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Auwerx C, Moix S, Kutalik Z, Reymond A. Disentangling mechanisms behind the pleiotropic effects of proximal 16p11.2 BP4-5 CNVs. Am J Hum Genet 2024:S0002-9297(24)00300-8. [PMID: 39332408 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2024.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Whereas 16p11.2 BP4-5 copy-number variants (CNVs) represent one of the most pleiotropic etiologies of genomic syndromes in both clinical and population cohorts, the mechanisms leading to such pleiotropy remain understudied. Identifying 73 deletion and 89 duplication carrier individuals among unrelated White British UK Biobank participants, we performed a phenome-wide association study (PheWAS) between the region's copy number and 117 complex traits and diseases, mimicking four dosage models. Forty-six phenotypes (39%) were affected by 16p11.2 BP4-5 CNVs, with the deletion-only, mirror, U-shape, and duplication-only models being the best fit for 30, 10, 4, and 2 phenotypes, respectively, aligning with the stronger deleteriousness of the deletion. Upon individually adjusting CNV effects for either body mass index (BMI), height, or educational attainment (EA), we found that sixteen testable deletion-driven associations-primarily with cardiovascular and metabolic traits-were BMI dependent, with EA playing a more subtle role and no association depending on height. Bidirectional Mendelian randomization supported that 13 out of these 16 associations were secondary consequences of the CNV's impact on BMI. For the 23 traits that remained significantly associated upon individual adjustment for mediators, matched-control analyses found that 10 phenotypes, including musculoskeletal traits, liver enzymes, fluid intelligence, platelet count, and pneumonia and acute kidney injury risk, remained associated under strict Bonferroni correction, with 10 additional nominally significant associations. These results paint a complex picture of 16p11.2 BP4-5's pleiotropic pattern that involves direct effects on multiple physiological systems and indirect co-morbidities consequential to the CNV's impact on BMI and EA, acting through trait-specific dosage mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Auwerx
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland; University Center for Primary Care and Public Health, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Samuel Moix
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland; University Center for Primary Care and Public Health, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Zoltán Kutalik
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland; University Center for Primary Care and Public Health, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Alexandre Reymond
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Auwerx C, Kutalik Z, Reymond A. The pleiotropic spectrum of proximal 16p11.2 CNVs. Am J Hum Genet 2024:S0002-9297(24)00301-X. [PMID: 39332410 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2024.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 08/18/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Recurrent genomic rearrangements at 16p11.2 BP4-5 represent one of the most common causes of genomic disorders. Originally associated with increased risk for autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, and intellectual disability, as well as adiposity and head circumference, these CNVs have since been associated with a plethora of phenotypic alterations, albeit with high variability in expressivity and incomplete penetrance. Here, we comprehensively review the pleiotropy associated with 16p11.2 BP4-5 rearrangements to shine light on its full phenotypic spectrum. Illustrating this phenotypic heterogeneity, we expose many parallels between findings gathered from clinical versus population-based cohorts, which often point to the same physiological systems, and emphasize the role of the CNV beyond neuropsychiatric and anthropometric traits. Revealing the complex and variable clinical manifestations of this CNV is crucial for accurate diagnosis and personalized treatment strategies for carrier individuals. Furthermore, we discuss areas of research that will be key to identifying factors contributing to phenotypic heterogeneity and gaining mechanistic insights into the molecular pathways underlying observed associations, while demonstrating how diversity in affected individuals, cohorts, experimental models, and analytical approaches can catalyze discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Auwerx
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland; University Center for Primary Care and Public Health, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Zoltán Kutalik
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland; University Center for Primary Care and Public Health, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alexandre Reymond
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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3
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Wu XR, Wu BS, Kang JJ, Chen LM, Deng YT, Chen SD, Dong Q, Feng JF, Cheng W, Yu JT. Contribution of copy number variations to education, socioeconomic status and cognition from a genome-wide study of 305,401 subjects. Mol Psychiatry 2024:10.1038/s41380-024-02717-z. [PMID: 39215183 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-024-02717-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 08/19/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Educational attainment (EA), socioeconomic status (SES) and cognition are phenotypically and genetically linked to health outcomes. However, the role of copy number variations (CNVs) in influencing EA/SES/cognition remains unclear. Using a large-scale (n = 305,401) genome-wide CNV-level association analysis, we discovered 33 CNV loci significantly associated with EA/SES/cognition, 20 of which were novel (deletions at 2p22.2, 2p16.2, 2p12, 3p25.3, 4p15.2, 5p15.33, 5q21.1, 8p21.3, 9p21.1, 11p14.3, 13q12.13, 17q21.31, and 20q13.33, as well as duplications at 3q12.2, 3q23, 7p22.3, 8p23.1, 8p23.2, 17q12 (105 kb), and 19q13.32). The genes identified in gene-level tests were enriched in biological pathways such as neurodegeneration, telomere maintenance and axon guidance. Phenome-wide association studies further identified novel associations of EA/SES/cognition-associated CNVs with mental and physical diseases, such as 6q27 duplication with upper respiratory disease and 17q12 (105 kb) duplication with mood disorders. Our findings provide a genome-wide CNV profile for EA/SES/cognition and bridge their connections to health. The expanded candidate CNVs database and the residing genes would be a valuable resource for future studies aimed at uncovering the biological mechanisms underlying cognitive function and related clinical phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Rui Wu
- Department of Neurology and National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bang-Sheng Wu
- Department of Neurology and National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ju-Jiao Kang
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Min Chen
- Department of Neurology and National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue-Ting Deng
- Department of Neurology and National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shi-Dong Chen
- Department of Neurology and National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Dong
- Department of Neurology and National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian-Feng Feng
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Wei Cheng
- Department of Neurology and National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jin-Tai Yu
- Department of Neurology and National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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4
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Jensen M, Smolen C, Tyryshkina A, Pizzo L, Banerjee D, Oetjens M, Shimelis H, Taylor CM, Pounraja VK, Song H, Rohan L, Huber E, El Khattabi L, van de Laar I, Tadros R, Bezzina C, van Slegtenhorst M, Kammeraad J, Prontera P, Caberg JH, Fraser H, Banka S, Van Dijck A, Schwartz C, Voorhoeve E, Callier P, Mosca-Boidron AL, Marle N, Lefebvre M, Pope K, Snell P, Boys A, Lockhart PJ, Ashfaq M, McCready E, Nowacyzk M, Castiglia L, Galesi O, Avola E, Mattina T, Fichera M, Bruccheri MG, Mandarà GML, Mari F, Privitera F, Longo I, Curró A, Renieri A, Keren B, Charles P, Cuinat S, Nizon M, Pichon O, Bénéteau C, Stoeva R, Martin-Coignard D, Blesson S, Le Caignec C, Mercier S, Vincent M, Martin C, Mannik K, Reymond A, Faivre L, Sistermans E, Kooy RF, Amor DJ, Romano C, Andrieux J, Girirajan S. Genetic modifiers and ascertainment drive variable expressivity of complex disorders. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.08.27.24312158. [PMID: 39252907 PMCID: PMC11383473 DOI: 10.1101/2024.08.27.24312158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
Variable expressivity of disease-associated variants implies a role for secondary variants that modify clinical features. We assessed the effects of modifier variants towards clinical outcomes of 2,252 individuals with primary variants. Among 132 families with the 16p12.1 deletion, distinct rare and common variant classes conferred risk for specific developmental features, including short tandem repeats for neurological defects and SNVs for microcephaly, while additional disease-associated variants conferred multiple genetic diagnoses. Within disease and population cohorts of 773 individuals with the 16p12.1 deletion, we found opposing effects of secondary variants towards clinical features across ascertainments. Additional analysis of 1,479 probands with other primary variants, such as 16p11.2 deletion and CHD8 variants, and 1,084 without primary variants, showed that phenotypic associations differed by primary variant context and were influenced by synergistic interactions between primary and secondary variants. Our study provides a paradigm to dissect the genomic architecture of complex disorders towards personalized treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Jensen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Bioinformatics and Genomics Graduate program, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Corrine Smolen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Bioinformatics and Genomics Graduate program, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Anastasia Tyryshkina
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Lucilla Pizzo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Deepro Banerjee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Matthew Oetjens
- Autism & Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Lewisburg, PA 17837, USA
| | - Hermela Shimelis
- Autism & Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Lewisburg, PA 17837, USA
| | - Cora M. Taylor
- Autism & Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Lewisburg, PA 17837, USA
| | - Vijay Kumar Pounraja
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Bioinformatics and Genomics Graduate program, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Hyebin Song
- Department of Statistics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Laura Rohan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Emily Huber
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Laila El Khattabi
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Université Paris Cité, CARPEM, Paris, France
| | - Ingrid van de Laar
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, Univ. Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rafik Tadros
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, Univ. Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Connie Bezzina
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, Univ. Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marjon van Slegtenhorst
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, Univ. Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Janneke Kammeraad
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, Univ. Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paolo Prontera
- Medical Genetics Unit, Hospital Santa Maria della Misericordia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Jean-Hubert Caberg
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège. Domaine Universitaire du Sart Tilman, Liège, Belgium
| | - Harry Fraser
- Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Siddhartha Banka
- Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St. Mary’s Hospital, Central Manchester University Hospitals, NHS Foundation Trust Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Anke Van Dijck
- Department of Medical Genetics, University and University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Els Voorhoeve
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick Callier
- Center for Rare Diseases and Reference Developmental Anomalies and Malformation Syndromes, CHU Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - Anne-Laure Mosca-Boidron
- Center for Rare Diseases and Reference Developmental Anomalies and Malformation Syndromes, CHU Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - Nathalie Marle
- Center for Rare Diseases and Reference Developmental Anomalies and Malformation Syndromes, CHU Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - Mathilde Lefebvre
- Laboratoire de Genetique Chromosomique et Moleculaire, CHU Dijon, France
| | - Kate Pope
- Bruce Lefroy Centre, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Penny Snell
- Bruce Lefroy Centre, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Amber Boys
- Bruce Lefroy Centre, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Paul J. Lockhart
- Bruce Lefroy Centre, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Myla Ashfaq
- Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Elizabeth McCready
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Margaret Nowacyzk
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lucia Castiglia
- Research Unit of Rare Diseases and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, Troina, Italy
| | - Ornella Galesi
- Research Unit of Rare Diseases and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, Troina, Italy
| | - Emanuela Avola
- Research Unit of Rare Diseases and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, Troina, Italy
| | - Teresa Mattina
- Research Unit of Rare Diseases and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, Troina, Italy
| | - Marco Fichera
- Research Unit of Rare Diseases and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, Troina, Italy
- Section of Clinical Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania School of Medicine, Catania, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Bruccheri
- Research Unit of Rare Diseases and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, Troina, Italy
| | | | - Francesca Mari
- Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Genetics and Cytogenetics, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Flavia Privitera
- Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Genetics and Cytogenetics, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Ilaria Longo
- Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Genetics and Cytogenetics, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Aurora Curró
- Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Genetics and Cytogenetics, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Renieri
- Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Genetics and Cytogenetics, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Boris Keren
- Département de Génétique, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Sorbonne Université, 75019 Paris, France
| | - Perrine Charles
- Département de Génétique, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Sorbonne Université, 75019 Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Radka Stoeva
- CHU Nantes, Medical Genetics Department, Nantes, France
| | | | - Sophia Blesson
- Department of Genetics, Bretonneau University Hospital, Tours, France
| | - Cedric Le Caignec
- CHU Toulouse, Department of Medical Genetics, Toulouse, France
- Toulouse Neuro Imaging, Center, Inserm, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Sandra Mercier
- Department of Genetics, Bretonneau University Hospital, Tours, France
| | - Marie Vincent
- Department of Genetics, Bretonneau University Hospital, Tours, France
| | - Christa Martin
- Autism & Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Lewisburg, PA 17837, USA
| | - Katrin Mannik
- Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Estonia
- Health2030 Genome Center, Fondation Campus Biotech, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Alexandre Reymond
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laurence Faivre
- Center for Rare Diseases and Reference Developmental Anomalies and Malformation Syndromes, CHU Dijon, Dijon, France
- Laboratoire de Genetique Chromosomique et Moleculaire, CHU Dijon, France
| | - Erik Sistermans
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R. Frank Kooy
- Department of Medical Genetics, University and University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - David J. Amor
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Corrado Romano
- Research Unit of Rare Diseases and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, Troina, Italy
- Section of Clinical Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania School of Medicine, Catania, Italy
| | - Joris Andrieux
- Institut de Genetique Medicale, Hopital Jeanne de Flandre, CHRU de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Santhosh Girirajan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Bioinformatics and Genomics Graduate program, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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5
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de Masfrand S, Cogné B, Nizon M, Deb W, Goldenberg A, Lecoquierre F, Nicolas G, Bournez M, Vitobello A, Mau-Them FT, le Guyader G, Bilan F, Bauer P, Zweier C, Piard J, Pasquier L, Bézieau S, Gerard B, Faivre L, Saugier-Veber P, Piton A, Isidor B. Penetrance, variable expressivity and monogenic neurodevelopmental disorders. Eur J Med Genet 2024; 69:104932. [PMID: 38453051 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2024.104932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Incomplete penetrance is observed for most monogenic diseases. However, for neurodevelopmental disorders, the interpretation of single and multi-nucleotide variants (SNV/MNVs) is usually based on the paradigm of complete penetrance. METHOD From 2020 to 2022, we proposed a collaboration study with the French molecular diagnosis for intellectual disability network. The aim was to recruit families for whom the index case, diagnosed with a neurodevelopmental disorder, was carrying a pathogenic or likely pathogenic variant for an OMIM morbid gene and inherited from an asymptomatic parent. Grandparents were analyzed when available for segregation study. RESULTS We identified 12 patients affected by a monogenic neurodevelopmental disorder caused by likely pathogenic or pathogenic variant (SNV/MNV) inherited from an asymptomatic parent. These genes were usually associated with de novo variants. The patients carried different variants (1 splice-site variant, 4 nonsense and 7 frameshift) in 11 genes: CAMTA1, MBD5, KMT2C, KMT2E, ZMIZ1, MN1, NDUFB11, CUL3, MED13, ARID2 and RERE. Grandparents have been tested in 6 families, and each time the variant was confirmed de novo in the healthy carrier parent. CONCLUSION Incomplete penetrance for SNV and MNV in neurodevelopmental disorders might be more frequent than previously thought. This point is crucial to consider for interpretation of variants, family investigation, genetic counseling, and prenatal diagnosis. Molecular mechanisms underlying this incomplete penetrance still need to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Servane de Masfrand
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, Service de Génétique Médicale, 44000, Nantes, France.
| | - Benjamin Cogné
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, Service de Génétique Médicale, 44000, Nantes, France; Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, L'institut Du Thorax, 44000 Nantes, France
| | - Mathilde Nizon
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, Service de Génétique Médicale, 44000, Nantes, France; Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, L'institut Du Thorax, 44000 Nantes, France
| | - Wallid Deb
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, Service de Génétique Médicale, 44000, Nantes, France; Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, L'institut Du Thorax, 44000 Nantes, France
| | - Alice Goldenberg
- CHU Rouen, Service de Génétique et Centre de Référence pour Les Troubles Du Développement, 76183, Rouen, France
| | - François Lecoquierre
- CHU Rouen, Service de Génétique et Centre de Référence pour Les Troubles Du Développement, 76183, Rouen, France
| | - Gaël Nicolas
- CHU Rouen, Service de Génétique et Centre de Référence pour Les Troubles Du Développement, 76183, Rouen, France
| | - Marie Bournez
- Centre de Référence Anomalies Du Développement et Syndromes Malformatifs, FHU TRANSLAD, CHU Dijon, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Antonio Vitobello
- Unité Fonctionnelle Innovation en Diagnostic Génomique des Maladies Rares, CHU Dijon Bourgogne, Dijon, France; Génétique des Anomalies Du Développement, INSERM 123, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Frédéric Tran Mau-Them
- Unité Fonctionnelle Innovation en Diagnostic Génomique des Maladies Rares, CHU Dijon Bourgogne, Dijon, France; Génétique des Anomalies Du Développement, INSERM 123, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Gwenaël le Guyader
- Service de Génétique Clinique, Centre de Compétence Maladies Rares Anomalies Du Développement, CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Frédéric Bilan
- Service de Génétique Clinique, Centre de Compétence Maladies Rares Anomalies Du Développement, CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | | | | | - Juliette Piard
- Centre de Génétique Humaine and Integrative and Cognitive Neuroscience Research Unit EA481, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | | | - Stéphane Bézieau
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, Service de Génétique Médicale, 44000, Nantes, France; Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, L'institut Du Thorax, 44000 Nantes, France
| | - Bénédicte Gerard
- Laboratoire de Diagnostic Génétique, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Laurence Faivre
- Centre de Référence Anomalies Du Développement et Syndromes Malformatifs, FHU TRANSLAD, CHU Dijon, 21000, Dijon, France; Génétique des Anomalies Du Développement, INSERM 123, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Pascale Saugier-Veber
- CHU Rouen, Service de Génétique et Centre de Référence pour Les Troubles Du Développement, 76183, Rouen, France
| | - Amélie Piton
- Laboratoire de Diagnostic Génétique, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Bertrand Isidor
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, Service de Génétique Médicale, 44000, Nantes, France; Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, L'institut Du Thorax, 44000 Nantes, France.
