1
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Lawther AJ, Zieba J, Fang Z, Furlong TM, Conn I, Govindaraju H, Choong LLY, Turner N, Siddiqui KS, Bridge W, Merlin S, Hyams TC, Killingsworth M, Eapen V, Clarke RA, Walker AK. Antioxidant Behavioural Phenotype in the Immp2l Gene Knock-Out Mouse. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1717. [PMID: 37761857 PMCID: PMC10531238 DOI: 10.3390/genes14091717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is strongly associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and the Inner mitochondrial membrane protein 2-like (IMMP2L) gene is linked to autism inheritance. However, the biological basis of this linkage is unknown notwithstanding independent reports of oxidative stress in association with both IMMP2L and ASD. To better understand IMMP2L's association with behaviour, we developed the Immp2lKD knockout (KO) mouse model which is devoid of Immp2l peptidase activity. Immp2lKD -/- KO mice do not display any of the core behavioural symptoms of ASD, albeit homozygous Immp2lKD -/- KO mice do display increased auditory stimulus-driven instrumental behaviour and increased amphetamine-induced locomotion. Due to reports of increased ROS and oxidative stress phenotypes in an earlier truncated Immp2l mouse model resulting from an intragenic deletion within Immp2l, we tested whether high doses of the synthetic mitochondrial targeted antioxidant (MitoQ) could reverse or moderate the behavioural changes in Immp2lKD -/- KO mice. To our surprise, we observed that ROS levels were not increased but significantly lowered in our new Immp2lKD -/- KO mice and that these mice had no oxidative stress-associated phenotypes and were fully fertile with no age-related ataxia or neurodegeneration as ascertained using electron microscopy. Furthermore, the antioxidant MitoQ had no effect on the increased amphetamine-induced locomotion of these mice. Together, these findings indicate that the behavioural changes in Immp2lKD -/- KO mice are associated with an antioxidant-like phenotype with lowered and not increased levels of ROS and no oxidative stress-related phenotypes. This suggested that treatments with antioxidants are unlikely to be effective in treating behaviours directly resulting from the loss of Immp2l/IMMP2L activity, while any behavioural deficits that maybe associated with IMMP2L intragenic deletion-associated truncations have yet to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J. Lawther
- Laboratory of ImmunoPsychiatry, Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Jerzy Zieba
- Laboratory of ImmunoPsychiatry, Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
- Department of Psychology, University of Rzeszow, 35-310 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Zhiming Fang
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2170, Australia; (T.C.H.)
| | - Teri M. Furlong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Illya Conn
- Laboratory of ImmunoPsychiatry, Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
- Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Hemna Govindaraju
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Laura L. Y. Choong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Nigel Turner
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Khawar Sohail Siddiqui
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Wallace Bridge
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Sam Merlin
- Medical Science, School of Science, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, Sydney, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Tzipi Cohen Hyams
- Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2170, Australia; (T.C.H.)
| | - Murray Killingsworth
- Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2170, Australia; (T.C.H.)
- NSW Health Pathology, Liverpool Hospital Campus, 1 Campbell Street, Liverpool, NSW 2107, Australia
| | - Valsamma Eapen
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2170, Australia; (T.C.H.)
- Academic Unit of Infant Child and Adolescent Services (AUCS), South Western Sydney Local Health District, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia
| | - Raymond A. Clarke
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2170, Australia; (T.C.H.)
- Academic Unit of Infant Child and Adolescent Services (AUCS), South Western Sydney Local Health District, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia
| | - Adam K. Walker
- Laboratory of ImmunoPsychiatry, Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
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2
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Mpoulimari I, Zintzaras E. Identification of Chromosomal Regions Linked to Autism-Spectrum Disorders: A Meta-Analysis of Genome-Wide Linkage Scans. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2022; 26:59-69. [PMID: 35225680 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2021.0236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of pervasive neurodevelopmental disorders with a strong hereditary component. Although, genome-wide linkage scans (GWLS) and association studies (GWAS) have previously identified hundreds of ASD risk gene loci, the results remain inconclusive. Method: We performed a heterogeneity-based genome search meta-analysis (HEGESMA) of 15 genome scans of autism and ASD. Results: For strictly defined autism, data were analyzed across six separate genome scans. Region 7q22-q34 reached statistical significance in both weighted and unweighted analyses, with evidence of significantly low between-scan heterogeneity. For ASDs (data from 12 separate scans), chromosomal regions 5p15.33-5p15.1 and 15q22.32-15q26.1 reached significance in both weighted and unweighted analyses but did not reach significance for either low or high heterogeneity. Region 1q23.2-1q31.1 was significant in unweighted analyses with low between-scan heterogeneity. Finally, region 8p21.1-8q13.2 reached significant linkage peak in all our meta-analyses. When we combined all available genome scans (15), the same results were produced. Conclusions: This meta-analysis suggests that these regions should be further investigated for autism susceptibility genes, with the caveat that autism spectrum disorders have different linkage signals across genome scans, possibly because of the high genetic heterogeneity of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Mpoulimari
- Department of Biomathematics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Elias Zintzaras
- Department of Biomathematics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece.,The Institute for Clinical Research and Health Policy Studies, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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3
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Privitera F, Calonaci A, Doddato G, Papa FT, Baldassarri M, Pinto AM, Mari F, Longo I, Caini M, Galimberti D, Hadjistilianou T, De Francesco S, Renieri A, Ariani F. 13q Deletion Syndrome Involving RB1: Characterization of a New Minimal Critical Region for Psychomotor Delay. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:1318. [PMID: 34573300 PMCID: PMC8471443 DOI: 10.3390/genes12091318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma (RB) is an ocular tumor of the pediatric age caused by biallelic inactivation of the RB1 gene (13q14). About 10% of cases are due to gross-sized molecular deletions. The deletions can involve the surrounding genes delineating a contiguous gene syndrome characterized by RB, developmental anomalies, and peculiar facial dysmorphisms. Overlapping deletions previously found by traditional and/or molecular cytogenetic analysis allowed to define some critical regions for intellectual disability (ID) and multiple congenital anomalies, with key candidate genes. In the present study, using array-CGH, we characterized seven new patients with interstitial 13q deletion involving RB1. Among these cases, three patients with medium or large 13q deletions did not present psychomotor delay. This allowed defining a minimal critical region for ID that excludes the previously suggested candidate genes (HTR2A, NUFIP1, PCDH8, and PCDH17). The region contains 36 genes including NBEA, which emerged as the candidate gene associated with developmental delay. In addition, MAB21L1, DCLK1, EXOSC8, and SPART haploinsufficiency might contribute to the observed impaired neurodevelopmental phenotype. In conclusion, this study adds important novelties to the 13q deletion syndrome, although further studies are needed to better characterize the contribution of different genes and to understand how the haploinsufficiency of this region can determine ID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Privitera
- Medical Genetics, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (F.P.); (G.D.); (F.T.P.); (M.B.); (F.M.); (A.R.)
- Med Biotech Hub and Competence Center, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Arianna Calonaci
- Unit of Pediatrics, Department of Maternal, Newborn and Child Health, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Policlinico ‘Santa Maria alle Scotte’, 53100 Siena, Italy; (A.C.); (M.C.); (D.G.)
| | - Gabriella Doddato
- Medical Genetics, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (F.P.); (G.D.); (F.T.P.); (M.B.); (F.M.); (A.R.)
- Med Biotech Hub and Competence Center, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Filomena Tiziana Papa
- Medical Genetics, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (F.P.); (G.D.); (F.T.P.); (M.B.); (F.M.); (A.R.)
- Med Biotech Hub and Competence Center, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Margherita Baldassarri
- Medical Genetics, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (F.P.); (G.D.); (F.T.P.); (M.B.); (F.M.); (A.R.)
- Med Biotech Hub and Competence Center, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Pinto
- Genetica Medica, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, 53100 Siena, Italy; (A.M.P.); (I.L.)
| | - Francesca Mari
- Medical Genetics, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (F.P.); (G.D.); (F.T.P.); (M.B.); (F.M.); (A.R.)
- Med Biotech Hub and Competence Center, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
- Genetica Medica, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, 53100 Siena, Italy; (A.M.P.); (I.L.)
| | - Ilaria Longo
- Genetica Medica, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, 53100 Siena, Italy; (A.M.P.); (I.L.)
| | - Mauro Caini
- Unit of Pediatrics, Department of Maternal, Newborn and Child Health, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Policlinico ‘Santa Maria alle Scotte’, 53100 Siena, Italy; (A.C.); (M.C.); (D.G.)
| | - Daniela Galimberti
- Unit of Pediatrics, Department of Maternal, Newborn and Child Health, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Policlinico ‘Santa Maria alle Scotte’, 53100 Siena, Italy; (A.C.); (M.C.); (D.G.)
| | - Theodora Hadjistilianou
- Unit of Ophthalmology and Retinoblastoma Referral Center, Department of Surgery, University of Siena, Policlinico ‘Santa Maria alle Scotte’, 53100 Siena, Italy; (T.H.); (S.D.F.)
| | - Sonia De Francesco
- Unit of Ophthalmology and Retinoblastoma Referral Center, Department of Surgery, University of Siena, Policlinico ‘Santa Maria alle Scotte’, 53100 Siena, Italy; (T.H.); (S.D.F.)
| | - Alessandra Renieri
- Medical Genetics, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (F.P.); (G.D.); (F.T.P.); (M.B.); (F.M.); (A.R.)
- Med Biotech Hub and Competence Center, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
- Genetica Medica, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, 53100 Siena, Italy; (A.M.P.); (I.L.)
| | - Francesca Ariani
- Medical Genetics, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (F.P.); (G.D.); (F.T.P.); (M.B.); (F.M.); (A.R.)
- Med Biotech Hub and Competence Center, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
- Genetica Medica, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, 53100 Siena, Italy; (A.M.P.); (I.L.)
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4
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Yoon SH, Choi J, Lee WJ, Do JT. Genetic and Epigenetic Etiology Underlying Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E966. [PMID: 32244359 PMCID: PMC7230567 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9040966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a pervasive neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by difficulties in social interaction, language development delays, repeated body movements, and markedly deteriorated activities and interests. Environmental factors, such as viral infection, parental age, and zinc deficiency, can be plausible contributors to ASD susceptibility. As ASD is highly heritable, genetic risk factors involved in neurodevelopment, neural communication, and social interaction provide important clues in explaining the etiology of ASD. Accumulated evidence also shows an important role of epigenetic factors, such as DNA methylation, histone modification, and noncoding RNA, in ASD etiology. In this review, we compiled the research published to date and described the genetic and epigenetic epidemiology together with environmental risk factors underlying the etiology of the different phenotypes of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jeong Tae Do
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, KU Institute of Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (S.H.Y.); (J.C.); (W.J.L.)
