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Datta BK, Thakkar S. Health disparity at the intersection of religion and caste: Evidence from India. DIALOGUES IN HEALTH 2024; 5:100186. [PMID: 39184573 PMCID: PMC11344008 DOI: 10.1016/j.dialog.2024.100186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
Objective The provisions and recognition of Schedule Castes (SCs), the constitutional term for the Dalits in India, have been exclusively extended to Hindus, Buddhists, and Sikhs (HBS). Omission of Dalit Muslims and Christians (MC) from the SC category stripped them of the affirmative action benefits tied with the SC status. This study aimed to explore how such differential treatment might play a role in differential health outcomes in Dalit women in India. Methods Drawing data on 177,346 Dalit women, aged 20 to 49 years, from two successive nationally representative surveys, we assessed the differential likelihood of hypertension and diabetes, between MC- and HBS- Dalit women. Accounting for birth cohort-, survey wave-, and state of residence- fixed effects, along with socioeconomic conditions and cardiometabolic risk factors, we obtained adjusted odds of having hypertension and diabetes in MC women. To check the validity of our results, we conducted similar analyses using data on 170,889 Scheduled Tribe (ST) women, another marginalized group, whose ST-status recognition were not tied to religion. Results We found that Dalit MC women were 1.13 (95% CI: 1.03-1.25) and 1.19 (95% CI: 1.05-1.36) times more likely to have hypertension and diabetes, respectively, compared to Dalit HBS women. Conversely, no statistically significant differential likelihood of these conditions was observed between MC and HBS women in the ST sample. Conclusion Our investigation thus, indicated a potential link at the crossroads of religion and caste that may contribute to the health disparities among marginalized women in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biplab Kumar Datta
- Institute of Public and Preventive Health, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Department of Health Management, Economics and Policy, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Shriya Thakkar
- Department of Sociology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
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Livingston G, Huntley J, Liu KY, Costafreda SG, Selbæk G, Alladi S, Ames D, Banerjee S, Burns A, Brayne C, Fox NC, Ferri CP, Gitlin LN, Howard R, Kales HC, Kivimäki M, Larson EB, Nakasujja N, Rockwood K, Samus Q, Shirai K, Singh-Manoux A, Schneider LS, Walsh S, Yao Y, Sommerlad A, Mukadam N. Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2024 report of the Lancet standing Commission. Lancet 2024; 404:572-628. [PMID: 39096926 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(24)01296-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/05/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Gill Livingston
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK; Camden and Islington NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
| | - Jonathan Huntley
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Kathy Y Liu
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sergi G Costafreda
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK; Camden and Islington NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Geir Selbæk
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Ageing and Health, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Geriatric Department, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Suvarna Alladi
- National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - David Ames
- National Ageing Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; University of Melbourne Academic Unit for Psychiatry of Old Age, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sube Banerjee
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | | | - Carol Brayne
- Cambridge Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nick C Fox
- The Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University College London, London, UK
| | - Cleusa P Ferri
- Health Technology Assessment Unit, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Psychiatry, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Laura N Gitlin
- College of Nursing and Health Professions, AgeWell Collaboratory, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Robert Howard
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK; Camden and Islington NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Helen C Kales
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis School of Medicine, University of California, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Mika Kivimäki
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK; Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eric B Larson
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Noeline Nakasujja
- Department of Psychiatry College of Health Sciences, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala City, Uganda
| | - Kenneth Rockwood
- Centre for the Health Care of Elderly People, Geriatric Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Quincy Samus
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bayview, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kokoro Shirai
- Graduate School of Social and Environmental Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Archana Singh-Manoux
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK; Université Paris Cité, Inserm U1153, Paris, France
| | - Lon S Schneider
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioural Sciences and Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sebastian Walsh
- Cambridge Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Yao Yao
- China Center for Health Development Studies, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Epidemiology of Major Diseases (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Andrew Sommerlad
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK; Camden and Islington NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Naaheed Mukadam
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK; Camden and Islington NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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Wang S, Miao Y, Feng Y, Zhao L, Wu X, Jia S, Zhao W, Tarimo CS, Zuo Y, Guo X, Ma M, Wu J. Mediation Effect of Obesity on the Association of Socioeconomic Status with Blood Pressure in the Elderly Hypertensive Population. Nutrients 2024; 16:2401. [PMID: 39125283 PMCID: PMC11314009 DOI: 10.3390/nu16152401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Socioeconomic status (SES) plays a crucial role in blood pressure (BP) control. SES may influence BP control through obesity indices, such as body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC). This study aimed to understand the relationships between SES and BP control in the elderly hypertensive population, and to determine whether BMI and WC mediate the relationship between SES and BP control. METHODS The study was conducted in Jia County, Henan Province, China, from 1 July to 31 August 2023. The 18,963 hypertensive people over 65 years old who were included in the National Basic Public Health Service Program were investigated. The study utilized questionnaire surveys to collect data on participants' demographic characteristics, disease history, lifestyle behaviors, antihypertensive medication, and measured height, weight, and blood pressure. SES was indexed by participants' self-reported educational level, family income, and occupation, and categorized into low, medium, and high groups by using latent category analysis (LCA). Logistic regression models were used to analyze the associations between SES and BP control. Obesity indicators, represented by BMI and WC, were included in mediation models to examine the indirect effects of BMI/WC on the association between SES and BP control. RESULTS The mean age of 17,234 participants was 73.4 years and 9888 (57.4%) of the participants were female. The LCA results indicated the number of participants in low SES, middle SES, and high SES groups were 7760, 8347, and 1127, respectively. Compared with the low SES group, the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association of BP control with middle SES and high SES were 1.101 (1.031, 1.175), and 1.492 (1.312, 1.696). This association was similarly found in the subsequent subgroup analyses (p < 0.05). Compared with low SES, our findings further suggested that BMI (indirect effects: 95% CIs: -0.004--0.001; p < 0.001) and WC (indirect effects: 95% CIs: -0.003--0.001; p = 0.020) play a suppressing role in the association between high SES and BP control. CONCLUSIONS Our study indicated that the elderly hypertensive population with high SES may have a better result for BP control. However, we found that BMI/WC plays a suppressing role in this association. This indicated that despite the better BP control observed in elderly hypertensive populations with high SES, BMI and WC might undermine this beneficial relationship. Therefore, implementing strategies for obesity prevention is an efficient way to maintain this beneficial association between high SES and BP control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saiyi Wang
- Department of Health Management, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Road, Gaoxin District, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (S.W.); (Y.M.); (Y.F.); (L.Z.); (X.W.); (S.J.); (W.Z.); (Y.Z.); (X.G.); (M.M.)
| | - Yudong Miao
- Department of Health Management, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Road, Gaoxin District, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (S.W.); (Y.M.); (Y.F.); (L.Z.); (X.W.); (S.J.); (W.Z.); (Y.Z.); (X.G.); (M.M.)
| | - Yifei Feng
- Department of Health Management, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Road, Gaoxin District, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (S.W.); (Y.M.); (Y.F.); (L.Z.); (X.W.); (S.J.); (W.Z.); (Y.Z.); (X.G.); (M.M.)
| | - Lipei Zhao
- Department of Health Management, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Road, Gaoxin District, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (S.W.); (Y.M.); (Y.F.); (L.Z.); (X.W.); (S.J.); (W.Z.); (Y.Z.); (X.G.); (M.M.)
| | - Xiaoman Wu
- Department of Health Management, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Road, Gaoxin District, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (S.W.); (Y.M.); (Y.F.); (L.Z.); (X.W.); (S.J.); (W.Z.); (Y.Z.); (X.G.); (M.M.)
| | - Shiyu Jia
- Department of Health Management, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Road, Gaoxin District, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (S.W.); (Y.M.); (Y.F.); (L.Z.); (X.W.); (S.J.); (W.Z.); (Y.Z.); (X.G.); (M.M.)
| | - Weijia Zhao
- Department of Health Management, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Road, Gaoxin District, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (S.W.); (Y.M.); (Y.F.); (L.Z.); (X.W.); (S.J.); (W.Z.); (Y.Z.); (X.G.); (M.M.)
| | - Clifford Silver Tarimo
- Department of Health Management, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Road, Gaoxin District, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (S.W.); (Y.M.); (Y.F.); (L.Z.); (X.W.); (S.J.); (W.Z.); (Y.Z.); (X.G.); (M.M.)
- Department of Science and Laboratory Technology, Dar es Salaam Institute of Technology, Dar es Salaam P.O. Box 2958, Tanzania
| | - Yibo Zuo
- Department of Health Management, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Road, Gaoxin District, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (S.W.); (Y.M.); (Y.F.); (L.Z.); (X.W.); (S.J.); (W.Z.); (Y.Z.); (X.G.); (M.M.)
| | - Xinghong Guo
- Department of Health Management, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Road, Gaoxin District, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (S.W.); (Y.M.); (Y.F.); (L.Z.); (X.W.); (S.J.); (W.Z.); (Y.Z.); (X.G.); (M.M.)
| | - Mingze Ma
- Department of Health Management, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Road, Gaoxin District, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (S.W.); (Y.M.); (Y.F.); (L.Z.); (X.W.); (S.J.); (W.Z.); (Y.Z.); (X.G.); (M.M.)
| | - Jian Wu
- Department of Health Management, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Road, Gaoxin District, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (S.W.); (Y.M.); (Y.F.); (L.Z.); (X.W.); (S.J.); (W.Z.); (Y.Z.); (X.G.); (M.M.)
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Rana RK, Jha RR, Sinha R, Kumar D, Jaiswal R, Patel U, Prasad JB, Kar SS, Goel S. Correlates of diabetes mellitus and hypertension in India: Change as evidenced from NFHS- 4 and 5 during 2015-2021. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0305223. [PMID: 39024279 PMCID: PMC11257250 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0305223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Both diabetes mellitus (DM) and hypertension (HTN) have been on the rise in recent decades all over the world more remarkably in developing countries like India. We intend to measure the prevalence of DM and HTN in the Indian population and to compare the trends and various correlates of these diseases in NFHS (National Family Health Survey)-4 and 5. Data of NFHS-4 and 5 were accessed from dhs program website. All statistical analyses were done in SAS (version 9.4). Mixed effects survey logistic regression models were used for estimating odds ratio (OR).p-values <0.05 were considered significant .1,637,762 individual case entries were evaluated. Both the diseases showed an increasing trend as per the advancing age in both sexes. The highest prevalence of DM is seen in the age group of 45-49 years (7.8%) in females and > 50 years (11.9%) in males as per NFHS-5. Similarly, the highest prevalence of HTN was seen in the age group of45-49 years (31.2%) in females and > 50 years (41.4%) in males as per NFHS-5. The OR (95% CI) of prevalence of DM, HTN and both the diseases in age group >50 years was 14.46 (13.14-15.7), 16.65 (15.78-17.6), 79.5 (64.76-97.73) respectively when compared to reference age group15-19 years. Highest odds for having both DM, HTN concurrently was in age >50 years with aOR(95% CI) 65.32 (52.26-72.63) in NFHS 4 and 35.57 (97.47-45.53) in NFHS 5.Rise in prevalence of DM, HTN and concurrent presence is noted with an apparent increase in cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishabh Kumar Rana
- Department of Community Medicine /PSM, Shaheed Nirmal Mahto Medical College and Hospital (SNMMCH), Dhanbad, Jharkhand, India
| | - Ravi Ranjan Jha
- Department of Community Medicine /PSM, Shaheed Nirmal Mahto Medical College and Hospital (SNMMCH), Dhanbad, Jharkhand, India
| | - Ratnesh Sinha
- Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Tata Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Dewesh Kumar
- Department of Community Medicine/PSM, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences (RIMS), Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | - Richa Jaiswal
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Urvish Patel
- Department of Public Health and Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Jang Bahadur Prasad
- Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry, India
| | | | - Sonu Goel
- Community Medicine and School of Public Health, PGI Chandigarh, Chandigarh, India
- Adjunct Associate Clinical Professor in the School of Medicine, Faculty of Education & Health Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- Faculty of Human and Health Sciences, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
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Ranjan S, Thakur R. The effect of socioeconomic status, depression, and diabetes symptoms severity on diabetes patient's life satisfaction in India. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12210. [PMID: 38806560 PMCID: PMC11133318 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62814-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests that diabetes is on the rise in India, affecting many people's life satisfaction. Comprehensive estimation of life satisfaction among diabetes patients does not exist in the country. This study examined the effects of socioeconomic status, depression, and diabetes symptoms severity on the life satisfaction of diabetes patients by controlling various demographic variables. It was a cross-sectional study comprising 583 diabetes patients from Punjab, India. Patients were interviewed using a multi-stage purposeful random sampling method. Descriptive analysis and partial least squares structural equation modelling were used in the study to test the hypotheses. Results revealed that socioeconomic status, depression and diabetes symptoms severity significantly influence the life satisfaction of diabetes patients. A 1% drop in diabetes symptoms severity corresponds to a 0.849% increase in life satisfaction, whereas a 1% decrease in depression results in a 0.898% increase in life satisfaction. Patients with higher diabetes symptoms severity were coping with common mental disorders. Women reported higher diabetes symptoms severity and depression than men, resulting in lower life satisfaction. An experimental evaluation of the effects of socioeconomic status, depression and diabetes symptoms severity, and numerous demographic factors on life satisfaction was reported. The findings will help policymakers understand the problem associated with life satisfaction among diabetes patients in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubham Ranjan
- School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, India
| | - Ramna Thakur
- School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, India.
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John D, Johnson AR, Fathima FN, Mundackal R. Diabetes, hypertension, and other cardiovascular disease risk factors among adults in an urban underprivileged community in Bangalore city, India. J Family Med Prim Care 2024; 13:1440-1447. [PMID: 38827696 PMCID: PMC11141983 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1256_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Aim Diabetes and hypertension are major risk factors of cardiovascular disease, which is known to be the leading cause of global mortality in the world today. Studies have shown that the prevalence of these risk factors is on the rise, with the burden of diabetes alone increasing by 80% in the last two decades. Complications of diabetes and hypertension result in huge public health challenges for the country and catastrophic medical expenditures for families among the urban poor. Our study aims to estimate the prevalence of diabetes, hypertension, and other cardiovascular risk factors among adults in an urban underprivileged community of Bengaluru city. Objectives and Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted over a period of 6 months where 2245 individuals aged 30 or older were interviewed using a structured interviewer-administered questionnaire used to capture sociodemographic details that assessed modifiable risk factors for diabetes and hypertension. Inclusion criteria for diabetes were considered if the random blood sugar reading was ≥200 mg/dL, whereas a diagnosis of hypertension was taken into consideration if the systolic blood pressure reading was ≥140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure was ≥90 mmHg. Results Among the 2245 participants that took part in the study, 15.5% were diabetics and 17.2% were hypertensive. There was a strong association of diabetes among consumers of alcohol, with more than one-third having a high prevalence of the disease (odds ratio (OR): 2.09, 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 1.1-3.9). More than half the population were consumers of junk food; the prevalence of diabetes in this group was 1.35 times higher than that in their counterparts (OR: 1.35, 95% CI: 1.0-1.8). A significant association of diabetes was also seen among those identified with central obesity (OR: 1.83, 95% CI: 1.4-2.5). One-third of the population who consumed alcohol were found to be diagnosed with hypertension (OR: 3.08, 95% CI: 1.6-5.9), and one-fifth of individuals who were regular consumers of junk food had a higher prevalence of hypertension (OR: 1.41, 95% CI: 1.1-1.8). A higher prevalence of hypertension was also seen among individuals with central obesity or a body mass index (BMI) of >30 (OR: 1.59, 95% CI: 1.2-2.1; OR: 1.92, 95% CI: 1.4-2.6). Conclusion The findings from our study conducted in an urban underprivileged area of Bengaluru city shed light on the significant associations between diabetes and hypertension and various demographic and lifestyle factors. Specifically, male gender and lower educational status were found to have a significant association with diabetes, whereas being unmarried and having a high BMI status were strongly linked to hypertension. In addition, the study revealed that elderly individuals, alcohol consumers, junk food eaters, and those with central obesity demonstrated an increased risk for both diabetes and hypertension. By identifying these risk factors, targeted interventions can be developed to address the unique challenges faced by this vulnerable section of society. Strategies can be designed to raise awareness, encourage healthier lifestyle choices, and improve access to healthcare services to effectively prevent and manage diabetes and hypertension in this community.
