks the cognitive performance of 'low schizotypes' was significantly different from 'high schizotypes' with 'average schizotypes' having an intermediate performance. These results indicate that for evaluating putative cognition enhancers for treating schizophrenia in early-drug development studies the maximum schizotypy effect would be achieved using a design that compares low and high schizotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Koychev
- Department of Community-Based Psychiatry, Neuroscience and Psychiatry Unit, The University of Manchester, School of Community-Based Medicine, Manchester, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - D Joyce
- Cognition, Schizophrenia and Imaging Lab, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Denmark Hill, London
| | - E Barkus
- Department of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Community-Based Medicine, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - U Ettinger
- Department of Psychology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - A Schmechtig
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - C T Dourish
- P1vital, Manor House, Howbery Park, Wallingford, UK
| | - G R Dawson
- P1vital, Manor House, Howbery Park, Wallingford, UK
| | - K J Craig
- P1vital, Manor House, Howbery Park, Wallingford, UK
| | - J F W Deakin
- Department of Community-Based Psychiatry, Neuroscience and Psychiatry Unit, The University of Manchester, School of Community-Based Medicine, Manchester, UK
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Andrade GN, Butler JS, Peters GA, Molholm S, Foxe JJ. Atypical visual and somatosensory adaptation in schizophrenia-spectrum disorders. Transl Psychiatry 2016; 6:e804. [PMID: 27163205 PMCID: PMC5070065 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2016.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurophysiological investigations in patients with schizophrenia consistently show early sensory processing deficits in the visual system. Importantly, comparable sensory deficits have also been established in healthy first-degree biological relatives of patients with schizophrenia and in first-episode drug-naive patients. The clear implication is that these measures are endophenotypic, related to the underlying genetic liability for schizophrenia. However, there is significant overlap between patient response distributions and those of healthy individuals without affected first-degree relatives. Here we sought to develop more sensitive measures of sensory dysfunction in this population, with an eye to establishing endophenotypic markers with better predictive capabilities. We used a sensory adaptation paradigm in which electrophysiological responses to basic visual and somatosensory stimuli presented at different rates (ranging from 250 to 2550 ms interstimulus intervals, in blocked presentations) were compared. Our main hypothesis was that adaptation would be substantially diminished in schizophrenia, and that this would be especially prevalent in the visual system. High-density event-related potential recordings showed amplitude reductions in sensory adaptation in patients with schizophrenia (N=15 Experiment 1, N=12 Experiment 2) compared with age-matched healthy controls (N=15 Experiment 1, N=12 Experiment 2), and this was seen for both sensory modalities. At the individual participant level, reduced adaptation was more robust for visual compared with somatosensory stimulation. These results point to significant impairments in short-term sensory plasticity across sensory modalities in schizophrenia. These simple-to-execute measures may prove valuable as candidate endophenotypes and will bear follow-up in future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- G N Andrade
- The Sheryl and Daniel R. Tishman Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory Children's Evaluation and Rehabilitation Center, Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
- Departments of Psychology and Biology, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - J S Butler
- The Sheryl and Daniel R. Tishman Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory Children's Evaluation and Rehabilitation Center, Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - G A Peters
- The Sheryl and Daniel R. Tishman Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory Children's Evaluation and Rehabilitation Center, Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - S Molholm
- The Sheryl and Daniel R. Tishman Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory Children's Evaluation and Rehabilitation Center, Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
- Departments of Psychology and Biology, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - J J Foxe
- The Sheryl and Daniel R. Tishman Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory Children's Evaluation and Rehabilitation Center, Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
- Departments of Psychology and Biology, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
- The Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Rose F. Kennedy Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- The Ernest J. Del Monte Institute for Neuromedicine, Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
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Bedwell JS, Butler PD, Chan CC, Trachik BJ. Transdiagnostic psychiatric symptoms related to visual evoked potential abnormalities. Psychiatry Res 2015; 230:262-70. [PMID: 26412383 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Visual processing abnormalities have been reported across a range of psychotic and mood disorders, but are typically examined within a particular disorder. The current study used a novel transdiagnostic approach to examine diagnostic classes, clinician-rated current symptoms, and self-reported personality traits in relation to visual processing abnormalities. We examined transient visual-evoked potentials (VEPs) from 48 adults (56% female), representing a wide range of psychotic and mood disorders, as well as individuals with no history of psychiatric disorder. Stimuli were low contrast check arrays presented on green and red backgrounds. Pairwise comparisons between individuals with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders (SSD), chronic mood disorders (CMD), and nonpsychiatric controls (NC) revealed no overall differences for either P1 or N1 amplitude. However, there was a significant interaction with the color background in which the NC group showed a significant increase in P1 amplitude to the red, vs. green, background, while the SSD group showed no change. This was related to an increase in social anhedonia and general negative symptoms. Stepwise regressions across the entire sample revealed that individuals with greater apathy and/or eccentric behavior had a reduced P1 amplitude. These relationships provide clues for uncovering the underlying causal pathology for these transdiagnostic symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S Bedwell
- Department of Psychology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA.