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5
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Clarke RA, Furlong TM, Eapen V. Tourette Syndrome Risk Genes Regulate Mitochondrial Dynamics, Structure, and Function. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:556803. [PMID: 33776808 PMCID: PMC7987655 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.556803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (GTS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by motor and vocal tics with an estimated prevalence of 1% in children and adolescents. GTS has high rates of inheritance with many rare mutations identified. Apart from the role of the neurexin trans-synaptic connexus (NTSC) little has been confirmed regarding the molecular basis of GTS. The NTSC pathway regulates neuronal circuitry development, synaptic connectivity and neurotransmission. In this study we integrate GTS mutations into mitochondrial pathways that also regulate neuronal circuitry development, synaptic connectivity and neurotransmission. Many deleterious mutations in GTS occur in genes with complementary and consecutive roles in mitochondrial dynamics, structure and function (MDSF) pathways. These genes include those involved in mitochondrial transport (NDE1, DISC1, OPA1), mitochondrial fusion (OPA1), fission (ADCY2, DGKB, AMPK/PKA, RCAN1, PKC), mitochondrial metabolic and bio-energetic optimization (IMMP2L, MPV17, MRPL3, MRPL44). This study is the first to develop and describe an integrated mitochondrial pathway in the pathogenesis of GTS. The evidence from this study and our earlier modeling of GTS molecular pathways provides compounding support for a GTS deficit in mitochondrial supply affecting neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond A Clarke
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW, Australia
| | - Teri M Furlong
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Valsamma Eapen
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW, Australia.,South West Sydney Local Health District, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, NSW, Australia
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6
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Padmakumar M, Van Raes E, Van Geet C, Freson K. Blood platelet research in autism spectrum disorders: In search of biomarkers. Res Pract Thromb Haemost 2019; 3:566-577. [PMID: 31624776 PMCID: PMC6781926 DOI: 10.1002/rth2.12239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a clinically heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorder that is caused by gene-environment interactions. To improve its diagnosis and treatment, numerous efforts have been undertaken to identify reliable biomarkers for autism. None of them have delivered the holy grail that represents a reproducible, quantifiable, and sensitive biomarker. Though blood platelets are mainly known to prevent bleeding, they also play pivotal roles in cancer, inflammation, and neurological disorders. Platelets could serve as a peripheral biomarker or cellular model for autism as they share common biological and molecular characteristics with neurons. In particular, platelet-dense granules contain neurotransmitters such as serotonin and gamma-aminobutyric acid. Molecular players controlling granule formation and secretion are similarly regulated in platelets and neurons. The major platelet integrin receptor αIIbβ3 has recently been linked to ASD as a regulator of serotonin transport. Though many studies revealed associations between platelet markers and ASD, there is an important knowledge gap in linking these markers with autism and explaining the altered platelet phenotypes detected in autism patients. The present review enumerates studies of different biomarkers detected in ASD using platelets and highlights the future needs to bring this research to the next level and advance our understanding of this complex disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Padmakumar
- Department of Cardiovascular SciencesCenter for Molecular and Vascular BiologyKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Eveline Van Raes
- Department of Cardiovascular SciencesCenter for Molecular and Vascular BiologyKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Chris Van Geet
- Department of Cardiovascular SciencesCenter for Molecular and Vascular BiologyKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Kathleen Freson
- Department of Cardiovascular SciencesCenter for Molecular and Vascular BiologyKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
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7
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Rylaarsdam L, Guemez-Gamboa A. Genetic Causes and Modifiers of Autism Spectrum Disorder. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:385. [PMID: 31481879 PMCID: PMC6710438 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is one of the most prevalent neurodevelopmental disorders, affecting an estimated 1 in 59 children. ASD is highly genetically heterogeneous and may be caused by both inheritable and de novo gene variations. In the past decade, hundreds of genes have been identified that contribute to the serious deficits in communication, social cognition, and behavior that patients often experience. However, these only account for 10-20% of ASD cases, and patients with similar pathogenic variants may be diagnosed on very different levels of the spectrum. In this review, we will describe the genetic landscape of ASD and discuss how genetic modifiers such as copy number variation, single nucleotide polymorphisms, and epigenetic alterations likely play a key role in modulating the phenotypic spectrum of ASD patients. We also consider how genetic modifiers can alter convergent signaling pathways and lead to impaired neural circuitry formation. Lastly, we review sex-linked modifiers and clinical implications. Further understanding of these mechanisms is crucial for both comprehending ASD and for developing novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alicia Guemez-Gamboa
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
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8
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Zheglo D, Brueckner LM, Sepman O, Wecht EM, Kuligina E, Suspitsin E, Imyanitov E, Savelyeva L. The FRA14B
common fragile site maps to a region prone to somatic and germline rearrangements within the large GPHN
gene. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2018; 58:284-294. [DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Zheglo
- FSBI Research Centre for Medical Genetics; Moscow Russia
| | - Lena M. Brueckner
- Division of Neuroblastoma Genomics; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ); Heidelberg Germany
| | - Olga Sepman
- Klinik fuer Allgemein-, Viszeral-, Thorax- und minimal-invasive Chirurgie; Pforzheim Germany
| | - Elisa M. Wecht
- Division of Neuroblastoma Genomics; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ); Heidelberg Germany
| | | | - Evgenij Suspitsin
- Petrov Institute of Oncology; St Petersburg Russia
- St. Petersburg Pediatric Medical University; Sankt-Peterburg Russia
| | - Evgenij Imyanitov
- Petrov Institute of Oncology; St Petersburg Russia
- Mechnikov North-Western Medical University; Saint Petersburg Russia
| | - Larissa Savelyeva
- Division of Neuroblastoma Genomics; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ); Heidelberg Germany
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9
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Mulhern MS, Stumpel C, Stong N, Brunner HG, Bier L, Lippa N, Riviello J, Rouhl RPW, Kempers M, Pfundt R, Stegmann APA, Kukolich MK, Telegrafi A, Lehman A, Lopez-Rangel E, Houcinat N, Barth M, den Hollander N, Hoffer MJV, Weckhuysen S, Roovers J, Djemie T, Barca D, Ceulemans B, Craiu D, Lemke JR, Korff C, Mefford HC, Meyers CT, Siegler Z, Hiatt SM, Cooper GM, Bebin EM, Snijders Blok L, Veenstra-Knol HE, Baugh EH, Brilstra EH, Volker-Touw CML, van Binsbergen E, Revah-Politi A, Pereira E, McBrian D, Pacault M, Isidor B, Le Caignec C, Gilbert-Dussardier B, Bilan F, Heinzen EL, Goldstein DB, Stevens SJC, Sands TT. NBEA: Developmental disease gene with early generalized epilepsy phenotypes. Ann Neurol 2018; 84:788-795. [PMID: 30269351 DOI: 10.1002/ana.25350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
NBEA is a candidate gene for autism, and de novo variants have been reported in neurodevelopmental disease (NDD) cohorts. However, NBEA has not been rigorously evaluated as a disease gene, and associated phenotypes have not been delineated. We identified 24 de novo NBEA variants in patients with NDD, establishing NBEA as an NDD gene. Most patients had epilepsy with onset in the first few years of life, often characterized by generalized seizure types, including myoclonic and atonic seizures. Our data show a broader phenotypic spectrum than previously described, including a myoclonic-astatic epilepsy-like phenotype in a subset of patients. Ann Neurol 2018;84:796-803.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen S Mulhern
- Columbia University Medical Center, Institute for Genomic Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Constance Stumpel
- Department of Clinical Genetics and School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Nicholas Stong
- Columbia University Medical Center, Institute for Genomic Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Han G Brunner
- Department of Clinical Genetics and School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands.,Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Louise Bier
- Columbia University Medical Center, Institute for Genomic Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Natalie Lippa
- Columbia University Medical Center, Institute for Genomic Medicine, New York, NY
| | - James Riviello
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Department of Neurology, New York, NY
| | - Rob P W Rouhl
- Department of Neurology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands.,Academic Center for Epileptology, Kempenhaeghe/Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands.,School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Marlies Kempers
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Rolph Pfundt
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Alexander P A Stegmann
- Department of Clinical Genetics and School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Anna Lehman
- Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Elena Lopez-Rangel
- Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Nada Houcinat
- University of Burgundy-Franche-Comté, UMR1231 GAD, INSERM, Dijon, France.,Dijon Bourgogne University Hospital Center, Rare Diseases Reference Center "Developmental Anomalies and Informational Syndromes," Genetic Center, FHU-TRANSLAD, Dijon, France
| | - Magalie Barth
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Angers University Hospital Center, Angers, France
| | | | - Mariette J V Hoffer
- Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Sarah Weckhuysen
- Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Neurogenetics Group, Antwerp, Belgium.,Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Neurology, University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Jolien Roovers
- Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Neurogenetics Group, Antwerp, Belgium.,Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Tania Djemie
- Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Neurogenetics Group, Antwerp, Belgium.,Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Neurology, University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Diana Barca
- Pediatric Neurology Clinic, Al Obregia Hospital, Carol Davila University of Medicine, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Berten Ceulemans
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Dana Craiu
- Pediatric Neurology Clinic, Al Obregia Hospital, Carol Davila University of Medicine, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Johannes R Lemke
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Hospitals and Clinics, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christian Korff
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Child and Adolescent Department, University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Zsuzsanna Siegler
- Bethesda Children's Hospital, Department of Neurology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Susan M Hiatt
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL
| | | | - E Martina Bebin
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Lot Snijders Blok
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Hermine E Veenstra-Knol
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Evan H Baugh
- Columbia University Medical Center, Institute for Genomic Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Eva H Brilstra
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Department of Genetics, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Ellen van Binsbergen
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Department of Genetics, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Anya Revah-Politi
- Columbia University Medical Center, Institute for Genomic Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Elaine Pereira
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, New York-Presbyterian Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Danielle McBrian
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Department of Neurology, New York, NY
| | - Mathilde Pacault
- Genetics Service, Nantes University Hospital Center, Nantes, France
| | - Bertrand Isidor
- Genetics Service, Nantes University Hospital Center, Nantes, France
| | | | - Brigitte Gilbert-Dussardier
- Genetics Service, Poitiers University Hospital Center, Poitiers, France.,University of Poitiers, EA3808 NEUVACOD, Poitiers, France
| | - Frederic Bilan
- Genetics Service, Poitiers University Hospital Center, Poitiers, France.,University of Poitiers, EA3808 NEUVACOD, Poitiers, France
| | - Erin L Heinzen
- Columbia University Medical Center, Institute for Genomic Medicine, New York, NY.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - David B Goldstein
- Columbia University Medical Center, Institute for Genomic Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Servi J C Stevens
- Department of Clinical Genetics and School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Tristan T Sands
- Columbia University Medical Center, Institute for Genomic Medicine, New York, NY.,Department of Neurology, Columbia University Department of Neurology, New York, NY
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10