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Affiliation(s)
- David John
- Department of General Surgery, Basingstoke and North Hampshire Hosptial, United Kingdom
| | - Avita R. Johnson
- Department of Community Medicine, St Johns National Academy of Health Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Farah N. Fathima
- Department of Community Medicine, St Johns National Academy of Health Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Rose Mundackal
- Department of Community Medicine, St Johns National Academy of Health Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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Parvin S, Akter S, Hossain MI, Ali MS, Soni MSM. Residential variations in hypertension prevalence and trends among adults in Bangladesh. RESEARCH IN HEALTH SERVICES & REGIONS 2024; 3:3. [PMID: 39177903 PMCID: PMC11281750 DOI: 10.1007/s43999-024-00040-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hypertension is a widespread and life-threatening condition globally, with its prevalence increasing rapidly, particularly among adults. This study aims to examine the trend in adult hypertension prevalence and associated risk factors in both urban and rural areas of Bangladesh from 2011 to 2018. METHODS Nationally representative cross-sectional data from the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey was used at two time points, 2011 and 2018. In our study, we used a two-step approach for variable selection, combining traditional statistical methods (χ 2 test) with a machine learning algorithm (Boruta algorithm).. This study also employed two different multivariate binary logistic regression models to identify the risk factors that are most closely connected to the presence of hypertension (respectively for urban and rural locations). RESULTS According to the study, hypertension has been on the rise in Bangladesh. In 2011, over a third of adults (38.7%) in urban Bangladesh had hypertension, a number that rose by 22.6% in 2017-18. Though rural areas had a lower hypertension prevalence in 2011 (36%), it surged to 64% in 2017-18, surpassing the rate in urban areas. The results of the multivariate analysis showed that age, gender, education, wealth status, area, and survey year had a significant influence on the determinants of hypertension status in connection to place of residence. According to the odds ratio, the prevalence was significantly higher among older respondents, female respondents, wealthy families and higher-educated respondents. CONCLUSION A large proportion of Bangladesh's adult population suffers from hypertension. A health education program is required to develop appropriate strategies, including appropriate weight control, appropriate physical activity, and healthier eating habits. Health authorities should take initiatives to spread awareness among people, particularly at an older age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahanaj Parvin
- Department of Statistics, Jagannath University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Salma Akter
- Department of Statistics, Jagannath University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
| | - Md Ismail Hossain
- Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, BRAC University, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Md Sabuj Ali
- Department of Statistics, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur, Bangladesh
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Marfowaa G, Campbell JA, Nagavally S, Dawson AZ, Walker RJ, Egede LE. Prevalence of Diabetes and the Relationship Between Wealth and Social Demographic Characteristics Across 6 Low-and-Middle Income Countries. Glob J Health Sci 2024; 16:22-31. [PMID: 39314668 PMCID: PMC11419324 DOI: 10.5539/gjhs.v16n4p22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Background As the global burden of diabetes persists, research is needed to understand the role of wealth and correlates of diabetes across regions of the world. The purpose of this study is to examine the prevalence and role of wealth and diabetes across 6 low- and middle- income countries while also accounting for independent correlates of diabetes by country. Methods Data from the Study on Global Ageing and Adult Health (SAGE), SAGE Wave 1 was used. Self-reported diabetes status was the primary dependent variable and wealth quintile, number of dwelling characteristics and possession of a set of assets, was the independent variable. Logistic regression models examined the relationship between wealth and presence of diabetes across 6 countries with the highest wealth quintile, quintile 1, serving as the reference group. Results Sample size by country included Ghana N = 5573, South Africa N = 4227, Russia N = 4947, Mexico N = 5448, India N = 12198, and China N = 15050. Average age across country ranged from 49 to 63 years of age. Prevalence of diabetes across country included 3.4% and 9.2% for Ghana and South Africa, respectively. In Russia, 8.3%; Mexico, 18.1%; India, 4.9%; and China, 5.9% of the sample reported having diabetes. In the adjusted logistic model, wealth was associated with higher odds of diabetes in Ghana (OR 2.26; CI 1.28; 4.13), South Africa (OR 4.57; CI 2.25; 10.32), Mexico (OR 2.00; CI 1.14; 3.60), India (OR 2.45; CI 1.60; 3.86), and China (OR 2.16; CI 1.62, 2.93). Conclusions These findings add to the growing body of evidence in our understanding between wealth and diabetes. As diabetes persists as a leading cause of death globally, future work should focus on mechanisms underlying the relationship between wealth and diabetes while also developing interventions to mitigate his burgeoning disease affecting communities across low- and middle-income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gifty Marfowaa
- Center for Advancing Population Science, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Jennifer A. Campbell
- Center for Advancing Population Science, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Sneha Nagavally
- Center for Advancing Population Science, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Aprill Z. Dawson
- Center for Advancing Population Science, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Rebekah J. Walker
- Center for Advancing Population Science, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Leonard E. Egede
- Center for Advancing Population Science, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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Sujata S, B G, Thakur R. A Vulnerability Index for Mitigation and Prevention of Diabetes Growth in India: A Disaggregated Analysis. Value Health Reg Issues 2024; 40:89-99. [PMID: 38061309 DOI: 10.1016/j.vhri.2023.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to provide a vulnerability index (VI) for identifying vulnerable regions in different states of India, which may serve as a tool for state- and district-level planning for mitigation and prevention of diabetes growth in the country. METHODS Using data on 13 indicators under 4 domains, we generated domain-specific and overall VIs at state (36 states/union territories) and district levels (640 districts) using the percentile ranking method. The association of diabetes with individuals' socioeconomic status at different levels of regional vulnerability has also been observed through multivariable logistic regression models. RESULTS On a scale of 0 to 1, there are 13 states with an overall VI of >0.70, of which 5 states are from southern regions of India. A low VI has been achieved by socioeconomically backward states. We observed that prevalence rates and vulnerability levels for most of the top and bottom 11 states are in the same line. District-level analysis showed that the 20 most vulnerable and least vulnerable districts are mostly from coastal and socioeconomically backward states of the country, respectively. Furthermore, logistic regression revealed that rural adults and females are less likely to be diabetic in all vulnerability quartiles. The oldest, Muslims, wealthiest, widowed/deserted/separated, and those with schooling ≤12 years are significantly more likely to be diabetic than their counterparts. CONCLUSION The constructed VI is vital for identifying vulnerable areas and planners and policy-makers may use this comprehensive index and domain-specific VIs to prioritize resource allocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujata Sujata
- School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Kamand Campus, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Gayathri B
- School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Kamand Campus, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Ramna Thakur
- School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Kamand Campus, Himachal Pradesh, India.
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10
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Ghosh K, Chakraborty AS, Haloi B, Zakir S. Spatial Clustering of Malnutrition and Anemia Among Reproductive Women and Its Associated Risk Factors in India: Evidence From National Family Health Survey-5. Food Nutr Bull 2024; 45:3-11. [PMID: 38439659 DOI: 10.1177/03795721241234086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malnutrition and anemia are 2 severe public health concerns, predominantly in low-and middle-income nations. Malnutrition is defined as poor nutritional condition that encompasses both under nutrition and over nutrition. The prevalence of overweight or obesity and anemia has increased in India from 2016 to 2021. The study aims to investigate the spatial clustering and factors responsible for underweight, overweight/obesity, and anemia among reproductive women (15-49 years) in India using the data from National Family and Health Survey-5 (2019-2021). METHODS We conducted hot-spot analysis using Moran's Index (MI) with the help of spatial analysis software (i.e., GeoDa 1.18 and ArcGIS 10.8). It also demonstrates the autocorrelation. Multivariable logistic regression analysis has been performed to examine different determinants and risk associated with underweight, overweight/obesity, and anemia with various dependent variable by using Stata-14 software. RESULTS Moran's Index for underweight (MI = 0.68), overweight/obesity (MI = 0.72), and anemia (MI = 0.62) indicates a high level of spatial-autocorrelation (P < .001) exists across the districts in India. As a result, a total of 156, 143, and 126 hot-spot districts are detected for underweight, overweight/obesity, and anemia, respectively. The burden of undernutrition and anemia is higher in rural areas. Risk of under nutrition and anemia are both reduced by media exposure and eating habits. Moreover, low income and low education level raises the risk of anemia and undernutrition, while obesity shows an inverse trend with income and education level. CONCLUSION The study recommends targeting hot-spot districts for malnutrition and anemia, and policy level initiatives by addressing the responsible risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koustav Ghosh
- Department of Population Studies and Health Economic, Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics, Pune, Maharashtra, India
- Population Research Centre (PRC), Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - Atreyee Sinha Chakraborty
- Department of Population Studies and Health Economic, Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Banashri Haloi
- Public Health Department, Central University of Kerala, Kerala, India
| | - Sofia Zakir
- Department of Geography, Gauhati University, Assam, India
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Diego VP, Manusov EG, Mao X, Almeida M, Peralta JM, Curran JE, Mahaney MC, Göring H, Blangero J, Williams-Blangero S. Metabolic syndrome traits exhibit genotype-by-environment interaction in relation to socioeconomic status in the Mexican American family heart study. Front Genet 2024; 15:1240462. [PMID: 38495670 PMCID: PMC10940335 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2024.1240462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Socioeconomic Status (SES) is a potent environmental determinant of health. To our knowledge, no assessment of genotype-environment interaction has been conducted to consider the joint effects of socioeconomic status and genetics on risk for metabolic disease. We analyzed data from the Mexican American Family Studies (MAFS) to evaluate the hypothesis that genotype-by-environment interaction (GxE) is an essential determinant of variation in risk factors for metabolic syndrome (MS). Methods: We employed a maximum likelihood estimation of the decomposition of variance components to detect GxE interaction. After excluding individuals with diabetes and individuals on medication for diabetes, hypertension, or dyslipidemia, we analyzed 12 MS risk factors: fasting glucose (FG), fasting insulin (FI), 2-h glucose (2G), 2-h insulin (2I), body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), leptin (LP), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), triglycerides (TG), total serum cholesterol (TSC), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). Our SES variable used a combined score of Duncan's socioeconomic index and education years. Heterogeneity in the additive genetic variance across the SES continuum and a departure from unity in the genetic correlation coefficient were taken as evidence of GxE interaction. Hypothesis tests were conducted using standard likelihood ratio tests. Results: We found evidence of GxE for fasting glucose, 2-h glucose, 2-h insulin, BMI, and triglycerides. The genetic effects underlying the insulin/glucose metabolism component of MS are upregulated at the lower end of the SES spectrum. We also determined that the household variance for systolic blood pressure decreased with increasing SES. Conclusion: These results show a significant change in the GxE interaction underlying the major components of MS in response to changes in socioeconomic status. Further mRNA sequencing studies will identify genes and canonical gene pathways to support our molecular-level hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent P. Diego
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, United States
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, United States
| | - Eron G. Manusov
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, United States
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, United States
| | - Xi Mao
- Department of Economics, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, United States
| | - Marcio Almeida
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, United States
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, United States
| | - Juan M. Peralta
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, United States
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, United States
| | - Joanne E. Curran
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, United States
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, United States
| | - Michael C. Mahaney
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, United States
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, United States
| | - Harald Göring
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, United States
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, United States
| | - John Blangero
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, United States
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, United States
| | - Sarah Williams-Blangero
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, United States
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, United States
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12
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Tripathi V, Talukdar D, Tripathi M, Teelucksingh S. Prevalence and associated factors of undiagnosed hypertension among women aged 15-49 years in India: an analysis of National Family Health Survey-4 data. J Hum Hypertens 2024; 38:245-256. [PMID: 37968456 DOI: 10.1038/s41371-023-00876-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases globally. Fortunately, there is a vast armamentarium of effective therapeutic options at our disposal so undiagnosed hypertension represents a missed opportunity. In a previous analysis [1] of the NFHS-4 dataset for the prevalence and risk factors for undiagnosed hypertension and its associated risk factors among Indian women aged 15-49 years, we had overestimated prevalence by inclusion of self-reported cases. We have since retracted when this anomaly was highlighted [2]. We have now re-analyzed the same database and here present these data. The current analysis shows that the overall prevalence of undiagnosed hypertension was 8.05% among women aged 15-49 years in India. In rural areas, it was 7.89% compared with 8.38% for urban areas. Factors associated with undiagnosed hypertension in rural and urban areas were age, BMI, wealth quintiles, educational level, religion, caste and geographical zones. Nearly half the women aged 15-49 years in India with hypertension are unaware and this has implications for personal and reproductive health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vrijesh Tripathi
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Faculty of Science and Technology, The University of the West Indies, St Augustine Campus, St Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago.