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6
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Vos N, Kleinendorst L, van der Laan L, van Uhm J, Jansen PR, van Eeghen AM, Maas SM, Mannens MMAM, van Haelst MM. Evaluation of 100 Dutch cases with 16p11.2 deletion and duplication syndromes; from clinical manifestations towards personalized treatment options. Eur J Hum Genet 2024:10.1038/s41431-024-01601-2. [PMID: 38605127 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-024-01601-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The 16p11.2 deletion syndrome is a clinically heterogeneous disorder, characterized by developmental delay, intellectual disability, hyperphagia, obesity, macrocephaly and psychiatric problems. Cases with 16p11.2 duplication syndrome have similar neurodevelopmental problems, but typically show a partial 'mirror phenotype' with underweight and microcephaly. Various copy number variants (CNVs) of the chromosomal 16p11.2 region have been described. Most is known about the 'typical' 16p11.2 BP4-BP5 (29.6-30.2 Mb; ~600 kb) deletions and duplications, but there are also several published cohorts with more distal 16p11.2 BP2-BP3 CNVs (28.8-29.0 Mb; ~220 kb), who exhibit clinical overlap. We assessed 100 cases with various pathogenic 16p11.2 CNVs and compared their clinical characteristics to provide more clear genotype-phenotype correlations and raise awareness of the different 16p11.2 CNVs. Neurodevelopmental and weight issues were reported in the majority of cases. Cases with distal 16p11.2 BP2-BP3 deletion showed the most severe obesity phenotype (73.7% obesity, mean BMI SDS 3.2). In addition to the more well defined typical 16p11.2 BP4-BP5 and distal 16p11.2 BP2-BP3 CNVs, we describe the clinical features of five cases with other, overlapping, 16p11.2 CNVs in more detail. Interestingly, four cases had a second genetic diagnosis and 18 cases an additional gene variant of uncertain significance, that could potentially help explain the cases' phenotypes. In conclusion, we provide an overview of our Dutch cohort of cases with various pathogenic 16p11.2 CNVs and relevant second genetic findings, that can aid in adequately recognizing, diagnosing and counseling of individuals with 16p11.2 CNVs, and describe the personalized medicine for cases with these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Vos
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Human Genetics, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Reproduction and Development research institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lotte Kleinendorst
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Human Genetics, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Reproduction and Development research institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Emma Center for Personalized Medicine, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Liselot van der Laan
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Human Genetics, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Reproduction and Development research institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jorrit van Uhm
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Human Genetics, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Reproduction and Development research institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Philip R Jansen
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Human Genetics, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Reproduction and Development research institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Agnies M van Eeghen
- Emma Children's Hospital, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia M Maas
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Human Genetics, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Reproduction and Development research institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel M A M Mannens
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Human Genetics, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Reproduction and Development research institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mieke M van Haelst
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Human Genetics, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Amsterdam Reproduction and Development research institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Emma Center for Personalized Medicine, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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7
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Butter CE, Goldie CL, Hall JH, Leadbitter K, Burkitt EMM, van den Bree MBM, Green JM. Experiences and concerns of parents of children with a 16p11.2 deletion or duplication diagnosis: a reflexive thematic analysis. BMC Psychol 2024; 12:137. [PMID: 38475925 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-024-01609-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND 16p11.2 proximal deletion and duplication syndromes (Break points 4-5) (593KB, Chr16; 29.6-30.2mb - HG38) are observed to have highly varied phenotypes, with a known propensity for lifelong psychiatric problems. This study aimed to contribute to a research gap by qualitatively exploring the challenges families with 16p11.2 deletion and duplication face by answering three research questions: (1) What are parents' perceptions of the ongoing support needs of families with children who have 16p11.2 living in the UK?; (2) What are their experiences in trying to access support?; (3) In these regards, do the experiences of parents of children with duplication converge or vary from those of parents of children with 16p11.2 deletion? METHODS 33 parents with children (aged 7-17 years) with 16p11.2 deletion or duplication participated in structured interviews, including the Autism Diagnostic Interview- Revised (ADI-R). Their answers to the ADI-R question 'what are your current concerns' were transcribed and subsequently analysed using Braun and Clarke's six step reflexive thematic analysis framework. RESULTS Three themes were identified: (1) Child is Behind Peers (subthemes: developmentally; academically; socially; emotionally); (2) Metabolism and Eating Patterns and; (3) Support (subthemes: insufficient support available; parent has to fight to access support; COVID-19 was a barrier to accessing support; 16p11.2 diagnosis can be a barrier to support, child is well-supported). CONCLUSIONS Parents of children with either 16p11.2 deletion or duplication shared similar experiences. However, metabolism concerns were specific to parents of children with 16p11.2 deletion. The theme Child is Behind Peers echoed concerns raised in previous Neurodevelopmental Copy Number Variant research. However, there were some key subthemes relating to research question (2) which were specific to this study. This included parents' descriptions of diagnostic overshadowing and the impact of a lack of eponymous name and scant awareness of 16p11.2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte E Butter
- Division of Psychology and Mental Health, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Caitlin L Goldie
- Division of Psychology and Mental Health, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Jessica H Hall
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Kathy Leadbitter
- Division of Psychology and Mental Health, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Emma M M Burkitt
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Marianne B M van den Bree
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Innovation Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jonathan M Green
- Division of Psychology and Mental Health, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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8
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Kéri S, Kelemen O. Motion and Form Perception in Childhood-Onset Schizophrenia. Pediatr Rep 2024; 16:88-99. [PMID: 38251318 PMCID: PMC10801474 DOI: 10.3390/pediatric16010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Childhood-onset schizophrenia (COS) is a rare type of psychotic disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, grossly disorganized behavior, and poor psychosocial functioning. The etiology of COS is unknown, but neurodevelopmental factors are likely to play a critical role. A potential neurodevelopmental anomaly marker is the dorsal visual system dysfunction, which is implicated in motion perception, spatial functions, and attention. (2) Methods: To elucidate the role of the dorsal visual system in COS, we investigated 21 patients with COS and 21 control participants matched for age, sex, education, IQ, and parental socioeconomic status. Participants completed a motion and form coherence task, during which one assesses an individual's ability to detect the direction of motion within a field of moving elements or dots and to recognize a meaningful form or object from a set of fragmented or disconnected visual elements, respectively. (3) Results: The patients with COS were impaired in both visual tasks compared to the control participants, but the evidence for the deficit was more substantial for motion perception than for form perception (form: BF10 = 27.22; motion: BF10 = 6.97 × 106). (4) Conclusions: These results highlight the importance of dorsal visual stream vulnerability in COS, a potential marker of neurodevelopmental anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szabolcs Kéri
- Sztárai Institute, University of Tokaj, 3944 Sárospatak, Hungary
- Department of Physiology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Oguz Kelemen
- Department of Behavioral Science, Albert Szent Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary;
- Department of Psychiatry, Bács-Kiskun County Hospital, 6000 Kecskemét, Hungary
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9
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Auwerx C, Jõeloo M, Sadler MC, Tesio N, Ojavee S, Clark CJ, Mägi R, Reymond A, Kutalik Z. Rare copy-number variants as modulators of common disease susceptibility. Genome Med 2024; 16:5. [PMID: 38185688 PMCID: PMC10773105 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-023-01265-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Copy-number variations (CNVs) have been associated with rare and debilitating genomic disorders (GDs) but their impact on health later in life in the general population remains poorly described. METHODS Assessing four modes of CNV action, we performed genome-wide association scans (GWASs) between the copy-number of CNV-proxy probes and 60 curated ICD-10 based clinical diagnoses in 331,522 unrelated white British UK Biobank (UKBB) participants with replication in the Estonian Biobank. RESULTS We identified 73 signals involving 40 diseases, all of which indicating that CNVs increased disease risk and caused earlier onset. We estimated that 16% of these associations are indirect, acting by increasing body mass index (BMI). Signals mapped to 45 unique, non-overlapping regions, nine of which being linked to known GDs. Number and identity of genes affected by CNVs modulated their pathogenicity, with many associations being supported by colocalization with both common and rare single-nucleotide variant association signals. Dissection of association signals provided insights into the epidemiology of known gene-disease pairs (e.g., deletions in BRCA1 and LDLR increased risk for ovarian cancer and ischemic heart disease, respectively), clarified dosage mechanisms of action (e.g., both increased and decreased dosage of 17q12 impacted renal health), and identified putative causal genes (e.g., ABCC6 for kidney stones). Characterization of the pleiotropic pathological consequences of recurrent CNVs at 15q13, 16p13.11, 16p12.2, and 22q11.2 in adulthood indicated variable expressivity of these regions and the involvement of multiple genes. Finally, we show that while the total burden of rare CNVs-and especially deletions-strongly associated with disease risk, it only accounted for ~ 0.02% of the UKBB disease burden. These associations are mainly driven by CNVs at known GD CNV regions, whose pleiotropic effect on common diseases was broader than anticipated by our CNV-GWAS. CONCLUSIONS Our results shed light on the prominent role of rare CNVs in determining common disease susceptibility within the general population and provide actionable insights for anticipating later-onset comorbidities in carriers of recurrent CNVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Auwerx
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Genopode building, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Genopode building, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
- University Center for Primary Care and Public Health, 1005, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Maarja Jõeloo
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, 51010, Tartu, Estonia
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, 51010, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Marie C Sadler
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Genopode building, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
- University Center for Primary Care and Public Health, 1005, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicolò Tesio
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Genopode building, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sven Ojavee
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Genopode building, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Charlie J Clark
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Genopode building, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Reedik Mägi
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, 51010, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Alexandre Reymond
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Genopode building, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Zoltán Kutalik
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Genopode building, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
- University Center for Primary Care and Public Health, 1005, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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10
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O’Hora KP, Kushan-Wells L, Schleifer CH, Cruz S, Hoftman GD, Jalbrzikowski M, Gur RE, Gur RC, Bearden CE. Distinct neurocognitive profiles and clinical phenotypes associated with copy number variation at the 22q11.2 locus. Autism Res 2023; 16:2247-2262. [PMID: 37997544 PMCID: PMC10872774 DOI: 10.1002/aur.3049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Rare genetic variants that confer large effects on neurodevelopment and behavioral phenotypes can reveal novel gene-brain-behavior relationships relevant to autism. Copy number variation at the 22q11.2 locus offer one compelling example, as both the 22q11.2 deletion (22qDel) and duplication (22qDup) confer increased likelihood of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and cognitive deficits, but only 22qDel confers increased psychosis risk. Here, we used the Penn Computerized Neurocognitive Battery (Penn-CNB) to characterized neurocognitive profiles of 126 individuals: 55 22qDel carriers (MAge = 19.2 years, 49.1% male), 30 22qDup carriers (MAge = 17.3 years, 53.3% male), and 41 typically developing (TD) subjects (MAge = 17.3 years, 39.0% male). We performed linear mixed models to assess group differences in overall neurocognitive profiles, domain scores, and individual test scores. We found all three groups exhibited distinct overall neurocognitive profiles. 22qDel and 22qDup carriers showed significant accuracy deficits across all domains relative to controls (episodic memory, executive function, complex cognition, social cognition, and sensorimotor speed), with 22qDel carriers exhibiting more severe accuracy deficits, particularly in episodic memory. However, 22qDup carriers generally showed greater slowing than 22qDel carriers. Notably, slower social cognition speed was uniquely associated with increased global psychopathology and poorer psychosocial functioning in 22qDup. Compared to TD, 22q11.2 copy number variants (CNV) carriers failed to show age-associated improvements in multiple cognitive domains. Exploratory analyses revealed 22q11.2 CNV carriers with ASD exhibited differential neurocognitive profiles, based on 22q11.2 copy number. These results suggest that there are distinct neurocognitive profiles associated with either a loss or gain of genomic material at the 22q11.2 locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen P. O’Hora
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Neuroscience Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Leila Kushan-Wells
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Charles H. Schleifer
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Neuroscience Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shayne Cruz
- College of Natural and Agricultural Science, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Gil D. Hoftman
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Maria Jalbrzikowski
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Raquel E. Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania and the Penn-CHOP Lifespan and Brain Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ruben C. Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania and the Penn-CHOP Lifespan and Brain Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Carrie E. Bearden
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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11
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Chung WK, Herrera FF. Health supervision for children and adolescents with 16p11.2 deletion syndrome. Cold Spring Harb Mol Case Stud 2023; 9:a006316. [PMID: 38050025 PMCID: PMC10815286 DOI: 10.1101/mcs.a006316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Rare genetic conditions are challenging for the primary care provider to manage without proper guidelines. This clinical review is designed to assist the pediatrician, family physician, or internist in the primary care setting to manage the complexities of 16p11.2 deletion syndrome. A multidisciplinary medical home with the primary care provider leading the care and armed with up-to-date guidelines will prove most helpful to the rare genetic patient population. A special focus on technology to fill gaps in deficits, review of case studies on novel medical treatments, and involvement with the educational system for advocacy with an emphasis on celebrating diversity will serve the rare genetic syndrome population well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy K Chung
- Harvard Medical School and Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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12
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Hanssen R, Auwerx C, Jõeloo M, Sadler MC, Henning E, Keogh J, Bounds R, Smith M, Firth HV, Kutalik Z, Farooqi IS, Reymond A, Lawler K. Chromosomal deletions on 16p11.2 encompassing SH2B1 are associated with accelerated metabolic disease. Cell Rep Med 2023; 4:101155. [PMID: 37586323 PMCID: PMC10439272 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
New approaches are needed to treat people whose obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) are driven by specific mechanisms. We investigate a deletion on chromosome 16p11.2 (breakpoint 2-3 [BP2-3]) encompassing SH2B1, a mediator of leptin and insulin signaling. Phenome-wide association scans in the UK (N = 502,399) and Estonian (N = 208,360) biobanks show that deletion carriers have increased body mass index (BMI; p = 1.3 × 10-10) and increased rates of T2D. Compared with BMI-matched controls, deletion carriers have an earlier onset of T2D, with poorer glycemic control despite higher medication usage. Cystatin C, a biomarker of kidney function, is significantly elevated in deletion carriers, suggesting increased risk of renal impairment. In a Mendelian randomization study, decreased SH2B1 expression increases T2D risk (p = 8.1 × 10-6). We conclude that people with 16p11.2 BP2-3 deletions have early, complex obesity and T2D and may benefit from therapies that enhance leptin and insulin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Hanssen
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Chiara Auwerx
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; University Center for Primary Care and Public Health, 1010 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Maarja Jõeloo
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, 51010 Tartu, Estonia; Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, 51010 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Marie C Sadler
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; University Center for Primary Care and Public Health, 1010 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Elana Henning
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Julia Keogh
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Rebecca Bounds
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Miriam Smith
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Helen V Firth
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust & Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Zoltán Kutalik
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; University Center for Primary Care and Public Health, 1010 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - I Sadaf Farooqi
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
| | - Alexandre Reymond
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Katherine Lawler
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
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13
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Lupski JR. Somatic cell structural variant mutagenesis and neurologic disease. CELL GENOMICS 2023; 3:100376. [PMID: 37601978 PMCID: PMC10435373 DOI: 10.1016/j.xgen.2023.100376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Detection of organismal mosaic states for variant alleles faces technical and analytical challenges, as does the association of such variant alleles with susceptibility to neurologic disease. In this issue of Cell Genomics, Maury et al.1 reanalyze genotyping arrays of a schizophrenia cohort providing evidence for the contribution of somatic structural variant mutagenesis and rare variant alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R. Lupski
- Departments of Molecular & Human Genetics, and of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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14
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Jonsson L, Martin J, Lichtenstein P, Magnusson PKE, Lundström S, Westberg L, Tammimies K. Examining neurodevelopmental problems in 15q11.2 (BP1-BP2) copy number variation carriers at ages 9/12 and 18 in a Swedish twin sample. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2023; 11:e2191. [PMID: 37156729 PMCID: PMC10422071 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.2191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several copy number variations (CNVs) are associated with increased risk for neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders. The CNV 15q11.2 (BP1-BP2) deletion has been associated with learning difficulties, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), epilepsy, and brain morphology; however, many carriers present mild or no symptoms. Carrying the reciprocal duplication does not seem to confer risk for these disorders or traits. Our aim was to examine the impact of carrying either 15q11.2 deletion and reciprocal duplication on neurodevelopmental problems in a population-based sample of children. METHODS Twins with genotype and phenotype information in the Child and Adolescent Twin Study in Sweden (CATSS) were included (N = 12,040). We included measures of neurodevelopmental problems (NDPs), including learning problems, from the questionnaire Autism-Tics, ADHD, and other Comorbidities inventory (A-TAC) at age 9/12, ADHD and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) questionnaires at age 18, as well as information about lifetime psychiatric diagnoses and epileptic seizures. We tested the association between these phenotypic measurements and carrying the 15q11.2 deletion, the reciprocal duplication, and other CNVs with previously reported strong associations with neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders (i.e., psychiatric CNVs). RESULTS We identified 57 carriers of the 15q11.2 deletion, 75 carriers of the reciprocal duplication, and 67 carriers of other psychiatric CNVs. We did not find an increased risk for NDPs or psychiatric diagnoses in the 15q11.2 deletion carriers. For 15q11.2 duplication carriers, we found an increased risk for math learning problems and fewer self-reported ADHD symptoms at age 18 but not for other NDPs. In line with previous studies, we found an increased risk of NDPs and other evaluated phenotypes in carriers of psychiatric CNVs. CONCLUSIONS Our results support previous findings that carrying 15q11.2 deletion does not have a large effect on NDPs in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Jonsson
- Department of Psychiatry and NeurochemistryInstitute of Neuroscience and Physiology at the Sahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Joanna Martin
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and BiostatisticsKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
- Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and GenomicsDivision of Psychological Medicine and Clinical NeurosciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Paul Lichtenstein
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and BiostatisticsKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Patrik K. E. Magnusson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and BiostatisticsKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Sebastian Lundström
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry CentreInstitute of Neuroscience and Physiology at the Sahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Lars Westberg
- Department of PharmacologyInstitute of Neuroscience and Physiology at the Sahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Kristiina Tammimies
- Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND)Centre for Psychiatry ResearchDepartment of Women's and Children's HealthKarolinska Institutet and Child and Adolescent PsychiatryStockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm County CouncilStockholmSweden
- Astrid Lindgren Children's HospitalKarolinska University Hospital, Region StockholmSolnaSweden
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Zarrei M, Burton CL, Engchuan W, Higginbotham EJ, Wei J, Shaikh S, Roslin NM, MacDonald JR, Pellecchia G, Nalpathamkalam T, Lamoureux S, Manshaei R, Howe J, Trost B, Thiruvahindrapuram B, Marshall CR, Yuen RKC, Wintle RF, Strug LJ, Stavropoulos DJ, Vorstman JAS, Arnold P, Merico D, Woodbury-Smith M, Crosbie J, Schachar RJ, Scherer SW. Gene copy number variation and pediatric mental health/neurodevelopment in a general population. Hum Mol Genet 2023; 32:2411-2421. [PMID: 37154571 PMCID: PMC10360394 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddad074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
We assessed the relationship of gene copy number variation (CNV) in mental health/neurodevelopmental traits and diagnoses, physical health and cognition in a community sample of 7100 unrelated children and youth of European or East Asian ancestry (Spit for Science). Clinically significant or susceptibility CNVs were present in 3.9% of participants and were associated with elevated scores on a continuous measure of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) traits (P = 5.0 × 10-3), longer response inhibition (a cognitive deficit found in several mental health and neurodevelopmental disorders; P = 1.0 × 10-2) and increased prevalence of mental health diagnoses (P = 1.9 × 10-6, odds ratio: 3.09), specifically ADHD, autism spectrum disorder anxiety and learning problems/learning disorder (P's < 0.01). There was an increased burden of rare deletions in gene-sets related to brain function or expression in brain associated with more ADHD traits. With the current mental health crisis, our data established a baseline for delineating genetic contributors in pediatric-onset conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Zarrei
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Christie L Burton
- Neurosciences and Mental Health Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Worrawat Engchuan
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Edward J Higginbotham
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - John Wei
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Sabah Shaikh
- Neurosciences and Mental Health Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Nicole M Roslin
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada
- Neurosciences and Mental Health Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Jeffrey R MacDonald
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Giovanna Pellecchia
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Thomas Nalpathamkalam
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Sylvia Lamoureux
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Roozbeh Manshaei
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Cardiac Genome Clinic, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Jennifer Howe
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Brett Trost
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada
| | | | - Christian R Marshall
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Ryan K C Yuen
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Richard F Wintle
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Lisa J Strug
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada
- Departments of Statistical Sciences, Computer Science and Biostatistics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1Z5, Canada
| | - Dimitri J Stavropoulos
- Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Jacob A S Vorstman
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
- Autism Research Unit, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Paul Arnold
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada
- Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research and Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
- Departments of Psychiatry & Medical Genetics, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Daniele Merico
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Deep Genomics Inc., Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Marc Woodbury-Smith
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Jennifer Crosbie
- Neurosciences and Mental Health Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Russell J Schachar
- Neurosciences and Mental Health Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Stephen W Scherer
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, McLaughlin Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
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O’Hora KP, Kushan-Wells L, Hoftman GD, Jalbrzikowski M, Gur RC, Gur R, Bearden CE. Distinct Neurocognitive Profiles and Clinical Phenotypes Associated with Copy Number Variation at the 22q11.2 Locus. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.05.12.23289905. [PMID: 37292882 PMCID: PMC10246073 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.12.23289905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Rare genetic variants that confer large effects on neurodevelopment and behavioral phenotypes can reveal novel gene-brain-behavior relationships relevant to autism. Copy number variation at the 22q11.2 locus offer one compelling example, as both the 22q11.2 deletion (22qDel) and duplication (22qDup) confer increased likelihood of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and cognitive deficits, but only 22qDel confers increased psychosis risk. Here, we used the Penn Computerized Neurocognitive Battery (Penn-CNB) to characterized neurocognitive profiles of 126 individuals: 55 22qDel carriers (MAge=19.2 years, 49.1% male), 30 22qDup carriers (MAge=17.3 years, 53.3 % male), and 41 typically developing (TD) subjects (MAge=17.3 years, 39.0 % male). We performed linear mixed models to assess group differences in overall neurocognitive profiles, domain scores, and individual test scores. We found all three groups exhibited distinct overall neurocognitive profiles. 22qDel and 22qDup carriers showed significant accuracy deficits across all domains relative to controls (Episodic Memory, Executive Function, Complex Cognition, Social Cognition, and Sensorimotor Speed), with 22qDel carriers exhibiting more severe accuracy deficits, particularly in Episodic Memory. However, 22qDup carriers generally showed greater slowing than 22qDel carriers. Notably, slower social cognition speed was uniquely associated with increased global psychopathology and poorer psychosocial functioning in 22qDup. Compared to TD, 22q11.2 CNV carriers failed to show age-associated improvements in multiple cognitive domains. Exploratory analyses revealed 22q11.2 CNV carriers with ASD exhibited differential neurocognitive profiles, based on 22q11.2 copy number. These results suggest that there are distinct neurocognitive profiles associated with either a loss or gain of genomic material at the 22q11.2 locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen P. O’Hora
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Neuroscience Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Leila Kushan-Wells
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Gil D. Hoftman