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Mahmoodian Sani MR, Hashemzadeh-Chaleshtori M, Saidijam M, Jami MS, Ghasemi-Dehkordi P. MicroRNA-183 Family in Inner Ear: Hair Cell Development and Deafness. J Audiol Otol 2016; 20:131-138. [PMID: 27942598 PMCID: PMC5144812 DOI: 10.7874/jao.2016.20.3.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
miRNAs are essential factors of an extensively conserved post-transcriptional process controlling gene expression at mRNA level. Varoius biological processes such as growth and differentiation are regulated by miRNAs. Web of Science and PubMed databases were searched using the Endnote software for the publications about the role miRNA-183 family in inner ear: hair cell development and deafness published from 2000 to 2016. A triplet of these miRNAs particularly the miR-183 family is highly expressed in vertebrate hair cells, as with some of the peripheral neurosensory cells. Point mutations in one member of this family, miR-96, underlie DFNA50 autosomal deafness in humans and lead to abnormal hair cell development and survival in mice. In zebrafish, overexpression of the miR-183 family induces extra and ectopic hair cells, while knockdown decreases the number of hair cell. The miR-183 family (miR-183, miR-96 and miR-182) is expressed abundantly in some types of sensory cell in the eye, nose and inner ear. In the inner ear, mechanosensory hair cells have a robust expression level. Despite much similarity of these miRs sequences, small differences lead to distinct targeting of messenger RNAs targets. In the near future, miRNAs are likely to be explored as potential therapeutic agents to repair or regenerate hair cells, cell reprogramming and regenerative medicine applications in animal models because they can simultaneously down-regulate dozens or even hundreds of transcripts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Mahmoodian Sani
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Department of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | | | - Massoud Saidijam
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Department of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Saeid Jami
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Sharekord, Iran
| | - Payam Ghasemi-Dehkordi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Sharekord, Iran
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11
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Yeh E, Weiss LA. If genetic variation could talk: What genomic data may teach us about the importance of gene expression regulation in the genetics of autism. Mol Cell Probes 2016; 30:346-356. [PMID: 27751841 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2016.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has been long known to have substantial genetic etiology. Much research has attempted to identify specific genes contributing to ASD risk with the goal of tying gene function to a molecular pathological explanation for ASD. A unifying molecular pathology would potentially increase understanding of what is going wrong during development, and could lead to diagnostic biomarkers or targeted preventative or therapeutic directions. We review past and current genetic mapping approaches and discuss major results, leading to the hypothesis that global dysregulation of gene or protein expression may be implicated in ASD rather than disturbance of brain-specific functions. If substantiated, this hypothesis might indicate the need for novel experimental and analytical approaches in order to understand this neurodevelopmental disorder, develop biomarkers, or consider treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Yeh
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Lauren A Weiss
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA; Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
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12
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Tuand K, Stijnen P, Volders K, Declercq J, Nuytens K, Meulemans S, Creemers J. Nuclear Localization of the Autism Candidate Gene Neurobeachin and Functional Interaction with the NOTCH1 Intracellular Domain Indicate a Role in Regulating Transcription. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151954. [PMID: 26999814 PMCID: PMC4801420 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurobeachin (NBEA) is an autism spectrum disorders (ASD) candidate gene. NBEA deficiency affects regulated secretion, receptor trafficking, synaptic architecture and protein kinase A (PKA)-mediated phosphorylation. NBEA is a large multidomain scaffolding protein. From N- to C-terminus, NBEA has a concanavalin A-like lectin domain flanked by armadillo repeats (ACA), an A-kinase anchoring protein domain that can bind to PKA, a domain of unknown function (DUF1088) and a BEACH domain, preceded by a pleckstrin homology-like domain and followed by WD40 repeats (PBW). Although most of these domains mediate protein-protein interactions, no interaction screen has yet been performed. METHODS Yeast two-hybrid screens with the ACA and PBW domain modules of NBEA gave a list of interaction partners, which were analyzed for Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment. Neuro-2a cells were used for confocal microscopy and nuclear extraction analysis. NOTCH-mediated transcription was studied with luciferase reporter assays and qRT-PCR, combined with NBEA knockdown or overexpression. RESULTS Both domain modules showed a GO enrichment for the nucleus. PBW almost exclusively interacted with transcription regulators, while ACA interacted with a number of PKA substrates. NBEA was partially localized in the nucleus of Neuro-2a cells, albeit much less than in the cytoplasm. A nuclear localization signal was found in the DUF1088 domain, which was shown to contribute to the nuclear localization of an EGFP-DPBW fusion protein. Yeast two-hybrid identified the Notch1 intracellular domain as a physical interactor of the PBW domain and a role for NBEA as a negative regulator in Notch-mediated transcription was demonstrated. CONCLUSION Defining novel interaction partners of conserved NBEA domain modules identified a role for NBEA as transcriptional regulator in the nucleus. The physical interaction of NBEA with NOTCH1 is most relevant for ASD pathogenesis because NOTCH signaling is essential for neural development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krizia Tuand
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Autism Research consortium (LAuRes), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter Stijnen
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Karolien Volders
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Autism Research consortium (LAuRes), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Kim Nuytens
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Autism Research consortium (LAuRes), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - John Creemers
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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13
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Nava C, Rupp J, Boissel JP, Mignot C, Rastetter A, Amiet C, Jacquette A, Dupuits C, Bouteiller D, Keren B, Ruberg M, Faudet A, Doummar D, Philippe A, Périsse D, Laurent C, Lebrun N, Guillemot V, Chelly J, Cohen D, Héron D, Brice A, Closs EI, Depienne C. Hypomorphic variants of cationic amino acid transporter 3 in males with autism spectrum disorders. Amino Acids 2015. [PMID: 26215737 PMCID: PMC4633447 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-015-2057-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cationic amino acid transporters (CATs) mediate the entry of L-type cationic amino acids (arginine, ornithine and lysine) into the cells including neurons. CAT-3, encoded by the SLC7A3 gene on chromosome X, is one of the three CATs present in the human genome, with selective expression in brain. SLC7A3 is highly intolerant to variation in humans, as attested by the low frequency of deleterious variants in available databases, but the impact on variants in this gene in humans remains undefined. In this study, we identified a missense variant in SLC7A3, encoding the CAT-3 cationic amino acid transporter, on chromosome X by exome sequencing in two brothers with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). We then sequenced the SLC7A3 coding sequence in 148 male patients with ASD and identified three additional rare missense variants in unrelated patients. Functional analyses of the mutant transporters showed that two of the four identified variants cause severe or moderate loss of CAT-3 function due to altered protein stability or abnormal trafficking to the plasma membrane. The patient with the most deleterious SLC7A3 variant had high-functioning autism and epilepsy, and also carries a de novo 16p11.2 duplication possibly contributing to his phenotype. This study shows that rare hypomorphic variants of SLC7A3 exist in male individuals and suggest that SLC7A3 variants possibly contribute to the etiology of ASD in male subjects in association with other genetic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Nava
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, ICM, 75013, Paris, France.,INSERM, U 1127, 75013, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 7225, 75013, Paris, France.,Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière (ICM), 75013, Paris, France.,Département de Génétique et de Cytogénétique, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Johanna Rupp
- Department of Pharmacology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jean-Paul Boissel
- Department of Pharmacology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Cyril Mignot
- Département de Génétique et de Cytogénétique, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, 75013, Paris, France.,Centre de Référence "déficiences intellectuelles de causes rares", Paris, France.,Groupe de Recherche Clinique (GRC) "déficience intellectuelle et autisme" UPMC, Paris, France.,Service de neuropédiatrie, Hôpital Trousseau, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Agnès Rastetter
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, ICM, 75013, Paris, France.,INSERM, U 1127, 75013, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 7225, 75013, Paris, France.,Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière (ICM), 75013, Paris, France
| | - Claire Amiet
- Service de psychiatrie de l'enfant et de l'adolescent, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Aurélia Jacquette
- Département de Génétique et de Cytogénétique, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, 75013, Paris, France.,Centre de Référence "déficiences intellectuelles de causes rares", Paris, France.,Groupe de Recherche Clinique (GRC) "déficience intellectuelle et autisme" UPMC, Paris, France
| | - Céline Dupuits
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, ICM, 75013, Paris, France.,INSERM, U 1127, 75013, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 7225, 75013, Paris, France.,Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière (ICM), 75013, Paris, France
| | - Delphine Bouteiller
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, ICM, 75013, Paris, France.,INSERM, U 1127, 75013, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 7225, 75013, Paris, France.,Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière (ICM), 75013, Paris, France
| | - Boris Keren
- Département de Génétique et de Cytogénétique, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Merle Ruberg
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, ICM, 75013, Paris, France.,INSERM, U 1127, 75013, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 7225, 75013, Paris, France.,Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière (ICM), 75013, Paris, France
| | - Anne Faudet
- Département de Génétique et de Cytogénétique, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Diane Doummar
- Service de neuropédiatrie, Hôpital Trousseau, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Anne Philippe
- Service de psychiatrie de l'enfant et de l'adolescent, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Didier Périsse
- Service de psychiatrie de l'enfant et de l'adolescent, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, 75013, Paris, France.,Centre Diagnostic Autisme de l'Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Claudine Laurent
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, ICM, 75013, Paris, France.,INSERM, U 1127, 75013, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 7225, 75013, Paris, France.,Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière (ICM), 75013, Paris, France.,Service de psychiatrie de l'enfant et de l'adolescent, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Lebrun
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U567, UMR 8104, Université René Descartes, Paris 5, France
| | - Vincent Guillemot
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Core Facility (iCONICS), Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière (ICM), Paris, France
| | - Jamel Chelly
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U567, UMR 8104, Université René Descartes, Paris 5, France
| | - David Cohen
- Service de psychiatrie de l'enfant et de l'adolescent, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, 75013, Paris, France.,Institut des Systèmes Intelligents et Robotiques, CNRS UMR 7222, UPMC-Paris-6, Paris, France
| | - Delphine Héron
- Département de Génétique et de Cytogénétique, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, 75013, Paris, France.,Centre de Référence "déficiences intellectuelles de causes rares", Paris, France.,Groupe de Recherche Clinique (GRC) "déficience intellectuelle et autisme" UPMC, Paris, France.,Service de neuropédiatrie, Hôpital Trousseau, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Alexis Brice
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, ICM, 75013, Paris, France.,INSERM, U 1127, 75013, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 7225, 75013, Paris, France.,Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière (ICM), 75013, Paris, France.,Département de Génétique et de Cytogénétique, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Ellen I Closs
- Department of Pharmacology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Christel Depienne
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, ICM, 75013, Paris, France. .,INSERM, U 1127, 75013, Paris, France. .,CNRS, UMR 7225, 75013, Paris, France. .,Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière (ICM), 75013, Paris, France. .,Département de Génétique et de Cytogénétique, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, 75013, Paris, France.