| | - Debjyoti Talukdar
- Department of Medical Research, Mkhitar Gosh Armenian-Russian International University, 3, 7 Sebastia Street, Yerevan, 0099, Armenia
| | - Mallika Tripathi
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St Augustine Campus, St Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Surujpal Teelucksingh
- Department of Clinical Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St Augustine Campus, St Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
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Metzendorf MI, Wieland LS, Richter B. Mobile health (m-health) smartphone interventions for adolescents and adults with overweight or obesity. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2024; 2:CD013591. [PMID: 38375882 PMCID: PMC10877670 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd013591.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is considered to be a risk factor for various diseases, and its incidence has tripled worldwide since 1975. In addition to potentially being at risk for adverse health outcomes, people with overweight or obesity are often stigmatised. Behaviour change interventions are increasingly delivered as mobile health (m-health) interventions, using smartphone apps and wearables. They are believed to support healthy behaviours at the individual level in a low-threshold manner. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of integrated smartphone applications for adolescents and adults with overweight or obesity. SEARCH METHODS We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, and LILACS, as well as the trials registers ClinicalTrials.gov and World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform on 2 October 2023 (date of last search for all databases). We placed no restrictions on the language of publication. SELECTION CRITERIA Participants were adolescents and adults with overweight or obesity. Eligible interventions were integrated smartphone apps using at least two behaviour change techniques. The intervention could target physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, weight loss, healthy diet, or self-efficacy. Comparators included no or minimal intervention (NMI), a different smartphone app, personal coaching, or usual care. Eligible studies were randomised controlled trials of any duration with a follow-up of at least three months. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We used standard Cochrane methodology and the RoB 2 tool. Important outcomes were physical activity, body mass index (BMI) and weight, health-related quality of life, self-efficacy, well-being, change in dietary behaviour, and adverse events. We focused on presenting studies with medium- (6 to < 12 months) and long-term (≥ 12 months) outcomes in our summary of findings table, following recommendations in the core outcome set for behavioural weight management interventions. MAIN RESULTS We included 18 studies with 2703 participants. Interventions lasted from 2 to 24 months. The mean BMI in adults ranged from 27 to 50, and the median BMI z-score in adolescents ranged from 2.2 to 2.5. Smartphone app versus no or minimal intervention Thirteen studies compared a smartphone app versus NMI in adults; no studies were available for adolescents. The comparator comprised minimal health advice, handouts, food diaries, smartphone apps unrelated to weight loss, and waiting list. Measures of physical activity: at 12 months' follow-up, a smartphone app compared to NMI probably reduces moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) slightly (mean difference (MD) -28.9 min/week (95% confidence interval (CI) -85.9 to 28; 1 study, 650 participants; moderate-certainty evidence)). We are very uncertain about the results of estimated energy expenditure and cardiorespiratory fitness at eight months' follow-up. A smartphone app compared with NMI probably results in little to no difference in changes in total activity time at 12 months' follow-up and leisure time physical activity at 24 months' follow-up. Anthropometric measures: a smartphone app compared with NMI may reduce BMI (MD of BMI change -2.6 kg/m2, 95% CI -6 to 0.8; 2 studies, 146 participants; very low-certainty evidence) at six to eight months' follow-up, but the evidence is very uncertain. At 12 months' follow-up, a smartphone app probably resulted in little to no difference in BMI change (MD -0.1 kg/m2, 95% CI -0.4 to 0.3; 1 study; 650 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). A smartphone app compared with NMI may result in little to no difference in body weight change (MD -2.5 kg, 95% CI -6.8 to 1.7; 3 studies, 1044 participants; low-certainty evidence) at 12 months' follow-up. At 24 months' follow-up, a smartphone app probably resulted in little to no difference in body weight change (MD 0.7 kg, 95% CI -1.2 to 2.6; 1 study, 245 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). A smartphone app compared with NMI may result in little to no difference in self-efficacy for a physical activity score at eight months' follow-up, but the results are very uncertain. A smartphone app probably results in little to no difference in quality of life and well-being at 12 months (moderate-certainty evidence) and in little to no difference in various measures used to inform dietary behaviour at 12 and 24 months' follow-up. We are very uncertain about adverse events, which were only reported narratively in two studies (very low-certainty evidence). Smartphone app versus another smartphone app Two studies compared different versions of the same app in adults, showing no or minimal differences in outcomes. One study in adults compared two different apps (calorie counting versus ketogenic diet) and suggested a slight reduction in body weight at six months in favour of the ketogenic diet app. No studies were available for adolescents. Smartphone app versus personal coaching Only one study compared a smartphone app with personal coaching in adults, presenting data at three months. Two studies compared these interventions in adolescents. A smartphone app resulted in little to no difference in BMI z-score compared to personal coaching at six months' follow-up (MD 0, 95% CI -0.2 to 0.2; 1 study; 107 participants). Smartphone app versus usual care Only one study compared an app with usual care in adults but only reported data at three months on participant satisfaction. No studies were available for adolescents. We identified 34 ongoing studies. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS The available evidence is limited and does not demonstrate a clear benefit of smartphone applications as interventions for adolescents or adults with overweight or obesity. While the number of studies is growing, the evidence remains incomplete due to the high variability of the apps' features, content and components, which complicates direct comparisons and assessment of their effectiveness. Comparisons with either no or minimal intervention or personal coaching show minor effects, which are mostly not clinically significant. Minimal data for adolescents also warrants further research. Evidence is also scarce for low- and middle-income countries as well as for people with different socio-economic and cultural backgrounds. The 34 ongoing studies suggest sustained interest in the topic, with new evidence expected to emerge within the next two years. In practice, clinicians and healthcare practitioners should carefully consider the potential benefits, limitations, and evolving research when recommending smartphone apps to adolescents and adults with overweight or obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Inti Metzendorf
- Institute of General Practice, Medical Faculty of the Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - L Susan Wieland
- Center for Integrative Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Bernd Richter
- Institute of General Practice, Medical Faculty of the Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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14
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Nyarko SH, Addo IY, Ayebeng C, Dickson KS, Acquah E. Mediating effects of hypertension in association between household wealth disparities and diabetes among women of reproductive age: analysis of eight countries in sub-Saharan Africa. Int Health 2024:ihae013. [PMID: 38321706 DOI: 10.1093/inthealth/ihae013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes prevalence appears to be increasing in low- and middle-income countries, yet little is known about how hypertension status mediates the association between household wealth and diabetes. This study examined the mediation effects of hypertension in associations between household wealth and diabetes in eight sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries. METHODS This is a cross-sectional study of 71 577 women from recent Demographic and Health Surveys for eight SSA countries. Sample-weighted logistic regression and causal mediation analyses were conducted. RESULTS Of the 71 577 women, 1.1% (782) reported ever being diagnosed with diabetes. Women with diabetes were more likely to have hypertension compared with those without diabetes (54.9% vs 9.9%). The odds of diabetes were significantly higher among women with hypertension (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 5.71 [95% confidence interval {CI} 4.62 to 7.05]) and women from rich households (adjusted OR 1.65 [95% CI 1.23 to 2.22]) compared with their respective counterparts. Hypertension status mediated 27.4% of the association between household wealth and diabetes status. CONCLUSIONS Hypertension status partly contributes to the associations between household wealth disparities and diabetes status among women in the selected countries. Further research and targeted interventions are needed to explore specific mechanisms and confounding factors related to household wealth disparities, hypertension status and diabetes prevalence in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel H Nyarko
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Isaac Y Addo
- Centre for Social Research in Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Castro Ayebeng
- Department of Population and Health, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
- Department of Research and Advocacy, Challenging Heights, Winneba, Ghana
| | - Kwamena S Dickson
- Department of Population and Health, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Evelyn Acquah
- Centre for Health Policy and Implementation Research, Institute of Health Research, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
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Priyadarshini A, Madan R, Das S. Genetics and epigenetics of diabetes and its complications in India. Hum Genet 2024; 143:1-17. [PMID: 37999799 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-023-02616-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) has become a significant health concern with an increasing rate of morbidity and mortality worldwide. India ranks second in the number of diabetes cases in the world. The increasing burden of DM can be explained by genetic predisposition of Indians to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) coupled with rapid urbanization and socio-economic development in the last 3 decades leading to drastic changes in lifestyle. Environment and lifestyle changes contribute to T2DM development by altering epigenetic processes such as DNA methylation, histone post-translational modifications, and long non-coding RNAs, all of which regulate chromatin structure and gene expression. Although the genetic predisposition of Indians to T2DM is well established, how environmental and genetic factors interact and lead to T2DM is not well understood. In this review, we discuss the prevalence of diabetes and its complications across different states in India and how various risk factors contribute to its pathogenesis. The review also highlights the role of genetic predisposition among the Indian population and epigenetic factors involved in the etiology of diabetes. Lastly, we review current treatments and emphasize the knowledge gap with respect to genetic and epigenetic factors in the Indian context. Further understanding of the genetic and epigenetic determinants will help in risk prediction and prevention as well as therapeutic interventions, which will improve the clinical management of diabetes and associated macro- and micro-vascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Priyadarshini
- Diabetic Vascular Complications Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Riya Madan
- Diabetic Vascular Complications Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Sadhan Das
- Diabetic Vascular Complications Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India.
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Varghese JS, Lu P, Choi D, Kobayashi LC, Ali MK, Patel SA, Li C. Spousal Concordance of Hypertension Among Middle-Aged and Older Heterosexual Couples Around the World: Evidence From Studies of Aging in the United States, England, China, and India. J Am Heart Assoc 2023; 12:e030765. [PMID: 38054385 PMCID: PMC10863781 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.123.030765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Health concordance within couples presents a promising opportunity to design interventions for disease management, including hypertension. We compared the concordance of prevalent hypertension within middle-aged and older heterosexual couples in the United States, England, China, and India. METHODS AND RESULTS Cross-sectional dyadic data on heterosexual couples were used from contemporaneous waves of the HRS (US Health and Retirement Study, 2016/17, n=3989 couples), ELSA (English Longitudinal Study on Aging, 2016/17, n=1086), CHARLS (China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, 2015/16, n=6514), and LASI (Longitudinal Aging Study in India, 2017/19, n=22 389). Concordant hypertension was defined as both husband and wife in a couple having hypertension. The prevalence of concordant hypertension within couples was 37.9% (95% CI, 35.8-40.0) in the United States, 47.1% (95% CI, 43.2-50.9) in England, 20.8% (95% CI, 19.6-21.9) in China, and 19.8% (95% CI, 19.0-20.5) in India. Compared with wives married to husbands without hypertension, wives married to husbands with hypertension were more likely to have hypertension in the United States (prevalence ratio, 1.09 [95% CI, 1.01- 1.17), England (prevalence ratio, 1.09, 95% CI, 0.98-1.21), China (prevalence ratio, 1.26 [95% CI, 1.17-1.35), and India (prevalence ratio, 1.19 [95% CI, 1.15-1.24]). Within each country, similar associations were observed for husbands. Across countries, associations in the United States and England were similar, whereas they were slightly larger in China and India. CONCLUSIONS Concordance of hypertension within heterosexual couples was consistently observed across these 4 socially and economically diverse countries. Couple-centered interventions may be an efficient strategy to prevent and manage hypertension in these countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jithin Sam Varghese
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public HealthEmory UniversityAtlantaGA
- Emory Global Diabetes Research Center of Emory University and Woodruff Health Sciences CenterAtlantaGA
| | - Peiyi Lu
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public HealthColumbia UniversityNew YorkNY
| | - Daesung Choi
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public HealthEmory UniversityAtlantaGA
- Emory Global Diabetes Research Center of Emory University and Woodruff Health Sciences CenterAtlantaGA
| | - Lindsay C. Kobayashi
- Center for Social Epidemiology and Population Health, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public HealthUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI
| | - Mohammed K. Ali
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public HealthEmory UniversityAtlantaGA
- Emory Global Diabetes Research Center of Emory University and Woodruff Health Sciences CenterAtlantaGA
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, School of MedicineEmory UniversityAtlantaGA
| | - Shivani A. Patel
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public HealthEmory UniversityAtlantaGA
- Emory Global Diabetes Research Center of Emory University and Woodruff Health Sciences CenterAtlantaGA
| | - Chihua Li
- Center for Social Epidemiology and Population Health, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public HealthUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI
- Survey Research CenterUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI
- Department of EpidemiologySchool of Public Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMD
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17
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Saha A, Mandal B, Muhammad T, Barman P, Ahmed W. Gender-specific determinants of overweight and obesity among older adults in India: evidence from a cross-sectional survey, 2017-18. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:2313. [PMID: 37993827 PMCID: PMC10664315 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-17156-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A major societal trend of the twenty-first century is the rapidly ageing population as a consequence of the decline in fertility and increase in life expectancy. Along with the rise in ageing population, the burden of obesity and related non-communicable diseases is also equally rising. In this study, we aimed to investigate the potential gender-specific determinants of overweight and obesity among older adults in India. SUBJECTS AND METHODS The present study used data from the Longitudinal Ageing Study in India (LASI) wave 1 (2017-18). A total sample of 25,952 older adults (≥ 60 years) was selected for the study. Descriptive statistics, bivariate chi-square test, and logistic regression estimation were applied to accomplish the study objectives. Body mass index (BMI) has been classified in this study according to the WHO criteria. RESULTS The prevalence of overweight was higher among women (18.15% in rural areas and 46.62% in urban areas) compared to men (12.9% in rural areas and 30.61% in urban areas). Similarly, obesity was higher among women than men who were residing in urban areas (17.07% vs. 5.37%), had secondary or above education (32.38% vs. 6.1%) belonged to richest strata (16.37% vs. 4.50%), or had mobility impairment (9.2% vs. 2.8%). Despite adjustment for several confounders, women were more likely to be overweight (OR: 2.18; CI: 1.86, 2.55) and obese (OR: 3.79; CI: 2.86, 5.03) than men. However, among both the elderly men and women, those who were highly educated were 2.29 times (OR: 2.29; CI: 1.80, 4.11) and 2.71 times (OR: 2.71; CI: 1.78, 4.11), respectively more likely to be overweight than their illiterate counterparts. Older adults living in urban areas were more likely to suffer from obesity compared to rural men (OR: 1.47; CI: 1.07, 2.02) and women (OR: 2.58; CI: 1.85, 3.60). Both men and women, who were highly educated were 2.64 times (OR: 2.64; CI: 1.71, 4.09) and 2.94 times (OR: 2.94; CI: 1.40, 6.20), respectively, more likely to be obese than their illiterate counterparts. Older men and women who were richest (OR: 1.60; CI: 1.19, 2.14 & OR: 2.12; CI: 1.63,2.76), or had mobility impairment (OR: 1.33; CI: 1.09,1.61 & OR: 1.72; CI: 1.42,2.08) were more likely to be overweight than their counterparts who were poorest or did not have any mobility limitation, respectively. CONCLUSIONS This study found increased vulnerability of overweight and obesity among older women than men irrespective of their socioeconomic, demographic, and health status. The present study suggests that introducing preventative measures such as campaigns to encourage physical activity, and community awareness may help reduce the high burden of overweight and obesity. Finally, the findings are important for better functioning of any public health programme and suitable intervention techniques to maintain a healthy body in order to lower the prevalence and risk factors of non-communicable diseases in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amiya Saha
- Department of Family & Generations, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, 400088, India.