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Maria Jalbrzikowski
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Raquel C. Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania and the Penn-CHOP Lifespan and Brain Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ruben Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania and the Penn-CHOP Lifespan and Brain Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Carrie E. Bearden
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Verbitsky M, Krishnamurthy S, Krithivasan P, Hughes D, Khan A, Marasà M, Vena N, Khosla P, Zhang J, Lim TY, Glessner JT, Weng C, Shang N, Shen Y, Hripcsak G, Hakonarson H, Ionita-Laza I, Levy B, Kenny EE, Loos RJ, Kiryluk K, Sanna-Cherchi S, Crosslin DR, Furth S, Warady BA, Igo RP, Iyengar SK, Wong CS, Parsa A, Feldman HI, Gharavi AG. Genomic Disorders in CKD across the Lifespan. J Am Soc Nephrol 2023; 34:607-618. [PMID: 36302597 PMCID: PMC10103259 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2022060725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Pathogenic structural genetic variants, also known as genomic disorders, have been associated with pediatric CKD. This study extends those results across the lifespan, with genomic disorders enriched in both pediatric and adult patients compared with controls. In the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort study, genomic disorders were also associated with lower serum Mg, lower educational performance, and a higher risk of death. A phenome-wide association study confirmed the link between kidney disease and genomic disorders in an unbiased way. Systematic detection of genomic disorders can provide a molecular diagnosis and refine prediction of risk and prognosis. BACKGROUND Genomic disorders (GDs) are associated with many comorbid outcomes, including CKD. Identification of GDs has diagnostic utility. METHODS We examined the prevalence of GDs among participants in the Chronic Kidney Disease in Children (CKiD) cohort II ( n =248), Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) study ( n =3375), Columbia University CKD Biobank (CU-CKD; n =1986), and the Family Investigation of Nephropathy and Diabetes (FIND; n =1318) compared with 30,746 controls. We also performed a phenome-wide association analysis (PheWAS) of GDs in the electronic MEdical Records and GEnomics (eMERGE; n =11,146) cohort. RESULTS We found nine out of 248 (3.6%) CKiD II participants carried a GD, replicating prior findings in pediatric CKD. We also identified GDs in 72 out of 6679 (1.1%) adult patients with CKD in the CRIC, CU-CKD, and FIND cohorts, compared with 199 out of 30,746 (0.65%) GDs in controls (OR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.3 to 2.2). Among adults with CKD, we found recurrent GDs at the 1q21.1, 16p11.2, 17q12, and 22q11.2 loci. The 17q12 GD (diagnostic of renal cyst and diabetes syndrome) was most frequent, present in 1:252 patients with CKD and diabetes. In the PheWAS, dialysis and neuropsychiatric phenotypes were the top associations with GDs. In CRIC participants, GDs were associated with lower serum magnesium, lower educational achievement, and higher mortality risk. CONCLUSION Undiagnosed GDs are detected both in children and adults with CKD. Identification of GDs in these patients can enable a precise genetic diagnosis, inform prognosis, and help stratify risk in clinical studies. GDs could also provide a molecular explanation for nephropathy and comorbidities, such as poorer neurocognition for a subset of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Verbitsky
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | | | - Priya Krithivasan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Daniel Hughes
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Atlas Khan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Maddalena Marasà
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Natalie Vena
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Pavan Khosla
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Junying Zhang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Tze Y. Lim
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Joseph T. Glessner
- Center for Applied Genomics and Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Chunhua Weng
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Ning Shang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Yufeng Shen
- Department of Systems Biology and Columbia Genome Center, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - George Hripcsak
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Center for Applied Genomics and Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Brynn Levy
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Eimear E. Kenny
- Institute for Genomic Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Ruth J.F. Loos
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Krzysztof Kiryluk
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Simone Sanna-Cherchi
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - David R. Crosslin
- Division of Biomedical Informatics and Genomics, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Susan Furth
- Departments of Pediatrics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Bradley A. Warady
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Robert P. Igo
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University and Louis Stoke, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Sudha K. Iyengar
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University and Louis Stoke, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Craig S. Wong
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, University of New Mexico Children’s Hospital, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Afshin Parsa
- Division of Kidney, Urologic, and Hematologic Diseases, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Harold I. Feldman
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ali G. Gharavi
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York
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18
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Mollon J, Almasy L, Jacquemont S, Glahn DC. The contribution of copy number variants to psychiatric symptoms and cognitive ability. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:1480-1493. [PMID: 36737482 PMCID: PMC10213133 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-01978-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Copy number variants (CNVs) are deletions and duplications of DNA sequence. The most frequently studied CNVs, which are described in this review, are recurrent CNVs that occur in the same locations on the genome. These CNVs have been strongly implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders, namely autism spectrum disorder (ASD), intellectual disability (ID), and developmental delay (DD), but also in schizophrenia. More recent work has also shown that CNVs increase risk for other psychiatric disorders, namely, depression, bipolar disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Many of the same CNVs are implicated across all of these disorders, and these neuropsychiatric CNVs are also associated with cognitive ability in the general population, as well as with structural and functional brain alterations. Neuropsychiatric CNVs also show incomplete penetrance, such that carriers do not always develop any psychiatric disorder, and may show only mild symptoms, if any. Variable expressivity, whereby the same CNVs are associated with many different phenotypes of varied severity, also points to highly complex mechanisms underlying disease risk in CNV carriers. Comprehensive and longitudinal phenotyping studies of individual CNVs have provided initial insights into these mechanisms. However, more work is needed to estimate and predict the effect of non-recurrent, ultra-rare CNVs, which also contribute to psychiatric and cognitive outcomes. Moreover, delineating the broader phenotypic landscape of neuropsychiatric CNVs in both clinical and general population cohorts may also offer important mechanistic insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine Mollon
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Laura Almasy
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, Penn-CHOP Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sebastien Jacquemont
- Department of Pediatrics, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Center Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - David C Glahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Institute of Living, Hartford, CT, USA
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Microdeletions and microduplications linked to severe congenital disorders in infertile men. Sci Rep 2023; 13:574. [PMID: 36631630 PMCID: PMC9834233 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-27750-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Data on the clinical validity of DNA copy number variants (CNVs) in spermatogenic failure (SPGF) is limited. This study analyzed the genome-wide CNV profile in 215 men with idiopathic SPGF and 62 normozoospermic fertile men, recruited at the Andrology Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Estonia. A two-fold higher representation of > 1 Mb CNVs was observed in men with SPGF (13%, n = 28) compared to controls (6.5%, n = 4). Seven patients with SPGF were identified as carriers of microdeletions (1q21.1; 2.4 Mb) or microduplications (3p26.3, 1.1 Mb; 7p22.3-p22.2, 1.56 Mb; 10q11.22, 1.42 Mb, three cases; Xp22.33; 2.3 Mb) linked to severe congenital conditions. Large autosomal CNV carriers had oligozoospermia, reduced or low-normal bitesticular volume (22-28 ml). The 7p22.3-p22.2 microduplication carrier presented mild intellectual disability, neuropsychiatric problems, and short stature. The Xp22.33 duplication at the PAR1/non-PAR boundary, previously linked to uterine agenesis, was detected in a patient with non-obstructive azoospermia. A novel recurrent intragenic deletion in testis-specific LRRC69 was significantly overrepresented in patients with SPGF compared to the general population (3.3% vs. 0.85%; χ2 test, OR = 3.9 [95% CI 1.8-8.4], P = 0.0001). Assessment of clinically valid CNVs in patients with SPGF will improve their management and counselling for general and reproductive health, including risk of miscarriage and congenital disorders in future offspring.
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20
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Banerjee D, Girirajan S. Pathogenic Variants and Ascertainment: Neuropsychiatric Disease Risk in a Health System Cohort. Am J Psychiatry 2023; 180:11-13. [PMID: 36587271 PMCID: PMC9995216 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.20220934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Deepro Banerjee
- Bioinformatics and Genomics Program, Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, University Park, Pa. (Banerjee, Girirajan); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pa. (Girirajan)
| | - Santhosh Girirajan
- Bioinformatics and Genomics Program, Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, University Park, Pa. (Banerjee, Girirajan); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pa. (Girirajan)
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21
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Shimelis H, Oetjens MT, Walsh LK, Wain KE, Znidarsic M, Myers SM, Finucane BM, Ledbetter DH, Martin CL. Prevalence and Penetrance of Rare Pathogenic Variants in Neurodevelopmental Psychiatric Genes in a Health Care System Population. Am J Psychiatry 2023; 180:65-72. [PMID: 36475376 PMCID: PMC10017070 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.22010062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Autism, schizophrenia, and other clinically distinct neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders (NPDs) have shared genetic etiologies, including single-gene and multigenic copy number variants (CNVs). Because rare variants are primarily investigated in clinical cohorts, population-based estimates of their prevalence and penetrance are lacking. The authors determined the prevalence, penetrance, and NPD risk of pathogenic single-gene variants in a large health care system population. METHODS The authors analyzed linked genomic and electronic health record (EHR) data in a subset of 90,595 participants from Geisinger's MyCode Community Health Initiative, known as the DiscovEHR cohort. Loss-of-function pathogenic variants in 94 high-confidence NPD genes were identified through exome sequencing, and NPD penetrance was calculated using preselected EHR diagnosis codes. NPD risk was estimated using a case-control comparison of DiscovEHR participants with and without NPD diagnoses. Results from single-gene variant analyses were also compared with those from 31 previously reported pathogenic NPD CNVs. RESULTS Pathogenic variants were identified in 0.34% of the DiscovEHR cohort and demonstrated a 34.3% penetrance for NPDs. Similar to CNVs, sequence variants collectively conferred a substantial risk for several NPD diagnoses, including autism, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder. Significant NPD risk remained after participants with intellectual disability were excluded from the analysis, confirming the association with major psychiatric disorders in individuals without severe cognitive deficits. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, rare single-gene variants and CNVs were found in >1% of individuals in a large health care system population and play an important contributory role in mental health disorders. Diagnostic genetic testing for pathogenic variants among symptomatic individuals with NPDs could improve clinical outcomes through early intervention and anticipatory therapeutic support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermela Shimelis
- Autism and Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Lewisburg, Pa. (all authors)
| | - Matthew T Oetjens
- Autism and Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Lewisburg, Pa. (all authors)
| | - Lauren K Walsh
- Autism and Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Lewisburg, Pa. (all authors)
| | - Karen E Wain
- Autism and Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Lewisburg, Pa. (all authors)
| | - Masa Znidarsic
- Autism and Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Lewisburg, Pa. (all authors)
| | - Scott M Myers
- Autism and Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Lewisburg, Pa. (all authors)
| | - Brenda M Finucane
- Autism and Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Lewisburg, Pa. (all authors)
| | - David H Ledbetter
- Autism and Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Lewisburg, Pa. (all authors)
| | - Christa Lese Martin
- Autism and Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Lewisburg, Pa. (all authors)
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22
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Lepamets M, Auwerx C, Nõukas M, Claringbould A, Porcu E, Kals M, Jürgenson T, Morris AP, Võsa U, Bochud M, Stringhini S, Wijmenga C, Franke L, Peterson H, Vilo J, Lepik K, Mägi R, Kutalik Z. Omics-informed CNV calls reduce false-positive rates and improve power for CNV-trait associations. HGG ADVANCES 2022; 3:100133. [PMID: 36035246 PMCID: PMC9399386 DOI: 10.1016/j.xhgg.2022.100133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Copy-number variations (CNV) are believed to play an important role in a wide range of complex traits, but discovering such associations remains challenging. While whole-genome sequencing (WGS) is the gold-standard approach for CNV detection, there are several orders of magnitude more samples with available genotyping microarray data. Such array data can be exploited for CNV detection using dedicated software (e.g., PennCNV); however, these calls suffer from elevated false-positive and -negative rates. In this study, we developed a CNV quality score that weights PennCNV calls (pCNVs) based on their likelihood of being true positive. First, we established a measure of pCNV reliability by leveraging evidence from multiple omics data (WGS, transcriptomics, and methylomics) obtained from the same samples. Next, we built a predictor of omics-confirmed pCNVs, termed omics-informed quality score (OQS), using only PennCNV software output parameters. Promisingly, OQS assigned to pCNVs detected in close family members was up to 35% higher than the OQS of pCNVs not carried by other relatives (p < 3.0 × 10-90), outperforming other scores. Finally, in an association study of four anthropometric traits in 89,516 Estonian Biobank samples, the use of OQS led to a relative increase in the trait variance explained by CNVs of up to 56% compared with published quality filtering methods or scores. Overall, we put forward a flexible framework to improve any CNV detection method leveraging multi-omics evidence, applied it to improve PennCNV calls, and demonstrated its utility by improving the statistical power for downstream association analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarja Lepamets
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Chiara Auwerx
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
- Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), Department of Epidemiology and Health Systems, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1010, Switzerland
| | - Margit Nõukas
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | | | - Eleonora Porcu
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
- Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), Department of Epidemiology and Health Systems, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1010, Switzerland
| | - Mart Kals
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, FIMM, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Tuuli Jürgenson
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
- Institute of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Tartu, Tartu 51009, Estonia
| | | | - Andrew Paul Morris
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
- Centre for Genetics and Genomics Versus Arthritis, Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Urmo Võsa
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Murielle Bochud
- Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), Department of Epidemiology and Health Systems, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1010, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Stringhini
- Unit of Population Epidemiology, Division of Primary Care, Geneva 1205, Switzerland
| | - Cisca Wijmenga
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, 9713 AV Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Lude Franke
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, 9713 AV Groningen, the Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, 3521 AL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Hedi Peterson
- Institute of Computer Science, University of Tartu, Tartu 51009, Estonia
| | - Jaak Vilo
- Institute of Computer Science, University of Tartu, Tartu 51009, Estonia
| | - Kaido Lepik
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
- Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), Department of Epidemiology and Health Systems, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1010, Switzerland
- Institute of Computer Science, University of Tartu, Tartu 51009, Estonia
| | - Reedik Mägi
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Zoltán Kutalik
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
- Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), Department of Epidemiology and Health Systems, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1010, Switzerland
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23
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Drmic IE, MacKinnon Modi B, McConnell B, Jilderda S, Hoang N, Noor A, Bassett AS, Speevak M, Stavropoulos DJ, Carter MT. Neurodevelopmental functioning in probands and non-proband carriers of 22q11.2 microduplication. Am J Med Genet A 2022; 188:2999-3008. [PMID: 35899837 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Microduplication of the LCR22-A to LCR22-D region on chromosome 22q11.2 is a recurrent copy number variant found in clinical populations undergoing chromosomal microarray, and at lower frequency in controls. Often inherited, there is limited data on intellectual (IQ) and psychological functioning, particularly in those individuals ascertained through a family member rather than because of neurodevelopmental disorders. To investigate the range of cognitive-behavioral phenotypes associated with 22q11.2 duplication, we studied both probands and their non-proband carrier relatives. Twenty-two individuals with 22q11.2 duplication (10 probands, 12 non-proband carriers) were prospectively assessed with a battery of neuropsychological tests, physical examination, and medical record review. Assessment measures with standardized norms included IQ, academic, adaptive, psychiatric, behavioral, and social functioning. IQ and academic skills were within the average range, with a trend toward lower scores in probands versus non-probands. Adaptive skills were within age expectations. Prevalence of attention deficits (probands only) and anxiety (both groups) was high compared with norms. The prevalence of autism spectrum disorder was relatively low (5% of total sample). Assessment of both probands and non-probands with 22q11.2 duplication suggests that the phenotypic spectrum with respect to neurodevelopment overlaps significantly with the general population. IQ and academic abilities are in the average range for most of the individuals with 22q11.2 duplication in our study, regardless of ascertainment as a proband or non-proband relative. Symptoms of attention deficit and anxiety were identified, which require further study. Results of this study further clarify the phenotype of individuals with 22q11.2 duplication, and provides important information for genetic counseling regarding this recurrent copy number variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene E Drmic
- McMaster Children's Hospital Autism Program, Ron Joyce Children's Health Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Beth McConnell
- Autism Research Unit, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sanne Jilderda
- Autism Research Centre, Glenrose Rehabilitation Hospital, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ny Hoang
- Autism Research Unit, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Genetic Counselling, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Abdul Noor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Marsha Speevak
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Trillium Health Partners, Credit Valley Site, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dimitri J Stavropoulos
- Genome Diagnostics, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Melissa T Carter
- Regional Genetics Program, The Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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24
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Vainieri I, Martin J, Rommel AS, Asherson P, Banaschewski T, Buitelaar J, Cormand B, Crosbie J, Faraone SV, Franke B, Loo SK, Miranda A, Manor I, Oades RD, Purves KL, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Ribasés M, Roeyers H, Rothenberger A, Schachar R, Sergeant J, Steinhausen HC, Vuijk PJ, Doyle AE, Kuntsi J. Polygenic association between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder liability and cognitive impairments. Psychol Med 2022; 52:3150-3158. [PMID: 33531098 PMCID: PMC9693667 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291720005218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A recent genome-wide association study (GWAS) identified 12 independent loci significantly associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Polygenic risk scores (PRS), derived from the GWAS, can be used to assess genetic overlap between ADHD and other traits. Using ADHD samples from several international sites, we derived PRS for ADHD from the recent GWAS to test whether genetic variants that contribute to ADHD also influence two cognitive functions that show strong association with ADHD: attention regulation and response inhibition, captured by reaction time variability (RTV) and commission errors (CE). METHODS The discovery GWAS included 19 099 ADHD cases and 34 194 control participants. The combined target sample included 845 people with ADHD (age: 8-40 years). RTV and CE were available from reaction time and response inhibition tasks. ADHD PRS were calculated from the GWAS using a leave-one-study-out approach. Regression analyses were run to investigate whether ADHD PRS were associated with CE and RTV. Results across sites were combined via random effect meta-analyses. RESULTS When combining the studies in meta-analyses, results were significant for RTV (R2 = 0.011, β = 0.088, p = 0.02) but not for CE (R2 = 0.011, β = 0.013, p = 0.732). No significant association was found between ADHD PRS and RTV or CE in any sample individually (p > 0.10). CONCLUSIONS We detected a significant association between PRS for ADHD and RTV (but not CE) in individuals with ADHD, suggesting that common genetic risk variants for ADHD influence attention regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Vainieri
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Joanna Martin
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics & Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Anna-Sophie Rommel
- Department of Psychiatry & Department of Environmental Medicine, Public Health at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Philip Asherson
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health and Mannheim Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jan Buitelaar
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bru Cormand
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IR-SJD), Esplugues de Llobregat, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jennifer Crosbie
- Psychiatry, Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Stephen V. Faraone
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Barbara Franke
- Departments of Human Genetics and Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra K. Loo
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior and David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ana Miranda
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Iris Manor
- Geha Mental Health Center, Petah Tikva, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Robert D. Oades
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Kirstin L. Purves
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - J. Antoni Ramos-Quiroga
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addictions, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marta Ribasés
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addictions, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology, and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Herbert Roeyers
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Aribert Rothenberger
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Russell Schachar
- Psychiatry, Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Joseph Sergeant
- Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hans-Christoph Steinhausen
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Institute of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Centre of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, Capital Region Psychiatry, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pieter J. Vuijk
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alysa E. Doyle
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jonna Kuntsi
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
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25
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Yuan B, Schulze KV, Assia Batzir N, Sinson J, Dai H, Zhu W, Bocanegra F, Fong CT, Holder J, Nguyen J, Schaaf CP, Yang Y, Bi W, Eng C, Shaw C, Lupski JR, Liu P. Sequencing individual genomes with recurrent genomic disorder deletions: an approach to characterize genes for autosomal recessive rare disease traits. Genome Med 2022; 14:113. [PMID: 36180924 PMCID: PMC9526336 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-022-01113-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In medical genetics, discovery and characterization of disease trait contributory genes and alleles depends on genetic reasoning, study design, and patient ascertainment; we suggest a segmental haploid genetics approach to enhance gene discovery and molecular diagnostics. METHODS We constructed a genome-wide map for nonallelic homologous recombination (NAHR)-mediated recurrent genomic deletions and used this map to estimate population frequencies of NAHR deletions based on large-scale population cohorts and region-specific studies. We calculated recessive disease carrier burden using high-quality pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants from ClinVar and gnomAD. We developed a NIRD (NAHR deletion Impact to Recessive Disease) score for recessive disorders by quantifying the contribution of NAHR deletion to the overall allele load that enumerated all pairwise combinations of disease-causing alleles; we used a Punnett square approach based on an assumption of random mating. Literature mining was conducted to identify all reported patients with defects in a gene with a high NIRD score; meta-analysis was performed on these patients to estimate the representation of NAHR deletions in recessive traits from contemporary human genomics studies. Retrospective analyses of extant clinical exome sequencing (cES) were performed for novel rare recessive disease trait gene and allele discovery from individuals with NAHR deletions. RESULTS We present novel genomic insights regarding the genome-wide impact of NAHR recurrent segmental variants on recessive disease burden; we demonstrate the utility of NAHR recurrent deletions to enhance discovery in the challenging context of autosomal recessive (AR) traits and biallelic variation. Computational results demonstrate new mutations mediated by NAHR, involving recurrent deletions at 30 genomic regions, likely drive recessive disease burden for over 74% of loci within these segmental deletions or at least 2% of loci genome-wide. Meta-analyses on 170 literature-reported patients implicate that NAHR deletions are depleted from the ascertained pool of AR trait alleles. Exome reanalysis of personal genomes from subjects harboring recurrent deletions uncovered new disease-contributing variants in genes including COX10, ERCC6, PRRT2, and OTUD7A. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that genomic sequencing of personal genomes with NAHR deletions could dramatically improve allele and gene discovery and enhance clinical molecular diagnosis. Moreover, results suggest NAHR events could potentially enable human haploid genetic screens as an approach to experimental inquiry into disease biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yuan
- grid.39382.330000 0001 2160 926XDepartment of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030 USA ,grid.39382.330000 0001 2160 926XHuman Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
| | - Katharina V. Schulze
- grid.39382.330000 0001 2160 926XDepartment of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030 USA ,grid.510928.7Baylor Genetics, Houston, TX USA
| | - Nurit Assia Batzir
- grid.39382.330000 0001 2160 926XDepartment of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Jefferson Sinson
- grid.39382.330000 0001 2160 926XDepartment of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Hongzheng Dai
- grid.39382.330000 0001 2160 926XDepartment of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030 USA ,grid.510928.7Baylor Genetics, Houston, TX USA
| | - Wenmiao Zhu
- grid.39382.330000 0001 2160 926XDepartment of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030 USA ,grid.510928.7Baylor Genetics, Houston, TX USA
| | | | - Chin-To Fong
- grid.412750.50000 0004 1936 9166Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY USA
| | - Jimmy Holder
- grid.39382.330000 0001 2160 926XDepartment of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
| | - Joanne Nguyen
- grid.267308.80000 0000 9206 2401Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Christian P. Schaaf
- grid.39382.330000 0001 2160 926XDepartment of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030 USA ,grid.7700.00000 0001 2190 4373Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yaping Yang
- grid.39382.330000 0001 2160 926XDepartment of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Weimin Bi
- grid.39382.330000 0001 2160 926XDepartment of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030 USA ,grid.510928.7Baylor Genetics, Houston, TX USA
| | - Christine Eng
- grid.39382.330000 0001 2160 926XDepartment of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030 USA ,grid.510928.7Baylor Genetics, Houston, TX USA
| | - Chad Shaw
- grid.39382.330000 0001 2160 926XDepartment of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030 USA ,grid.21940.3e0000 0004 1936 8278Department of Statistics, Rice University, Houston, TX USA
| | - James R. Lupski
- grid.39382.330000 0001 2160 926XDepartment of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030 USA ,grid.39382.330000 0001 2160 926XHuman Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA ,grid.39382.330000 0001 2160 926XDepartment of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA ,grid.416975.80000 0001 2200 2638Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX USA
| | - Pengfei Liu
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Baylor Genetics, Houston, TX, USA.