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14
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Chmielewski WX, Beste C. Action control processes in autism spectrum disorder – Insights from a neurobiological and neuroanatomical perspective. Prog Neurobiol 2015; 124:49-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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15
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Ceroni F, Simpson NH, Francks C, Baird G, Conti-Ramsden G, Clark A, Bolton PF, Hennessy ER, Donnelly P, Bentley DR, Martin H, Parr J, Pagnamenta AT, Maestrini E, Bacchelli E, Fisher SE, Newbury DF. Homozygous microdeletion of exon 5 in ZNF277 in a girl with specific language impairment. Eur J Hum Genet 2014; 22:1165-71. [PMID: 24518835 PMCID: PMC4169542 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2014.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Specific language impairment (SLI), an unexpected failure to develop appropriate language skills despite adequate non-verbal intelligence, is a heterogeneous multifactorial disorder with a complex genetic basis. We identified a homozygous microdeletion of 21,379 bp in the ZNF277 gene (NM_021994.2), encompassing exon 5, in an individual with severe receptive and expressive language impairment. The microdeletion was not found in the proband's affected sister or her brother who had mild language impairment. However, it was inherited from both parents, each of whom carries a heterozygous microdeletion and has a history of language problems. The microdeletion falls within the AUTS1 locus, a region linked to autistic spectrum disorders (ASDs). Moreover, ZNF277 is adjacent to the DOCK4 and IMMP2L genes, which have been implicated in ASD. We screened for the presence of ZNF277 microdeletions in cohorts of children with SLI or ASD and panels of control subjects. ZNF277 microdeletions were at an increased allelic frequency in SLI probands (1.1%) compared with both ASD family members (0.3%) and independent controls (0.4%). We performed quantitative RT-PCR analyses of the expression of IMMP2L, DOCK4 and ZNF277 in individuals carrying either an IMMP2L_DOCK4 microdeletion or a ZNF277 microdeletion. Although ZNF277 microdeletions reduce the expression of ZNF277, they do not alter the levels of DOCK4 or IMMP2L transcripts. Conversely, IMMP2L_DOCK4 microdeletions do not affect the expression levels of ZNF277. We postulate that ZNF277 microdeletions may contribute to the risk of language impairments in a manner that is independent of the autism risk loci previously described in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola Ceroni
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Biotecnologie, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Nuala H Simpson
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Clyde Francks
- Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition & Behaviour, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Gillian Baird
- Guy's & St Thomas NHS Foundation Trust, Newcomen Children's Neurosciences Centre, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
| | - Gina Conti-Ramsden
- School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Ann Clark
- Speech and Hearing Sciences, Queen Margaret University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Patrick F Bolton
- Departments of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry & Social Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, London, UK
| | | | - Peter Donnelly
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David R Bentley
- Illumina Cambridge Ltd., Chesterford Research Park, Little Chesterford, Essex, UK
| | - Hilary Martin
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - IMGSAC1113
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Biotecnologie, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition & Behaviour, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Guy's & St Thomas NHS Foundation Trust, Newcomen Children's Neurosciences Centre, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
- School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Speech and Hearing Sciences, Queen Margaret University, Edinburgh, UK
- Departments of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry & Social Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, London, UK
- University Child Health and DMDE, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
- Illumina Cambridge Ltd., Chesterford Research Park, Little Chesterford, Essex, UK
- Institute of Neuroscience and Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford and Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - SLI Consortium213
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Biotecnologie, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition & Behaviour, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Guy's & St Thomas NHS Foundation Trust, Newcomen Children's Neurosciences Centre, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
- School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Speech and Hearing Sciences, Queen Margaret University, Edinburgh, UK
- Departments of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry & Social Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, London, UK
- University Child Health and DMDE, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
- Illumina Cambridge Ltd., Chesterford Research Park, Little Chesterford, Essex, UK
- Institute of Neuroscience and Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford and Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - WGS500 Consortium213
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Biotecnologie, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition & Behaviour, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Guy's & St Thomas NHS Foundation Trust, Newcomen Children's Neurosciences Centre, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
- School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Speech and Hearing Sciences, Queen Margaret University, Edinburgh, UK
- Departments of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry & Social Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, London, UK
- University Child Health and DMDE, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
- Illumina Cambridge Ltd., Chesterford Research Park, Little Chesterford, Essex, UK
- Institute of Neuroscience and Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford and Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jeremy Parr
- Institute of Neuroscience and Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | - Alistair T Pagnamenta
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford and Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Elena Maestrini
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Biotecnologie, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elena Bacchelli
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Biotecnologie, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Simon E Fisher
- Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition & Behaviour, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Dianne F Newbury
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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16
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Werling DM, Lowe JK, Luo R, Cantor RM, Geschwind DH. Replication of linkage at chromosome 20p13 and identification of suggestive sex-differential risk loci for autism spectrum disorder. Mol Autism 2014; 5:13. [PMID: 24533643 PMCID: PMC3942516 DOI: 10.1186/2040-2392-5-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are male-biased and genetically heterogeneous. While sequencing of sporadic cases has identified de novo risk variants, the heritable genetic contribution and mechanisms driving the male bias are less understood. Here, we aimed to identify familial and sex-differential risk loci in the largest available, uniformly ascertained, densely genotyped sample of multiplex ASD families from the Autism Genetics Resource Exchange (AGRE), and to compare results with earlier findings from AGRE. METHODS From a total sample of 1,008 multiplex families, we performed genome-wide, non-parametric linkage analysis in a discovery sample of 847 families, and separately on subsets of families with only male, affected children (male-only, MO) or with at least one female, affected child (female-containing, FC). Loci showing evidence for suggestive linkage (logarithm of odds ≥2.2) in this discovery sample, or in previous AGRE samples, were re-evaluated in an extension study utilizing all 1,008 available families. For regions with genome-wide significant linkage signal in the discovery stage, those families not included in the corresponding discovery sample were then evaluated for independent replication of linkage. Association testing of common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) was also performed within suggestive linkage regions. RESULTS We observed an independent replication of previously observed linkage at chromosome 20p13 (P < 0.01), while loci at 6q27 and 8q13.2 showed suggestive linkage in our extended sample. Suggestive sex-differential linkage was observed at 1p31.3 (MO), 8p21.2 (FC), and 8p12 (FC) in our discovery sample, and the MO signal at 1p31.3 was supported in our expanded sample. No sex-differential signals met replication criteria, and no common SNPs were significantly associated with ASD within any identified linkage regions. CONCLUSIONS With few exceptions, analyses of subsets of families from the AGRE cohort identify different risk loci, consistent with extreme locus heterogeneity in ASD. Large samples appear to yield more consistent results, and sex-stratified analyses facilitate the identification of sex-differential risk loci, suggesting that linkage analyses in large cohorts are useful for identifying heritable risk loci. Additional work, such as targeted re-sequencing, is needed to identify the specific variants within these loci that are responsible for increasing ASD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Daniel H Geschwind
- Neurogenetics Program and Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 90095 Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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17
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Nuytens K, Tuand K, Di Michele M, Boonen K, Waelkens E, Freson K, Creemers JW. Platelets of mice heterozygous for neurobeachin, a candidate gene for autism spectrum disorder, display protein changes related to aberrant protein kinase A activity. Mol Autism 2013; 4:43. [PMID: 24188528 PMCID: PMC3829668 DOI: 10.1186/2040-2392-4-43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurobeachin (NBEA) has been identified as a candidate gene for autism spectrum disorders (ASD) in several unrelated patients with alterations in the NBEA gene. The exact function of NBEA, a multidomain scaffolding protein, is currently unknown. It contains an A-kinase anchoring protein (AKAP) domain which binds the regulatory subunit of protein kinase A (PKA) thereby confining its activity to specific subcellular regions. NBEA has been implicated in post-Golgi membrane trafficking and in regulated secretion. The mechanism of regulated secretion is largely conserved between neurons and platelets, and the morphology of platelet dense granules was found to be abnormal in several ASD patients, including one with NBEA haploinsufficiency. Platelet dense granules are secreted upon vascular injury when platelets are exposed to for instance collagen. Dense granules contain serotonin, ATP and ADP, which are necessary for platelet plug formation and vascular contraction. METHODS To further investigate possible roles for NBEA in secretion or dense granule morphology, platelets from Nbea+/- mice were analyzed morphometrically, functionally and biochemically. A differential proteomics and peptidomics screen was performed between Nbea+/- and Nbea+/+ mice, in which altered Talin-1 cleavage was further investigated and validated in brain samples. Finally, the phosphorylation pattern of PKA substrates was analyzed. RESULTS Platelet dense granules of Nbea+/- mice had a reduced surface area and abnormal dense-core halo, but normal serotonin-content. Nbea haploinsufficiency did not affect platelet aggregation and ATP secretion after collagen stimulation, although the platelet shape change was more pronounced. Furthermore, peptidomics revealed that Nbea+/- platelets contain significantly reduced levels of several actin-interacting peptides. Decreased levels were detected of the actin-binding head and rod domain of Talin-1, which are cleavage products of Calpain-2. This is most likely due to increased PKA-mediated phosphorylation of Calpain-2, which renders the enzyme less active. Analysis of other PKA substrates revealed both increased and reduced phosphorylation. CONCLUSION Our results show the pleiotropic effects of alterations in PKA activity due to Nbea haploinsufficiency, highlighting the important function of the AKAP domain in Nbea in regulating and confining PKA activity. Furthermore, these results suggest a role for Nbea in remodeling the actin cytoskeleton of platelets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Nuytens