| | - Pamela D Butler
- Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA
| | - Chi C Chan
- Department of Psychology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Benjamin J Trachik
- Department of Psychology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
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Corcoran CM, Keilp JG, Kayser J, Klim C, Butler PD, Bruder GE, Gur RC, Javitt DC. Emotion recognition deficits as predictors of transition in individuals at clinical high risk for schizophrenia: a neurodevelopmental perspective. Psychol Med 2015; 45:2959-2973. [PMID: 26040537 PMCID: PMC5080982 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291715000902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizophrenia is characterized by profound and disabling deficits in the ability to recognize emotion in facial expression and tone of voice. Although these deficits are well documented in established schizophrenia using recently validated tasks, their predictive utility in at-risk populations has not been formally evaluated. METHOD The Penn Emotion Recognition and Discrimination tasks, and recently developed measures of auditory emotion recognition, were administered to 49 clinical high-risk subjects prospectively followed for 2 years for schizophrenia outcome, and 31 healthy controls, and a developmental cohort of 43 individuals aged 7-26 years. Deficit in emotion recognition in at-risk subjects was compared with deficit in established schizophrenia, and with normal neurocognitive growth curves from childhood to early adulthood. RESULTS Deficits in emotion recognition significantly distinguished at-risk patients who transitioned to schizophrenia. By contrast, more general neurocognitive measures, such as attention vigilance or processing speed, were non-predictive. The best classification model for schizophrenia onset included both face emotion processing and negative symptoms, with accuracy of 96%, and area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve of 0.99. In a parallel developmental study, emotion recognition abilities were found to reach maturity prior to traditional age of risk for schizophrenia, suggesting they may serve as objective markers of early developmental insult. CONCLUSIONS Profound deficits in emotion recognition exist in at-risk patients prior to schizophrenia onset. They may serve as an index of early developmental insult, and represent an effective target for early identification and remediation. Future studies investigating emotion recognition deficits at both mechanistic and predictive levels are strongly encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. M. Corcoran
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - J. G. Keilp
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - J. Kayser
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - C. Klim
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - P. D. Butler
- Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - G. E. Bruder
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - R. C. Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - D. C. Javitt
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA
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González-Hernández JA, Pita-Alcorta C, Wolters CH, Padrón A, Finalé A, Galán-García L, Marot M, Lencer R. Specificity and sensitivity of visual evoked potentials in the diagnosis of schizophrenia: rethinking VEPs. Schizophr Res 2015; 166:231-4. [PMID: 26004691 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Alterations of the visual evoked potential (VEP) component P1 at the occipital region represent the most extended functional references of early visual dysfunctions in schizophrenia (SZ). However, P1 deficits are not reliable enough to be accepted as standard susceptibility markers for use in clinical psychiatry. We have previously reported a novel approach combining a standard checkerboard pattern-reversal stimulus, spectral resolution VEP, source detection techniques and statistical procedures which allowed the correct classification of all patients as SZ compared to controls. Here, we applied the same statistical approach but to a single surface VEP - in contrast to the complex EEG source analyses in our previous report. P1 and N1 amplitude differences among spectral resolution VEPs from a POz-F3 bipolar montage were computed for each component. The resulting F-values were then Z-transformed. Individual comparisons of each component of P1 and N1 showed that in 72% of patients, their individual Z-score deviated from the normal distribution of controls for at least one of the two components. Crossvalidation against the distribution in the SZ-group improved the detection rate to 93%. In all, six patients were misclassified. Clinical validation yielded striking positive (78.13%) and negative (92.69%) predictive values. The here presented procedure offers a potential clinical screening method for increased susceptibility to SZ which should then be followed by high density electrode array and source detection analyses. The most important aspect of this work is represented by the fact that this diagnostic technique is low-cost and involves equipment that is feasible to use in typical community clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A González-Hernández
- Department of Neurophysiology, "Hermanos-Ameijeiras" Hospital, University of Medical Science of Havana, Cuba; Department of Psychiatry, "Hermanos-Ameijeiras" Hospital, University of Medical Science of Havana, Cuba; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Münster, Germany.