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26
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Lupski JR. Biology in balance: human diploid genome integrity, gene dosage, and genomic medicine. Trends Genet 2022; 38:554-571. [PMID: 35450748 PMCID: PMC9222541 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2022.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The path to completion of the functional annotation of the haploid human genome reference build, exploration of the clan genomics hypothesis, understanding human gene and genome functional biology, and gene genome and organismal evolution, is in reach.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Lupski
- Genetics & Genomics, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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27
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Song J, Yao S, Kowalec K, Lu Y, Sariaslan A, Szatkiewicz JP, Larsson H, Lichtenstein P, Hultman CM, Sullivan PF. The impact of educational attainment, intelligence and intellectual disability on schizophrenia: a Swedish population-based register and genetic study. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:2439-2447. [PMID: 35379910 PMCID: PMC9135619 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01500-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SCZ) is highly heterogenous and no subtypes characterizing treatment response or longitudinal course well. Cognitive impairment is a core clinical feature of SCZ and a determinant of poorer outcome. Genetic overlap between SCZ and cognitive traits is complex, with limited studies of comprehensive epidemiological and genomic evidence. To examine the relation between SCZ and three cognitive traits, educational attainment (EDU), premorbid cognitive ability, and intellectual disability (ID), we used two Swedish samples: a national cohort (14,230 SCZ cases and 3,816,264 controls) and a subsample with comprehensive genetic data (4992 cases and 6009 controls). Population-based analyses confirmed worse cognition as a risk factor for SCZ, and the pedigree and SNP-based genetic correlations were comparable. In the genotyped cases, those with high EDU and premorbid cognitive ability tended to have higher polygenetic risk scores (PRS) of EDU and intelligence and fewer rare exonic variants. Finally, by applying an empirical clustering method, we dissected SCZ cases into four replicable subgroups characterized by EDU and ID. In particular, the subgroup with higher EDU in the national cohort had fewer adverse outcomes including long hospitalization and death. In the genotyped subsample, this subgroup had higher PRS of EDU and no excess of rare genetic burdens than controls. In conclusion, we found extensive evidence of a robust relation between cognitive traits and SCZ, underscoring the importance of cognition in dissecting the heterogeneity of SCZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Song
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Shuyang Yao
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kaarina Kowalec
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- College of Pharmacy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Yi Lu
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Amir Sariaslan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Jin P Szatkiewicz
- Departments of Genetics and Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Henrik Larsson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- School of Medical Sciences, Örebo University, Örebo, Sweden
| | - Paul Lichtenstein
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christina M Hultman
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Icahn School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Mt Sinai Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Patrick F Sullivan
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Departments of Genetics and Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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28
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Auwerx C, Lepamets M, Sadler MC, Patxot M, Stojanov M, Baud D, Mägi R, Porcu E, Reymond A, Kutalik Z. The individual and global impact of copy-number variants on complex human traits. Am J Hum Genet 2022; 109:647-668. [PMID: 35240056 PMCID: PMC9069145 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2022.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of copy-number variations (CNVs) on complex human traits remains understudied. We called CNVs in 331,522 UK Biobank participants and performed genome-wide association studies (GWASs) between the copy number of CNV-proxy probes and 57 continuous traits, revealing 131 signals spanning 47 phenotypes. Our analysis recapitulated well-known associations (e.g., 1q21 and height), revealed the pleiotropy of recurrent CNVs (e.g., 26 and 16 traits for 16p11.2-BP4-BP5 and 22q11.21, respectively), and suggested gene functionalities (e.g., MARF1 in female reproduction). Forty-eight CNV signals (38%) overlapped with single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-GWASs signals for the same trait. For instance, deletion of PDZK1, which encodes a urate transporter scaffold protein, decreased serum urate levels, while deletion of RHD, which encodes the Rhesus blood group D antigen, associated with hematological traits. Other signals overlapped Mendelian disorder regions, suggesting variable expressivity and broad impact of these loci, as illustrated by signals mapping to Rotor syndrome (SLCO1B1/3), renal cysts and diabetes syndrome (HNF1B), or Charcot-Marie-Tooth (PMP22) loci. Total CNV burden negatively impacted 35 traits, leading to increased adiposity, liver/kidney damage, and decreased intelligence and physical capacity. Thirty traits remained burden associated after correcting for CNV-GWAS signals, pointing to a polygenic CNV architecture. The burden negatively correlated with socio-economic indicators, parental lifespan, and age (survivorship proxy), suggesting a contribution to decreased longevity. Together, our results showcase how studying CNVs can expand biological insights, emphasizing the critical role of this mutational class in shaping human traits and arguing in favor of a continuum between Mendelian and complex diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Auwerx
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland; Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland; University Center for Primary Care and Public Health, Lausanne 1010, Switzerland
| | - Maarja Lepamets
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia; Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Marie C Sadler
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland; University Center for Primary Care and Public Health, Lausanne 1010, Switzerland
| | - Marion Patxot
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Miloš Stojanov
- Materno-fetal and Obstetrics Research Unit, Department Woman-Mother-Child, CHUV, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland
| | - David Baud
- Materno-fetal and Obstetrics Research Unit, Department Woman-Mother-Child, CHUV, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland
| | - Reedik Mägi
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Eleonora Porcu
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland; University Center for Primary Care and Public Health, Lausanne 1010, Switzerland
| | - Alexandre Reymond
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland.
| | - Zoltán Kutalik
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland; University Center for Primary Care and Public Health, Lausanne 1010, Switzerland.
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Vialle RA, de Paiva Lopes K, Bennett DA, Crary JF, Raj T. Integrating whole-genome sequencing with multi-omic data reveals the impact of structural variants on gene regulation in the human brain. Nat Neurosci 2022; 25:504-514. [PMID: 35288716 PMCID: PMC9245608 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-022-01031-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Structural variants (SVs), which are genomic rearrangements of more than 50 base pairs, are an important source of genetic diversity and have been linked to many diseases. However, it remains unclear how they modulate human brain function and disease risk. Here we report 170,996 SVs discovered using 1,760 short-read whole genomes from aged adults and individuals with Alzheimer's disease. By applying quantitative trait locus (SV-xQTL) analyses, we quantified the impact of cis-acting SVs on histone modifications, gene expression, splicing and protein abundance in postmortem brain tissues. More than 3,200 SVs were associated with at least one molecular phenotype. We found reproducibility of 65-99% SV-eQTLs across cohorts and brain regions. SV associations with mRNA and proteins shared the same direction of effect in more than 87% of SV-gene pairs. Mediation analysis showed ~8% of SV-eQTLs mediated by histone acetylation and ~11% by splicing. Additionally, associations of SVs with progressive supranuclear palsy identified previously known and novel SVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo A Vialle
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience & Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences & Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Estelle and Daniel Maggin Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Katia de Paiva Lopes
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience & Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences & Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Estelle and Daniel Maggin Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - David A Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - John F Crary
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience & Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Towfique Raj
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience & Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences & Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Estelle and Daniel Maggin Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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30
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Jacquemont S, Huguet G, Klein M, Chawner SJRA, Donald KA, van den Bree MBM, Sebat J, Ledbetter DH, Constantino JN, Earl RK, McDonald-McGinn DM, van Amelsvoort T, Swillen A, O'Donnell-Luria AH, Glahn DC, Almasy L, Eichler EE, Scherer SW, Robinson E, Bassett AS, Martin CL, Finucane B, Vorstman JAS, Bearden CE, Gur RE. Genes To Mental Health (G2MH): A Framework to Map the Combined Effects of Rare and Common Variants on Dimensions of Cognition and Psychopathology. Am J Psychiatry 2022; 179:189-203. [PMID: 35236119 PMCID: PMC9345000 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2021.21040432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Rare genomic disorders (RGDs) confer elevated risk for neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders. In this era of intense genomics discoveries, the landscape of RGDs is rapidly evolving. However, there has not been comparable progress to date in scalable, harmonized phenotyping methods. As a result, beyond associations with categorical diagnoses, the effects on dimensional traits remain unclear for many RGDs. The nature and specificity of RGD effects on cognitive and behavioral traits is an area of intense investigation: RGDs are frequently associated with more than one psychiatric condition, and those studied to date affect, to varying degrees, a broad range of developmental and cognitive functions. Although many RGDs have large effects, phenotypic expression is typically influenced by additional genomic and environmental factors. There is emerging evidence that using polygenic risk scores in individuals with RGDs offers opportunities to refine prediction, thus allowing for the identification of those at greatest risk of psychiatric illness. However, translation into the clinic is hindered by roadblocks, which include limited genetic testing in clinical psychiatry, and the lack of guidelines for following individuals with RGDs, who are at high risk of developing psychiatric symptoms. The Genes to Mental Health Network (G2MH) is a newly funded National Institute of Mental Health initiative that will collect, share, and analyze large-scale data sets combining genomics and dimensional measures of psychopathology spanning diverse populations and geography. The authors present here the most recent understanding of the effects of RGDs on dimensional behavioral traits and risk for psychiatric conditions and discuss strategies that will be pursued within the G2MH network, as well as how expected results can be translated into clinical practice to improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Jacquemont
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Sainte Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (Klein, Sebat); Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (Chawner, van den Bree); Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Autism and Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Danville, Pa. (Ledbetter, Martin, Finucane); Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (Constantino); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (Earl); Division of Human Genetics, 22q and You Center, Section of Clinical Genetics and Genetic Counseling, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van Amelsvoort); Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (O'Donnell-Luria); Broad Center for Mendelian Genomics, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (O'Donnell-Luria); Tommy Fuss Center for Neuropsychiatric Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston (Glahn); Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Glahn); Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle (Eichler); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle (Eichler); Center for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Scherer); McLaughlin Center and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto (Scherer); Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (Robinson); Department of Psychiatry, Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Vorstman); Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Vorstman);Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur)
| | - Guillaume Huguet
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Sainte Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (Klein, Sebat); Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (Chawner, van den Bree); Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Autism and Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Danville, Pa. (Ledbetter, Martin, Finucane); Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (Constantino); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (Earl); Division of Human Genetics, 22q and You Center, Section of Clinical Genetics and Genetic Counseling, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van Amelsvoort); Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (O'Donnell-Luria); Broad Center for Mendelian Genomics, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (O'Donnell-Luria); Tommy Fuss Center for Neuropsychiatric Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston (Glahn); Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Glahn); Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle (Eichler); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle (Eichler); Center for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Scherer); McLaughlin Center and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto (Scherer); Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (Robinson); Department of Psychiatry, Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Vorstman); Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Vorstman);Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur)
| | - Marieke Klein
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Sainte Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (Klein, Sebat); Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (Chawner, van den Bree); Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Autism and Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Danville, Pa. (Ledbetter, Martin, Finucane); Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (Constantino); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (Earl); Division of Human Genetics, 22q and You Center, Section of Clinical Genetics and Genetic Counseling, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van Amelsvoort); Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (O'Donnell-Luria); Broad Center for Mendelian Genomics, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (O'Donnell-Luria); Tommy Fuss Center for Neuropsychiatric Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston (Glahn); Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Glahn); Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle (Eichler); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle (Eichler); Center for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Scherer); McLaughlin Center and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto (Scherer); Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (Robinson); Department of Psychiatry, Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Vorstman); Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Vorstman);Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur)
| | - Samuel J R A Chawner
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Sainte Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (Klein, Sebat); Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (Chawner, van den Bree); Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Autism and Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Danville, Pa. (Ledbetter, Martin, Finucane); Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (Constantino); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (Earl); Division of Human Genetics, 22q and You Center, Section of Clinical Genetics and Genetic Counseling, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van Amelsvoort); Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (O'Donnell-Luria); Broad Center for Mendelian Genomics, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (O'Donnell-Luria); Tommy Fuss Center for Neuropsychiatric Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston (Glahn); Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Glahn); Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle (Eichler); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle (Eichler); Center for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Scherer); McLaughlin Center and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto (Scherer); Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (Robinson); Department of Psychiatry, Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Vorstman); Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Vorstman);Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur)
| | - Kirsten A Donald
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Sainte Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (Klein, Sebat); Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (Chawner, van den Bree); Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Autism and Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Danville, Pa. (Ledbetter, Martin, Finucane); Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (Constantino); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (Earl); Division of Human Genetics, 22q and You Center, Section of Clinical Genetics and Genetic Counseling, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van Amelsvoort); Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (O'Donnell-Luria); Broad Center for Mendelian Genomics, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (O'Donnell-Luria); Tommy Fuss Center for Neuropsychiatric Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston (Glahn); Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Glahn); Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle (Eichler); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle (Eichler); Center for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Scherer); McLaughlin Center and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto (Scherer); Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (Robinson); Department of Psychiatry, Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Vorstman); Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Vorstman);Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur)
| | - Marianne B M van den Bree
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Sainte Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (Klein, Sebat); Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (Chawner, van den Bree); Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Autism and Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Danville, Pa. (Ledbetter, Martin, Finucane); Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (Constantino); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (Earl); Division of Human Genetics, 22q and You Center, Section of Clinical Genetics and Genetic Counseling, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van Amelsvoort); Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (O'Donnell-Luria); Broad Center for Mendelian Genomics, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (O'Donnell-Luria); Tommy Fuss Center for Neuropsychiatric Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston (Glahn); Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Glahn); Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle (Eichler); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle (Eichler); Center for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Scherer); McLaughlin Center and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto (Scherer); Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (Robinson); Department of Psychiatry, Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Vorstman); Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Vorstman);Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur)
| | - Jonathan Sebat
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Sainte Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (Klein, Sebat); Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (Chawner, van den Bree); Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Autism and Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Danville, Pa. (Ledbetter, Martin, Finucane); Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (Constantino); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (Earl); Division of Human Genetics, 22q and You Center, Section of Clinical Genetics and Genetic Counseling, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van Amelsvoort); Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (O'Donnell-Luria); Broad Center for Mendelian Genomics, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (O'Donnell-Luria); Tommy Fuss Center for Neuropsychiatric Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston (Glahn); Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Glahn); Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle (Eichler); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle (Eichler); Center for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Scherer); McLaughlin Center and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto (Scherer); Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (Robinson); Department of Psychiatry, Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Vorstman); Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Vorstman);Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur)
| | - David H Ledbetter
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Sainte Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (Klein, Sebat); Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (Chawner, van den Bree); Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Autism and Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Danville, Pa. (Ledbetter, Martin, Finucane); Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (Constantino); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (Earl); Division of Human Genetics, 22q and You Center, Section of Clinical Genetics and Genetic Counseling, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van Amelsvoort); Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (O'Donnell-Luria); Broad Center for Mendelian Genomics, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (O'Donnell-Luria); Tommy Fuss Center for Neuropsychiatric Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston (Glahn); Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Glahn); Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle (Eichler); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle (Eichler); Center for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Scherer); McLaughlin Center and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto (Scherer); Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (Robinson); Department of Psychiatry, Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Vorstman); Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Vorstman);Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur)
| | - John N Constantino
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Sainte Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (Klein, Sebat); Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (Chawner, van den Bree); Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Autism and Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Danville, Pa. (Ledbetter, Martin, Finucane); Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (Constantino); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (Earl); Division of Human Genetics, 22q and You Center, Section of Clinical Genetics and Genetic Counseling, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van Amelsvoort); Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (O'Donnell-Luria); Broad Center for Mendelian Genomics, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (O'Donnell-Luria); Tommy Fuss Center for Neuropsychiatric Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston (Glahn); Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Glahn); Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle (Eichler); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle (Eichler); Center for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Scherer); McLaughlin Center and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto (Scherer); Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (Robinson); Department of Psychiatry, Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Vorstman); Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Vorstman);Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur)
| | - Rachel K Earl
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Sainte Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (Klein, Sebat); Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (Chawner, van den Bree); Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Autism and Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Danville, Pa. (Ledbetter, Martin, Finucane); Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (Constantino); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (Earl); Division of Human Genetics, 22q and You Center, Section of Clinical Genetics and Genetic Counseling, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van Amelsvoort); Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (O'Donnell-Luria); Broad Center for Mendelian Genomics, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (O'Donnell-Luria); Tommy Fuss Center for Neuropsychiatric Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston (Glahn); Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Glahn); Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle (Eichler); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle (Eichler); Center for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Scherer); McLaughlin Center and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto (Scherer); Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (Robinson); Department of Psychiatry, Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Vorstman); Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Vorstman);Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur)
| | - Donna M McDonald-McGinn
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Sainte Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (Klein, Sebat); Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (Chawner, van den Bree); Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Autism and Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Danville, Pa. (Ledbetter, Martin, Finucane); Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (Constantino); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (Earl); Division of Human Genetics, 22q and You Center, Section of Clinical Genetics and Genetic Counseling, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van Amelsvoort); Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (O'Donnell-Luria); Broad Center for Mendelian Genomics, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (O'Donnell-Luria); Tommy Fuss Center for Neuropsychiatric Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston (Glahn); Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Glahn); Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle (Eichler); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle (Eichler); Center for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Scherer); McLaughlin Center and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto (Scherer); Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (Robinson); Department of Psychiatry, Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Vorstman); Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Vorstman);Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur)
| | - Therese van Amelsvoort