- Department of Human Genetics, Laboratory for Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,Leuven Autism Research Consortium (LAuRes), KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Krizia Tuand
- Department of Human Genetics, Laboratory for Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,Leuven Autism Research Consortium (LAuRes), KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michela Di Michele
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kurt Boonen
- Department of Human Genetics, Laboratory for Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Etienne Waelkens
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Protein Phosphorylation and Proteomics, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kathleen Freson
- Leuven Autism Research Consortium (LAuRes), KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - John Wm Creemers
- Department of Human Genetics, Laboratory for Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,Leuven Autism Research Consortium (LAuRes), KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Sampath S, Bhat S, Gupta S, O’Connor A, West AB, Arking DE, Chakravarti A. Defining the contribution of CNTNAP2 to autism susceptibility. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77906. [PMID: 24147096 PMCID: PMC3798378 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple lines of genetic evidence suggest a role for CNTNAP2 in autism. To assess its population impact we studied 2148 common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) using transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) across the entire ~3.3 Mb CNTNAP2 locus in 186 (408 trios) multiplex and 323 simplex families with autistic spectrum disorder (ASD). This analysis yielded two SNPs with nominal statistical significance (rs17170073, p = 2.0 x 10-4; rs2215798, p = 1.6 x 10-4) that did not survive multiple testing. In a combined analysis of all families, two highly correlated (r2 = 0.99) SNPs in intron 14 showed significant association with autism (rs2710093, p = 9.0 x 10-6; rs2253031, p = 2.5 x 10-5). To validate these findings and associations at SNPs from previous autism studies (rs7794745, rs2710102 and rs17236239) we genotyped 2051 additional families (572 multiplex and 1479 simplex). None of these variants were significantly associated with ASD after corrections for multiple testing. The analysis of Mendelian errors within each family did not indicate any segregating deletions. Nevertheless, a study of CNTNAP2 gene expression in brains of autistic patients and of normal controls, demonstrated altered expression in a subset of patients (p = 1.9 x10-5). Consequently, this study suggests that although CNTNAP2 dysregulation plays a role in some cases, its population contribution to autism susceptibility is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srirangan Sampath
- Center for Complex Disease Genomics, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetics Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Shambu Bhat
- Center for Complex Disease Genomics, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetics Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Simone Gupta
- Center for Complex Disease Genomics, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetics Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ashley O’Connor
- Center for Complex Disease Genomics, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetics Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Andrew B. West
- Department of Neurology and Neurobiology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Dan E. Arking
- Center for Complex Disease Genomics, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetics Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Aravinda Chakravarti
- Center for Complex Disease Genomics, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetics Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are highly heritable, and six genome-wide association studies (GWASs) of ASDs have been published to date. In this study, we have integrated the findings from these GWASs with other genetic data to identify enriched genetic networks that are associated with ASDs. We conducted bioinformatics and systematic literature analyses of 200 top-ranked ASD candidate genes from five published GWASs. The sixth GWAS was used for replication and validation of our findings. Further corroborating evidence was obtained through rare genetic variant studies, that is, exome sequencing and copy number variation (CNV) studies, and/or other genetic evidence, including candidate gene association, microRNA and gene expression, gene function and genetic animal studies. We found three signaling networks regulating steroidogenesis, neurite outgrowth and (glutamatergic) synaptic function to be enriched in the data. Most genes from the five GWASs were also implicated--independent of gene size--in ASDs by at least one other line of genomic evidence. Importantly, A-kinase anchor proteins (AKAPs) functionally integrate signaling cascades within and between these networks. The three identified protein networks provide an important contribution to increasing our understanding of the molecular basis of ASDs. In addition, our results point towards the AKAPs as promising targets for developing novel ASD treatments.
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20
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Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition that results in behavioral, social and communication impairments. ASD has a substantial genetic component, with 88-95% trait concordance among monozygotic twins. Efforts to elucidate the causes of ASD have uncovered hundreds of susceptibility loci and candidate genes. However, owing to its polygenic nature and clinical heterogeneity, only a few of these markers represent clear targets for further analyses. In the present study, we used the linkage structure associated with published genetic markers of ASD to simultaneously improve candidate gene detection while providing a means of prioritizing markers of common genetic variation in ASD. We first mined the literature for linkage and association studies of single-nucleotide polymorphisms, copy-number variations and multi-allelic markers in Autism Genetic Resource Exchange (AGRE) families. From markers that reached genome-wide significance, we calculated male-specific genetic distances, in light of the observed strong male bias in ASD. Four of 67 autism-implicated regions, 3p26.1, 3p26.3, 3q25-27 and 5p15, were enriched with differentially expressed genes in blood and brain from individuals with ASD. Of 30 genes differentially expressed across multiple expression data sets, 21 were within 10 cM of an autism-implicated locus. Among them, CNTN4, CADPS2, SUMF1, SLC9A9, NTRK3 have been previously implicated in autism, whereas others have been implicated in neurological disorders comorbid with ASD. This work leverages the rich multimodal genomic information collected on AGRE families to present an efficient integrative strategy for prioritizing autism candidates and improving our understanding of the relationships among the vast collection of past genetic studies.
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21
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Saxena V, Ramdas S, Ochoa CR, Wallace D, Bhide P, Kohane I. Structural, genetic, and functional signatures of disordered neuro-immunological development in autism spectrum disorder. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48835. [PMID: 23239965 PMCID: PMC3514226 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2010] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Numerous linkage studies have been performed in pedigrees of Autism Spectrum Disorders, and these studies point to diverse loci and etiologies of autism in different pedigrees. The underlying pattern may be identified by an integrative approach, especially since ASD is a complex disorder manifested through many loci. Method Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) was studied through two different and independent genome-scale measurement modalities. We analyzed the results of copy number variation in autism and triangulated these with linkage studies. Results Consistently across both genome-scale measurements, the same two molecular themes emerged: immune/chemokine pathways and developmental pathways. Conclusion Linkage studies in aggregate do indeed share a thematic consistency, one which structural analyses recapitulate with high significance. These results also show for the first time that genomic profiling of pathways using a recombination distance metric can capture pathways that are consistent with those obtained from copy number variations (CNV).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Saxena
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America.
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22
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Mosrati MA, Schrauwen I, Kamoun H, Charfeddine I, Fransen E, Ghorbel A, Van Camp G, Masmoudi S. Genome wide analysis in a family with sensorineural hearing loss, autism and mental retardation. Gene 2012; 510:102-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 09/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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23
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Modi ME, Young LJ. The oxytocin system in drug discovery for autism: animal models and novel therapeutic strategies. Horm Behav 2012; 61:340-50. [PMID: 22206823 PMCID: PMC3483080 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2011.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Revised: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Animal models and behavioral paradigms are critical for elucidating the neural mechanism involved in complex behaviors, including social cognition. Both genotype and phenotype based models have implicated the neuropeptide oxytocin (OT) in the regulation of social behavior. Based on the findings in animal models, alteration of the OT system has been hypothesized to play a role in the social deficits associated with autism and other neuropsychiatric disorders. While the evidence linking the peptide to the etiology of the disorder is not yet conclusive, evidence from multiple animal models suggest modulation of the OT system may be a viable strategy for the pharmacological treatment of social deficits. In this review, we will discuss how animal models have been utilized to understand the role of OT in social cognition and how those findings can be applied to the conceptualization and treatment of the social impairments in ASD. Animal models with genetic alterations of the OT system, like the OT, OT receptor and CD38 knock-out mice, and those with phenotypic variation in social behavior, like BTBR inbred mice and prairie voles, coupled with behavioral paradigms with face and construct validity may prove to have predictive validity for identifying the most efficacious methods of stimulating the OT system to enhance social cognition in humans. The widespread use of strong animal models of social cognition has the potential yield pharmacological, interventions for the treatment social impairments psychiatric disorders. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Oxytocin, Vasopressin, and Social Behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Larry J. Young
- Corresponding author. 954 Gatewood Road, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA. (L.J. Young)
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24
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Russo AJ, Bazin AP, Bigega R, Carlson RS, Cole MG, Contreras DC, Galvin MB, Gaydorus SS, Holik SD, Jenkins GP, Jones BM, Languell PA, Lyman PJ, March KP, Meuer KA, Peterson SR, Piedmonte MT, Quinn MG, Smaranda NC, Steves PL, Taylor HP, Waddingham TE, Warren JS. Plasma copper and zinc concentration in individuals with autism correlate with selected symptom severity. Nutr Metab Insights 2012; 5:41-7. [PMID: 23882147 PMCID: PMC3698472 DOI: 10.4137/nmi.s8761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To assess plasma zinc and copper concentration in individuals with autism and correlate these levels with symptom severity. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Plasma from 102 autistic individuals, and 18 neurotypical controls, were tested for plasma zinc and copper using inductively-coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Copper and zinc levels and Cu/Zn were analyzed for possible correlation with severity of 19 symptoms. RESULTS Autistic individuals had elevated plasma levels of copper and Cu/Zn and lower, but not significantly lower, plasma Zn compared to neurotypical controls. There was a correlation between Cu/Zn and expressive language, receptive language, focus attention, hyperactivity, fine motor skills, gross motor skills and Tip Toeing. There was a negative correlation between plasma zinc concentration and hyperactivity, and fine motor skills severity. DISCUSSION These results suggest an association between plasma Cu/Zn and severity of symptoms associated with autism.