| | - C Pita-Alcorta
- Department of Psychiatry, "Manuel Fajardo" Hospital, University of Medical Science of Havana, Cuba
| | - C H Wolters
- Institute for Biomagnetism and Biosignalanalysis, University of Münster, Germany
| | - A Padrón
- Department of Neurophysiology, "Hermanos-Ameijeiras" Hospital, University of Medical Science of Havana, Cuba; Department of Psychiatry, "Hermanos-Ameijeiras" Hospital, University of Medical Science of Havana, Cuba
| | - A Finalé
- Department of Neurophysiology, "Hermanos-Ameijeiras" Hospital, University of Medical Science of Havana, Cuba; Department of Psychiatry, "Hermanos-Ameijeiras" Hospital, University of Medical Science of Havana, Cuba
| | - L Galán-García
- Department of Neurostatistics, Cuban Neuroscience Center, Havana, Cuba; Department of Neuroinformatics, Cuban Neuroscience Center, Havana, Cuba
| | - M Marot
- Department of Neurophysiology, "Hermanos-Ameijeiras" Hospital, University of Medical Science of Havana, Cuba; Department of Psychiatry, "Hermanos-Ameijeiras" Hospital, University of Medical Science of Havana, Cuba
| | - R Lencer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Münster, Germany
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Andrade GN, Butler JS, Mercier MR, Molholm S, Foxe JJ. Spatio-temporal dynamics of adaptation in the human visual system: a high-density electrical mapping study. Eur J Neurosci 2015; 41:925-39. [PMID: 25688539 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
When sensory inputs are presented serially, response amplitudes to stimulus repetitions generally decrease as a function of presentation rate, diminishing rapidly as inter-stimulus intervals (ISIs) fall below 1 s. This 'adaptation' is believed to represent mechanisms by which sensory systems reduce responsivity to consistent environmental inputs, freeing resources to respond to potentially more relevant inputs. While auditory adaptation functions have been relatively well characterized, considerably less is known about visual adaptation in humans. Here, high-density visual-evoked potentials (VEPs) were recorded while two paradigms were used to interrogate visual adaptation. The first presented stimulus pairs with varying ISIs, comparing VEP amplitude to the second stimulus with that of the first (paired-presentation). The second involved blocks of stimulation (N = 100) at various ISIs and comparison of VEP amplitude between blocks of differing ISIs (block-presentation). Robust VEP modulations were evident as a function of presentation rate in the block-paradigm, with strongest modulations in the 130-150 ms and 160-180 ms visual processing phases. In paired-presentations, with ISIs of just 200-300 ms, an enhancement of VEP was evident when comparing S2 with S1, with no significant effect of presentation rate. Importantly, in block-presentations, adaptation effects were statistically robust at the individual participant level. These data suggest that a more taxing block-presentation paradigm is better suited to engage visual adaptation mechanisms than a paired-presentation design. The increased sensitivity of the visual processing metric obtained in the block-paradigm has implications for the examination of visual processing deficits in clinical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gizely N Andrade
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neuroscience, The Sheryl and Daniel R. Tishman Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Children's Evaluation and Rehabilitation Center (CERC), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Van Etten Building - Wing 1C, 1225 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA; Departments of Psychology & Biology, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