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Sainte Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (Klein, Sebat); Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (Chawner, van den Bree); Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Autism and Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Danville, Pa. (Ledbetter, Martin, Finucane); Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (Constantino); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (Earl); Division of Human Genetics, 22q and You Center, Section of Clinical Genetics and Genetic Counseling, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van Amelsvoort); Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (O'Donnell-Luria); Broad Center for Mendelian Genomics, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (O'Donnell-Luria); Tommy Fuss Center for Neuropsychiatric Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston (Glahn); Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Glahn); Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle (Eichler); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle (Eichler); Center for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Scherer); McLaughlin Center and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto (Scherer); Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (Robinson); Department of Psychiatry, Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Vorstman); Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Vorstman);Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur)
| | - Ann Swillen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Sainte Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (Klein, Sebat); Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (Chawner, van den Bree); Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Autism and Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Danville, Pa. (Ledbetter, Martin, Finucane); Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (Constantino); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (Earl); Division of Human Genetics, 22q and You Center, Section of Clinical Genetics and Genetic Counseling, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van Amelsvoort); Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (O'Donnell-Luria); Broad Center for Mendelian Genomics, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (O'Donnell-Luria); Tommy Fuss Center for Neuropsychiatric Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston (Glahn); Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Glahn); Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle (Eichler); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle (Eichler); Center for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Scherer); McLaughlin Center and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto (Scherer); Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (Robinson); Department of Psychiatry, Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Vorstman); Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Vorstman);Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur)
| | - Anne H O'Donnell-Luria
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Sainte Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (Klein, Sebat); Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (Chawner, van den Bree); Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Autism and Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Danville, Pa. (Ledbetter, Martin, Finucane); Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (Constantino); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (Earl); Division of Human Genetics, 22q and You Center, Section of Clinical Genetics and Genetic Counseling, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van Amelsvoort); Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (O'Donnell-Luria); Broad Center for Mendelian Genomics, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (O'Donnell-Luria); Tommy Fuss Center for Neuropsychiatric Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston (Glahn); Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Glahn); Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle (Eichler); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle (Eichler); Center for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Scherer); McLaughlin Center and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto (Scherer); Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (Robinson); Department of Psychiatry, Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Vorstman); Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Vorstman);Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur)
| | - David C Glahn
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Sainte Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (Klein, Sebat); Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (Chawner, van den Bree); Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Autism and Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Danville, Pa. (Ledbetter, Martin, Finucane); Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (Constantino); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (Earl); Division of Human Genetics, 22q and You Center, Section of Clinical Genetics and Genetic Counseling, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van Amelsvoort); Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (O'Donnell-Luria); Broad Center for Mendelian Genomics, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (O'Donnell-Luria); Tommy Fuss Center for Neuropsychiatric Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston (Glahn); Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Glahn); Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle (Eichler); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle (Eichler); Center for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Scherer); McLaughlin Center and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto (Scherer); Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (Robinson); Department of Psychiatry, Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Vorstman); Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Vorstman);Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur)
| | - Laura Almasy
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Sainte Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (Klein, Sebat); Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (Chawner, van den Bree); Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Autism and Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Danville, Pa. (Ledbetter, Martin, Finucane); Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (Constantino); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (Earl); Division of Human Genetics, 22q and You Center, Section of Clinical Genetics and Genetic Counseling, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van Amelsvoort); Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (O'Donnell-Luria); Broad Center for Mendelian Genomics, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (O'Donnell-Luria); Tommy Fuss Center for Neuropsychiatric Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston (Glahn); Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Glahn); Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle (Eichler); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle (Eichler); Center for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Scherer); McLaughlin Center and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto (Scherer); Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (Robinson); Department of Psychiatry, Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Vorstman); Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Vorstman);Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur)
| | - Evan E Eichler
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Sainte Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (Klein, Sebat); Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (Chawner, van den Bree); Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Autism and Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Danville, Pa. (Ledbetter, Martin, Finucane); Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (Constantino); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (Earl); Division of Human Genetics, 22q and You Center, Section of Clinical Genetics and Genetic Counseling, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van Amelsvoort); Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (O'Donnell-Luria); Broad Center for Mendelian Genomics, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (O'Donnell-Luria); Tommy Fuss Center for Neuropsychiatric Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston (Glahn); Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Glahn); Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle (Eichler); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle (Eichler); Center for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Scherer); McLaughlin Center and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto (Scherer); Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (Robinson); Department of Psychiatry, Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Vorstman); Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Vorstman);Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur)
| | - Stephen W Scherer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Sainte Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (Klein, Sebat); Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (Chawner, van den Bree); Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Autism and Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Danville, Pa. (Ledbetter, Martin, Finucane); Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (Constantino); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (Earl); Division of Human Genetics, 22q and You Center, Section of Clinical Genetics and Genetic Counseling, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van Amelsvoort); Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (O'Donnell-Luria); Broad Center for Mendelian Genomics, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (O'Donnell-Luria); Tommy Fuss Center for Neuropsychiatric Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston (Glahn); Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Glahn); Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle (Eichler); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle (Eichler); Center for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Scherer); McLaughlin Center and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto (Scherer); Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (Robinson); Department of Psychiatry, Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Vorstman); Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Vorstman);Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur)
| | - Elise Robinson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Sainte Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (Klein, Sebat); Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (Chawner, van den Bree); Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Autism and Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Danville, Pa. (Ledbetter, Martin, Finucane); Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (Constantino); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (Earl); Division of Human Genetics, 22q and You Center, Section of Clinical Genetics and Genetic Counseling, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van Amelsvoort); Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (O'Donnell-Luria); Broad Center for Mendelian Genomics, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (O'Donnell-Luria); Tommy Fuss Center for Neuropsychiatric Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston (Glahn); Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Glahn); Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle (Eichler); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle (Eichler); Center for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Scherer); McLaughlin Center and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto (Scherer); Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (Robinson); Department of Psychiatry, Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Vorstman); Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Vorstman);Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur)
| | - Anne S Bassett
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Sainte Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (Klein, Sebat); Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (Chawner, van den Bree); Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Autism and Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Danville, Pa. (Ledbetter, Martin, Finucane); Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (Constantino); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (Earl); Division of Human Genetics, 22q and You Center, Section of Clinical Genetics and Genetic Counseling, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van Amelsvoort); Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (O'Donnell-Luria); Broad Center for Mendelian Genomics, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (O'Donnell-Luria); Tommy Fuss Center for Neuropsychiatric Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston (Glahn); Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Glahn); Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle (Eichler); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle (Eichler); Center for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Scherer); McLaughlin Center and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto (Scherer); Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (Robinson); Department of Psychiatry, Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Vorstman); Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Vorstman);Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur)
| | - Christa Lese Martin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Sainte Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (Klein, Sebat); Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (Chawner, van den Bree); Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Autism and Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Danville, Pa. (Ledbetter, Martin, Finucane); Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (Constantino); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (Earl); Division of Human Genetics, 22q and You Center, Section of Clinical Genetics and Genetic Counseling, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van Amelsvoort); Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (O'Donnell-Luria); Broad Center for Mendelian Genomics, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (O'Donnell-Luria); Tommy Fuss Center for Neuropsychiatric Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston (Glahn); Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Glahn); Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle (Eichler); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle (Eichler); Center for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Scherer); McLaughlin Center and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto (Scherer); Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (Robinson); Department of Psychiatry, Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Vorstman); Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Vorstman);Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur)
| | - Brenda Finucane
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Sainte Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (Klein, Sebat); Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (Chawner, van den Bree); Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Autism and Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Danville, Pa. (Ledbetter, Martin, Finucane); Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (Constantino); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (Earl); Division of Human Genetics, 22q and You Center, Section of Clinical Genetics and Genetic Counseling, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van Amelsvoort); Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (O'Donnell-Luria); Broad Center for Mendelian Genomics, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (O'Donnell-Luria); Tommy Fuss Center for Neuropsychiatric Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston (Glahn); Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Glahn); Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle (Eichler); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle (Eichler); Center for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Scherer); McLaughlin Center and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto (Scherer); Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (Robinson); Department of Psychiatry, Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Vorstman); Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Vorstman);Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur)
| | - Jacob A S Vorstman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Sainte Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (Klein, Sebat); Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (Chawner, van den Bree); Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Autism and Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Danville, Pa. (Ledbetter, Martin, Finucane); Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (Constantino); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (Earl); Division of Human Genetics, 22q and You Center, Section of Clinical Genetics and Genetic Counseling, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van Amelsvoort); Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (O'Donnell-Luria); Broad Center for Mendelian Genomics, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (O'Donnell-Luria); Tommy Fuss Center for Neuropsychiatric Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston (Glahn); Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Glahn); Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle (Eichler); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle (Eichler); Center for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Scherer); McLaughlin Center and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto (Scherer); Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (Robinson); Department of Psychiatry, Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Vorstman); Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Vorstman);Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur)
| | - Carrie E Bearden
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Sainte Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (Klein, Sebat); Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (Chawner, van den Bree); Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Autism and Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Danville, Pa. (Ledbetter, Martin, Finucane); Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (Constantino); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (Earl); Division of Human Genetics, 22q and You Center, Section of Clinical Genetics and Genetic Counseling, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van Amelsvoort); Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (O'Donnell-Luria); Broad Center for Mendelian Genomics, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (O'Donnell-Luria); Tommy Fuss Center for Neuropsychiatric Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston (Glahn); Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Glahn); Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle (Eichler); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle (Eichler); Center for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Scherer); McLaughlin Center and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto (Scherer); Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (Robinson); Department of Psychiatry, Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Vorstman); Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Vorstman);Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur)
| | - Raquel E Gur
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Sainte Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (Klein, Sebat); Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (Chawner, van den Bree); Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Autism and Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Danville, Pa. (Ledbetter, Martin, Finucane); Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (Constantino); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (Earl); Division of Human Genetics, 22q and You Center, Section of Clinical Genetics and Genetic Counseling, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van Amelsvoort); Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (O'Donnell-Luria); Broad Center for Mendelian Genomics, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (O'Donnell-Luria); Tommy Fuss Center for Neuropsychiatric Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston (Glahn); Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Glahn); Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle (Eichler); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle (Eichler); Center for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Scherer); McLaughlin Center and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto (Scherer); Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (Robinson); Department of Psychiatry, Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Vorstman); Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Vorstman);Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur)
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- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Sainte Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (Klein, Sebat); Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (Chawner, van den Bree); Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Autism and Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Danville, Pa. (Ledbetter, Martin, Finucane); Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (Constantino); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (Earl); Division of Human Genetics, 22q and You Center, Section of Clinical Genetics and Genetic Counseling, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van Amelsvoort); Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (O'Donnell-Luria); Broad Center for Mendelian Genomics, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (O'Donnell-Luria); Tommy Fuss Center for Neuropsychiatric Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston (Glahn); Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Glahn); Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle (Eichler); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle (Eichler); Center for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Scherer); McLaughlin Center and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto (Scherer); Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (Robinson); Department of Psychiatry, Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Vorstman); Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Vorstman);Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur)
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31
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Birnbaum R, Mahjani B, Loos RJF, Sharp AJ. Clinical Characterization of Copy Number Variants Associated With Neurodevelopmental Disorders in a Large-scale Multiancestry Biobank. JAMA Psychiatry 2022; 79:250-259. [PMID: 35080590 PMCID: PMC8792794 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2021.4080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Past studies identified rare copy number variants (CNVs) as risk factors for neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs), including autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia. However, the clinical characterization of NDD CNVs is understudied in population cohorts unselected for neuropsychiatric disorders and in cohorts of diverse ancestry. OBJECTIVE To identify individuals harboring NDD CNVs in a multiancestry biobank and to query their enrichment for select neuropsychiatric disorders as well as association with multiple medical disorders. DESIGN, SETTINGS, AND PARTICIPANTS In a series of phenotypic enrichment and association analyses, NDD CNVs were clinically characterized among 24 877 participants in the BioMe biobank, an electronic health record-linked biobank derived from the Mount Sinai Health System, New York, New York. Participants were recruited into the biobank since September 2007 across diverse ancestry and medical and neuropsychiatric specialties. For the current analyses, electronic health record data were analyzed from May 2004 through May 2019. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES NDD CNVs were identified using a consensus of 2 CNV calling algorithms, based on whole-exome sequencing and genotype array data, followed by novel in-silico clinical assessments. RESULTS Of 24 877 participants, 14 586 (58.7%) were female; self-reported ancestry categories included 5965 (24.0%) who were of African ancestry, 7892 (31.7%) who were of European ancestry, and 8536 (34.3%) who were of Hispanic ancestry; and the mean (SD) age was 50.5 (17.3) years. Among 24 877 individuals, the prevalence of 64 NDD CNVs was 2.5% (n = 627), with prevalence varying by locus, corroborating the presence of some relatively highly prevalent NDD CNVs (eg, 15q11.2 deletion/duplication). An aggregate set of NDD CNVs were enriched for congenital disorders (odds ratio, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.1-3.5; P = .01) and major depressive disorder (odds ratio, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.1-2.0; P = .01). In a meta-analysis of medical diagnoses (n = 195 hierarchically clustered diagnostic codes), NDD CNVs were significantly associated with several medical outcomes, including essential hypertension (z score = 3.6; P = 2.8 × 10-4), kidney failure (z score = 3.3; P = 1.1 × 10-3), and obstructive sleep apnea (z score = 3.4; P = 8.1 × 10-4) and, in another analysis, morbid obesity (z score = 3.8; P = 1.3 × 10-4). Further, NDD CNVs were associated with increased body mass index in a multiancestry analysis (β = 0.19; 95% CI, 0.10-0.31; P = .003). For 36 common serum tests, there was no association with NDD CNVs. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Clinical features of individuals harboring NDD CNVs were elucidated in a large-scale, multiancestry biobank, identifying enrichments for congenital disorders and major depressive disorder as well as associations with several medical outcomes, including hypertension, kidney failure, and obesity and obesity-related phenotypes, specifically obstructive sleep apnea and increased body mass index. The association between NDD CNVs and obesity outcomes indicate further potential pleiotropy of NDD CNVs beyond neurodevelopmental outcomes previously reported. Future clinical genetic investigations may lead to insights of at-risk individuals and therapeutic strategies targeting specific genetic variants. The importance of diverse inclusion within biobanks and considering the effect of rare genetic variants in a multiancestry context is evident.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Birnbaum
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Behrang Mahjani
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Ruth J. F. Loos
- Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- NovoNordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andrew J. Sharp
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
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32
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Gardner EJ, Neville MDC, Samocha KE, Barclay K, Kolk M, Niemi MEK, Kirov G, Martin HC, Hurles ME. Reduced reproductive success is associated with selective constraint on human genes. Nature 2022; 603:858-863. [PMID: 35322230 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04549-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide sequencing of human populations has revealed substantial variation among genes in the intensity of purifying selection acting on damaging genetic variants1. Although genes under the strongest selective constraint are highly enriched for associations with Mendelian disorders, most of these genes are not associated with disease and therefore the nature of the selection acting on them is not known2. Here we show that genetic variants that damage these genes are associated with markedly reduced reproductive success, primarily owing to increased childlessness, with a stronger effect in males than in females. We present evidence that increased childlessness is probably mediated by genetically associated cognitive and behavioural traits, which may mean that male carriers are less likely to find reproductive partners. This reduction in reproductive success may account for 20% of purifying selection against heterozygous variants that ablate protein-coding genes. Although this genetic association may only account for a very minor fraction of the overall likelihood of being childless (less than 1%), especially when compared to more influential sociodemographic factors, it may influence how genes evolve over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene J Gardner
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, Hinxton, UK.,Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Kaitlin E Samocha
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, Hinxton, UK
| | - Kieron Barclay
- Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany.,Demography Unit, Department of Sociology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.,Swedish Collegium for Advanced Study, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Martin Kolk
- Demography Unit, Department of Sociology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mari E K Niemi
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, Hinxton, UK
| | - George Kirov
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Hilary C Martin
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, Hinxton, UK
| | - Matthew E Hurles
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, Hinxton, UK.