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25
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Wang L, Li J, Jia M, Yue W, Ruan Y, Lu T, Zhang J, Liu J, Zhang D. No association of polymorphisms in the CDK5, NDEL1, and LIS1 with autism in Chinese Han population. Psychiatry Res 2011; 190:369-71. [PMID: 21890215 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2011.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Revised: 07/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Autism is a pervasive neurodevelopmental disorder. CDK5 (cyclin-dependent kinase 5) and its interacting molecules are involved in neurodevelopment. We performed a family-based association analysis between CDK5, NDEL1, and LIS1 polymorphisms and autism in a Chinese Han population. Our study did not detect a significant association. It indicated that common genetic variations in these genes might not play a role in the genetic predisposition to autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifang Wang
- Key Laboratory for Mental Health, Ministry of Health, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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26
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McGrew SG, Peters BR, Crittendon JA, Veenstra-VanderWeele J. Diagnostic Yield of Chromosomal Microarray Analysis in an Autism Primary Care Practice: Which Guidelines to Implement? J Autism Dev Disord 2011; 42:1582-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s10803-011-1398-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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27
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Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are important neuropsychiatric disorders, currently estimated to affect approximately 1% of children, with considerable emotional and financial costs. Significant collaborative effort has been made over the last 15 years in an attempt to unravel the genetic mechanisms underlying these conditions. This has led to important discoveries, both of the roles of specific genes, as well as larger scale chromosomal copy number changes. Here, we summarize some of the latest genetic findings in the field of ASD and attempt to link them with the results of pathophysiological studies to provide an overall picture of at least one of the mechanisms by which ASD may develop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Holt
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, UK
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28
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Russo A, deVito R. Analysis of Copper and Zinc Plasma Concentration and the Efficacy of Zinc Therapy in Individuals with Asperger's Syndrome, Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS) and Autism. Biomark Insights 2011; 6:127-33. [PMID: 22174567 PMCID: PMC3235993 DOI: 10.4137/bmi.s7286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To assess plasma zinc and copper concentration in individuals with Asperger's Syndrome, Pervasive Developmental Disorder-Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS) and autistic disorder, and to analyze the efficacy of zinc therapy on the normalization of zinc and copper levels and symptom severity in these disorders. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Plasma from 79 autistic individuals, 52 individuals with PDD-NOS, 21 individuals with Asperger's Syndrome (all meeting DSM-IV diagnostic criteria), and 18 age and gender similar neurotypical controls, were tested for plasma zinc and copper using inductively-coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. RESULTS Autistic and PDD-NOS individuals had significantly elevated plasma levels of copper. None of the groups (autism, Asperger's or PDD-NOS) had significantly lower plasma zinc concentrations. Post zinc and B-6 therapy, individuals with autism and PDD-NOS had significantly lower levels of copper, but individuals with Asperger's did not have significantly lower copper. Individuals with autism, PDD-NOS and Asperger's all had significantly higher zinc levels. Severity of symptoms decreased in autistic individuals following zinc and B-6 therapy with respect to awareness, receptive language, focus and attention, hyperactivity, tip toeing, eye contact, sound sensitivity, tactile sensitivity and seizures. None of the measured symptoms worsened after therapy. None of the symptoms in the Asperger's patients improved after therapy. DISCUSSION These results suggest an association between copper and zinc plasma levels and individuals with autism, PDD-NOS and Asperger's Syndrome. The data also indicates that copper levels normalize (decrease to levels of controls) in individuals with autism and PDD-NOS, but not in individuals with Asperger's. These same Asperger's patients do not improve with respect to symptoms after therapy, whereas many symptoms improved in the autism group. This may indicate an association between copper levels and symptom severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.J. Russo
- Health Research Institute, Warrenville, Illinois
- Visiting Assistant Professor of Biology, Hartwick College, Oneonta, New York
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29
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Bishop SL, Lahvis GP. The autism diagnosis in translation: shared affect in children and mouse models of ASD. Autism Res 2011; 4:317-35. [PMID: 21882361 PMCID: PMC3684385 DOI: 10.1002/aur.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Accepted: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In the absence of molecular biomarkers that can be used to diagnose ASD, current diagnostic tools depend upon clinical assessments of behavior. Research efforts with human subjects have successfully utilized standardized diagnostic instruments, which include clinician interviews with parents and direct observation of the children themselves [Risi et al., 2006]. However, because clinical instruments are semi-structured and rely heavily on dynamic social processes and clinical skill, scores from these measures do not necessarily lend themselves directly to experimental investigations into the causes of ASD. Studies of the neurobiology of autism require experimental animal models. Mice are particularly useful for elucidating genetic and toxicological contributions to impairments in social function [Halladay et al., 2009]. Behavioral tests have been developed that are relevant to autism [Crawley, 2004, 2007], including measures of repetitive behaviors [Lewis, Tanimura, Lee, & Bodfish, 2007; Moy et al., 2008], social behavior [Brodkin, 2007; Lijam et al., 1997; Moretti, Bouwknecht, Teague, Paylor, & Zoghbi, 2005], and vocal communication [D'Amato et al., 2005; Panksepp et al., 2007; Scattoni et al., 2008]. Advances also include development of high-throughput measures of mouse sociability that can be used to reliably compare inbred mouse strains [Moy et al., 2008; Nadler et al., 2004], as well as measures of social reward [Panksepp & Lahvis, 2007] and empathy [Chen, Panksepp, & Lahvis, 2009; Langford et al., 2006]. With continued generation of mouse gene-targeted mice that are directly relevant to genetic linkages in ASD, there remains an urgent need to utilize a full suite of mouse behavioral tests that allows for a comprehensive assessment of the spectrum of social difficulties relevant to ASD. Using impairments in shared affect as an example, this paper explores potential avenues for collaboration between clinical and basic scientists, within an amply considered translational framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somer L. Bishop
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center (CCHMC) Division of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics 3333 Burnet Avenue Cincinnati, OH 45229 Phone: (513) 636-3849 Fax: 513-636-1360
| | - Garet P. Lahvis
- Oregon Health and Science University 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Mail Code L470 Portland, OR 97239 Phone: (503) 346 0820 Fax: (503) 494 6877
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Russo AJ. Increased Copper in Individuals with Autism Normalizes Post Zinc Therapy More Efficiently in Individuals with Concurrent GI Disease. Nutr Metab Insights 2011; 4:49-54. [PMID: 23946661 PMCID: PMC3738468 DOI: 10.4137/nmi.s6827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To assess plasma zinc and copper concentration in individuals with autism. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Plasma from 79 autistic individuals, and 18 age and gender similar neurotypical controls, were tested for plasma zinc and copper using inductively-coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. RESULTS Autistic individuals had significantly elevated plasma levels of copper and Cu/Zn and lower, but not significantly lower, plasma Zn compared to neurotypical controls. Zn levels increased significantly in autistic individuals with and without GI disease after zinc therapy. Cu decreased significantly after zinc therapy in the GI disease group but not in the autistic group without GI disease. Autistic children significantly improved with respect to hyperactivity and stimming after zinc therapy in autistic children with GI disease. Autistic children without GI disease did not improve in these symptoms after the same therapy. DISCUSSION These results suggest an association between zinc and copper plasma levels and autism, and they suggest that zinc therapy may be most effective at lowering copper levels in autistic children with GI disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J. Russo
- Visiting Assistant Professor of Biology, Hartwick College, Oneonta, NY 13820. Research Director Health Research Institute/Pfeiffer Treatment Center 4575 Weaver Parkway Warrenville, Illinois 60555
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Campbell DB, Datta D, Jones ST, Batey Lee E, Sutcliffe JS, Hammock EAD, Levitt P. Association of oxytocin receptor (OXTR) gene variants with multiple phenotype domains of autism spectrum disorder. J Neurodev Disord 2011; 3:101-12. [PMID: 21484202 PMCID: PMC3113442 DOI: 10.1007/s11689-010-9071-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2010] [Accepted: 12/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by core deficits in social behavior, communication, and behavioral flexibility. Several lines of evidence indicate that oxytocin, signaling through its receptor (OXTR), is important in a wide range of social behaviors. In attempts to determine whether genetic variations in the oxytocin signaling system contribute to ASD susceptibility, seven recent reports indicated association of common genetic polymorphisms in the OXTR gene with ASD. Each involved relatively small sample sizes (57 to 436 families) and, where it was examined, failed to identify association of OXTR polymorphisms with measures of social behavior in individuals with ASD. We report genetic association analysis of 25 markers spanning the OXTR locus in 1,238 pedigrees including 2,333 individuals with ASD. Association of three markers previously implicated in ASD susceptibility, rs2268493 (P = 0.043), rs1042778 (P = 0.037), and rs7632287 (P = 0.016), was observed. Further, these genetic markers were associated with multiple core ASD phenotypes, including social domain dysfunction, measured by standardized instruments used to diagnose and describe ASD. The data suggest association of OXTR genetic polymorphisms with ASD, although the results should be interpreted with caution because none of the significant associations would survive appropriate correction for multiple comparisons. However, the current findings of association in a large independent cohort are consistent with previous results, and the biological plausibility of participation of the oxytocin signaling system in modulating social disruptions characteristic of ASD, suggest that functional polymorphisms of OXTR may contribute to ASD risk in a subset of families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B Campbell
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA,
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Zwaigenbaum L, Scherer S, Szatmari P, Fombonne E, Bryson SE, Hyde K, Anagnostou E, Brian J, Evans A, Hall G, Nicholas D, Roberts W, Smith I, Vaillancourt T, Volden J, Volden J. The NeuroDevNet Autism Spectrum Disorders Demonstration Project. Semin Pediatr Neurol 2011; 18:40-8. [PMID: 21575840 DOI: 10.1016/j.spen.2011.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The NeuroDevNet Autism Spectrum Disorder Demonstration Project interfaces at many levels with the network's research themes and priorities. Our interdisciplinary team aims to improve understanding of genetic factors underlying vulnerability to autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) to develop better diagnostic strategies and, ultimately, to pinpoint molecular pathways relevant to developing biologically based treatments. Linking our existing longitudinal ASD cohorts with both genetics and neuroimaging studies will provide, for the first time, integrated data on how the genetic variation influences brain and behavioral development in ASD. Importantly, as our science progresses and we translate this information to the health care system, we will also educate policy makers, media, and business, so an informed society is prepared to capitalize on new genomic advances and effectively integrate these into health services for the broader community. We believe that this research has the potential to transform assessment and care for individuals with ASD.