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Tanaka S, Maezawa Y, Kirino E. Classification of schizophrenia patients and healthy controls using p100 event-related potentials for visual processing. Neuropsychobiology 2014; 68:71-8. [PMID: 23881066 DOI: 10.1159/000350962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The study of event-related potentials (ERPs) is capable of elucidating the abnormalities in brain network dynamics relevant to the information-processing deficits in schizophrenia patients. In contrast to P50 and P300 ERPs, however, the results of P100 ERP studies in schizophrenia patients are less consistent. We have previously reported that P100 amplitudes did not differ significantly between patients with schizophrenia and healthy subjects. This result raised a question as to whether P100 ERPs carry information on brain network dynamics in schizophrenia patients that is distinct from normal controls. To answer this question, in this study we performed discrimination analysis on the P100 data. The rate of correct classification of patients and controls was high (80-90% depending on stimulus categories), indicating that patients have spatial patterns of P100 amplitudes that are distinguishable from those in healthy subjects. To further explore this possibility, we performed principal component analysis on the P100 data. For the patients, the first principal component represented global activity, the second component represented the reciprocal anterior-posterior activation, and the third component represented the hemispheric reciprocity in activity. The first and second components were similar to those of the control group; however, the third component in control subjects showed activation of the center versus anterior and posterior regions. This result is consistent with the notion of abnormalities in hemispheric asymmetries during the processing of sensory information in schizophrenia. In conclusion, this ERP study demonstrated that P100 amplitudes have information that can successfully classify patients and controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoji Tanaka
- Department of Information and Communication Sciences, Sophia University, Tokyo, Japan. tanaka-s @ sophia.ac.jp
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González-Hernández JA, Pita-Alcorta C, Padrón A, Finalé A, Galán L, Martínez E, Díaz-Comas L, Samper-González JA, Lencer R, Marot M. Basic visual dysfunction allows classification of patients with schizophrenia with exceptional accuracy. Schizophr Res 2014; 159:226-33. [PMID: 25176497 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2014.07.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2013] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Basic visual dysfunctions are commonly reported in schizophrenia; however their value as diagnostic tools remains uncertain. This study reports a novel electrophysiological approach using checkerboard visual evoked potentials (VEP). Sources of spectral resolution VEP-components C1, P1 and N1 were estimated by LORETA, and the band-effects (BSE) on these estimated sources were explored in each subject. BSEs were Z-transformed for each component and relationships with clinical variables were assessed. Clinical effects were evaluated by ROC-curves and predictive values. Forty-eight patients with schizophrenia (SZ) and 55 healthy controls participated in the study. For each of the 48 patients, the three VEP components were localized to both dorsal and ventral brain areas and also deviated from a normal distribution. P1 and N1 deviations were independent of treatment, illness chronicity or gender. Results from LORETA also suggest that deficits in thalamus, posterior cingulum, precuneus, superior parietal and medial occipitotemporal areas were associated with symptom severity. While positive symptoms were more strongly related to sensory processing deficits (P1), negative symptoms were more strongly related to perceptual processing dysfunction (N1). Clinical validation revealed positive and negative predictive values for correctly classifying SZ of 100% and 77%, respectively. Classification in an additional independent sample of 30 SZ corroborated these results. In summary, this novel approach revealed basic visual dysfunctions in all patients with schizophrenia, suggesting these visual dysfunctions represent a promising candidate as a biomarker for schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A González-Hernández
- Departments of Neurophysiology and Psychiatry, "Hermanos-Ameijeiras" Hospital, University of Medical Science of Havana, Cuba; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Münster, Germany.