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33
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Liu Y, Lv Y, Zarrei M, Dong R, Yang X, Higginbotham EJ, Li Y, Zhao D, Song F, Yang Y, Zhang H, Wang Y, Scherer SW, Gai Z. Chromosomal microarray analysis of 410 Han Chinese patients with autism spectrum disorder or unexplained intellectual disability and developmental delay. NPJ Genom Med 2022; 7:1. [PMID: 35022430 PMCID: PMC8755789 DOI: 10.1038/s41525-021-00271-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Copy number variants (CNVs) are recognized as a crucial genetic cause of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). Chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA), the first-tier diagnostic test for individuals with NDDs, has been utilized to detect CNVs in clinical practice, but most reports are still from populations of European ancestry. To contribute more worldwide clinical genomics data, we investigated the genetic etiology of 410 Han Chinese patients with NDDs (151 with autism and 259 with unexplained intellectual disability (ID) and developmental delay (DD)) using CMA (Affymetrix) after G-banding karyotyping. Among all the NDD patients, 109 (26.6%) carried clinically relevant CNVs or uniparental disomies (UPDs), and 8 (2.0%) had aneuploidies (6 with trisomy 21 syndrome, 1 with 47,XXY, 1 with 47,XYY). In total, we found 129 clinically relevant CNVs and UPDs, including 32 CNVs in 30 ASD patients, and 92 CNVs and 5 UPDs in 79 ID/DD cases. When excluding the eight patients with aneuploidies, the diagnostic yield of pathogenic and likely pathogenic CNVs and UPDs was 20.9% for all NDDs (84/402), 3.3% in ASD (5/151), and 31.5% in ID/DD (79/251). When aneuploidies were included, the diagnostic yield increased to 22.4% for all NDDs (92/410), and 33.6% for ID/DD (87/259). We identified a de novo CNV in 14.9% (60/402) of subjects with NDDs. Interestingly, a higher diagnostic yield was observed in females (31.3%, 40/128) compared to males (16.1%, 44/274) for all NDDs (P = 4.8 × 10-4), suggesting that a female protective mechanism exists for deleterious CNVs and UPDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- Pediatric Research Institute, Qilu Children's Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, 250022, China
| | - Yuqiang Lv
- Pediatric Research Institute, Qilu Children's Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, 250022, China
| | - Mehdi Zarrei
- The Centre for Applied Genomics and Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Rui Dong
- Pediatric Research Institute, Qilu Children's Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, 250022, China
| | - Xiaomeng Yang
- Pediatric Research Institute, Qilu Children's Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, 250022, China
| | - Edward J Higginbotham
- The Centre for Applied Genomics and Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Yue Li
- Pediatric Research Institute, Qilu Children's Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, 250022, China
| | - Dongmei Zhao
- Pediatric Health Care Institute, Qilu Children's Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, 250022, China
| | - Fengling Song
- Pediatric Health Care Institute, Qilu Children's Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, 250022, China
| | - Yali Yang
- Rehabilitation Center, Qilu Children's Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, 250022, China
| | - Haiyan Zhang
- Pediatric Research Institute, Qilu Children's Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, 250022, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Pediatric Research Institute, Qilu Children's Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, 250022, China
| | - Stephen W Scherer
- The Centre for Applied Genomics and Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada. .,McLaughlin Centre and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A1, Canada.
| | - Zhongtao Gai
- Pediatric Research Institute, Qilu Children's Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, 250022, China.
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34
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Contribution of schizophrenia polygenic burden to longitudinal phenotypic variance in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:4191-4200. [PMID: 35768638 PMCID: PMC9718680 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01674-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
While the recurrent 22q11.2 deletion is one of the strongest genetic risk factors for schizophrenia (SCZ), variability of its associated neuropsychiatric endophenotypes reflects its incomplete penetrance for psychosis development. To assess whether this phenotypic variability is linked to common variants associated with SCZ, we studied the association between SCZ polygenic risk score (PRS) and longitudinally acquired phenotypic information of the Swiss 22q11.2DS cohort (n = 97, 50% females, mean age 17.7 yr, mean visit interval 3.8 yr). The SCZ PRS with the best predictive performance was ascertained in the Estonian Biobank (n = 201,146) with LDpred. The infinitesimal SCZ PRS model showed the strongest capacity in discriminating SCZ cases from controls with one SD difference in SCZ PRS corresponding to an odds ratio (OR) of 1.73 (95% CI 1.57-1.90, P = 1.47 × 10-29). In 22q11.2 patients, random-effects ordinal regression modelling using longitudinal data showed SCZ PRS to have the strongest effect on social anhedonia (OR = 2.09, P = 0.0002), and occupational functioning (OR = 1.82, P = 0.0003) within the negative symptoms course, and dysphoric mood (OR = 2.00, P = 0.002) and stress intolerance (OR = 1.76, P = 0.0002) within the general symptoms course. Genetic liability for SCZ was additionally associated with full scale cognitive decline (β = -0.25, P = 0.02) and with longitudinal volumetric reduction of the right and left hippocampi (β = -0.28, P = 0.005; β = -0.23, P = 0.02, respectively). Our results indicate that the polygenic contribution to SCZ acts upon the threshold-lowering first hit (i.e., the deletion). It modifies the endophenotypes of 22q11.2DS and augments the derailment of developmental trajectories of negative and general symptoms, cognition, and hippocampal volume.
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Sønderby IE, Ching CRK, Thomopoulos SI, van der Meer D, Sun D, Villalon‐Reina JE, Agartz I, Amunts K, Arango C, Armstrong NJ, Ayesa‐Arriola R, Bakker G, Bassett AS, Boomsma DI, Bülow R, Butcher NJ, Calhoun VD, Caspers S, Chow EWC, Cichon S, Ciufolini S, Craig MC, Crespo‐Facorro B, Cunningham AC, Dale AM, Dazzan P, de Zubicaray GI, Djurovic S, Doherty JL, Donohoe G, Draganski B, Durdle CA, Ehrlich S, Emanuel BS, Espeseth T, Fisher SE, Ge T, Glahn DC, Grabe HJ, Gur RE, Gutman BA, Haavik J, Håberg AK, Hansen LA, Hashimoto R, Hibar DP, Holmes AJ, Hottenga J, Hulshoff Pol HE, Jalbrzikowski M, Knowles EEM, Kushan L, Linden DEJ, Liu J, Lundervold AJ, Martin‐Brevet S, Martínez K, Mather KA, Mathias SR, McDonald‐McGinn DM, McRae AF, Medland SE, Moberget T, Modenato C, Monereo Sánchez J, Moreau CA, Mühleisen TW, Paus T, Pausova Z, Prieto C, Ragothaman A, Reinbold CS, Reis Marques T, Repetto GM, Reymond A, Roalf DR, Rodriguez‐Herreros B, Rucker JJ, Sachdev PS, Schmitt JE, Schofield PR, Silva AI, Stefansson H, Stein DJ, Tamnes CK, Tordesillas‐Gutiérrez D, Ulfarsson MO, Vajdi A, van 't Ent D, van den Bree MBM, Vassos E, Vázquez‐Bourgon J, Vila‐Rodriguez F, Walters GB, Wen W, Westlye LT, Wittfeld K, Zackai EH, Stefánsson K, Jacquemont S, Thompson PM, Bearden CE, Andreassen OA. Effects of copy number variations on brain structure and risk for psychiatric illness: Large-scale studies from the ENIGMA working groups on CNVs. Hum Brain Mapp 2022; 43:300-328. [PMID: 33615640 PMCID: PMC8675420 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The Enhancing NeuroImaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis copy number variant (ENIGMA-CNV) and 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome Working Groups (22q-ENIGMA WGs) were created to gain insight into the involvement of genetic factors in human brain development and related cognitive, psychiatric and behavioral manifestations. To that end, the ENIGMA-CNV WG has collated CNV and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data from ~49,000 individuals across 38 global research sites, yielding one of the largest studies to date on the effects of CNVs on brain structures in the general population. The 22q-ENIGMA WG includes 12 international research centers that assessed over 533 individuals with a confirmed 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, 40 with 22q11.2 duplications, and 333 typically developing controls, creating the largest-ever 22q11.2 CNV neuroimaging data set. In this review, we outline the ENIGMA infrastructure and procedures for multi-site analysis of CNVs and MRI data. So far, ENIGMA has identified effects of the 22q11.2, 16p11.2 distal, 15q11.2, and 1q21.1 distal CNVs on subcortical and cortical brain structures. Each CNV is associated with differences in cognitive, neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric traits, with characteristic patterns of brain structural abnormalities. Evidence of gene-dosage effects on distinct brain regions also emerged, providing further insight into genotype-phenotype relationships. Taken together, these results offer a more comprehensive picture of molecular mechanisms involved in typical and atypical brain development. This "genotype-first" approach also contributes to our understanding of the etiopathogenesis of brain disorders. Finally, we outline future directions to better understand effects of CNVs on brain structure and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida E. Sønderby
- Department of Medical GeneticsOslo University HospitalOsloNorway
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Division of Mental Health and AddictionOslo University Hospital and University of OsloOsloNorway
- KG Jebsen Centre for Neurodevelopmental DisordersUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Christopher R. K. Ching
- Imaging Genetics CenterMark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern CaliforniaMarina del ReyCaliforniaUSA
| | - Sophia I. Thomopoulos
- Imaging Genetics CenterMark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern CaliforniaMarina del ReyCaliforniaUSA
| | - Dennis van der Meer
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Division of Mental Health and AddictionOslo University Hospital and University of OsloOsloNorway
- School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life SciencesMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Daqiang Sun
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and PsychologyUniversity of California Los AngelesLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Mental HealthVeterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Julio E. Villalon‐Reina
- Imaging Genetics CenterMark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern CaliforniaMarina del ReyCaliforniaUSA
| | - Ingrid Agartz
- NORMENT, Institute of Clinical PsychiatryUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
- Department of Psychiatric ResearchDiakonhjemmet HospitalOsloNorway
- Department of Clinical NeuroscienceKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Katrin Amunts
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM‐1)Research Centre JülichJülichGermany
- Cecile and Oskar Vogt Institute for Brain Research, Medical FacultyUniversity Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich‐Heine‐University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Celso Arango
- Department of Child and Adolescent PsychiatryInstitute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañon, IsSGM, Universidad Complutense, School of MedicineMadridSpain
- Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM)MadridSpain
| | | | - Rosa Ayesa‐Arriola
- Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM)MadridSpain
- Department of PsychiatryMarqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, Valdecilla Biomedical Research Institute (IDIVAL)SantanderSpain
| | - Geor Bakker
- Department of Psychiatry and NeuropsychologyMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear MedicineVU University Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Anne S. Bassett
- Clinical Genetics Research ProgramCentre for Addiction and Mental HealthTorontoOntarioCanada
- Dalglish Family 22q Clinic for Adults with 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome, Toronto General HospitalUniversity Health NetworkTorontoOntarioCanada
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Dorret I. Boomsma
- Department of Biological PsychologyVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health (APH) Research InstituteAmsterdam UMCAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Robin Bülow
- Institute of Diagnostic Radiology and NeuroradiologyUniversity Medicine GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany
| | - Nancy J. Butcher
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- Child Health Evaluative SciencesThe Hospital for Sick Children Research InstituteTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Vince D. Calhoun
- Tri‐institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS)Georgia State, Georgia Tech, EmoryAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Svenja Caspers
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM‐1)Research Centre JülichJülichGermany
- Institute for Anatomy IMedical Faculty & University Hospital Düsseldorf, University of DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Eva W. C. Chow
- Clinical Genetics Research ProgramCentre for Addiction and Mental HealthTorontoOntarioCanada
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Sven Cichon
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM‐1)Research Centre JülichJülichGermany
- Institute of Medical Genetics and PathologyUniversity Hospital BaselBaselSwitzerland
- Department of BiomedicineUniversity of BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Simone Ciufolini
- Department of Psychosis StudiesInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Michael C. Craig
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental SciencesThe Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's CollegeLondonUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Adam C. Cunningham
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical NeurosciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffUnited Kingdom
| | - Anders M. Dale
- Center for Multimodal Imaging and GeneticsUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
- Department RadiologyUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Paola Dazzan
- Department of Psychological MedicineInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Greig I. de Zubicaray
- Faculty of HealthQueensland University of Technology (QUT)BrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Srdjan Djurovic
- Department of Medical GeneticsOslo University HospitalOsloNorway
- NORMENT, Department of Clinical ScienceUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| | - Joanne L. Doherty
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical NeurosciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffUnited Kingdom
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC)CardiffUnited Kingdom
| | - Gary Donohoe
- Center for Neuroimaging, Genetics and GenomicsSchool of Psychology, NUI GalwayGalwayIreland
| | - Bogdan Draganski
- LREN, Centre for Research in Neuroscience, Department of NeuroscienceUniversity Hospital Lausanne and University LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
- Neurology DepartmentMax‐Planck Institute for Human Brain and Cognitive SciencesLeipzigGermany
| | - Courtney A. Durdle
- MIND Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesUniversity of California DavisDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Stefan Ehrlich
- Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental NeurosciencesFaculty of Medicine, TU DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Beverly S. Emanuel
- Department of PediatricsPerelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Thomas Espeseth
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
- Department of PsychologyBjørknes CollegeOsloNorway
| | - Simon E. Fisher
- Language and Genetics DepartmentMax Planck Institute for PsycholinguisticsNijmegenThe Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and BehaviourRadboud UniversityNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Tian Ge
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics UnitCenter for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - David C. Glahn
- Tommy Fuss Center for Neuropsychiatric Disease ResearchBoston Children's HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of PsychiatryHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Hans J. Grabe
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)Site Rostock/GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyUniversity Medicine GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany
| | - Raquel E. Gur
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Youth Suicide Prevention, Intervention and Research CenterChildren's Hospital of PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Boris A. Gutman
- Medical Imaging Research Center, Department of Biomedical EngineeringIllinois Institute of TechnologyChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Jan Haavik
- Department of BiomedicineUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
- Division of PsychiatryHaukeland University HospitalBergenNorway
| | - Asta K. Håberg
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health SciencesNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear MedicineSt. Olavs HospitalTrondheimNorway
| | - Laura A. Hansen
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral SciencesUniversity of California Los AngelesLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Ryota Hashimoto
- Department of Pathology of Mental DiseasesNational Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and PsychiatryTokyoJapan
- Department of PsychiatryOsaka University Graduate School of MedicineOsakaJapan
| | - Derrek P. Hibar
- Personalized Healthcare AnalyticsGenentech, Inc.South San FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Avram J. Holmes
- Department of PsychologyYale UniversityNew HavenConnecticutUSA
- Department of PsychiatryYale UniversityNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - Jouke‐Jan Hottenga
- Department of Biological PsychologyVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Hilleke E. Hulshoff Pol
- Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center UtrechtUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | | | - Emma E. M. Knowles
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of PsychiatryBoston Children's HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Leila Kushan
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human BehaviorUniversity of California Los AngelesLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - David E. J. Linden
- School for Mental Health and NeuroscienceMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research InstituteCardiff UniversityCardiffUnited Kingdom
| | - Jingyu Liu
- Tri‐institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS)Georgia State, Georgia Tech, EmoryAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Computer ScienceGeorgia State UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Astri J. Lundervold
- Department of Biological and Medical PsychologyUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| | - Sandra Martin‐Brevet
- LREN, Centre for Research in Neuroscience, Department of NeuroscienceUniversity Hospital Lausanne and University LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Kenia Martínez
- Department of Child and Adolescent PsychiatryInstitute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañon, IsSGM, Universidad Complutense, School of MedicineMadridSpain
- Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM)MadridSpain
- Facultad de PsicologíaUniversidad Autónoma de MadridMadridSpain
| | - Karen A. Mather
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), School of Psychiatry, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- Neuroscience Research AustraliaSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Samuel R. Mathias
- Department of PsychiatryHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of PsychiatryBoston Children's HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Donna M. McDonald‐McGinn
- Department of PediatricsPerelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Division of Human GeneticsChildren's Hospital of PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Division of Human Genetics and 22q and You CenterChildren's Hospital of PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Allan F. McRae
- Institute for Molecular BioscienceThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Sarah E. Medland
- Psychiatric GeneticsQIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Torgeir Moberget
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social SciencesUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Claudia Modenato
- LREN, Centre for Research in Neuroscience, Department of NeuroscienceUniversity Hospital Lausanne and University LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
- University of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Jennifer Monereo Sánchez
- School for Mental Health and NeuroscienceMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
- Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life SciencesMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear MedicineMaastricht University Medical CenterMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Clara A. Moreau
- Sainte Justine Hospital Research CenterUniversity of Montreal, MontrealQCCanada
| | - Thomas W. Mühleisen
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM‐1)Research Centre JülichJülichGermany
- Cecile and Oskar Vogt Institute for Brain Research, Medical FacultyUniversity Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich‐Heine‐University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
- Department of BiomedicineUniversity of BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Tomas Paus
- Bloorview Research InstituteHolland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation HospitalTorontoOntarioCanada
- Departments of Psychology and PsychiatryUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Zdenka Pausova
- Translational Medicine, The Hospital for Sick ChildrenTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Carlos Prieto
- Bioinformatics Service, NucleusUniversity of SalamancaSalamancaSpain
| | | | - Céline S. Reinbold
- Department of BiomedicineUniversity of BaselBaselSwitzerland
- Centre for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, Department of PsychologyUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Tiago Reis Marques
- Department of Psychosis StudiesInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
- Psychiatric Imaging Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences (LMS), Hammersmith HospitalImperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Gabriela M. Repetto
- Center for Genetics and GenomicsFacultad de Medicina, Clinica Alemana Universidad del DesarrolloSantiagoChile
| | - Alexandre Reymond
- Center for Integrative GenomicsUniversity of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - David R. Roalf
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | | | - James J. Rucker
- Department of Psychological MedicineInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Perminder S. Sachdev
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), School of Psychiatry, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- Neuropsychiatric InstituteThe Prince of Wales HospitalSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - James E. Schmitt
- Department of Radiology and PsychiatryUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Peter R. Schofield
- Neuroscience Research AustraliaSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- School of Medical SciencesUNSW SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Ana I. Silva
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research InstituteCardiff UniversityCardiffUnited Kingdom
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life SciencesMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | | | - Dan J. Stein
- SA MRC Unit on Risk & Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience InstituteUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
| | - Christian K. Tamnes
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Division of Mental Health and AddictionOslo University Hospital and University of OsloOsloNorway
- Department of Psychiatric ResearchDiakonhjemmet HospitalOsloNorway
- PROMENTA Research Center, Department of PsychologyUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Diana Tordesillas‐Gutiérrez
- Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM)MadridSpain
- Neuroimaging Unit, Technological FacilitiesValdecilla Biomedical Research Institute (IDIVAL), SantanderSpain
| | - Magnus O. Ulfarsson
- Population Genomics, deCODE genetics/AmgenReykjavikIceland
- Faculty of Electrical and Computer EngineeringUniversity of Iceland, ReykjavikIceland
| | - Ariana Vajdi
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human BehaviorUniversity of California Los AngelesLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Dennis van 't Ent
- Department of Biological PsychologyVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Marianne B. M. van den Bree
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical NeurosciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffUnited Kingdom
| | - Evangelos Vassos
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry CentreInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Javier Vázquez‐Bourgon
- Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM)MadridSpain
- Department of PsychiatryMarqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, Valdecilla Biomedical Research Institute (IDIVAL)SantanderSpain
- School of MedicineUniversity of CantabriaSantanderSpain
| | - Fidel Vila‐Rodriguez
- Department of PsychiatryThe University of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - G. Bragi Walters
- Population Genomics, deCODE genetics/AmgenReykjavikIceland
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of IcelandReykjavikIceland
| | - Wei Wen
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), School of Psychiatry, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Lars T. Westlye
- KG Jebsen Centre for Neurodevelopmental DisordersUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and AddictionOslo University HospitalOsloNorway
| | - Katharina Wittfeld
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)Site Rostock/GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyUniversity Medicine GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany
| | - Elaine H. Zackai
- Department of PediatricsPerelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Division of Human GeneticsChildren's Hospital of PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Kári Stefánsson
- Population Genomics, deCODE genetics/AmgenReykjavikIceland
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of IcelandReykjavikIceland
| | - Sebastien Jacquemont
- Sainte Justine Hospital Research CenterUniversity of Montreal, MontrealQCCanada
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of Montreal, MontrealQCCanada
| | - Paul M. Thompson
- Imaging Genetics CenterMark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern CaliforniaMarina del ReyCaliforniaUSA
| | - Carrie E. Bearden
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and PsychologyUniversity of California Los AngelesLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
- Center for Neurobehavioral GeneticsUniversity of California Los AngelesLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Ole A. Andreassen
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Division of Mental Health and AddictionOslo University Hospital and University of OsloOsloNorway
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Finucane B, Oetjens MT, Johns A, Myers SM, Fisher C, Habegger L, Maxwell EK, Reid JG, Ledbetter DH, Kirchner HL, Martin CL. Medical manifestations and health care utilization among adult MyCode participants with neurodevelopmental psychiatric copy number variants. Genet Med 2021; 24:703-711. [PMID: 34906480 DOI: 10.1016/j.gim.2021.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Recurrent pathogenic copy number variants (pCNVs) have large-effect impacts on brain function and represent important etiologies of neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders (NPDs), including autism and schizophrenia. Patterns of health care utilization in adults with pCNVs have gone largely unstudied and are likely to differ in significant ways from those of children. METHODS We compared the prevalence of NPDs and electronic health record-based medical conditions in 928 adults with 26 pCNVs to a demographically-matched cohort of pCNV-negative controls from >135,000 patient-participants in Geisinger's MyCode Community Health Initiative. We also evaluated 3 quantitative health care utilization measures (outpatient, inpatient, and emergency department visits) in both groups. RESULTS Adults with pCNVs (24.9%) were more likely than controls (16.0%) to have a documented NPD. They had significantly higher rates of several chronic diseases, including diabetes (29.3% in participants with pCNVs vs 20.4% in participants without pCNVs) and dementia (2.2% in participants with pCNVs vs 1.0% participants without pCNVs), and twice as many annual emergency department visits. CONCLUSION These findings highlight the potential for genetic information-specifically, pCNVs-to inform the study of health care outcomes and utilization in adults. If, as our findings suggest, adults with pCNVs have poorer health and require disproportionate health care resources, early genetic diagnosis paired with patient-centered interventions may help to anticipate problems, improve outcomes, and reduce the associated economic burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Finucane
- Geisinger, Autism & Developmental Medicine Institute, Lewisburg, PA.