| | - Bittu Mandal
- School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore, 453552, India
| | - T Muhammad
- Department of Family & Generations, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, 400088, India
| | - Papai Barman
- Department of Family & Generations, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, 400088, India
| | - Waquar Ahmed
- Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai, 400088, India
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18
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García-Mayor J, Moreno-Llamas A, De la Cruz-Sánchez E. How socioeconomic status affects weight status through health-related lifestyles: a latent class analysis. Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs 2023; 22:730-744. [PMID: 36316287 DOI: 10.1093/eurjcn/zvac101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Obesity levels have increased worldwide with serious public health concerns. However, weight status is related to socioeconomic status (SES), which may also influence health-related lifestyles. Here, we study the association between SES and obesity mediated by diet and physical activity. METHODS AND RESULTS Using cross-sectional data from 2006, 2011, 2014, and 2017 Spanish health surveys (the final sample consisted of 61 768 adults aged between 18 and 64 years), we conducted a latent class analysis to estimate health-related lifestyle clusters (based on dietary patterns and physical activity) and mediation analyses to evaluate the association of SES and obesity through the clustering of health-related lifestyles. In both men and women, SES was inversely related to obesity (P < 0.001) and positively related to healthier lifestyle classes (P < 0.001). Obesity was inversely related to healthier lifestyle classes (P < 0.001). A small-although significant-proportion mediated by the clustering of lifestyles was found as follows: 4.9%, 95% CI (6.6%, 3.2%) in men and 2.3%, 95% CI (3.4%, 1.3%) in women for educational attainment, 5.3%, 95% CI (7.2%, 3.6%) in men and 2.0%, 95% CI (2.9%, 1.1%) in women for occupational social class, and 4.9%, 95% CI (6.5%, 3.1%) and 1.9%, 95% CI (2.9%, 1.1%) combining the above two SES indicators. CONCLUSIONS SES is related to obesity through clustering health-related lifestyles, with greater emphasis on men. However, the complex relationship between SES and weight status also suggests other indicators that contribute to the social gradient of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús García-Mayor
- Public Health and Epidemiology Research Group, San Javier Campus, University of Murcia, C/Santa Alicia s/n, Murcia 30720, Spain
| | - Antonio Moreno-Llamas
- Public Health and Epidemiology Research Group, San Javier Campus, University of Murcia, C/Santa Alicia s/n, Murcia 30720, Spain
| | - Ernesto De la Cruz-Sánchez
- Public Health and Epidemiology Research Group, San Javier Campus, University of Murcia, C/Santa Alicia s/n, Murcia 30720, Spain
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19
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Saha A, Muhammad T, Mandal B, Adhikary M, Barman P. Socio-demographic and behavioral correlates of excess weight and its health consequences among older adults in India: Evidence from a cross-sectional study, 2017-18. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0291920. [PMID: 37796783 PMCID: PMC10553247 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0291920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rapid population aging is expected to become one of the major demographic transitions in the twenty-first century due to the continued decline in fertility and rise in life expectancy. Such a rise in the aged population is associated with increasing non-communicable diseases. India has suffered from obesity epidemic, with morbid obesity affecting 5% of the population and continuing an upward trend in other developing countries. This study estimates the prevalence of excess weight among older adults in India, and examines the socio-demographic and behavioral factors and its health consequences. METHODS The study used data from the Longitudinal Ageing Study in India (LASI) wave 1 (2017-18). A total sample of 25,952 older adults (≥ 60 years) was selected for the study. Descriptive statistics, bivariate Chi-Square test, and logistic regression models were applied to accomplish the study objectives. Body mass index (BMI) has been computed for the study according to the classification of the World Health Organization, and "excess weight" refers to a score of BMI ≥ 25.0 kg/m2. RESULTS Overall, 23% of older adults (≥ 60 years) were estimated with excess weight in India, which was higher among women irrespective of socioeconomic and health conditions. The higher levels of excess weight (than the national average of ≥22.7%) were observed among older adults in states like Haryana, Tamil Nadu, Telangana, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Manipur, Goa, Kerala, Karnataka, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Sikkim and some other states. After adjusting for selected covariates, the odds of excess weight were higher among females than males [OR: 2.21, 95% CI: 1.89, 2.60]. Similarly, the likelihood of excess weight was 2.18 times higher among older adults who were living in urban areas compared to their rural counterparts [OR: 2.18; 95% CI: 1.90, 2.49]. Higher level of education is significantly positively correlated with excess weight. Similarly, higher household wealth index was significantly positively correlated with excess weight [OR: 1.98, CI: 1.62, 2.41]. Having hypertension, diabetes and heart diseases were associated with excess weight among older adults. Regional variations were also observed in the prevalence of excess weight among older adults. CONCLUSION The findings suggest that introducing measures that help to reduce the risk of non-communicable diseases, and campaigns to encourage physical activity, and community awareness may help reduce the high burden of excess weight and obesity among older Indians. The findings are important for identifying the at-risk sub-populations and for the better functioning of any public health programme and suitable intervention techniques to lower the prevalence and risk factors for excess weight in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amiya Saha
- Department of Family & Generations, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
| | - T. Muhammad
- Department of Family & Generations, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
| | - Bittu Mandal
- Indian Institute of Technology, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Indore, India
| | - Mihir Adhikary
- Department of Public health and Mortality Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
| | - Papai Barman
- Department of Family & Generations, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
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20
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Ko S, Oh H, Subramanian SV, Kim R. Small Area Geographic Estimates of Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in India. JAMA Netw Open 2023; 6:e2337171. [PMID: 37824144 PMCID: PMC10570875 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.37171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Importance With an aging population, India is facing a growing burden of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Existing programs on CVD risk factors are mostly based on state and district data, which overlook health disparities within macro units. Objective To quantify and geovisualize the extent of small area variability within districts in CVD risk factors (hypertension, diabetes, and obesity) in India. Design, Setting, and Participants This cross-sectional study analyzed nationally representative data from the National Family Health Survey 2019-2021, encompassing individuals aged 15 years or older, for hypertension (n = 1 715 895), diabetes (n = 1 807 566), and obesity (n = 776 023). Data analyses were conducted from July 1, 2022, through August 1, 2023. Exposures Geographic units consisting of more than 30 000 small areas, 707 districts, and 36 states or Union Territories across India. Main Outcomes and Measures For primary outcomes, CVD risk factors, including hypertension, diabetes, and obesity, were considered. Four-level logistic regression models were used to partition the geographic variability in each outcome by state or Union Territory (level 4), district (level 3), and small area (level 2) and compute precision-weighted small area estimates. Spatial distribution of district-wide means, within-district small area variability, and their correlation were estimated. Results The final analytic sample consisted of 1 715 895 individuals analyzed for hypertension (mean [SD] age, 39.8 [17.3] years; 921 779 [53.7%] female), 1 807 566 for diabetes (mean [SD] age, 39.5 [17.2] years; 961 977 [53.2%] female), and 776 023 for obesity (mean [SD] age, 30.9 [10.2] years; 678 782 [87.5%] women). Overall, 21.2% of female and 24.1% of male participants had hypertension, 5.0% of female and 5.4% of men had diabetes, and 6.3% of female and 4.0% of male participants had obesity. For female participants, small areas (32.0% for diabetes, 34.5% for obesity, and 56.2% for hypertension) and states (30.0% for hypertension, 46.6% for obesity, and 52.8% for diabetes) accounted for the majority of the total geographic variability, while districts accounted for the least (13.8% for hypertension, 15.2% for diabetes, and 18.9% for obesity). There were moderate to strong positive correlations between district-wide mean and within-district variability (r = 0.66 for hypertension, 0.94 for obesity, and 0.96 for diabetes). For hypertension, a significant discordance between district-wide mean and within-district small area variability was found. Results were largely similar for male participants across all categories. Conclusions and Relevance This cross-sectional study found a substantial small area variability, suggesting the necessity of precise policy attention specifically to small areas in program formulation and intervention to prevent and manage CVD risk factors. Targeted action on policy-priority districts with high prevalence and substantial inequality is required for accelerating India's efforts to reduce the burden of noncommunicable diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soohyeon Ko
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School of Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hannah Oh
- Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Division of Health Policy and Management, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - S. V. Subramanian
- Harvard Center for Population and Development Studies, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rockli Kim
- Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Division of Health Policy and Management, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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21
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Ambade M, Kim R, Subramanian SV. Socio-economic distribution of modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular diseases: An analysis of the national longitudinal ageing study in India. Prev Med 2023; 175:107696. [PMID: 37666306 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2023.107696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
The association of socioeconomic status (SES) with modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) is unclear in developing nations. We studied SES variations in major risk factors and their percentage distribution for adults aged 45 years or above in India. Using individual records of 59,672 individuals aged 45 years or above from the Longitudinal Ageing Study in India Wave 1 (cross-sectional study design), 2017-18, we chart age-and-sex-adjusted prevalence of clinical risk factors such as measured high blood pressure, hypertension, overweight, obesity, central adiposity and self-reported high blood glucose; and lifestyle risk factors such as excessive use of alcohol, current use of smoking and smokeless tobacco and physical inactivity across SES variables of education, quintiles of mean per capita expenditure and social caste. Multivariable analysis was used to explore the SES gradient of risk factors. The sample used in the study is predominantly rural (69.9%), illiterate (50.7%), has more females (54.2%), and belongs to other backward classes (45.6%). Prevalence of high blood pressure, overweight, obesity, central adiposity, high blood glucose, and physical inactivity increased; and excessive alcohol consumption and current use of smoking/smokeless tobacco decreased with income, education, and social caste. However, no significant income gradient was noted for lifestyle risk factors except the use of smokeless tobacco. The income gradient was largest for central adiposity (waist-circumference) with a difference of 23.4 percentage points as it increased from 38.7% among the poorest to 62.1% among the richest. The major burden of CVDs risk factors among older adults aged 45+ years falls among high SES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayanka Ambade
- Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India.
| | - Rockli Kim
- Division of Health Policy and Management, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea; Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health, Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School of Korea University, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - S V Subramanian
- Harvard Center for Population and Development Studies, 9 Bow Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
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22
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Costa DL. Overweight grandsons and grandfathers' starvation exposure. JOURNAL OF HEALTH ECONOMICS 2023; 91:102796. [PMID: 37541079 PMCID: PMC10593129 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhealeco.2023.102796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Much of the increase in the prevalence of overweight and obesity has been in developing countries with a history of famines and malnutrition. This paper is the first to examine overweight among adult grandsons of grandfathers exposed to starvation during developmental ages. I study grandsons born to grandfathers who served in the Union Army during the US Civil War (1861-5) where some grandfathers experienced severe net malnutrition because they suffered a harsh POW experience. I find that male-line but not female-line grandsons of grandfathers who survived a severe captivity during their growing years faced a 21% increase in mean overweight and a 2% increase in mean BMI compared to grandsons of non-POWs. Male-line grandsons descended from grandfathers who experienced a harsh captivity faced a 22%-28% greater risk of dying every year after age 45 relative to grandsons descended from non-POWs, with overweight accounting for 9%-14% of the excess risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora L Costa
- University of California, Los Angeles, United States of America; National Bureau of Economic Research, United States of America.
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23
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Nayak G, Ghosal S, Ghosal J, Dutta A. What causes concordance of hypertension between spouses in India? Identifying a critical knowledge gap from a nationally representative cross-sectional sample of 63,020 couples aged 15 + years. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:1434. [PMID: 37501082 PMCID: PMC10373271 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-16379-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertension, a critical risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, is found to cluster between spouses due to within-couple aggregation of antecedent environmental risk factors, either through assortative mating or cohabitation. However, majority of the evidence of spousal concordance of hypertension is from Caucasoid couples from western societies, whereas marriage, partner selection, and post-marital roles of husband and wives are very different in Indian society. Therefore, we aimed to comprehensively examine the phenomenon of spousal concordance of hypertension in Indian couples. METHOD Couples from Longitudinal Ageing Study in India Wave 1 (n = 10,994) and National Family Health Survey Round 5 (n = 52,026) represented 15 years + Indian spouses. Hypertension was defined when systolic and/or diastolic blood pressure was > 139 and > 89 mmHg respectively, and/or if the individual was previously diagnosed or on anti-hypertensive medication. Odds Ratios (OR) estimated the within-couple concordance of hypertension while adjusting for five environmental risk factors of hypertension: individual-level body mass index, education and caste, and household-level wealth and place of residence. RESULT OR marginally attenuated from 1.84 (95% Confidence Interval: 1.77, 1.92) to 1.75 (1.68, 1.83) after adjustment, signifying negligible explanation by environmental risk factors, and plausibility of "novel" risk factors. Concordance continued to weaken with age (OR: 2.25 (2.02, 2.52) in < 30 versus 1.36 (1.20, 1.53) in ≥ 60 years). CONCLUSION Our study underscores two critical knowledge gaps: first, the identity of "novel" risk factors of hypertension and second, the mechanism behind weakening of concordance with age. Future research should explore these novel risk factors rigorously and try to modify them. Also, primary healthcare policy of the country should focus on couples in addition to individuals for hypertension and cardiovascular disease screening and management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shishirendu Ghosal
- Indian Council of Medical Research-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Jyoti Ghosal
- Indian Council of Medical Research-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
- KIIT School Public Health, KIIT Deemed to Be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Ambarish Dutta
- Indian Institute of Public Health, Public Health Foundation of India, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751013, India.
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24
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Khan J, Shaw S. Risk of cataract and glaucoma among older persons with diabetes in India: a cross-sectional study based on LASI, Wave-1. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11973. [PMID: 37488196 PMCID: PMC10366202 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38229-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
According to the International Diabetes Federation-2019 estimates, India is home to 77 million diabetic individuals which is projected to grow up to 147.2 million by 2045. Diabetes being a progressive health disorder leads to multiple morbidities and complications including eye diseases and visual impairments. As the burden of diabetes mellitus is increasing, eye problems like cataracts and glaucoma are commonly cited problems among the older adults. In this context, this study aims to provide the public health evidences on diabetes associated burden and risk of developing cataracts and glaucoma among older adults aged 60 and above in India. The analytical sample of this cross-sectional study comprised of 31,464 individuals aged 60 and above. Bivariate cross-tabulation and chi-square test were performed to understand the differential in the prevalence of cataracts and glaucoma by diabetes mellitus including the socio-economic and demographic characteristics of the individuals. Binary logistic regression estimation was executed to estimate the adjusted odds ratio for each of the outcome variables within a multivariate framework. The cataract problem affects more than one-fifth of the older people, while glaucoma affects 2% of them. The prevalence of cataract and glaucoma is 29% among diabetic older adults compared to 22% among non-diabetic persons. In terms of gender, the cataract prevalence is comparatively higher among females (25%) than males (21%). It is important to note that while adjusting for socio-economic and demographic characteristics, the likelihood of cataract (AOR 1.495; p-value < 0.01) and glaucoma (AOR 1.554; p-value < 0.01) is significantly higher among older adults with diabetes than among their counterparts. Medical practitioners should conduct prognosis for diabetic eye problems among patients and raise awareness about the potential risks of developing vision loss, such as cataracts and glaucoma, which are more prevalent among individuals with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junaid Khan
- Department of Population and Development, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
| | - Subhojit Shaw
- Department of Population and Development, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India.