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33
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Chapman NH, Estes A, Munson J, Bernier R, Webb SJ, Rothstein JH, Minshew NJ, Dawson G, Schellenberg GD, Wijsman EM. Genome-scan for IQ discrepancy in autism: evidence for loci on chromosomes 10 and 16. Hum Genet 2011; 129:59-70. [PMID: 20963441 PMCID: PMC3082447 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-010-0899-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2010] [Accepted: 09/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Performance IQ (PIQ) greater than verbal IQ (VIQ) is often observed in studies of the cognitive abilities of autistic individuals. This characteristic is correlated with social and communication impairments, key parts of the autism diagnosis. We present the first genetic analyses of IQ discrepancy (PIQ-VIQ) as an autism-related phenotype. We performed genome-wide joint linkage and segregation analyses on 287 multiplex families, using a Markov chain Monte Carlo approach. Genetic data included a genome-scan of 387 micro-satellite markers in 210 families augmented with additional markers added in a subset of families. Empirical P values were calculated for five interesting regions. Linkage analysis identified five chromosomal regions with substantial regional evidence of linkage; 10p12 [P = 0.001; genome-wide (gw) P = 0.05], 16q23 (P = .015; gw P = 0.53), 2p21 (P = 0.03, gw P = 0.78), 6q25 (P = 0.047, gw P = 0.91) and 15q23-25 (P = 0.053, gw P = 0.93). The location of the chromosome 10 linkage signal coincides with a region noted in a much earlier genome-scan for autism, and the chromosome 16 signal coincides exactly with a linkage signal for non-word repetition in specific language impairment. This study provides strong evidence for a QTL influencing IQ discrepancy in families with autistic individuals on chromosome 10, and suggestive evidence for a QTL on chromosome 16. The location of the chromosome 16 signal suggests a candidate gene, CDH13, a T-cadherin expressed in the brain, which has been implicated in previous SNP studies of autism and ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Annette Estes
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jeff Munson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Raphael Bernier
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sara J. Webb
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Nancy J. Minshew
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Geraldine Dawson
- Autism Speaks, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Gerard D. Schellenberg
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ellen M. Wijsman
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Statistical Genetics Lab, T15, 4333 Brooklyn Ave NE, Seattle, WA 98195-9460, USA
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Matson JL, Sturmey P. The Genetics of Autism. INTERNATIONAL HANDBOOK OF AUTISM AND PERVASIVE DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS 2011. [PMCID: PMC7120060 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-8065-6_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This chapter is written to make the fast-paced, expanding field of the genetics of autism accessible to those practitioners who help children with autism. New genetic knowledge and technology have quickly developed over the past 30 years, particularly within the past decade, and have made many optimistic about our ability to explain autism. Among these advances include the sequencing of the human genome (Lander et al., 2001) and the identification of common genetic variants via the HapMap project (International HapMap Consortium, 2005), and the development of cost-efficient genotyping and analysis technologies (Losh, Sullivan, Trembath, & Piven, 2008). Improvement in technology has led to improved visualization of chromosomal abnormality down to the molecular level. The four most common syndromes associated with autism include fragile X syndrome, tuberous sclerosis, 15q duplications, and untreated phenylketonuria (PKU; Costa e Silva, 2008). FXS and 15q duplications are discussed within the context of cytogenetics. TSC is illustrated within the description of linkage analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnny L. Matson
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, 70803 Louisiana USA
| | - Peter Sturmey
- City University of New York, Department of Psychology, Queens College, Flushing, 11367 New York USA
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Allen-Brady K, Robison R, Cannon D, Varvil T, Villalobos M, Pingree C, Leppert MF, Miller J, McMahon WM, Coon H. Genome-wide linkage in Utah autism pedigrees. Mol Psychiatry 2010; 15:1006-15. [PMID: 19455147 PMCID: PMC4023913 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2009.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2008] [Revised: 03/25/2009] [Accepted: 04/13/2009] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Genetic studies of autism over the past decade suggest a complex landscape of multiple genes. In the face of this heterogeneity, studies that include large extended pedigrees may offer valuable insights, as the relatively few susceptibility genes within single large families may be more easily discerned. This genome-wide screen of 70 families includes 20 large extended pedigrees of 6-9 generations, 6 moderate-sized families of 4-5 generations and 44 smaller families of 2-3 generations. The Center for Inherited Disease Research (CIDR) provided genotyping using the Illumina Linkage Panel 12, a 6K single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) platform. Results from 192 subjects with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and 461 of their relatives revealed genome-wide significance on chromosome 15q, with three possibly distinct peaks: 15q13.1-q14 (heterogeneity LOD (HLOD)=4.09 at 29 459 872 bp); 15q14-q21.1 (HLOD=3.59 at 36 837 208 bp); and 15q21.1-q22.2 (HLOD=5.31 at 55 629 733 bp). Two of these peaks replicate earlier findings. There were additional suggestive results on chromosomes 2p25.3-p24.1 (HLOD=1.87), 7q31.31-q32.3 (HLOD=1.97) and 13q12.11-q12.3 (HLOD=1.93). Affected subjects in families supporting the linkage peaks found in this study did not reveal strong evidence for distinct phenotypic subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Allen-Brady
- Utah Autism Research Project, Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
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Lee H, Marvin AR, Watson T, Piggot J, Law JK, Law PA, Constantino JN, Nelson SF. Accuracy of phenotyping of autistic children based on Internet implemented parent report. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2010; 153B:1119-26. [PMID: 20552678 PMCID: PMC4311721 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.31103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
While strong familial evidence supports a substantial genetic contribution to the etiology of autism spectrum disorders (ASD), specific genetic abnormalities have been identified in only a small minority of all cases. In order to comprehensively delineate the genetic components of autism including the identification of rare and common variants, overall sample sizes an order of magnitude larger than those currently under study are critically needed. This will require rapid and scalable subject assessment paradigms that obviate clinic-based time-intensive behavioral phenotyping, which is a rate-limiting step. Here, we test the accuracy of a web-based approach to autism phenotyping implemented within the Interactive Autism Network (IAN). Families who were registered with the IAN and resided near one of the three study sites were eligible for the study. One hundred seven children ascertained from this pool who were verbal, age 4-17 years, and had Social Communication Questionnaire (SCQ) scores > or =12 (a profile that characterizes a majority of ASD-affected children in IAN) underwent a clinical confirmation battery. One hundred five of the 107 children were ASD positive (98%) by clinician's best estimate. One hundred four of these individuals (99%) were ASD positive by developmental history using the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R) and 97 (93%) were positive for ASD by developmental history and direct observational assessment (Autism Diagnostic Observational Schedule or expert clinician observation). These data support the reliability and feasibility of the IAN-implemented parent-report paradigms for the ascertainment of clinical ASD for large-scale genetic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hane Lee
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Alison R. Marvin
- Department of Medical Informatics, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Tamara Watson
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Judith Piggot
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - J. Kiely Law
- Department of Medical Informatics, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Paul A. Law
- Department of Medical Informatics, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - John N. Constantino
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Stanley F. Nelson
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
,
Correspondence to: 695 Charles E. Young Dr. South, GONDA 5554, Los Angeles, CA 90095.
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Pagnamenta AT, Bacchelli E, de Jonge MV, Mirza G, Scerri TS, Minopoli F, Chiocchetti A, Ludwig KU, Hoffmann P, Paracchini S, Lowy E, Harold DH, Chapman JA, Klauck SM, Poustka F, Houben RH, Staal WG, Ophoff RA, O'Donovan MC, Williams J, Nöthen MM, Schulte-Körne G, Deloukas P, Ragoussis J, Bailey AJ, Maestrini E, Monaco AP. Characterization of a family with rare deletions in CNTNAP5 and DOCK4 suggests novel risk loci for autism and dyslexia. Biol Psychiatry 2010; 68:320-8. [PMID: 20346443 PMCID: PMC2941017 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2009] [Revised: 01/15/2010] [Accepted: 02/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are characterized by social, communication, and behavioral deficits and complex genetic etiology. A recent study of 517 ASD families implicated DOCK4 by single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) association and a microdeletion in an affected sibling pair. METHODS The DOCK4 microdeletion on 7q31.1 was further characterized in this family using QuantiSNP analysis of 1M SNP array data and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Extended family members were tested by polymerase chain reaction amplification of junction fragments. DOCK4 dosage was measured in additional samples using SNP arrays. Since QuantiSNP analysis identified a novel CNTNAP5 microdeletion in the same affected sibling pair, this gene was sequenced in 143 additional ASD families. Further polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis included 380 ASD cases and suitable control subjects. RESULTS The maternally inherited microdeletion encompassed chr7:110,663,978-111,257,682 and led to a DOCK4-IMMP2L fusion transcript. It was also detected in five extended family members with no ASD. However, six of nine individuals with this microdeletion had poor reading ability, which prompted us to screen 606 other dyslexia cases. This led to the identification of a second DOCK4 microdeletion co-segregating with dyslexia. Assessment of genomic background in the original ASD family detected a paternal 2q14.3 microdeletion disrupting CNTNAP5 that was also transmitted to both affected siblings. Analysis of other ASD cohorts revealed four additional rare missense changes in CNTNAP5. No exonic deletions of DOCK4 or CNTNAP5 were seen in 2091 control subjects. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights two new risk factors for ASD and dyslexia and demonstrates the importance of performing a high-resolution assessment of genomic background, even after detection of a rare and likely damaging microdeletion using a targeted approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair T. Pagnamenta
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Elena Bacchelli
- Department of Biology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maretha V. de Jonge
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ghazala Mirza
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas S. Scerri
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Andreas Chiocchetti
- Division of Molecular Genome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kerstin U. Ludwig
- Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Per Hoffmann
- Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Silvia Paracchini
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ernesto Lowy
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Denise H. Harold
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Jade A. Chapman
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Sabine M. Klauck
- Division of Molecular Genome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Fritz Poustka
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Goethe-University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Renske H. Houben
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter G. Staal
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Roel A. Ophoff
- Department of Medical Genetics and Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- University of California Los Angeles Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Los Angeles, California
| | | | - Julie Williams
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Markus M. Nöthen
- Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Gerd Schulte-Körne
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Panos Deloukas
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Jiannis Ragoussis
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony J. Bailey
- University Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Elena Maestrini
- Department of Biology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Anthony P. Monaco
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Llaneza DC, DeLuke SV, Batista M, Crawley JN, Christodulu KV, Frye CA. Communication, interventions, and scientific advances in autism: a commentary. Physiol Behav 2010; 100:268-76. [PMID: 20093134 PMCID: PMC2860058 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2010.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2009] [Revised: 01/11/2010] [Accepted: 01/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) affect approximately 1 in 150 children across the U.S., and are characterized by abnormal social actions, language difficulties, repetitive or restrictive behaviors, and special interests. ASD include autism (autistic disorder), Asperger Syndrome, and Pervasive Developmental Disorder not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS or atypical autism). High-functioning individuals may communicate with moderate-to-high language skills, although difficulties in social skills may result in communication deficits. Low-functioning individuals may have severe deficiencies in language, resulting in poor communication between the individual and others. Behavioral intervention programs have been developed for ASD, and are frequently adjusted to accommodate specific individual needs. Many of these programs are school-based and aim to support the child in the development of their skills, for use outside the classroom with family and friends. Strides are being made in understanding the factors contributing to the development of ASD, particularly the genetic contributions that may underlie these disorders. Mutant mouse models provide powerful research tools to investigate the genetic factors associated with ASD and its co-morbid disorders. In support, the BTBR T+tf/J mouse strain incorporates ASD-like social and communication deficits and high levels of repetitive behaviors. This commentary briefly reviews the reciprocal relationship between observations made during evidence-based behavioral interventions of high- versus low-functioning children with ASD and the accumulating body of research in autism, including animal studies and basic research models. This reciprocity is one of the hallmarks of the scientific method, such that research may inform behavioral treatments, and observations made during treatment may inform subsequent research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle C. Llaneza
- Department of Psychology, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY
| | - Susan V. DeLuke
- Department of Literacy and Special Education, College of Saint Rose, Albany, NY
| | - Myra Batista
- Kevin G. Langan School, Center for Disability Services, Albany, NY
| | - Jacqueline N. Crawley
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Kristin V. Christodulu
- Center for Autism and Related Disabilities, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY
| | - Cheryl A. Frye
- Department of Psychology, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY
- Department of Biology, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY
- Centers for Life Science, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY
- Neuroscience Research, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY
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Losh M, Esserman D, Piven J. Rapid automatized naming as an index of genetic liability to autism. J Neurodev Disord 2010; 2:109-16. [PMID: 20721307 PMCID: PMC2922764 DOI: 10.1007/s11689-010-9045-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2009] [Accepted: 04/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated rapid automatized naming (RAN) ability in high functioning individuals with autism and parents of individuals with autism. Findings revealed parallel patterns of performance in parents and individuals with autism, where both groups had longer naming times than controls. Significant parent-child correlations were also detected, along with associations with language and personality features of the broad autism phenotype (retrospective reports of early language delay, socially reticent personality). Together, findings point towards RAN as a potential marker of genetic liability to autism.