| | | | - Alicia Johns
- Geisinger, Department of Population Health Sciences, Danville, PA
| | - Scott M Myers
- Geisinger, Autism & Developmental Medicine Institute, Lewisburg, PA
| | - Ciaran Fisher
- Geisinger, Autism & Developmental Medicine Institute, Lewisburg, PA
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Lupski JR. Clan genomics: From OMIM phenotypic traits to genes and biology. Am J Med Genet A 2021; 185:3294-3313. [PMID: 34405553 PMCID: PMC8530976 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Clinical characterization of a patient phenotype has been the quintessential approach for elucidating a differential diagnosis and a hypothesis to explore a potential clinical diagnosis. This has resulted in a language of medicine and a semantic ontology, with both specialty- and subspecialty-specific lexicons, that can be challenging to translate and interpret. There is no 'Rosetta Stone' of clinical medicine such as the genetic code that can assist translation and interpretation of the language of genetics. Nevertheless, the information content embodied within a clinical diagnosis can guide management, therapeutic intervention, and potentially prognostic outlook of disease enabling anticipatory guidance for patients and families. Clinical genomics is now established firmly in medical practice. The granularity and informative content of a personal genome is immense. Yet, we are limited in our utility of much of that personal genome information by the lack of functional characterization of the overwhelming majority of computationally annotated genes in the haploid human reference genome sequence. Whereas DNA and the genetic code have provided a 'Rosetta Stone' to translate genetic variant information, clinical medicine, and clinical genomics provide the context to understand human biology and disease. A path forward will integrate deep phenotyping, such as available in a clinical synopsis in the Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) entries, with personal genome analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Lupski
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
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38
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Zhang L, Shi J, Ouyang J, Zhang R, Tao Y, Yuan D, Lv C, Wang R, Ning B, Roberts R, Tong W, Liu Z, Shi T. X-CNV: genome-wide prediction of the pathogenicity of copy number variations. Genome Med 2021; 13:132. [PMID: 34407882 PMCID: PMC8375180 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-021-00945-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Gene copy number variations (CNVs) contribute to genetic diversity and disease prevalence across populations. Substantial efforts have been made to decipher the relationship between CNVs and pathogenesis but with limited success. Results We have developed a novel computational framework X-CNV (www.unimd.org/XCNV), to predict the pathogenicity of CNVs by integrating more than 30 informative features such as allele frequency (AF), CNV length, CNV type, and some deleterious scores. Notably, over 14 million CNVs across various ethnic groups, covering nearly 93% of the human genome, were unified to calculate the AF. X-CNV, which yielded area under curve (AUC) values of 0.96 and 0.94 in training and validation sets, was demonstrated to outperform other available tools in terms of CNV pathogenicity prediction. A meta-voting prediction (MVP) score was developed to quantitively measure the pathogenic effect, which is based on the probabilistic value generated from the XGBoost algorithm. The proposed MVP score demonstrated a high discriminative power in determining pathogenetic CNVs for inherited traits/diseases in different ethnic groups. Conclusions The ability of the X-CNV framework to quantitatively prioritize functional, deleterious, and disease-causing CNV on a genome-wide basis outperformed current CNV-annotation tools and will have broad utility in population genetics, disease-association studies, and diagnostic screening. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13073-021-00945-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, and the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China.,School of Statistics, Key Laboratory of Advanced Theory and Application in Statistics and Data Science-MOE, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Jingru Shi
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, and the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Jian Ouyang
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, and the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Riquan Zhang
- School of Statistics, Key Laboratory of Advanced Theory and Application in Statistics and Data Science-MOE, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Yiran Tao
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, and the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Dongsheng Yuan
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, and the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Chengkai Lv
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, and the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Ruiyuan Wang
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, and the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Baitang Ning
- National Center for Toxicological Research, Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Ruth Roberts
- ApconiX Ltd, Alderley Park, Alderley Edge, SK10 4TG, UK.,University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Weida Tong
- National Center for Toxicological Research, Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA.
| | - Zhichao Liu
- National Center for Toxicological Research, Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA.
| | - Tieliu Shi
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, and the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China. .,School of Statistics, Key Laboratory of Advanced Theory and Application in Statistics and Data Science-MOE, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China. .,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, Beihang University & Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100083, China.
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39
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Chung WK, Roberts TP, Sherr EH, Snyder LG, Spiro JE. 16p11.2 deletion syndrome. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2021; 68:49-56. [PMID: 33667823 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2021.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The 16p11.2 BP4 and BP5 region, is a recurrent ∼600kb copy number variant (CNV), and deletions are one of the most frequent etiologies of neurodevelopmental disorders and autism spectrum disorder with an incidence of approximately 1/2000. Deletion carriers have delays in early neurodevelopment that most specifically impair speech, phonology and language in 70%. Intelligence quotient is shifted 1.8 standard deviations lower than family controls without the deletion. Other common neurobehavioral conditions include motor coordination difficulties (60%) and autism (20-25%). Unprovoked seizures are common (24%) and readily treated and resolve with age in many. Obesity evolves throughout childhood and by adulthood 75% are obese. Congenital anomalies are more common than the general population. The deletion is associated with an increase in brain volumes across all areas of the brain, changes in the white matter microstructural properties, and early electrophysiological cortical responses from auditory cortex. Studies of genetically defined conditions, particularly CNVs that are not associated with profound disabilities, provide homogeneity to study genetic impact on brain development, structure, and function to better understand complex neurobehavioral phenotypes such as autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy K Chung
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, Simons Foundation, New York, NY, United States.
| | - Timothy Pl Roberts
- Lurie Family Foundations MEG Imaging Center, Dept. of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Elliott H Sherr
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute of Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | | | - John E Spiro
- Simons Foundation, 160 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010, United States
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40
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St Clair D, Lang B. Schizophrenia: a classic battle ground of nature versus nurture debate. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2021; 66:1037-1046. [PMID: 36654248 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2021.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Much has been learned about the etiology and pathogenesis of schizophrenia since the term was first used by Eugene Bleuler over a century ago to describe one of the most important forms of major mental illness to affect mankind. Both nature and nurture feature prominently in our understanding of the genesis of the overall risk of developing schizophrenia. We now have a firm grasp of the broad structure of the genetic architecture and several key environmental risk factors have been identified and delineated. However, much of the heritability of schizophrenia remains unexplained and the reported environmental risk factors do not explain all the variances not attributable to genetic risk factors. The biggest problem at present is that our understanding of the causal mechanisms involved is still in its infancy. In this review, we describe the extent and limits of our knowledge of the specific genetic/constitutional and non-genetic/environmental factors that contribute to the overall risk of schizophrenia. We suggest novel methods may be required to understand the almost certainly immensely complex multi-level causal mechanisms that contribute to the generation of the schizophrenia phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- David St Clair
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Changsha 410011, China; Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK; Bio-X Life Science Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China.
| | - Bing Lang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Changsha 410011, China; Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK.
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41
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Rogers MJ. Y chromosome copy number variation and its effects on fertility and other health factors: a review. Transl Androl Urol 2021; 10:1373-1382. [PMID: 33850773 PMCID: PMC8039628 DOI: 10.21037/tau.2020.04.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Y chromosome is essential for testis development and spermatogenesis. It is a chromosome with the lowest gene density owing to its medium size but paucity of coding genes. The Y chromosome is unique in that the majority of its structure is highly repetitive sequences, with the majority of these limited genes occurring in 9 amplionic sequences throughout the chromosome. The repetitive nature has its benefits as it can be protective against gene loss over many generations, but it can also predispose the Y chromosome to having wide variations of the number of gene copies present in these repeated sequences. This is known as copy number variation. Copy number variation is not unique to the Y chromosome but copy number variation is a well-known cause of male infertility and having effects on spermatogenesis. This is most commonly seen as deletions of the AZF sequences on the Y chromosome. However, there are other implications for copy number variation beyond just the AZF deletions that can affect spermatogenesis and potentially have other health implications. Copy number variations of TSPY1, DAZ, CDY1, RBMY1, the DYZ1 array, along with minor deletions of gr/gr, b1/b3, and b2/b3 have all be implicated in affecting spermatogenesis. UTY copy number variations have been implicated in risk for cardiovascular disease, and other deletions within gr/gr and the AZF sequences have been implicated in cancer and neuropsychiatric diseases. This review sets out to describe the Y chromosome and unique susceptibility to copy number variation and then to examine how this growing body of research impacts spermatogenesis and other health factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc J Rogers
- Department of Urology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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42
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Osório JMA, Rodríguez-Herreros B, Romascano D, Junod V, Habegger A, Pain A, Richetin S, Yu P, Isidor B, Van Maldergem L, Pons L, Manificat S, Chabane N, Jequier Gygax M, Maillard AM. Touch and olfaction/taste differentiate children carrying a 16p11.2 deletion from children with ASD. Mol Autism 2021; 12:8. [PMID: 33546725 PMCID: PMC7863523 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-020-00410-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sensory processing atypicalities are frequent in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD). Different domains of sensory processing appear to be differentially altered in these disorders. In this study, we explored the sensory profile of two clinical cohorts, in comparison with a sample of typically developing children. Methods Behavioral responses to sensory stimuli were assessed using the Sensory Processing Measure (parent-report questionnaire). We included 121 ASD children, 17 carriers of the 16p11.2 deletion (Del 16p11.2) and 45 typically developing (TD) children. All participants were aged between 2 and 12 years. Additional measures included the Tactile Defensiveness and Discrimination Test-Revised, Wechsler Intelligence Scales and Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS-2). Statistical analyses included MANCOVA and regression analyses. Results ASD children score significantly higher on all SPM subscales compared to TD. Del16p11.2 also scored higher than TD on all subscales except for tactile and olfactory/taste processing, in which they score similarly to TD. When assessing sensory modulation patterns (hyper-, hypo-responsiveness and seeking), ASD did not significantly differ from del16p11.2. Both groups had significantly higher scores across all patterns than the TD group. There was no significant association between the SPM Touch subscale and the TDDT-R. Limitations Sensory processing was assessed using a parent-report questionnaire. Even though it captures observable behavior, a questionnaire does not assess sensory processing in all its complexity. The sample size of the genetic cohort and the small subset of ASD children with TDDT-R data render some of our results exploratory. Divergence between SPM Touch and TDDT-R raises important questions about the nature of the process that is assessed. Conclusions Touch and olfaction/taste seem to be particularly affected in ASD children compared to del16p11.2. These results indicate that parent report measures can provide a useful perspective on behavioral expression. Sensory phenotyping, when combined with neurobiological and psychophysical methods, might have the potential to provide a better understanding of the sensory processing in ASD and in other NDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Maria Almeida Osório
- CHUV-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Service des Troubles du Spectre de l'Autisme et apparentés, Lausanne University Hospital, Les Allières - Av. Beaumont 23, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Borja Rodríguez-Herreros
- CHUV-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Service des Troubles du Spectre de l'Autisme et apparentés, Lausanne University Hospital, Les Allières - Av. Beaumont 23, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - David Romascano
- CHUV-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Service des Troubles du Spectre de l'Autisme et apparentés, Lausanne University Hospital, Les Allières - Av. Beaumont 23, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Junod
- CHUV-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Service des Troubles du Spectre de l'Autisme et apparentés, Lausanne University Hospital, Les Allières - Av. Beaumont 23, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Aline Habegger
- CHUV-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Service des Troubles du Spectre de l'Autisme et apparentés, Lausanne University Hospital, Les Allières - Av. Beaumont 23, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Aurélie Pain
- CHUV-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Service des Troubles du Spectre de l'Autisme et apparentés, Lausanne University Hospital, Les Allières - Av. Beaumont 23, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sonia Richetin
- CHUV-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Service des Troubles du Spectre de l'Autisme et apparentés, Lausanne University Hospital, Les Allières - Av. Beaumont 23, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Paola Yu
- CHUV-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Service des Troubles du Spectre de l'Autisme et apparentés, Lausanne University Hospital, Les Allières - Av. Beaumont 23, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Laboratory for Investigative Neurophysiology (LINE), Department of Radiology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Lionel Van Maldergem
- Centre de Génétique Humaine, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France.,Unité de recherche en neurosciences intégratives et cognitives EA481, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France.,Centre d'investigation clinique 1431, INSERM, Besançon, France
| | - Linda Pons
- Service Génopsy - Pôle Hospitalo-Universitaire ADIS, Centre hospitalier Le Vinatier, Bron, France
| | - Sabine Manificat
- CHUV-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Service des Troubles du Spectre de l'Autisme et apparentés, Lausanne University Hospital, Les Allières - Av. Beaumont 23, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nadia Chabane
- CHUV-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Service des Troubles du Spectre de l'Autisme et apparentés, Lausanne University Hospital, Les Allières - Av. Beaumont 23, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marine Jequier Gygax
- CHUV-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Service des Troubles du Spectre de l'Autisme et apparentés, Lausanne University Hospital, Les Allières - Av. Beaumont 23, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anne Manuela Maillard
- CHUV-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Service des Troubles du Spectre de l'Autisme et apparentés, Lausanne University Hospital, Les Allières - Av. Beaumont 23, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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43
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Vorstman J, Scherer SW. What a finding of gene copy number variation can add to the diagnosis of developmental neuropsychiatric disorders. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2021; 68:18-25. [PMID: 33454514 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2020.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Among medical disciplines, diagnosis in psychiatry depends highly upon descriptive signs and symptoms, rather than biomarkers. Clear descriptions of specific genetic etiologies have been lacking; genomic technologies, however, are rapidly changing that landscape. Notably, chromosomal microarrays-which detect gene copy number variants (CNVs)-are a recommended standard of care for neurodevelopmental disorders. As a result, an increasing number of patients now receive a clinical diagnosis based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) and an identified genetic etiological variant. However, psychiatric and genetic diagnoses are frequently communicated and managed as two disconnected diagnostic parameters. Here, we advocate for a transition model, allowing the integration of genetic etiological information-starting with diagnostically proven CNVs-within the DSM-5 classification framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Vorstman
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital for Sick Children University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Canada; The Centre for Applied Genomics, Hospital for Sick Children, Canada
| | - Stephen W Scherer
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Canada; The Centre for Applied Genomics, Hospital for Sick Children, Canada; McLaughlin Centre and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Canada.