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25
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Ong KL, Stafford LK, McLaughlin SA, Boyko EJ, Vollset SE, Smith AE, Dalton BE, Duprey J, Cruz JA, Hagins H, Lindstedt PA, Aali A, Abate YH, Abate MD, Abbasian M, Abbasi-Kangevari Z, Abbasi-Kangevari M, Abd ElHafeez S, Abd-Rabu R, Abdulah DM, Abdullah AYM, Abedi V, Abidi H, Aboagye RG, Abolhassani H, Abu-Gharbieh E, Abu-Zaid A, Adane TD, Adane DE, Addo IY, Adegboye OA, Adekanmbi V, Adepoju AV, Adnani QES, Afolabi RF, Agarwal G, Aghdam ZB, Agudelo-Botero M, Aguilera Arriagada CE, Agyemang-Duah W, Ahinkorah BO, Ahmad D, Ahmad R, Ahmad S, Ahmad A, Ahmadi A, Ahmadi K, Ahmed A, Ahmed A, Ahmed LA, Ahmed SA, Ajami M, Akinyemi RO, Al Hamad H, Al Hasan SM, AL-Ahdal TMA, Alalwan TA, Al-Aly Z, AlBataineh MT, Alcalde-Rabanal JE, Alemi S, Ali H, Alinia T, Aljunid SM, Almustanyir S, Al-Raddadi RM, Alvis-Guzman N, Amare F, Ameyaw EK, Amiri S, Amusa GA, Andrei CL, Anjana RM, Ansar A, Ansari G, Ansari-Moghaddam A, Anyasodor AE, Arabloo J, Aravkin AY, Areda D, Arifin H, Arkew M, Armocida B, Ärnlöv J, Artamonov AA, Arulappan J, Aruleba RT, Arumugam A, Aryan Z, Asemu MT, Asghari-Jafarabadi M, Askari E, Asmelash D, Astell-Burt T, Athar M, Athari SS, Atout MMW, Avila-Burgos L, Awaisu A, Azadnajafabad S, B DB, Babamohamadi H, Badar M, Badawi A, Badiye AD, Baghcheghi N, Bagheri N, Bagherieh S, Bah S, Bahadory S, Bai R, Baig AA, Baltatu OC, Baradaran HR, Barchitta M, Bardhan M, Barengo NC, Bärnighausen TW, Barone MTU, Barone-Adesi F, Barrow A, Bashiri H, Basiru A, Basu S, Basu S, Batiha AMM, Batra K, Bayih MT, Bayileyegn NS, Behnoush AH, Bekele AB, Belete MA, Belgaumi UI, Belo L, Bennett DA, Bensenor IM, Berhe K, Berhie AY, Bhaskar S, Bhat AN, Bhatti JS, Bikbov B, Bilal F, Bintoro BS, Bitaraf S, Bitra VR, Bjegovic-Mikanovic V, Bodolica V, Boloor A, Brauer M, Brazo-Sayavera J, Brenner H, Butt ZA, Calina D, Campos LA, Campos-Nonato IR, Cao Y, Cao C, Car J, Carvalho M, Castañeda-Orjuela CA, Catalá-López F, Cerin E, Chadwick J, Chandrasekar EK, Chanie GS, Charan J, Chattu VK, Chauhan K, Cheema HA, Chekol Abebe E, Chen S, Cherbuin N, Chichagi F, Chidambaram SB, Cho WCS, Choudhari SG, Chowdhury R, Chowdhury EK, Chu DT, Chukwu IS, Chung SC, Coberly K, Columbus A, Contreras D, Cousin E, Criqui MH, Cruz-Martins N, Cuschieri S, Dabo B, Dadras O, Dai X, Damasceno AAM, Dandona R, Dandona L, Das S, Dascalu AM, Dash NR, Dashti M, Dávila-Cervantes CA, De la Cruz-Góngora V, Debele GR, Delpasand K, Demisse FW, Demissie GD, Deng X, Denova-Gutiérrez E, Deo SV, Dervišević E, Desai HD, Desale AT, Dessie AM, Desta F, Dewan SMR, Dey S, Dhama K, Dhimal M, Diao N, Diaz D, Dinu M, Diress M, Djalalinia S, Doan LP, Dongarwar D, dos Santos Figueiredo FW, Duncan BB, Dutta S, Dziedzic AM, Edinur HA, Ekholuenetale M, Ekundayo TC, Elgendy IY, Elhadi M, El-Huneidi W, Elmeligy OAA, Elmonem MA, Endeshaw D, Esayas HL, Eshetu HB, Etaee F, Fadhil I, Fagbamigbe AF, Fahim A, Falahi S, Faris MEM, Farrokhpour H, Farzadfar F, Fatehizadeh A, Fazli G, Feng X, Ferede TY, Fischer F, Flood D, Forouhari A, Foroumadi R, Foroutan Koudehi M, Gaidhane AM, Gaihre S, Gaipov A, Galali Y, Ganesan B, Garcia-Gordillo MA, Gautam RK, Gebrehiwot M, Gebrekidan KG, Gebremeskel TG, Getacher L, Ghadirian F, Ghamari SH, Ghasemi Nour M, Ghassemi F, Golechha M, Goleij P, Golinelli D, Gopalani SV, Guadie HA, Guan SY, Gudayu TW, Guimarães RA, Guled RA, Gupta R, Gupta K, Gupta VB, Gupta VK, Gyawali B, Haddadi R, Hadi NR, Haile TG, Hajibeygi R, Haj-Mirzaian A, Halwani R, Hamidi S, Hankey GJ, Hannan MA, Haque S, Harandi H, Harlianto NI, Hasan SMM, Hasan SS, Hasani H, Hassanipour S, Hassen MB, Haubold J, Hayat K, Heidari G, Heidari M, Hessami K, Hiraike Y, Holla R, Hossain S, Hossain MS, Hosseini MS, Hosseinzadeh M, Hosseinzadeh H, Huang J, Huda MN, Hussain S, Huynh HH, Hwang BF, Ibitoye SE, Ikeda N, Ilic IM, Ilic MD, Inbaraj LR, Iqbal A, Islam SMS, Islam RM, Ismail NE, Iso H, Isola G, Itumalla R, Iwagami M, Iwu CCD, Iyamu IO, Iyasu AN, Jacob L, Jafarzadeh A, Jahrami H, Jain R, Jaja C, Jamalpoor Z, Jamshidi E, Janakiraman B, Jayanna K, Jayapal SK, Jayaram S, Jayawardena R, Jebai R, Jeong W, Jin Y, Jokar M, Jonas JB, Joseph N, Joseph A, Joshua CE, Joukar F, Jozwiak JJ, Kaambwa B, Kabir A, Kabthymer RH, Kadashetti V, Kahe F, Kalhor R, Kandel H, Karanth SD, Karaye IM, Karkhah S, Katoto PDMC, Kaur N, Kazemian S, Kebede SA, Khader YS, Khajuria H, Khalaji A, Khan MAB, Khan M, Khan A, Khanal S, Khatatbeh MM, Khater AM, Khateri S, khorashadizadeh F, Khubchandani J, Kibret BG, Kim MS, Kimokoti RW, Kisa A, Kivimäki M, Kolahi AA, Komaki S, Kompani F, Koohestani HR, Korzh O, Kostev K, Kothari N, Koyanagi A, Krishan K, Krishnamoorthy Y, Kuate Defo B, Kuddus M, Kuddus MA, Kumar R, Kumar H, Kundu S, Kurniasari MD, Kuttikkattu A, La Vecchia C, Lallukka T, Larijani B, Larsson AO, Latief K, Lawal BK, Le TTT, Le TTB, Lee SWH, Lee M, Lee WC, Lee PH, Lee SW, Lee SW, Legesse SM, Lenzi J, Li Y, Li MC, Lim SS, Lim LL, Liu X, Liu C, Lo CH, Lopes G, Lorkowski S, Lozano R, Lucchetti G, Maghazachi AA, Mahasha PW, Mahjoub S, Mahmoud MA, Mahmoudi R, Mahmoudimanesh M, Mai AT, Majeed A, Majma Sanaye P, Makris KC, Malhotra K, Malik AA, Malik I, Mallhi TH, Malta DC, Mamun AA, Mansouri B, Marateb HR, Mardi P, Martini S, Martorell M, Marzo RR, Masoudi R, Masoudi S, Mathews E, Maugeri A, Mazzaglia G, Mekonnen T, Meshkat M, Mestrovic T, Miao Jonasson J, Miazgowski T, Michalek IM, Minh LHN, Mini GK, Miranda JJ, Mirfakhraie R, Mirrakhimov EM, Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari M, Misganaw A, Misgina KH, Mishra M, Moazen B, Mohamed NS, Mohammadi E, Mohammadi M, Mohammadian-Hafshejani A, Mohammadshahi M, Mohseni A, Mojiri-forushani H, Mokdad AH, Momtazmanesh S, Monasta L, Moniruzzaman M, Mons U, Montazeri F, Moodi Ghalibaf A, Moradi Y, Moradi M, Moradi Sarabi M, Morovatdar N, Morrison SD, Morze J, Mossialos E, Mostafavi E, Mueller UO, Mulita F, Mulita A, Murillo-Zamora E, Musa KI, Mwita JC, Nagaraju SP, Naghavi M, Nainu F, Nair TS, Najmuldeen HHR, Nangia V, Nargus S, Naser AY, Nassereldine H, Natto ZS, Nauman J, Nayak BP, Ndejjo R, Negash H, Negoi RI, Nguyen HTH, Nguyen DH, Nguyen PT, Nguyen VT, Nguyen HQ, Niazi RK, Nigatu YT, Ningrum DNA, Nizam MA, Nnyanzi LA, Noreen M, Noubiap JJ, Nzoputam OJ, Nzoputam CI, Oancea B, Odogwu NM, Odukoya OO, Ojha VA, Okati-Aliabad H, Okekunle AP, Okonji OC, Okwute PG, Olufadewa II, Onwujekwe OE, Ordak M, Ortiz A, Osuagwu UL, Oulhaj A, Owolabi MO, Padron-Monedero A, Padubidri JR, Palladino R, Panagiotakos D, Panda-Jonas S, Pandey A, Pandey A, Pandi-Perumal SR, Pantea Stoian AM, Pardhan S, Parekh T, Parekh U, Pasovic M, Patel J, Patel JR, Paudel U, Pepito VCF, Pereira M, Perico N, Perna S, Petcu IR, Petermann-Rocha FE, Podder V, Postma MJ, Pourali G, Pourtaheri N, Prates EJS, Qadir MMF, Qattea I, Raee P, Rafique I, Rahimi M, Rahimifard M, Rahimi-Movaghar V, Rahman MO, Rahman MA, Rahman MHU, Rahman M, Rahman MM, Rahmani M, Rahmani S, Rahmanian V, Rahmawaty S, Rahnavard N, Rajbhandari B, Ram P, Ramazanu S, Rana J, Rancic N, Ranjha MMAN, Rao CR, Rapaka D, Rasali DP, Rashedi S, Rashedi V, Rashid AM, Rashidi MM, Ratan ZA, Rawaf S, Rawal L, Redwan EMM, Remuzzi G, Rengasamy KRR, Renzaho AMN, Reyes LF, Rezaei N, Rezaei N, Rezaeian M, Rezazadeh H, Riahi SM, Rias YA, Riaz M, Ribeiro D, Rodrigues M, Rodriguez JAB, Roever L, Rohloff P, Roshandel G, Roustazadeh A, Rwegerera GM, Saad AMA, Saber-Ayad MM, Sabour S, Sabzmakan L, Saddik B, Sadeghi E, Saeed U, Saeedi Moghaddam S, Safi S, Safi SZ, Saghazadeh A, Saheb Sharif-Askari N, Saheb Sharif-Askari F, Sahebkar A, Sahoo SS, Sahoo H, Saif-Ur-Rahman KM, Sajid MR, Salahi S, Salahi S, Saleh MA, Salehi MA, Salomon JA, Sanabria J, Sanjeev RK, Sanmarchi F, Santric-Milicevic MM, Sarasmita MA, Sargazi S, Sathian B, Sathish T, Sawhney M, Schlaich MP, Schmidt MI, Schuermans A, Seidu AA, Senthil Kumar N, Sepanlou SG, Sethi Y, Seylani A, Shabany M, Shafaghat T, Shafeghat M, Shafie M, Shah NS, Shahid S, Shaikh MA, Shanawaz M, Shannawaz M, Sharfaei S, Shashamo BB, Shiri R, Shittu A, Shivakumar KM, Shivalli S, Shobeiri P, Shokri F, Shuval K, Sibhat MM, Silva LMLR, Simpson CR, Singh JA, Singh P, Singh S, Siraj MS, Skryabina AA, Sohag AAM, Soleimani H, Solikhah S, Soltani-Zangbar MS, Somayaji R, Sorensen RJD, Starodubova AV, Sujata S, Suleman M, Sun J, Sundström J, Tabarés-Seisdedos R, Tabatabaei SM, Tabatabaeizadeh SA, Tabish M, Taheri M, Taheri E, Taki E, Tamuzi JJLL, Tan KK, Tat NY, Taye BT, Temesgen WA, Temsah MH, Tesler R, Thangaraju P, Thankappan KR, Thapa R, Tharwat S, Thomas N, Ticoalu JHV, Tiyuri A, Tonelli M, Tovani-Palone MR, Trico D, Trihandini I, Tripathy JP, Tromans SJ, Tsegay GM, Tualeka AR, Tufa DG, Tyrovolas S, Ullah S, Upadhyay E, Vahabi SM, Vaithinathan AG, Valizadeh R, van Daalen KR, Vart P, Varthya SB, Vasankari TJ, Vaziri S, Verma MV, Verras GI, Vo DC, Wagaye B, Waheed Y, Wang Z, Wang Y, Wang C, Wang F, Wassie GT, Wei MYW, Weldemariam AH, Westerman R, Wickramasinghe ND, Wu Y, Wulandari RDWI, Xia J, Xiao H, Xu S, Xu X, Yada DY, Yang L, Yatsuya H, Yesiltepe M, Yi S, Yohannis HK, Yonemoto N, You Y, Zaman SB, Zamora N, Zare I, Zarea K, Zarrintan A, Zastrozhin MS, Zeru NG, Zhang ZJ, Zhong C, Zhou J, Zielińska M, Zikarg YT, Zodpey S, Zoladl M, Zou Z, Zumla A, Zuniga YMH, Magliano DJ, Murray CJL, Hay SI, Vos T. Global, regional, and national burden of diabetes from 1990 to 2021, with projections of prevalence to 2050: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet 2023; 402:203-234. [PMID: 37356446 PMCID: PMC10364581 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(23)01301-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 650] [Impact Index Per Article: 650.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes is one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide, and affects people regardless of country, age group, or sex. Using the most recent evidentiary and analytical framework from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD), we produced location-specific, age-specific, and sex-specific estimates of diabetes prevalence and burden from 1990 to 2021, the proportion of type 1 and type 2 diabetes in 2021, the proportion of the type 2 diabetes burden attributable to selected risk factors, and projections of diabetes prevalence through 2050. METHODS Estimates of diabetes prevalence and burden were computed in 204 countries and territories, across 25 age groups, for males and females separately and combined; these estimates comprised lost years of healthy life, measured in disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs; defined as the sum of years of life lost [YLLs] and years lived with disability [YLDs]). We used the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm) approach to estimate deaths due to diabetes, incorporating 25 666 location-years of data from vital registration and verbal autopsy reports in separate total (including both type 1 and type 2 diabetes) and type-specific models. Other forms of diabetes, including gestational and monogenic diabetes, were not explicitly modelled. Total and type 1 diabetes prevalence was estimated by use of a Bayesian meta-regression modelling tool, DisMod-MR 2.1, to analyse 1527 location-years of data from the scientific literature, survey microdata, and insurance claims; type 2 diabetes estimates were computed by subtracting type 1 diabetes from total estimates. Mortality and prevalence estimates, along with standard life expectancy and disability weights, were used to calculate YLLs, YLDs, and DALYs. When appropriate, we extrapolated estimates to a hypothetical population with a standardised age structure to allow comparison in populations with different age structures. We used the comparative risk assessment framework to estimate the risk-attributable type 2 diabetes burden for 16 risk factors falling under risk categories including environmental and occupational factors, tobacco use, high alcohol use, high body-mass index (BMI), dietary factors, and low physical activity. Using a regression framework, we forecast type 1 and type 2 diabetes prevalence through 2050 with Socio-demographic Index (SDI) and high BMI as predictors, respectively. FINDINGS In 2021, there were 529 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 500-564) people living with diabetes worldwide, and the global age-standardised total diabetes prevalence was 6·1% (5·8-6·5). At the super-region level, the highest age-standardised rates were observed in north Africa and the Middle East (9·3% [8·7-9·9]) and, at the regional level, in Oceania (12·3% [11·5-13·0]). Nationally, Qatar had the world's highest age-specific prevalence of diabetes, at 76·1% (73·1-79·5) in individuals aged 75-79 years. Total diabetes prevalence-especially among older adults-primarily reflects type 2 diabetes, which in 2021 accounted for 96·0% (95·1-96·8) of diabetes cases and 95·4% (94·9-95·9) of diabetes DALYs worldwide. In 2021, 52·2% (25·5-71·8) of global type 2 diabetes DALYs were attributable to high BMI. The contribution of high BMI to type 2 diabetes DALYs rose by 24·3% (18·5-30·4) worldwide between 1990 and 2021. By 2050, more than 1·31 billion (1·22-1·39) people are projected to have diabetes, with expected age-standardised total diabetes prevalence rates greater than 10% in two super-regions: 16·8% (16·1-17·6) in north Africa and the Middle East and 11·3% (10·8-11·9) in Latin America and Caribbean. By 2050, 89 (43·6%) of 204 countries and territories will have an age-standardised rate greater than 10%. INTERPRETATION Diabetes remains a substantial public health issue. Type 2 diabetes, which makes up the bulk of diabetes cases, is largely preventable and, in some cases, potentially reversible if identified and managed early in the disease course. However, all evidence indicates that diabetes prevalence is increasing worldwide, primarily due to a rise in obesity caused by multiple factors. Preventing and controlling type 2 diabetes remains an ongoing challenge. It is essential to better understand disparities in risk factor profiles and diabetes burden across populations, to inform strategies to successfully control diabetes risk factors within the context of multiple and complex drivers. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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Shaw S, Khan J. The risk of experiencing depression among older adults in India: A cross-sectional study. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2023; 22:629-638. [PMID: 37255784 PMCID: PMC10225437 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-023-01185-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Background The comorbidity of diabetes and depression poses a major challenge to older adults. While a few small scale studies have investigated the diabetes associated risk of experiencing depression, there is no national-level study available for India on the same. In this context, this study estimates the burden and risk of depression due to diabetes among older adults aged 45 and above in India while adjusting for socio-economic and demographic characteristics of the individuals. Methods Longitudinal Ageing Study in India (LASI), 2017-2018 wave 1 data was utilised in this study. The prevalence of depression and diabetes were estimated by background characteristics using bivariate cross-tabulation. In addition, multivariate logistic regression was applied to examine the likelihood of depression associated with diabetes and other covariates. Result Empirical estimation demonstrated that 14% of males and 8% of females with diabetes suffer from depression in the 45-59 age group. A diabetic person aged 45 and above was 16% more likely to suffer from depression than a non-diabetic person; whereas, a diabetic elderly aged 60 and above was 24% more likely to experience depression than their non-diabetic counterparts. The multivariate analysis confirmed a highly statistically significant association between diabetes and depression indicating a substantial risk to experience depression among those older adults and elderly who suffer from diabetes. Conclusion Elderly population (60 +) is at higher risk of experiencing depression due to diabetes. Therefore, public health care awareness should be raised, particularly among endocrinologists or specialist doctors who provide treatment at the tertiary-care hospitals in India. The health care experts should refer/recommend the diabetic patients to screen for depressive symptoms. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40200-023-01185-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhojit Shaw
- International Institute for Population Sciences, Deonar, 88 Mumbai, India
| | - Junaid Khan
- International Institute for Population Sciences, Deonar, 88 Mumbai, India
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Wetzel S, Geldsetzer P, Mani SS, Gupta A, Singh K, Ali MK, Prabhakaran D, Tandon N, Sudharsanan N. Changing socioeconomic and geographic gradients in cardiovascular disease risk factors among Indians aged 15-49 years - evidence from nationally representative household surveys. THE LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. SOUTHEAST ASIA 2023; 12:100188. [PMID: 37384058 PMCID: PMC10305936 DOI: 10.1016/j.lansea.2023.100188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Background Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death in most low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). CVDs and their metabolic risk factors have historically been concentrated among urban residents with higher socioeconomic status (SES) in LMICs such as India. However, as India develops, it is unclear whether these socioeconomic and geographic gradients will persist or change. Understanding these social dynamics in CVD risk is essential for mitigating the rising burden of CVDs and to reach those with the greatest needs. Methods Using nationally representative data with biomarker measurements from the fourth (2015-16) and fifth (2019-21) Indian National Family and Health Surveys, we investigated trends in the prevalence of four CVD risk factors: smoking (self-reported), unhealthy weight (BMI ≥25 kgm2), diabetes (random plasma glucose concentration ≥200 mg/dL or self-reported diabetes), and hypertension (one of: average systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg, average diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg, self-reported past diagnosis, or self-reported current antihypertensive medication use) among adults aged 15-49 years. We first described changes at the national level and then trends stratified by place of residence (urban versus rural), geographic region (northern, northeastern, central, eastern, western, southern), regional level of development (Empowered Action Group member state or not), and two measures of socioeconomic status: level of education (no education, primary incomplete, primary complete, secondary incomplete, secondary complete, higher) and wealth (quintiles). Findings Unhealthy weight increased among all social and geographic groups but both the absolute and the relative changes were substantially higher among people with low SES (as measured by education or wealth) and in rural areas. For diabetes and hypertension, the prevalence increased for those from disadvantaged groups while staying constant or even decreasing among the wealthier and more educated. In contrast, smoking consumption declined for all social and geographic groups. Interpretation In 2015-16, CVD risk factors were higher among more advantaged subpopulations in India. However, between 2015-16 and 2019-21, the prevalence of these risk factors grew more rapidly for less wealthy and less educated subpopulations and those living in rural areas. These trends have resulted in CVD risk becoming far more widespread throughout the population; CVD can no longer be characterized as a wealthy urban phenomenon. Funding This work was supported by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation (grant received by NS); the Stanford Diabetes Research Center [grant received by PG] and the Chan Zuckerberg Biohub [grant received by PG].