| | - C Pita-Alcorta
- Department of Psychiatry, "Manuel Fajardo" Hospital, University of Medical Science of Havana, Cuba
| | - A Padrón
- Departments of Neurophysiology and Psychiatry, "Hermanos-Ameijeiras" Hospital, University of Medical Science of Havana, Cuba
| | - A Finalé
- Departments of Neurophysiology and Psychiatry, "Hermanos-Ameijeiras" Hospital, University of Medical Science of Havana, Cuba
| | - L Galán
- Departments of Neurostatistics and Neuroinformatics, Cuban Neuroscience Center, Havana, Cuba
| | - E Martínez
- Departments of Neurostatistics and Neuroinformatics, Cuban Neuroscience Center, Havana, Cuba
| | - L Díaz-Comas
- Departments of Neurostatistics and Neuroinformatics, Cuban Neuroscience Center, Havana, Cuba
| | | | - R Lencer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Münster, Germany
| | - M Marot
- Departments of Neurophysiology and Psychiatry, "Hermanos-Ameijeiras" Hospital, University of Medical Science of Havana, Cuba
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Revheim N, Corcoran CM, Dias E, Hellmann E, Martinez A, Butler PD, Lehrfeld JM, DiCostanzo J, Albert J, Javitt DC. Reading deficits in schizophrenia and individuals at high clinical risk: relationship to sensory function, course of illness, and psychosocial outcome. Am J Psychiatry 2014; 171:949-59. [PMID: 25178752 PMCID: PMC4501394 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.13091196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The ability to read passages of information fluently and with comprehension is a basic component of socioeconomic success. Reading ability depends on the integrity of underlying visual and auditory (phonological) systems. This study investigated the integrity of reading ability in schizophrenia relative to the integrity of underlying visual and auditory function. METHOD The participants were 45 schizophrenia patients, 19 clinical high-risk patients, and 65 comparison subjects. Reading was assessed using tests sensitive to visual or phonological reading dysfunction. Sensory, neuropsychological, and functional outcome measures were also obtained. RESULTS Schizophrenia patients displayed reading deficits that were far more severe (effect size >2.0) than would be predicted based on general neurocognitive impairments (effect size 1.0-1.4). The deficits correlated highly with both visual and auditory sensory measures, including impaired mismatch negativity generation (r=0.62, N=51, p=0.0002). Patients with established schizophrenia displayed both visual and phonological impairments, whereas high-risk patients showed isolated visual impairments. More than 70% of schizophrenia patients met criteria for acquired dyslexia, with 50% reading below eighth grade level despite intact premorbid reading ability. Reading deficits also correlated significantly (rp=0.4, N=30, p=0.03) with failure to match parental socioeconomic achievement, over and above contributions of more general cognitive impairment. CONCLUSIONS Patients with schizophrenia display severe deficits in reading ability that represent a potentially remediable cause of impaired socioeconomic function. Such deficits are not presently captured during routine clinical assessment. Deficits most likely develop during the years immediately surrounding illness onset and may contribute to the reduced educational and occupational achievement associated with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Revheim
- Program in Cognitive Neuroscience and Schizophrenia, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Road, Orangeburg, New York 10962, USA
| | - Cheryl M. Corcoran
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center/New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, Unit 21, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Elisa Dias
- Program in Cognitive Neuroscience and Schizophrenia, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Road, Orangeburg, New York 10962, USA
| | - Esther Hellmann
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center/New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, Unit 21, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Antigona Martinez
- Program in Cognitive Neuroscience and Schizophrenia, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Road, Orangeburg, New York 10962, USA
| | - Pamela D. Butler
- Program in Cognitive Neuroscience and Schizophrenia, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Road, Orangeburg, New York 10962, USA
| | - Jonathan M. Lehrfeld
- Program in Cognitive Neuroscience and Schizophrenia, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Road, Orangeburg, New York 10962, USA
| | - Joanna DiCostanzo
- Program in Cognitive Neuroscience and Schizophrenia, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Road, Orangeburg, New York 10962, USA
| | - Jennifer Albert
- Program in Cognitive Neuroscience and Schizophrenia, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Road, Orangeburg, New York 10962, USA
| | - Daniel C. Javitt
- Program in Cognitive Neuroscience and Schizophrenia, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Road, Orangeburg, New York 10962, USA,Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center/New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, Unit 21, New York, NY 10032, USA
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48