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44
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Thygesen JH, Presman A, Harju-Seppänen J, Irizar H, Jones R, Kuchenbaecker K, Lin K, Alizadeh BZ, Austin-Zimmerman I, Bartels-Velthuis A, Bhat A, Bruggeman R, Cahn W, Calafato S, Crespo-Facorro B, de Haan L, de Zwarte SMC, Di Forti M, Díez-Revuelta Á, Hall J, Hall MH, Iyegbe C, Jablensky A, Kahn R, Kalaydjieva L, Kravariti E, Lawrie S, Luykx JJ, Mata I, McDonald C, McIntosh AM, McQuillin A, Muir R, Ophoff R, Picchioni M, Prata DP, Ranlund S, Rujescu D, Rutten BPF, Schulze K, Shaikh M, Schirmbeck F, Simons CJP, Toulopoulou T, van Amelsvoort T, van Haren N, van Os J, van Winkel R, Vassos E, Walshe M, Weisbrod M, Zartaloudi E, Bell V, Powell J, Lewis CM, Murray RM, Bramon E. Genetic copy number variants, cognition and psychosis: a meta-analysis and a family study. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:5307-5319. [PMID: 32719466 PMCID: PMC8589646 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-0820-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The burden of large and rare copy number genetic variants (CNVs) as well as certain specific CNVs increase the risk of developing schizophrenia. Several cognitive measures are purported schizophrenia endophenotypes and may represent an intermediate point between genetics and the illness. This paper investigates the influence of CNVs on cognition. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature exploring the effect of CNV burden on general intelligence. We included ten primary studies with a total of 18,847 participants and found no evidence of association. In a new psychosis family study, we investigated the effects of CNVs on specific cognitive abilities. We examined the burden of large and rare CNVs (>200 kb, <1% MAF) as well as known schizophrenia-associated CNVs in patients with psychotic disorders, their unaffected relatives and controls (N = 3428) from the Psychosis Endophenotypes International Consortium (PEIC). The carriers of specific schizophrenia-associated CNVs showed poorer performance than non-carriers in immediate (P = 0.0036) and delayed (P = 0.0115) verbal recall. We found suggestive evidence that carriers of schizophrenia-associated CNVs had poorer block design performance (P = 0.0307). We do not find any association between CNV burden and cognition. Our findings show that the known high-risk CNVs are not only associated with schizophrenia and other neurodevelopmental disorders, but are also a contributing factor to impairment in cognitive domains such as memory and perceptual reasoning, and act as intermediate biomarkers of disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan H. Thygesen
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Amelia Presman
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jasmine Harju-Seppänen
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Haritz Irizar
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Rebecca Jones
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Karoline Kuchenbaecker
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK ,grid.83440.3b0000000121901201UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Kuang Lin
- grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience at King’s College London, London, UK ,grid.4991.50000 0004 1936 8948Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Behrooz Z. Alizadeh
- grid.4494.d0000 0000 9558 4598University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University Center for Psychiatry, Rob Giel Research Center, Groningen, The Netherlands ,grid.4494.d0000 0000 9558 4598Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Agna Bartels-Velthuis
- grid.4494.d0000 0000 9558 4598University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University Center for Psychiatry, Rob Giel Research Center, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anjali Bhat
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Richard Bruggeman
- grid.4494.d0000 0000 9558 4598University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University Center for Psychiatry, Rob Giel Research Center, Groningen, The Netherlands ,grid.4830.f0000 0004 0407 1981Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wiepke Cahn
- grid.5477.10000000120346234University Medical Center Utrecht, Department of Psychiatry, Brain Centre Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands ,grid.413664.2Altrecht, General Mental Health Care, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Stella Calafato
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Benedicto Crespo-Facorro
- grid.469673.90000 0004 5901 7501CIBERSAM, Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental, Sevilla, Spain ,grid.7821.c0000 0004 1770 272XUniversity Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, University of Cantabria–IDIVAL, Santander, Spain ,grid.9224.d0000 0001 2168 1229Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, IBiS, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Liewe de Haan
- grid.7177.60000000084992262Amsterdam UMC, Department of Psychiatry, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands ,grid.491093.60000 0004 0378 2028Arkin, Institute for Mental Health, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sonja M. C. de Zwarte
- grid.5477.10000000120346234University Medical Center Utrecht, Department of Psychiatry, Brain Centre Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marta Di Forti
- grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience at King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Álvaro Díez-Revuelta
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK ,grid.5690.a0000 0001 2151 2978Laboratory of Cognitive and Computational Neuroscience—Centre for Biomedical Technology (CTB), Complutense University and Technical University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jeremy Hall
- grid.5600.30000 0001 0807 5670School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff, UK
| | - Mei-Hua Hall
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XPsychosis Neurobiology Laboratory, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA USA
| | - Conrad Iyegbe
- grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience at King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Assen Jablensky
- grid.1012.20000 0004 1936 7910Centre for Clinical Research in Neuropsychiatry, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA Australia
| | - Rene Kahn
- grid.5477.10000000120346234University Medical Center Utrecht, Department of Psychiatry, Brain Centre Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands ,grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
| | - Luba Kalaydjieva
- grid.1012.20000 0004 1936 7910Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA Australia
| | - Eugenia Kravariti
- grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience at King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Stephen Lawrie
- grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland UK
| | - Jurjen J. Luykx
- grid.5477.10000000120346234University Medical Center Utrecht, Department of Psychiatry, Brain Centre Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands ,grid.7692.a0000000090126352Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands ,grid.491146.f0000 0004 0478 3153Second opinion outpatient clinic, GGNet Mental Health, Warsnveld, The Netherlands
| | - Igancio Mata
- grid.469673.90000 0004 5901 7501CIBERSAM, Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental, Sevilla, Spain ,Fundación Argibide, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Colm McDonald
- grid.6142.10000 0004 0488 0789The Centre for Neuroimaging & Cognitive Genomics (NICOG) and NCBES Galway Neuroscience Centre, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Andrew M. McIntosh
- grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland UK ,grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Andrew McQuillin
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Rebecca Muir
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Roel Ophoff
- grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA ,grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA ,grid.5645.2000000040459992XDepartment of Psychiatry, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marco Picchioni
- grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience at King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Diana P. Prata
- grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience at King’s College London, London, UK ,grid.9983.b0000 0001 2181 4263Instituto de Biofísica e Engenharia Biomédica, Faculdade de Ciencias da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal ,grid.45349.3f0000 0001 2220 8863Centre for Psychological Research and Social Intervention, ISCTE-IUL, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Siri Ranlund
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK ,grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience at King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Dan Rujescu
- grid.5252.00000 0004 1936 973XDepartment of Psychiatry, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany ,grid.9018.00000 0001 0679 2801Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University of Halle Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Bart P. F. Rutten
- grid.412966.e0000 0004 0480 1382Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands ,grid.412966.e0000 0004 0480 1382The Brain+Nerve Centre, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Katja Schulze
- grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience at King’s College London, London, UK ,grid.37640.360000 0000 9439 0839South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Madiha Shaikh
- grid.451079.e0000 0004 0428 0265North East London Foundation Trust, London, UK ,grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Frederike Schirmbeck
- grid.7177.60000000084992262Amsterdam UMC, Department of Psychiatry, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands ,grid.491093.60000 0004 0378 2028Arkin, Institute for Mental Health, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Claudia J. P. Simons
- grid.412966.e0000 0004 0480 1382Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands ,grid.491104.9GGzE Institute for Mental Health Care, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Timothea Toulopoulou
- grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience at King’s College London, London, UK ,grid.18376.3b0000 0001 0723 2427Department of Psychology, Bilkent University, Main Campus, Bilkent, Ankara Turkey
| | - Therese van Amelsvoort
- grid.412966.e0000 0004 0480 1382Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Neeltje van Haren
- grid.5477.10000000120346234University Medical Center Utrecht, Department of Psychiatry, Brain Centre Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands ,grid.5645.2000000040459992XDepartment of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Sophia’s Children Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jim van Os
- grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience at King’s College London, London, UK ,grid.412966.e0000 0004 0480 1382Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands ,grid.7692.a0000000090126352Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ruud van Winkel
- grid.5596.f0000 0001 0668 7884KU Leuven, Department of Neuroscience, Research Group Psychiatry, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Evangelos Vassos
- grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience at King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Muriel Walshe
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Matthias Weisbrod
- grid.7700.00000 0001 2190 4373Department of General Psychiatry, Center of Psychosocial Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany ,grid.490718.30000000406368535SRH Klinikum, Karlsbad-Langensteinbach, Germany
| | - Eirini Zartaloudi
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Vaughan Bell
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - John Powell
- grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience at King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Cathryn M. Lewis
- grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience at King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Robin M. Murray
- grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience at King’s College London, London, UK ,grid.37640.360000 0000 9439 0839South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Elvira Bramon
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK. .,Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience at King's College London, London, UK. .,Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK.
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Saarentaus EC, Havulinna AS, Mars N, Ahola-Olli A, Kiiskinen TTJ, Partanen J, Ruotsalainen S, Kurki M, Urpa LM, Chen L, Perola M, Salomaa V, Veijola J, Männikkö M, Hall IM, Pietiläinen O, Kaprio J, Ripatti S, Daly M, Palotie A. Polygenic burden has broader impact on health, cognition, and socioeconomic outcomes than most rare and high-risk copy number variants. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:4884-4895. [PMID: 33526825 PMCID: PMC8589645 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01026-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Copy number variants (CNVs) are associated with syndromic and severe neurological and psychiatric disorders (SNPDs), such as intellectual disability, epilepsy, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder. Although considered high-impact, CNVs are also observed in the general population. This presents a diagnostic challenge in evaluating their clinical significance. To estimate the phenotypic differences between CNV carriers and non-carriers regarding general health and well-being, we compared the impact of SNPD-associated CNVs on health, cognition, and socioeconomic phenotypes to the impact of three genome-wide polygenic risk score (PRS) in two Finnish cohorts (FINRISK, n = 23,053 and NFBC1966, n = 4895). The focus was on CNV carriers and PRS extremes who do not have an SNPD diagnosis. We identified high-risk CNVs (DECIPHER CNVs, risk gene deletions, or large [>1 Mb] CNVs) in 744 study participants (2.66%), 36 (4.8%) of whom had a diagnosed SNPD. In the remaining 708 unaffected carriers, we observed lower educational attainment (EA; OR = 0.77 [95% CI 0.66-0.89]) and lower household income (OR = 0.77 [0.66-0.89]). Income-associated CNVs also lowered household income (OR = 0.50 [0.38-0.66]), and CNVs with medical consequences lowered subjective health (OR = 0.48 [0.32-0.72]). The impact of PRSs was broader. At the lowest extreme of PRS for EA, we observed lower EA (OR = 0.31 [0.26-0.37]), lower-income (OR = 0.66 [0.57-0.77]), lower subjective health (OR = 0.72 [0.61-0.83]), and increased mortality (Cox's HR = 1.55 [1.21-1.98]). PRS for intelligence had a similar impact, whereas PRS for schizophrenia did not affect these traits. We conclude that the majority of working-age individuals carrying high-risk CNVs without SNPD diagnosis have a modest impact on morbidity and mortality, as well as the limited impact on income and educational attainment, compared to individuals at the extreme end of common genetic variation. Our findings highlight that the contribution of traditional high-risk variants such as CNVs should be analyzed in a broader genetic context, rather than evaluated in isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elmo Christian Saarentaus
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Aki Samuli Havulinna
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland ,grid.14758.3f0000 0001 1013 0499Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nina Mars
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ari Ahola-Olli
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland ,grid.66859.34Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA USA ,grid.32224.350000 0004 0386 9924Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA
| | | | - Juulia Partanen
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sanni Ruotsalainen
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mitja Kurki
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland ,grid.66859.34Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA USA ,grid.32224.350000 0004 0386 9924Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA
| | - Lea Martta Urpa
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lei Chen
- grid.47100.320000000419368710Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA ,grid.4367.60000 0001 2355 7002McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO USA
| | - Markus Perola
- grid.14758.3f0000 0001 1013 0499Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- grid.14758.3f0000 0001 1013 0499Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juha Veijola
- grid.10858.340000 0001 0941 4873Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oulu & Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Minna Männikkö
- grid.10858.340000 0001 0941 4873Northern Finland Birth Cohorts, Infrastructure for Population Studies, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Ira M. Hall
- grid.47100.320000000419368710Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA ,grid.4367.60000 0001 2355 7002McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO USA
| | - Olli Pietiläinen
- grid.66859.34Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XStem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, USA ,grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Neuroscience Center, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland ,grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Samuli Ripatti
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland ,grid.66859.34Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA USA ,grid.32224.350000 0004 0386 9924Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA ,grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mark Daly
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland ,grid.66859.34Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA USA ,grid.32224.350000 0004 0386 9924Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA
| | - Aarno Palotie
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. .,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Department of Neurology and Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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Skakkebæk A, Wallentin M, Gravholt CH. Klinefelter syndrome or testicular dysgenesis: Genetics, endocrinology, and neuropsychology. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2021; 181:445-462. [PMID: 34238477 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-820683-6.00032-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Klinefelter syndrome (47,XXY) is a frequent chromosomal disorder among males, often presenting with hypergonadotropic hypogonadism, small firm testicles, metabolic disorders, neurocognitive challenges, and increased height. Neurologic disorders such as epilepsy, seizures, and tremor as well as psychiatric disorders are also seen more frequently. The neurocognitive deficits seen are present in many areas of cognition, typically affecting general cognitive abilities, language, and executive functioning. Also, social dysfunction is frequent. Dyslexia is present in more than half of all males. Brain imaging studies generally show a typical pattern, with many nuclei and brain areas being smaller than among controls. However, it has not been possible to link the brain alterations found in imaging studies with the neurocognitive profile. The genetics underlying the phenotypic traits found among males with Klinefelter syndrome still remains to be elucidated; however, recent studies have described pervasive changes in the methylome and transcriptome and new and interesting candidate genes have been pinpointed, but their involvement in the phenotype of Klinefelter syndrome has not been proven.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Skakkebæk
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Clinical Genetics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mikkel Wallentin
- Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Center for Semiotics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Claus Højbjerg Gravholt
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine and Medical Research Laboratories, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
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47
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Martin CL, Wain KE, Oetjens MT, Tolwinski K, Palen E, Hare-Harris A, Habegger L, Maxwell EK, Reid JG, Walsh LK, Myers SM, Ledbetter DH. Identification of Neuropsychiatric Copy Number Variants in a Health Care System Population. JAMA Psychiatry 2020; 77:1276-1285. [PMID: 32697297 PMCID: PMC7376464 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.2159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Population screening for medically relevant genomic variants that cause diseases such as hereditary cancer and cardiovascular disorders is increasing to facilitate early disease detection or prevention. Neuropsychiatric disorders (NPDs) are common, complex disorders with clear genetic causes; yet, access to genetic diagnosis is limited. We explored whether inclusion of NPD in population-based genomic screening programs is warranted by assessing 3 key factors: prevalence, penetrance, and personal utility. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the suitability of including pathogenic copy number variants (CNVs) associated with NPD in population screening by determining their prevalence and penetrance and exploring the personal utility of disclosing results. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS In this cohort study, the frequency of 31 NPD CNVs was determined in patient-participants via exome data. Associated clinical phenotypes were assessed using linked electronic health records. Nine CNVs were selected for disclosure by licensed genetic counselors, and participants' psychosocial reactions were evaluated using a mixed-methods approach. A primarily adult population receiving medical care at Geisinger, a large integrated health care system in the United States with the only population-based genomic screening program approved for medically relevant results disclosure, was included. The cohort was identified from the Geisinger MyCode Community Health Initiative. Exome and linked electronic health record data were available for this cohort, which was recruited from February 2007 to April 2017. Data were collected for the qualitative analysis April 2017 through February 2018. Analysis began February 2018 and ended December 2019. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The planned outcomes of this study include (1) prevalence estimate of NPD-associated CNVs in an unselected health care system population; (2) penetrance estimate of NPD diagnoses in CNV-positive individuals; and (3) qualitative themes that describe participants' responses to receiving NPD-associated genomic results. RESULTS Of 90 595 participants with CNV data, a pathogenic CNV was identified in 708 (0.8%; 436 women [61.6%]; mean [SD] age, 50.04 [18.74] years). Seventy percent (n = 494) had at least 1 associated clinical symptom. Of these, 28.8% (204) of CNV-positive individuals had an NPD code in their electronic health record, compared with 13.3% (11 835 of 89 887) of CNV-negative individuals (odds ratio, 2.21; 95% CI, 1.86-2.61; P < .001); 66.4% (470) of CNV-positive individuals had a history of depression and anxiety compared with 54.6% (49 118 of 89 887) of CNV-negative individuals (odds ratio, 1.53; 95% CI, 1.31-1.80; P < .001). 16p13.11 (71 [0.078%]) and 22q11.2 (108 [0.119%]) were the most prevalent deletions and duplications, respectively. Only 5.8% of individuals (41 of 708) had a previously known genetic diagnosis. Results disclosure was completed for 141 individuals. Positive participant responses included poignant reactions to learning a medical reason for lifelong cognitive and psychiatric disabilities. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This study informs critical factors central to the development of population-based genomic screening programs and supports the inclusion of NPD in future designs to promote equitable access to clinically useful genomic information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christa Lese Martin
- Autism & Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Danville, Pennsylvania
| | - Karen E. Wain
- Autism & Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Danville, Pennsylvania
| | - Matthew T. Oetjens
- Autism & Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Danville, Pennsylvania
| | - Kasia Tolwinski
- Autism & Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Danville, Pennsylvania,Biomedical Ethics Unit, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Emily Palen
- Autism & Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Danville, Pennsylvania
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Scott M. Myers
- Autism & Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Danville, Pennsylvania
| | - David H. Ledbetter
- Autism & Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Danville, Pennsylvania
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Finucane BM, Myers SM, Martin CL, Ledbetter DH. Long overdue: including adults with brain disorders in precision health initiatives. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2020; 65:47-52. [PMID: 32544666 PMCID: PMC7736248 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2020.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Developmental brain disorders (DBD), including autism spectrum disorder, intellectual disability, and schizophrenia, are clinically defined and etiologically heterogeneous conditions with a wide range of outcomes. Rare pathogenic copy number and single nucleotide genomic variants are among the most common known etiologies, with diagnostic yields approaching for some DBD cohorts. Incorporating genetic testing into the care of adult patients with DBD, paired with targeted genetic counseling and family cascade testing, may increase self-advocacy and decrease stigma. In the long-term, breakthroughs in the understanding of DBD pathophysiology will hinge on the identification, engagement, and study of individuals with rare genetic DBD etiologies, consistent with successful precision medicine approaches to the treatment of cancer and cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda M Finucane
- Autism & Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, United States.
| | - Scott M Myers
- Autism & Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, United States
| | - Christa L Martin
- Autism & Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, United States
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Chawner SJRA, Mihaljevic M, Morrison S, Eser HY, Maillard AM, Nowakowska B, van den Bree MBM, Swillen A. Pan-european landscape of research into neurodevelopmental copy number variants: A survey by the MINDDS consortium. Eur J Med Genet 2020; 63:104093. [PMID: 33160096 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2020.104093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several rare copy number variants have been identified to confer risk for neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD-CNVs), and increasingly NDD-CNVs are being identified in patients. There is a clinical need to understand the phenotypes of NDD-CNVs. However due to rarity of NDD-CNVs in the population, within individual countries there is a limited number of NDD-CNV carriers who can participate in research. The pan-european MINDDS (Maximizing Impact of Research in Neurodevelopmental Disorders) consortium was established in part to address this issue. METHODOLOGY A survey was developed to scope out the current landscape of NDD-CNV research across member countries of the MINDDS consortium, and to identify clinical cohorts with potential for future research. RESULTS 36 centres from across 16 countries completed the survey. We provide a list of centres who can be contacted for future collaborations. 3844 NDD-CNV carriers were identified across clinical and research centres spanning a range of medical specialties, including psychiatry, paediatrics, medical genetics. A broad range of phenotypic data was available; including medical history, developmental history, family history and anthropometric data. In 12/16 countries, over 75% of NDD-CNV carriers could be recontacted for future studies. CONCLUSION This survey has highlighted the potential within Europe for large multi-centre studies of NDD-CNV carriers, to improve knowledge of the complex relationship between NDD-CNV and clinical phenotype. The MINNDS consortium is in a position to facilitate collaboration, data-sharing and knowledge exchange on NDD-CNV phenotypes across Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J R A Chawner
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, UK; Cardiff University Centre for Human Developmental Science, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
| | - Marina Mihaljevic
- Clinic for Psychiatry, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sinead Morrison
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Hale Yapici Eser
- Koç University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Istanbul, Turkey and Koç University Research Centre for Translational Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Anne M Maillard
- Service des Troubles Du Spectre de L'Autisme et Apparentés, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland
| | - Beata Nowakowska
- Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Marianne B M van den Bree
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Ann Swillen
- Department of Human Genetics at the University of Leuven and Centre for Human Genetics, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium
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50
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Identification of copy number variants by NGS-based NIPT at low sequencing depth. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2020; 256:297-301. [PMID: 33310305 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2020.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the clinical utility of detecting chromosome copy number variants (CNVs) in the fetus by noninvasive prenatal testing (NIPT) using the low-pass whole-genome sequencing. METHODS Eight hundred and seventy-three singleton pregnancies with chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) available between January 2017 to December 2019 and stored enough plasma sample for NIPT testing were included in this study. The CMA results show that forty-eight pregnancies with CNVs and eight hundred and twenty-five pregnancies are normal. Each pregnancy's plasma sample was blindly tested with NIPT at a depth of 0.51-1.19x for CNVs detection. The performance of the NIPT method for CNVs detection compared with the CMA method is evaluated. RESULTS A total of fifty-two CNVs ranging from 0.1-47.3 Mb identified in forty-eight samples were identified by NIPT, of which thirty-four CNVs were consistent with CMA results. Additionally, eighteen CNVs were missed by NIPT. The overall sensitivity and specificity for the detection of CNVs were 65.38% (95% CI: 51.76%-76.89%) and 97.45% (95% CI: 96.12%-98.35%), respectively. However, for the detection of CNVs larger than 2 Mb and CNVs less than 2Mb, the sensitivities were 81.58% (95% CI: 66.27%-91.09%) and 21.43% (95% CI: 6.84%-48.32%), respectively. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrated that the NIPT might be an alternative method for screening CNVs comparable with other studies. However, CNVs less than 2Mb in length shows poor sensitivity by NIPT. Noninvasive CNVs detection based on the NIPT method still needs more clinical validation studies and technical improvement to achieve clinically acceptable accuracy.
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