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Wetzel
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pascal Geldsetzer
- Division of Primary Care and Population Health, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sneha Sarah Mani
- Graduate Group in Demography, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | - Aashish Gupta
- Harvard Center for Population and Development Studies, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, MA, USA
| | - Kavita Singh
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Centre for Chronic Conditions and Injuries, Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, Haryana, India
| | - Mohammed K. Ali
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Dorairaj Prabhakaran
- Centre for Chronic Disease Control, India
- Public Health Foundation of India, India
| | - Nikhil Tandon
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, India
| | - Nikkil Sudharsanan
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Behavioral Science for Disease Prevention and Health Care, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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O'Hearn M, Lara-Castor L, Cudhea F, Miller V, Reedy J, Shi P, Zhang J, Wong JB, Economos CD, Micha R, Mozaffarian D. Incident type 2 diabetes attributable to suboptimal diet in 184 countries. Nat Med 2023; 29:982-995. [PMID: 37069363 PMCID: PMC10115653 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-023-02278-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
The global burden of diet-attributable type 2 diabetes (T2D) is not well established. This risk assessment model estimated T2D incidence among adults attributable to direct and body weight-mediated effects of 11 dietary factors in 184 countries in 1990 and 2018. In 2018, suboptimal intake of these dietary factors was estimated to be attributable to 14.1 million (95% uncertainty interval (UI), 13.8-14.4 million) incident T2D cases, representing 70.3% (68.8-71.8%) of new cases globally. Largest T2D burdens were attributable to insufficient whole-grain intake (26.1% (25.0-27.1%)), excess refined rice and wheat intake (24.6% (22.3-27.2%)) and excess processed meat intake (20.3% (18.3-23.5%)). Across regions, highest proportional burdens were in central and eastern Europe and central Asia (85.6% (83.4-87.7%)) and Latin America and the Caribbean (81.8% (80.1-83.4%)); and lowest proportional burdens were in South Asia (55.4% (52.1-60.7%)). Proportions of diet-attributable T2D were generally larger in men than in women and were inversely correlated with age. Diet-attributable T2D was generally larger among urban versus rural residents and higher versus lower educated individuals, except in high-income countries, central and eastern Europe and central Asia, where burdens were larger in rural residents and in lower educated individuals. Compared with 1990, global diet-attributable T2D increased by 2.6 absolute percentage points (8.6 million more cases) in 2018, with variation in these trends by world region and dietary factor. These findings inform nutritional priorities and clinical and public health planning to improve dietary quality and reduce T2D globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan O'Hearn
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA.
- Food Systems for the Future Institute, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Laura Lara-Castor
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Frederick Cudhea
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Victoria Miller
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Julia Reedy
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peilin Shi
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jianyi Zhang
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John B Wong
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christina D Economos
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Renata Micha
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece
| | - Dariush Mozaffarian
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA.
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.
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Ma H, Liu F, Li J, Chen J, Cao J, Chen S, Liu X, Yang X, Huang K, Shen C, Yu L, Zhao Y, Wu X, Zhao L, Li Y, Hu D, Huang J, Lu X, Gu D. Sex Differences in Associations Between Socioeconomic Status and Incident Hypertension Among Chinese Adults. Hypertension 2023; 80:783-791. [PMID: 36695186 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.122.20061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND With rapid socioeconomic development and transition, associations between socioeconomic status (SES) and hypertension remained uncertain in China. We aimed to examine the health effects of SES on hypertension incidence and explore the sex differences among Chinese adults. METHODS We included 53 891 participants without hypertension from the China-PAR (Prediction for Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk in China) project. SES was evaluated by education level, occupation prestige, and household monthly per capita income, and categorized into low, medium, and high groups. Hazard ratios and their 95% CIs were calculated using Cox proportional hazards regression models. RESULTS Compared with high SES, participants with medium SES (hazard ratio, 1.142 [95% CI, 1.068-1.220]) or low SES (hazard ratio, 1.166 [95% CI, 1.096-1.241]) had increased risks of incident hypertension in multivariate analyses. Interactions between SES and sex on hypertension were observed, with more pronounced adverse effects of lower SES among women. The corresponding hazard ratios (95% CIs) for low SES group were 1.270 (1.155-1.397) for women and 1.086 (0.999-1.181) for men. Effects of occupation prestige on hypertension were the strongest among SES factors. CONCLUSIONS Our study provided the compelling evidence from China that lower SES was associated with incident hypertension and women were more susceptible. These findings will have substantial implications on future hypertension prevention and management, especially among women. Sex-specific approaches are warranted to reduce socioeconomic disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Ma
- Department of Epidemiology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (H.M., F.L., J.L., J. Chen, J. Cao, S.C., K.H., L.Z., Y.L., J.H., X. Lu, D.G.)
| | - Fangchao Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (H.M., F.L., J.L., J. Chen, J. Cao, S.C., K.H., L.Z., Y.L., J.H., X. Lu, D.G.)
| | - Jianxin Li
- Department of Epidemiology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (H.M., F.L., J.L., J. Chen, J. Cao, S.C., K.H., L.Z., Y.L., J.H., X. Lu, D.G.)
| | - Jichun Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (H.M., F.L., J.L., J. Chen, J. Cao, S.C., K.H., L.Z., Y.L., J.H., X. Lu, D.G.)
| | - Jie Cao
- Department of Epidemiology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (H.M., F.L., J.L., J. Chen, J. Cao, S.C., K.H., L.Z., Y.L., J.H., X. Lu, D.G.)
| | - Shufeng Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (H.M., F.L., J.L., J. Chen, J. Cao, S.C., K.H., L.Z., Y.L., J.H., X. Lu, D.G.)
| | - Xiaoqing Liu
- Division of Epidemiology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital and Cardiovascular Institute, Guangzhou, China (X. Liu)
| | - Xueli Yang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China (X.Y.)
| | - Keyong Huang
- Department of Epidemiology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (H.M., F.L., J.L., J. Chen, J. Cao, S.C., K.H., L.Z., Y.L., J.H., X. Lu, D.G.)
| | - Chong Shen
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China (C.S.)
| | - Ling Yu
- Department of Cardiology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, China (L.Y.)
| | - Yingxin Zhao
- Cardio-Cerebrovascular Control and Research Center, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China (Y.Z.)
| | - Xianping Wu
- Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, China (X.W.)
| | - Liancheng Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (H.M., F.L., J.L., J. Chen, J. Cao, S.C., K.H., L.Z., Y.L., J.H., X. Lu, D.G.)
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Epidemiology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (H.M., F.L., J.L., J. Chen, J. Cao, S.C., K.H., L.Z., Y.L., J.H., X. Lu, D.G.)
| | - Dongsheng Hu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China (D.H.).,Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China (D.H.)
| | - Jianfeng Huang
- Department of Epidemiology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (H.M., F.L., J.L., J. Chen, J. Cao, S.C., K.H., L.Z., Y.L., J.H., X. Lu, D.G.)
| | - Xiangfeng Lu
- Department of Epidemiology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (H.M., F.L., J.L., J. Chen, J. Cao, S.C., K.H., L.Z., Y.L., J.H., X. Lu, D.G.)
| | - Dongfeng Gu
- Department of Epidemiology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (H.M., F.L., J.L., J. Chen, J. Cao, S.C., K.H., L.Z., Y.L., J.H., X. Lu, D.G.).,School of Public Health and Emergency Management, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China (D.G.)
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Narayan KMV, Varghese JS, Beyh YS, Bhattacharyya S, Khandelwal S, Krishnan GS, Siegel KR, Thomas T, Kurpad AV. A Strategic Research Framework for Defeating Diabetes in India: A 21st-Century Agenda. J Indian Inst Sci 2023; 103:1-22. [PMID: 37362852 PMCID: PMC10029804 DOI: 10.1007/s41745-022-00354-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Indian people are at high risk for type 2 diabetes (T2DM) even at younger ages and lower body weights. Already 74 million people in India have the disease, and the proportion of those with T2DM is increasing across all strata of society. Unique aspects, related to lower insulin secretion or function, and higher hepatic fat deposition, accompanied by the rise in overweight (related to lifestyle changes) may all be responsible for this unrelenting epidemic of T2DM. Yet, research to understand the causes, pathophysiology, phenotypes, prevention, treatment, and healthcare delivery of T2DM in India seriously lags behind. There are major opportunities for scientific discovery and technological innovation, which if tapped can generate solutions for T2DM relevant to the country's context and make leading contributions to global science. We analyze the situation of T2DM in India, and present a four-pillar (etiology, precision medicine, implementation research, and health policy) strategic research framework to tackle the challenge. We offer key research questions for each pillar, and identify infrastructure needs. India offers a fertile environment for shifting the paradigm from imprecise late-stage diabetes treatment toward early-stage precision prevention and care. Investing in and leveraging academic and technological infrastructures, across the disciplines of science, engineering, and medicine, can accelerate progress toward a diabetes-free nation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. M. Venkat Narayan
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
- Emory Global Diabetes Research Center, Woodruff Health Sciences Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Jithin Sam Varghese
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
- Emory Global Diabetes Research Center, Woodruff Health Sciences Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Yara S. Beyh
- Laney Graduate School, Nutrition and Health Sciences Doctoral Program, Emory University, Atlanta, USA
| | | | | | - Gokul S. Krishnan
- Robert Bosch Centre for Data Science and Artificial Intelligence, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Karen R. Siegel
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
- Emory Global Diabetes Research Center, Woodruff Health Sciences Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Tinku Thomas
- Department of Biostatistics, St. John’s Medical College, Bengaluru, India
| | - Anura V. Kurpad
- Department of Physiology, St. John’s Medical College, Bengaluru, India
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Muhammad T, Sulaiman KM, Ansari S. A positive correlation between daily spiritual practice and reduced depressive symptoms among older adults: evidence from a nationally representative survey among the Indian population. Psychogeriatrics 2023; 23:273-285. [PMID: 36594206 DOI: 10.1111/psyg.12928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study explored the factors associated with daily spiritual experiences of older adults and the association of daily spiritual experiences with major depressive disorder among older Indian adults. METHODS Data for this study were derived from the Longitudinal Ageing Study in India (LASI) wave-1. The sample size was 31 464 older adults age 60 years and above. Daily spiritual experience was assessed from four items (Cronbach's alpha: 0.89) adapted from the daily spiritual experience scale (DSES). Major depressive disorder was calculated using the Short Form Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI-SF). Descriptive, bivariate and multivariable forward stepwise logistic regression analyses were conducted to fulfil the objectives of the study. RESULTS A proportion of 87.46% of older adults reported daily spiritual experiences in the study. Women had higher odds of spiritual experiences than men (adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 1.243; confidence interval (CI): 1.041-1.484). Older adults with higher education, those who were retired, those who reported community involvement or were physically active or belonged to the richest wealth quintile had higher odds of having daily spiritual experiences in comparison to older adults from the poorest wealth quintile. Further, older adults with daily spiritual experiences had significantly lower odds of major depressive disorder (aOR: 0.810; CI: 0.681-0.964) than older adults who did not report daily spiritual experiences. CONCLUSION The study suggests that daily spiritual practices can be a strategy to reduce major depressive symptoms and improve mental health and wellbeing of older adults, and future studies are warranted on this direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Muhammad
- International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
| | - K M Sulaiman
- International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
| | - Salmaan Ansari
- International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
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Re-examining the reversal hypothesis: A nationwide population-based study of the association between socioeconomic status, and NCDs and risk factors in China. SSM Popul Health 2023; 21:101335. [PMID: 36691489 PMCID: PMC9860511 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2022.101335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background According to the reversal hypothesis, as a country's economic and social development progresses, the burden of NCDs and risk factors shifts from rich to poor. The aim of this research is to examine the reversal hypothesis in the Chinese setting. Methods Using data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) in 2015, we explored whether the reversal hypothesis applies at the subnational level. Participants aged 45 years and older in 2015 were included. We examined five risk factors (smoking, heavy drinking, physical inactivity, overweight, and obesity) and three objectively measured NCDs (diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia). Binary logistic regressions were performed to examine outcomes across people of differing SES in provincial level, in urban and rural areas, and across generations. Results Nationally, SES is positively associated with heavy drinking, obesity, diabetes and dyslipidemia, whereas it is negatively associated with physical inactivity. The association between SES and smoking and hypertension was not statistically significant. Except in the cases of diabetes and dyslipidemia, we found that risk factors of all kinds were more concentrated among richer people in rural than in urban areas. Across provinces with increasing GDP per capita, a downward trend in risk factors among those with high SES compared to those with low SES could be interpreted, while the opposite trend could be interpreted with respect to the metabolic syndrome conditions. Obesity and overweight exhibited slight downward trends (in line with those for risk factors) and upward trends (in line with those for metabolic syndrome conditions), respectively. Conclusion We conclude that China is at a relatively early stage of 'reversal', visible with respect to risk factors. If these patterns persist over time, the trend will likely feed through to metabolic disorders which will increasingly become diseases of the poor.
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Socioeconomic Inequalities in the Prevalence of Non-Communicable Diseases among Older Adults in India. Geriatrics (Basel) 2022; 7:geriatrics7060137. [PMID: 36547273 PMCID: PMC9778373 DOI: 10.3390/geriatrics7060137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding socioeconomic inequalities in non-communicable disease prevalence and preventive care usage can help design effective action plans for health equality programs among India's aging population. Hypertension (HTN) and diabetes mellitus (DM) are frequently used as model non-communicable diseases for research and policy purposes as these two are the most prevalent NCDs in India and are the leading causes of mortality. For this investigation, data on 31,464 older persons (aged 60 years and above) who took part in the Longitudinal Ageing Survey of India (LASI: 2017-2018) were analyzed. The concentration index was used to assess socioeconomic inequality whereas relative inequalities indices were used to compare HTN, DM, and preventive care usage between the different groups of individuals based on socioeconomic status. The study reveals that wealthy older adults in India had a higher frequency of HTN and DM than the poor elderly. Significant differences in the usage of preventive care, such as blood pressure/blood glucose monitoring, were found among people with HTN or DM. Furthermore, economic position, education, type of work, and residential status were identified as important factors for monitoring inequalities in access to preventive care for HTN and DM. Disparities in non-communicable diseases can be both a cause and an effect of inequality across social strata in India.