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Batty RA, Francis AJP, Innes-Brown H, Joshua NR, Rossell SL. Neurophysiological correlates of configural face processing in schizotypy. Front Psychiatry 2014; 5:101. [PMID: 25161628 PMCID: PMC4129627 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Face processing impairment in schizophrenia appears to be underpinned by poor configural (as opposed to feature-based) processing; however, few studies have sought to characterize this impairment electrophysiologically. Given the sensitivity of event-related potentials to antipsychotic medications, and the potential for neurophysiological abnormalities to serve as vulnerability markers for schizophrenia, a handful of studies have investigated early visual P100 and face-selective N170 in "at risk" populations. However, this is the first known neurophysiological investigation of configural face processing in a non-clinical schizotypal sample. METHODS Using stimuli designed to engage configural processing in face perception (upright and inverted Mooney and photographic faces), P100 and N170 components were recorded in healthy individuals characterized by high (N = 14) and low (N = 14) schizotypal traits according to the Oxford-Liverpool Inventory of Feelings and Experiences. RESULTS High schizotypes showed significantly reduced N170 amplitudes to inverted photographic faces. Typical N170 latency and amplitude inversion effects (delayed and enhanced N170 to inverted relative to upright photographic faces, and enhanced amplitude to upright versus inverted Mooney faces), were demonstrated by low, but not high, schizotypes. No group differences were shown for P100 analyses. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that neurophysiological deficits in processing facial configurations (N170) are apparent in schizotypy, while the early sensory processing (P100) of faces appears intact. This work adds to the mounting evidence for analogous neural processing anomalies at the healthy end of the psychosis continuum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Batty
- Brain and Psychological Sciences Research Centre (BPsyC), Faculty of Health, Arts and Design, Swinburne University of Technology , Melbourne, VIC , Australia ; School of Health Science, Psychology, RMIT University , Bundoora, VIC , Australia
| | - Andrew J P Francis
- School of Health Science, Psychology, RMIT University , Bundoora, VIC , Australia
| | | | | | - Susan L Rossell
- Brain and Psychological Sciences Research Centre (BPsyC), Faculty of Health, Arts and Design, Swinburne University of Technology , Melbourne, VIC , Australia ; Cognitive Neuropsychiatry Laboratory, Monash-Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre (MAPrc), The Alfred Hospital and Central Clinical School Monash University , Melbourne, VIC , Australia ; Psychiatry, St. Vincents Hospital , Melbourne, VIC , Australia
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Maher S, Ekstrom T, Chen Y. Greater Perceptual Sensitivity to Happy Facial Expression. Perception 2014; 43:1353-64. [DOI: 10.1068/p7806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Perception of subtle facial expressions is essential for social functioning; yet it is unclear if human perceptual sensitivities differ in detecting varying types of facial emotions. Evidence diverges as to whether salient negative versus positive emotions (such as sadness versus happiness) are preferentially processed. Here, we measured perceptual thresholds for the detection of four types of emotion in faces—happiness, fear, anger, and sadness—using psychophysical methods. We also evaluated the association of the perceptual performances with facial morphological changes between neutral and respective emotion types. Human observers were highly sensitive to happiness compared with the other emotional expressions. Further, this heightened perceptual sensitivity to happy expressions can be attributed largely to the emotion-induced morphological change of a particular facial feature (end-lip raise).
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Maher
- Visual Psychophysiology Laboratory, McLean Hospital, MS stop 303, 115 Mill St, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tor Ekstrom
- Visual Psychophysiology Laboratory, McLean Hospital, MS stop 303, 115 Mill St, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Yue Chen
- Visual Psychophysiology Laboratory, McLean Hospital, MS stop 303, 115 Mill St, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
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Onitsuka T, Oribe N, Nakamura I, Kanba S. Review of neurophysiological findings in patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2013; 67:461-70. [PMID: 24102977 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.12090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia has been conceptualized as a failure of cognitive integration, and abnormalities in neural circuitry have been proposed as a basis for this disorder. In this article, we focus on electroencephalography and magnetoencephalography findings in patients with schizophrenia. Auditory-P50, -N100, and -P300 findings, visual-P100, -N170, and -N400 findings, and neural oscillations in patients with schizophrenia are overviewed. Published results suggest that patients with schizophrenia have neurophysiological deficits from the very early phase of sensory processing (i.e., P50, P100, N100) to the relatively late phase (i.e., P300, N400) in both auditory and visual perception. Exploring the associations between neural substrates, including neurotransmitter systems, and neurophysiological findings, will lead to a more comprehensive understanding of the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Onitsuka
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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