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Nadiger N, Anantharamu S, Priyanka CN, Vidal-Puig A, Mukhopadhyay A. Unique attributes of obesity in India: A narrative review. OBESITY MEDICINE 2022; 35:100454. [PMID: 38572212 PMCID: PMC7615800 DOI: 10.1016/j.obmed.2022.100454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Obesity has become a burgeoning epidemic in India, even though the country is still dealing with undernutrition. As a significant determinant of the Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) and non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cardiovascular disease (CVD), understanding the Indian context of the problem and learning how to deal with the obesity epidemic in this country has gained paramount importance. This narrative review points to the unique features of the obesity epidemic in India and its associated contributing factors, including the evolving nature of the Indian diet, the peculiarity of the increased adiposity at lower BMIs, unique obesity-associated genetic variants in Indians, the contribution of the gut microbiome, the impact of chronic inflammation and the role of ambient air pollution, and the contribution of decreased physical activity levels concerning the rapid urbanisation and the built environment. We believe that disseminating our insights into these unique features influencing the development of obesity in India will help increase global awareness and pave the way for better control and management of this obesity epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil Nadiger
- Division of Nutrition, St. John's Research Institute, St. John's Medical College, Koramangala, Bangalore, India
| | - Sahana Anantharamu
- Division of Nutrition, St. John's Research Institute, St. John's Medical College, Koramangala, Bangalore, India
| | - CN Priyanka
- Division of Nutrition, St. John's Research Institute, St. John's Medical College, Koramangala, Bangalore, India
| | - Antonio Vidal-Puig
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, MDU MRC, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Arpita Mukhopadhyay
- Division of Nutrition, St. John's Research Institute, St. John's Medical College, Koramangala, Bangalore, India
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Singh H, Sharma S, Kathiresan J, Bhatt G, Goel S. Tobacco use and uncontrolled hypertension among Indian men: Insights from the National Family He alth Survey (NFHS-4), 2015-2016. J Family Med Prim Care 2022; 11:5792-5798. [PMID: 36505642 PMCID: PMC9731014 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_163_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tobacco use is a modifiable risk factor for developing cardiovascular diseases, of which hypertension is a major killer. Uncontrolled hypertension (UHT) is a major public health concern that exerts a financial and service burden on the health system. Aim The current analysis aimed to determine the association between tobacco use and UHT among Indian males. Material and Methods Data from the 4th National Family Health Survey (NFHS) of 1,04,120 men aged 15-54 years were used. We estimated the adjusted prevalence ratio for having UHT among reported tobacco users and non-users. Results The prevalence of UHT was the lowest (41.02%) among those who did not consume tobacco in any form. Among tobacco users, those smoking tobacco had the highest prevalence (53.53%) of UHT followed by those using both smoked and smokeless forms of tobacco (43.84%) and those using only smokeless forms of tobacco (42.26%). Factors significantly associated with UHT were alcohol consumption (aPR: 1.30; 95% CI: 1.19-1.43), belonging to the richer wealth quintile (richest quintile- aPR: 1.27; 95% CI: 1.05-1.38), being overweight (aPR: 3.14, 95% CI: 2.35-4.21), and being obese (aPR: 2.89, 95% CI: 2.12-.94). Higher educational status was significantly protective against UHT (aPR: 0.75; 95% CI: 0.63-0.88). Conclusions Tobacco use is significantly associated with hypertension in Indian men. Addressing tobacco control and prevention of UHT remain the cornerstones for achieving the SDG target 3.4 by 2030, which aims to reduce premature mortality from NCDs by a third by 2030 relative to 2015 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshvardhan Singh
- Department of Community Medicine, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Government Medical College, Kangra at Tanda, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Shailja Sharma
- Department of Community Medicine, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Government Medical College, Kangra at Tanda, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | | | - Garima Bhatt
- Department of Community Medicine and School of Public Health, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sonu Goel
- Department of Community Medicine and School of Public Health, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India,Address for correspondence: Dr. Sonu Goel, Professor of Health Management, Department of Community Medicine and School of Public Health Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh - 160 012, India. Adjunct Clinical Associate Professor, Public Health Masters Program School of Medicine and Health Research Institute (HRI), University of Limerick, Ireland. E-mail:
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Muhammad T, Sekher TV, Srivastava S. Association of objective and subjective socioeconomic markers with cognitive impairment among older adults: cross-sectional evidence from a developing country. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e052501. [PMID: 35981779 PMCID: PMC9394209 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-052501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study explored how various markers of objective and subjective socioeconomic status (SES) are associated with cognitive impairment among older Indian adults. DESIGN A cross-sectional study was conducted using large nationally representative survey data. SETTING AND PARTICIPANT This study used data from the Longitudinal Ageing Study in India (2017-2018). The sample included 31 464 older adults aged 60 years and above. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES Outcome variable was cognitive impairment, measured through broad domains of memory, orientation, arithmetic function, and visuo-spatial and constructive skills. We estimated descriptive statistics and presented cross-tabulations of the outcome. Χ2 test was used to evaluate the significance level of differences in cognitive impairment by subjective (ladder) and objective SES measures (monthly per-capita consumption expenditure (MPCE) quintile, education and caste status). Multivariable linear and logistic regression analyses were conducted to fulfil the objectives. RESULTS A proportion of 41.7% and 43.4% of older adults belonged to low subjective (ladder) and objective (MPCE) SES, respectively. Older adults with low subjective (adjusted OR (aOR): 2.04; p<0.05) and objective SES (aOR: 1.32; p<0.05) had higher odds of having cognitive impairment in comparison with their counterparts, with a stronger subjective SES-cognitive impairment association. Older adults with lower education or belonged to lower caste had higher odds of cognitive impairment than their counterparts. Interaction analyses revealed that older adults who belonged to lower subjective and objective (poorest MPCE quintile, Scheduled Castes and lowest education) SES had 2.45 (CI: 1.77 to 3.39), 4.56 (CI: 2.97 to 6.98) and 54.41 (CI: 7.61 to 388.93) higher odds of cognitive impairment than those from higher subjective and objective SES, respectively. CONCLUSION Subjective measures of SES were linked to cognitive outcomes, even more strongly than objective measures of SES; considering the relative ease of obtaining such measures, subjective SES measures are a promising target for future study on socioeconomic indicators of cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Muhammad
- Department of Family & Generations, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
| | - T V Sekher
- Department of Family & Generations, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
| | - Shobhit Srivastava
- Department of Survey Research & Data Analytics, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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Brinkworth JF, Shaw JG. On race, human variation, and who gets and dies of sepsis. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2022. [PMCID: PMC9544695 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica F. Brinkworth
- Department of Anthropology University of Illinois Urbana‐Champaign Urbana Illinois USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Urbana Illinois USA
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Behavior University of Illinois Urbana‐Champaign Urbana Illinois USA
| | - J. Grace Shaw
- Department of Anthropology University of Illinois Urbana‐Champaign Urbana Illinois USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Urbana Illinois USA
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Mohanty S, Sahoo J, Epari V, Ganesh GS, Panigrahi SK. Prevalence, Patterns, and Predictors of Physical Inactivity in an Urban Population of India. Cureus 2022; 14:e26409. [PMID: 35915697 PMCID: PMC9337780 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.26409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical inactivity (PI) is a risk factor for mortality and morbidity. PI and its predictors among the urban population in Bhubaneswar, India, were unknown. Finding out the contribution of PI as a cause of existing noncommunicable diseases (NCD) is difficult without following up with a cohort. The study was hence done to find out the prevalence, patterns, and predictors of physical inactivity in an urban population, and simultaneously investigate its causal relationship with NCD from this cross-sectional study. Cluster random sampling was used with a sample size of 1203 with a design effect of three. Socio-demographic, health profile, physical activity levels, and stage of change for physical activity behavior were collected. Logistic regression and marginal structural model analysis (by inverse probability of treatment weighting {IPTW} using a generalized estimating equation {GEE} to investigate the relationship between physical activity and prevalence of NCDs) were done using IBM SPSS v20 software (Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.). Statistical significance was tested at p=0.05. A total of 1221 subjects participated. The mean age was 35.25 years and 71.9% were physically inactive. General caste, presence of NCD, and being in a static stage of change influenced physical activity positively. PI was found to be a risk factor for NCD with 1.54 times higher odds in this population. The study concluded that the prevalence of physical activity was low and PI was a causative factor for NCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyajit Mohanty
- Public Health, Institute of Medical Sciences and SUM Hospital, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, IND
| | - Jyotiranjan Sahoo
- Community Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences and SUM Hospital, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, IND
| | - Venkatarao Epari
- Community Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences and SUM Hospital, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, IND
| | - G Shankar Ganesh
- Physiotherapy, Composite Regional Centre for Skill Development, Rehabilitation and Empowerment of Persons with Disabilities, Lucknow, IND
| | - Sandeep K Panigrahi
- Community Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences and SUM Hospital, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, IND
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Muhammad T, Maurya P. Social support moderates the association of functional difficulty with major depression among community-dwelling older adults: evidence from LASI, 2017-18. BMC Psychiatry 2022; 22:317. [PMID: 35509005 PMCID: PMC9066756 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-022-03959-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to examine the potential independent association of functional disability with major depression and moderating effects of social support variables including marital status, living arrangement and social participation in such associations. METHODS Data for the study were drawn from the Longitudinal Ageing Study in India (LASI) wave 1 that was collected during 2017-18 including a sample of 31,464 individuals aged 60 years and above. Descriptive statistics and results from bivariate analysis have been reported. Further, moderated multivariable logistic regression models were used to fulfil the study objective. Major depressive disorder was assessed using the scale of the Short Form Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI-SF). RESULTS It was found that 8.67% of older participants were depressed in this study. Older adults who had difficulty in basic activities of daily living (BADL) (15.34%), difficulty in instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) (12.06%), unmarried (10.13%), separate living (9.67%) and socially inactive (10.09) were having higher prevalence of major depression compared to their respective counterparts. The adjusted model-1 revealed that older adults who had difficulty in BADL and IADL were 2.53 times [AOR: 2.53, CI: 2.17-2.95] and 2.27 times [AOR: 2.27, CI: 1.97-2.64] more likely to have major depression than those with no difficulty in BADL and IADL respectively. Further, interaction analyses found that currently unmarried status, separate living and being socially inactive have moderation effects in the observed associations and exacerbate the likelihood of major depression among older adults who are functionally impaired. CONCLUSIONS The findings highlight the importance of integrating social participation in the daily life of older adults and developing initiatives that promote a healthy surrounding such as social connectedness, co-residential living and special care for those who are physically disabled to protect against late-life depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Muhammad
- Department of Family and Generations, International Institute for Population Sciences, Deonar, Mumbai, Maharashtra India 400088
| | - Priya Maurya
- Department of Population and Development, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, Maharashtra India 400088
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Mahadevan A, Eswaran H, Sundari M. Nutritional Risk Screening in Hospitalized Adults Using the Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool at a Tertiary Care Hospital in South India. Cureus 2022; 14:e24681. [PMID: 35529305 PMCID: PMC9067347 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.24681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and objectives Malnutrition is still widely prevalent in India. Various nutritional screening tools have been developed to screen for nutritional risk status but no one tool is considered the best. The Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST) is accepted by the European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism and validated for use in hospitalized adults. Hence, it was used in this study to estimate the prevalence of malnutrition in hospitalized adults and its association with socioeconomic inequality. Methods A sample of randomly selected 358 ambulatory hospitalized patients above 18 years of age was used in the study. Data pertaining to demography, socioeconomic status, medical history, and MUST were collected using a structured questionnaire. The height and weight of the patients were measured, and their BMI was determined. The patients were classified into five socioeconomic classes and their MUST scores were determined. Results Statistically significant (P < 0.05) increasing trend was observed in the height, weight, and BMI of patients with increasing socioeconomic status. Diabetes mellitus (39%) followed by hypertension (30%) were the predominant comorbid conditions. According to MUST, the overall prevalence of medium and high risk of malnutrition was 11% and 24%, respectively, and the socioeconomic class that was most impacted was Class 4 (1,130-2,259 INR per capita monthly income). Interpretation and conclusions Socioeconomic status influences the prevalence of malnutrition, comorbid conditions, and the anthropometric measurements of admitted patients. The prevalence of nutritional risk status irrespective of sex was found to be 34.91% (24.3% in males and 10.61% in women) in the study.
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T M, Sulaiman KM, Drishti D, Srivastava S. Food insecurity and associated depression among older adults in India: evidence from a population-based study. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e052718. [PMID: 35440447 PMCID: PMC9020306 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-052718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to examine the associations of several indicators of food insecurity with depression among older adults in India. DESIGN A cross-sectional study was conducted using country-representative survey data. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS The present study uses data of the Longitudinal Aging Study in India conducted during 2017-2018. The effective sample size for the present study was 31 464 older adults aged 60 years and above. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES The outcome variable was major depression among older adults. Descriptive statistics along with bivariate analysis was presented. Additionally, binary logistic regression analysis was used to establish the association between the depression and food security factors along with other covariates. RESULTS The overall prevalence of major depression was 8.4% among older adults in India. A proportion of 6.3% of the older adults reduced the size of meals, 40% reported that they did not eat enough food of their choice, 5.6% mentioned that they were hungry but did not eat, 4.2% reported that they did not eat for a whole day and 5.6% think that they have lost weight due to lack of enough food in the household. Older adults who reported to have reduced the size of meals due to lack of enough food (adjusted OR (AOR): 1.76, CI 1.44 to 2.15) were hungry but did not eat (AOR: 1.35, CI 1.06 to 1.72) did not eat food for a whole day (AOR: 1.33; CI 1.03 to 1.71), lost weight due to lack of food (AOR: 1.57; CI 1.30 to1.89) had higher odds of being depressed in reference to their respective counterparts. CONCLUSION The findings suggest that self-reported food insecurity indicators were strongly associated with major depression among older Indian adults. The national food security programmes should be enhanced as an effort to improve mental health status and quality of life among older population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad T
- Department of Family & Generations, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
| | - K M Sulaiman
- Department of Migration & Urban Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Drishti Drishti
- Department of Public Health & Mortality Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
| | - Shobhit Srivastava
- Department of Survey Research & Data Analytics, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
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Sarker AR, Khanam M. Socio-economic inequalities in diabetes and prediabetes among Bangladeshi adults. Diabetol Int 2022; 13:421-435. [PMID: 35463862 PMCID: PMC8980187 DOI: 10.1007/s13340-021-00556-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes and prediabetes are overwhelming public health concerns in Bangladesh. However, there is a paucity of the literature examining and measuring socioeconomic inequalities in the prevalence of diabetes in Bangladesh. To provide reliable data and contribute to a nationwide scenario analysis, this study aims to estimate the inequality in prevalence of diabetes and prediabetes and to identify factors potentially contributing to socioeconomic inequalities in Bangladesh. This study used data from the latest Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS) 2017-18, a nationally representative survey. A regression-based decomposition method was applied to assess the socioeconomic contributors to inequality. The prevalence of diabetes and prediabetes were about 10 and 15% among Bangladeshi adults, respectively. Both diabetes and prediabetes were significantly associated with age, wealth status, suffering from overweight or obesity and administrative divisions of the respondents (p < 0.001). Respondents' household wealth status accounted for about 74 and 81% of the total inequality in diabetes and prediabetes in Bangladesh, respectively. Administrative region contributed 24.85% of the inequality in prediabetes and 12.26% of the inequality in diabetes. In addition, overweight or obesity status contributed 11.37% and exposure to television contributed 5.17% of the inequality in diabetes. Diabetes and prediabetes affect a substantial proportion of the Bangladeshi adult population. Therefore, these findings should be considered in the context of current and proposed policy decision making and for tracking its progression with economic development in Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdur Razzaque Sarker
- Population Studies Division, Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies (BIDS), Dhaka, 1207 Bangladesh
| | - Moriam Khanam
- Institute of Health Economics, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Vijna, Mishra C. Prevalence and predictors of hypertension: Evidence from a study of rural India. J Family Med Prim Care 2022; 11:1047-1054. [PMID: 35495805 PMCID: PMC9051678 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_967_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Raised blood pressure (BP) is the leading global risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and a major cause of premature death. Worldwide, one in four men and one in five women are hypertensive. For effective preventive strategy, understanding of predictors of hypertension is necessary. Objective: To assess prevalence and predictors of hypertension in the rural adult Indian population. Material and Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out on 425 rural subjects (25–64 years) of the Varanasi district in India selected through multistage sampling. Blood pressure of each subject was measured using a standard technique. Sociodemographic data and predictors of hypertension were assessed by interviewing subjects with help of a predesigned and pretested proforma. Results: Prevalence of hypertension was 31.5% (95% CI: 27.1–35.9). There existed a significant (P < 0.05) association of BP with age, educational status, occupation, socioeconomic class, tobacco consumption, waist circumference, waist-hip ratio, and nutritional status. No significant association was found with gender, religion, caste, marital status, type and size of family, family without NCDs, awareness of screening camps for NCDs and national program for prevention and control of cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and stroke, and alcohol consumption. Significant association of education, nutritional, and occupational status obtained in univariate analysis got eliminated in the logistic model. Risk of hypertension was higher in the 45–64 years age group (AOR: 3.06; 95% CI: 1.75–5.35) and in socioeconomic class IV and V (AOR: 2.24; 95% CI: 1.17–4.31). Conclusion: Prevalence of hypertension in the rural population was high and most of the observed predictors were modifiable.
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Datta B, Tiwari A, Glenn L. Stolen childhood taking a toll at young adulthood: The higher risk of high blood pressure and high blood glucose comorbidity among child brides. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 2:e0000638. [PMID: 36962354 PMCID: PMC10021810 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0000638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Despite notable progress being made in preventing child marriage, a significant proportion of women worldwide are still married before reaching adulthood. Though many aspects of child marriage have been widely studied, little is known on the later life health outcomes of child brides, let alone the critical need for healthcare during adulthood. This paper examines whether child brides at a young adult age bear a greater risk of high blood pressure (HBP) and high blood glucose (HBG) comorbidity than those who were married as adults. Using nationally representative data from India, we categorized married young adult (aged 20-34 years) women in four categories: neither HBP nor HBG, HBP only, HBG only, and both HBP and HBG. We estimated multinomial logistic regressions to obtain unadjusted and adjusted relative risk ratios in favor of these mutually exclusive outcomes for the child marriage indicator. Around 0.5% of the women in our sample had high blood pressure and high blood glucose comorbidity. While the prevalence of comorbidity was 0.4% among women who were married as adults, comorbidity was 40% higher (p < 0.000) among women who were married as children. The relative risk of the comorbidity among child brides was 1.4 (95%CI: 1.2-1.7) times that of their peers who were not married as children. The findings, thus, suggest that child brides at young adult age are at greater risk of having high blood pressure and high blood glucose comorbidity. Concerted public health efforts, therefore, are necessary to improve their long-term health and wellbeing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biplab Datta
- Institute of Public and Preventive Health, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States of America
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States of America
| | - Ashwini Tiwari
- Institute of Public and Preventive Health, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States of America
| | - Lynn Glenn
- Institute of Public and Preventive Health, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States of America
- Department of Biobehavioral Nursing, College of Nursing, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States of America
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Dunford EK, Farrand C, Huffman MD, Raj TS, Shahid M, Ni Mhurchu C, Neal B, Johnson C. Availability, healthiness, and price of packaged and unpackaged foods in India: A cross-sectional study. Nutr Health 2021; 28:571-579. [PMID: 34931930 DOI: 10.1177/02601060211039124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: Vulnerable populations are the most prone to diet-related disease. The availability, healthiness, and price of foods have established associations with diet-related disease in communities. However, data describing this in India are sparse, particularly in urban slums and rural areas. Aim: To quantify and compare availability, healthiness, and price of packaged and unpackaged foods and beverages in India, and to identify opportunities to improve diets and health of vulnerable populations. Methods: Nutrition data and price were collected on foods and beverages available at 44 stores in urban, urban slum, and rural areas in four states in India between May and August 2018. Healthiness was assessed using the Australasian Health Star Rating system and product retail prices were examined. Comparisons in the findings were made across state, community area type, and adherence to current and draft Indian food labeling regulations. Results: Packaged foods and beverages (n = 1443, 89%) were more prevalent than unpackaged (n = 172, 11%). Unpackaged products were healthier than packaged (mean Health Star Rating = 3.5 vs 2.0; p < 0.001) and lower in price (median price per 100 g/ml: 13.42 Indian rupees vs 25.70 Indian rupees; p < 0.001), a pattern observed across most community area types and states. 96% of packaged products were compliant with current Indian labeling regulations but only 23% were compliant with proposed labeling regulations. Conclusions: Unpackaged products were on average much healthier and lower in price than packaged foods and beverages. Food policies that support greater availability, accessibility and consumption of unpackaged foods, while limiting consumption of packaged foods, have enormous potential for sustaining the health of the Indian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth K Dunford
- Food Policy Division, 211065The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Nutrition, 2331Gillings Global School of Public Health, 12244The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Clare Farrand
- Food Policy Division, 211065The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mark D Huffman
- Food Policy Division, 211065The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Australia.,Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, USA
| | | | - Maria Shahid
- Food Policy Division, 211065The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Australia
| | - Cliona Ni Mhurchu
- Food Policy Division, 211065The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Australia.,National Institute for Health Innovation, 62710University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Bruce Neal
- Food Policy Division, 211065The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Australia.,School of Public Health, 156430Imperial College London, UK
| | - Claire Johnson
- Food Policy Division, 211065The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Australia
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Baby J, Varghese JS, Cyriac S, Narayan KMV, Kurpad AV, Thomas T, Patel S. Contribution of economic and nutritional context to overweight/obesity dynamics in Indian women from 1998 to 2016: a multilevel analysis of national survey data. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e050598. [PMID: 34887275 PMCID: PMC8663076 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-050598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Overweight/obesity increased dramatically among Indian women since 2000. We evaluated the independent contributions of economic and nutrition context to the changing distribution of overweight/obesity among women from 1998 to 2016 across India. METHODS Individual-level data from 473 912 ever married Indian women aged 18-49 in the National Family Health Surveys (1998-1999, 2005-2006, 2015-2016) were merged with year-matched state-level economic and nutrition context indicators. Cross-classified generalised linear mixed models were estimated to quantify associations of contextual characteristics with overweight/obesity (body mass index ≥25 kg/m2) across survey rounds. RESULTS Between 1998 and 2016, age-standardised prevalence of overweight/obesity increased from 13.9% to 27.5% nationally at an annual growth rate of 0.8%. After accounting for a woman's age, parity and social class, the adjusted OR (aOR) for overweight/obesity was 2.02 times higher for every unit of state log per capita gross domestic product (GDP) (95% credible interval (CrI) 2.00 to 2.03). Yet, the association of state GDP with overweight/obesity generally decreased over survey round. Women in states with higher per capita daily oil (aOR 1.02 per gram; 95% CrI 1.01 to 1.03) and sugar (aOR 1.05 per gram; 95% CrI 1.04 to 1.05) consumption were more likely to be overweight/obese, while women in states with higher cereal consumption were less likely to be overweight/obese (aOR 0.93 per 10 gram; 95% CrI 0.93 to 0.93). CONCLUSIONS Indicators of state economic development and nutrition transition were independently associated with a woman's likelihood of being overweight/obese. The impact of state wealth waned over survey round, suggesting that risks for overweight/obesity may be increasingly shaped by individual factors as economic development expands in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeswin Baby
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, St John's Research Institute, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
- Department of Statistical Sciences, Kannur University, Kannur, Kerala, India
| | - Jithin Sam Varghese
- Nutrition and Health Sciences Doctoral Program, Laney School of Graduate Studies, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Shruthi Cyriac
- Nutrition and Health Sciences Doctoral Program, Laney School of Graduate Studies, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - K M Venkat Narayan
- Department of Global Health and Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Anura V Kurpad
- Department of Physiology, St John's Medical College, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Tinku Thomas
- Department of Biostatistics, St John's Medical College, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Shivani Patel
- Department of Global Health and Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Behera UC, Salzman B, Das AV, Prashanthi GS, Lalakia P, Derman R, Panigrahy B. Prevalence of chronic disease in older adults in multitier eye-care facilities in South India: Electronic medical records-driven big data analytics report. Indian J Ophthalmol 2021; 69:3618-3622. [PMID: 34827006 PMCID: PMC8837283 DOI: 10.4103/ijo.ijo_621_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To study the prevalence of systemic conditions in older adults, either self-reported or discovered during routine eye examinations, at multitier eye-care facilities over the past decade, and to explore their association with vision and common ocular disorders, including cataract, glaucoma, and retinopathy. Methods: Retrospective review of a large data set compiled from the electronic medical records of patients older than 60 years who presented to an eye facility of a multitier ophthalmology network located in 200 different geographical locations that included urban and rural eye-care centers spread across four states in India over a 10-year period. Results: 618,096 subjects aged 60 or older were identified as visiting an eye facility over the 10-year study period. The mean age of the study individuals was 67·28 (±6·14) years. A majority of older adults (66·96%) reported being free of systemic illnesses. Patients from lower socioeconomic status had a lower prevalence of chronic systemic disease, but the presenting vision was poorer. Hypertension (21·62%) and diabetes (18·77%) were the most commonly reported chronic conditions in patients who had concomitant systemic illness with visual concerns. Conclusion: The prevalence of chronic systemic illnesses in older adults presenting to multitier eye-care facilities is relatively low, except in those with diabetic retinopathy. These observations suggest a need to include active screening for common chronic diseases in standalone eye-care facilities to achieve a more accurate assessment of chronic disease burden in the older population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umesh Chandra Behera
- Department of Vitreo-Retina, L V Prasad Eye Institute (Mithu Tulsi Chanrai Campus), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Brooke Salzman
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Division of Geriatric and Palliative Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Anthony Vipin Das
- Department of eyeSmart EMR and AEye, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Gumpili Sai Prashanthi
- Department of eyeSmart EMR and AEye, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Parth Lalakia
- Office of Global Affairs and Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Richard Derman
- Office of Global Affairs and Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Bharat Panigrahy
- Department of Vitreo-Retina, L V Prasad Eye Institute (Mithu Tulsi Chanrai Campus), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
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Su Y, Du S, Yang M, Wu J, Lu H, Wang X. Socioeconomic Determinants of Diet Quality on Overweight and Obesity in Adults Aged 40-59 Years in Inner Mongolia: A Cross-Sectional Study. Int J Public Health 2021; 66:1604107. [PMID: 34819829 PMCID: PMC8607545 DOI: 10.3389/ijph.2021.1604107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: This study investigated the relationship of socioeconomic status (SES), diet quality and overweight and obesity in adults aged 40-59 years in Inner Mongolia. Methods: This cross-sectional study was based on the survey of Chronic Disease and Nutrition Monitoring in Adults in Inner Mongolia in 2015. Diet quality was evaluated by the Alternate Mediterranean Diet score (aMeds). SES was measured by household annual income. Generalized estimating equations and path analysis were performed to determine the association of SES, diet quality and overweight and obesity. Results: Among participants, 63.0% had overweight and obesity. In high SES group, 66.4% had overweight and obesity. Higher SES was associated with a higher risk of overweight and obesity (OR = 1.352, 95%CI: 1.020-1.793). And higher aMeds was associated with a lower risk of overweight and obesity (OR = 0.597, 95%CI: 0.419-0.851). There was a positive correlation between SES and the intake of red and processed meat (r = 0.132, p < 0.05). Higher intake of red and processed meat was associated with lower diet quality (β = -0.34). And lower diet quality was associated with a higher risk of overweight and obesity (β = -0.10). Conclusion: In Inner Mongolia, during the period of economic transition, people aged 40-59 years in high SES had poor diet quality, which was related to a higher risk of overweight and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuenan Su
- School of Public Health, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Sha Du
- School of Public Health, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Min Yang
- School of Public Health, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Jing Wu
- National Center for Chronic and Non-Communicable Diseases Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Haiwen Lu
- Affiliated Hospital, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Xuemei Wang
- School of Public Health, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
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Sujata, Thakur R. Unequal burden of equal risk factors of diabetes between different gender in India: a cross-sectional analysis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22653. [PMID: 34811413 PMCID: PMC8608835 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02012-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Many studies have supported that the burden of diabetes is shared differently by different genders due to various factors associated with it. This study aims at capturing whether women and men with a similar background, dietary and smoking habits, and biological conditions (blood pressure and body mass index (BMI)) are being affected equally or differently by diabetes. We have used cross-sectional data of NFHS-4 by covering the age group 15-49 years. Association between socio-economic background, dietary habits, biological conditions, and diabetes has been estimated using two separate multivariate logistic regression models. Results show that the overall prevalence of diabetes is higher among men (2.63%) than women (2.35%). Whereas, women belonging to urban areas (3.53%), Christian category (3.92%), richer section (3.22%), women with no schooling (2.51%), those reported never to consume pulses (2.66%) and green vegetables (2.40%) and daily consuming eggs (3.66%) and chicken or meat (3.54%) are more affected by diabetes than their men counterparts. Whereas men residing in rural areas (2.30%), belonging to the general category (3.12%), SCs (2.37%) and STs (1.72%) are more affected than their women counterparts. Results have also shown a higher prevalence of diabetes among obese men (11.46%), non-vegetarian (2.71%) and those who watch television almost every day (3.03%) as compared to their women counterparts. Regression analyses show that the richest, hypertensive, and obese women and men are significantly more likely to suffer from diabetes. This study concludes that women and men with similar socio-economic status, biological conditions, dietary and smoking habits are being affected differently by diabetes. Thus, there is a need for gender dimension in research to understand and validate the differences in the needed interventions for diabetes control in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujata
- grid.462387.c0000 0004 1775 7851School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Kamand, Himachal Pradesh 175075 India
| | - Ramna Thakur
- School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Kamand, Himachal Pradesh, 175075, India.
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Chinnaswamy S. SARS-CoV-2 infection in India bucks the trend: Trained innate immunity? Am J Hum Biol 2021; 33:e23504. [PMID: 32965717 PMCID: PMC7536963 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19 pandemic caught the world unawares by its sudden onset in early 2020. Memories of the 1918 Spanish Flu were rekindled raising extreme fear for the virus, but in essence, it was the host and not the virus, which was deciding the outcome of the infection. Age, gender, and preexisting conditions played critical roles in shaping COVID-19 outcome. People of lower socioeconomic strata were disproportionately affected in industrialized countries such as the United States. India, a developing country with more than 1.3 billion population, a large proportion of it being underprivileged and with substandard public health provider infrastructure, feared for the worst outcome given the sheer size and density of its population. Six months into the pandemic, a comparison of COVID-19 morbidity and mortality data between India, the United States, and several European countries, reveal interesting trends. While most developed countries show curves expected for a fast-spreading respiratory virus, India seems to have a slower trajectory. As a consequence, India may have gained on two fronts: the spread of the infection is unusually prolonged, thus leading to a curve that is "naturally flattened"; concomitantly the mortality rate, which is a reflection of the severity of the disease has been relatively low. I hypothesize that trained innate immunity, a new concept in immunology, may be the phenomenon behind this. Biocultural, socioecological, and socioeconomic determinants seem to be influencing the outcome of COVID-19 in different regions/countries of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreedhar Chinnaswamy
- Infectious Disease GeneticsNational Institute of Biomedical GenomicsKalyaniIndia
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