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Combi R, Redaelli S, Beghi M, Clerici M, Cornaggia C, Dalprà L. Clinical and genetic evaluation of a family showing both autism and epilepsy. Brain Res Bull 2010; 82:25-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2010.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2009] [Revised: 02/01/2010] [Accepted: 02/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Sousa I, Clark TG, Holt R, Pagnamenta AT, Mulder EJ, Minderaa RB, Bailey AJ, Battaglia A, Klauck SM, Poustka F, Monaco AP. Polymorphisms in leucine-rich repeat genes are associated with autism spectrum disorder susceptibility in populations of European ancestry. Mol Autism 2010; 1:7. [PMID: 20678249 PMCID: PMC2913944 DOI: 10.1186/2040-2392-1-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2009] [Accepted: 03/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are a group of highly heritable neurodevelopmental disorders which are characteristically comprised of impairments in social interaction, communication and restricted interests/behaviours. Several cell adhesion transmembrane leucine-rich repeat (LRR) proteins are highly expressed in the nervous system and are thought to be key regulators of its development. Here we present an association study analysing the roles of four promising candidate genes - LRRTM1 (2p), LRRTM3 (10q), LRRN1 (3p) and LRRN3 (7q) - in order to identify common genetic risk factors underlying ASDs. METHODS In order to gain a better understanding of how the genetic variation within these four gene regions may influence susceptibility to ASDs, a family-based association study was undertaken in 661 families of European ancestry selected from four different ASD cohorts. In addition, a case-control study was undertaken across the four LRR genes, using logistic regression in probands with ASD of each population against 295 ECACC controls. RESULTS Significant results were found for LRRN3 and LRRTM3 (P < 0.005), using both single locus and haplotype approaches. These results were further supported by a case-control analysis, which also highlighted additional SNPs in LRRTM3. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our findings implicate the neuronal leucine-rich genes LRRN3 and LRRTM3 in ASD susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Sousa
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.
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Hodge SM, Makris N, Kennedy DN, Caviness VS, Howard J, McGrath L, Steele S, Frazier JA, Tager-Flusberg H, Harris GJ. Cerebellum, language, and cognition in autism and specific language impairment. J Autism Dev Disord 2010; 40:300-16. [PMID: 19924522 PMCID: PMC3771698 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-009-0872-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We performed cerebellum segmentation and parcellation on magnetic resonance images from right-handed boys, aged 6-13 years, including 22 boys with autism [16 with language impairment (ALI)], 9 boys with Specific Language Impairment (SLI), and 11 normal controls. Language-impaired groups had reversed asymmetry relative to unimpaired groups in posterior-lateral cerebellar lobule VIIIA (right side larger in unimpaired groups, left side larger in ALI and SLI), contralateral to previous findings in inferior frontal cortex language areas. Lobule VIIA Crus I was smaller in SLI than in ALI. Vermis volume, particularly anterior I-V, was decreased in language-impaired groups. Language performance test scores correlated with lobule VIIIA asymmetry and with anterior vermis volume. These findings suggest ALI and SLI subjects show abnormalities in neurodevelopment of fronto-corticocerebellar circuits that manage motor control and the processing of language, cognition, working memory, and attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M. Hodge
- Center for Morphometric Analysis, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Radiology Computer Aided Diagnostics Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Nikos Makris
- Center for Morphometric Analysis, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - David N. Kennedy
- Center for Morphometric Analysis, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Verne S. Caviness
- Center for Morphometric Analysis, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - James Howard
- Center for Morphometric Analysis, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Lauren McGrath
- Boston University School of Medicine, Lab of Cognitive Neuroscience, Boston, MA
| | - Shelly Steele
- Boston University School of Medicine, Lab of Cognitive Neuroscience, Boston, MA
| | - Jean A. Frazier
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Center for Child and Adolescent Development, Department of Psychiatry, Cambridge Health Alliance, Cambridge, MA
| | | | - Gordon J. Harris
- Radiology Computer Aided Diagnostics Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
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Cukier HN, Skaar DA, Rayner-Evans MY, Konidari I, Whitehead PL, Jaworski JM, Cuccaro ML, Pericak-Vance MA, Gilbert JR. Identification of chromosome 7 inversion breakpoints in an autistic family narrows candidate region for autism susceptibility. Autism Res 2010; 2:258-66. [PMID: 19877165 DOI: 10.1002/aur.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Chromosomal breaks and rearrangements have been observed in conjunction with autism and autistic spectrum disorders. A chromosomal inversion has been previously reported in autistic siblings, spanning the region from approximately 7q22.1 to 7q31. This family is distinguished by having multiple individuals with autism and associated disabilities. The region containing the inversion has been strongly implicated in autism by multiple linkage studies, and has been particularly associated with language defects in autism as well as in other disorders with language components. Mapping of the inversion breakpoints by FISH has localized the inversion to the region spanning approximately 99-108.75 Mb of chromosome 7. The proximal breakpoint has the potential to disrupt either the coding sequence or regulatory regions of a number of cytochrome P450 genes while the distal region falls in a relative gene desert. Copy number variant analysis of the breakpoint regions detected no duplication or deletion that could clearly be associated with disease status. Association analysis in our autism data set using single nucleotide polymorphisms located near the breakpoints showed no significant association with proximal breakpoint markers, but has identified markers near the distal breakpoint ( approximately 108-110 Mb) with significant associations to autism. The chromosomal abnormality in this family strengthens the case for an autism susceptibility gene in the chromosome 7q22-31 region and targets a candidate region for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly N Cukier
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
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SCAMP5, NBEA and AMISYN: three candidate genes for autism involved in secretion of large dense-core vesicles. Hum Mol Genet 2010; 19:1368-78. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddq013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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Mechanisms of protein kinase A anchoring. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010; 283:235-330. [PMID: 20801421 DOI: 10.1016/s1937-6448(10)83005-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The second messenger cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), which is produced by adenylyl cyclases following stimulation of G-protein-coupled receptors, exerts its effect mainly through the cAMP-dependent serine/threonine protein kinase A (PKA). Due to the ubiquitous nature of the cAMP/PKA system, PKA signaling pathways underlie strict spatial and temporal control to achieve specificity. A-kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs) bind to the regulatory subunit dimer of the tetrameric PKA holoenzyme and thereby target PKA to defined cellular compartments in the vicinity of its substrates. AKAPs promote the termination of cAMP signals by recruiting phosphodiesterases and protein phosphatases, and the integration of signaling pathways by binding additional signaling proteins. AKAPs are a heterogeneous family of proteins that only display similarity within their PKA-binding domains, amphipathic helixes docking into a hydrophobic groove formed by the PKA regulatory subunit dimer. This review summarizes the current state of information on compartmentalized cAMP/PKA signaling with a major focus on structural aspects, evolution, diversity, and (patho)physiological functions of AKAPs and intends to outline newly emerging directions of the field, such as the elucidation of AKAP mutations and alterations of AKAP expression in human diseases, and the validation of AKAP-dependent protein-protein interactions as new drug targets. In addition, alternative PKA anchoring mechanisms employed by noncanonical AKAPs and PKA catalytic subunit-interacting proteins are illustrated.
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Jackson PB, Boccuto L, Skinner C, Collins JS, Neri G, Gurrieri F, Schwartz CE. Further evidence that the rs1858830 C variant in the promoter region of the MET gene is associated with autistic disorder. Autism Res 2009; 2:232-6. [PMID: 19681062 DOI: 10.1002/aur.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies in three independent cohorts have shown that the rs1858830 C allele variant in the promoter region of the MET gene on chromosome 7q31 is associated with autism. Another study has found correlations between other alterations in the MET gene and autism in two unrelated cohorts. This study screened two cohorts, an Autistic Disorder cohort from South Carolina and a Pervasive Developmental Disorder (PDD) cohort from Italy, for the presence of the C allele variant in rs1858830. A significant increase in the C allele variant frequency was found in the South Carolina Autistic Disorder patients as compared to South Carolina Controls (chi(2)=5.8, df=1, P=0.02). In the South Carolina cohort, a significant association with Autistic Disorder was found when comparing the CC and CG genotypes to the GG genotype (odds ratio (OR)=1.64; 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.12-2.40; chi(2)=6.5, df=1, P=0.01) in cases and controls. In the Italian cohort, no significant association with PDD was found when comparing the CC or CG genotype to the GG genotype (OR=1.20; 95% CI=0.56-2.56; chi(2)=0.2, df=1, P=0.64). This study is the third independent study to find the rs1858830 C variant in the MET gene promoter to be associated with autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela B Jackson
- JC Self Research Institute of Human Genetics, Greenwood Genetic Center, Greenwood, South Carolina, USA
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Guhathakurta S, Singh AS, Sinha S, Chatterjee A, Ahmed S, Ghosh S, Usha R. Analysis of serotonin receptor 2A gene (HTR2A): Association study with autism spectrum disorder in the Indian population and investigation of the gene expression in peripheral blood leukocytes. Neurochem Int 2009; 55:754-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2009.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2009] [Revised: 07/15/2009] [Accepted: 07/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Russo AJ, Krigsman A, Jepson B, Wakefield A. Decreased Serum Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF) in Autistic Children with Severe Gastrointestinal Disease. Biomark Insights 2009; 4:181-90. [PMID: 20029653 PMCID: PMC2796865 DOI: 10.4137/bmi.s3656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: To assess serum Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF) levels in autistic children with severe gastrointestinal (GI) disease and to test the hypothesis that there is a relationship between GI pathology and HGF concentration. Subjects and Methods: Serum from 29 autistic children with chronic digestive disease (symptoms for a minimum of 6–12 months), most with ileo-colonic lymphoid nodular hyperplasia (LNH—markedly enlarged lymphoid nodules) and inflammation of the colorectum, small bowel and/or stomach), and 31 controls (11 age matched autistic children with no GI disease, 11 age matched non autistic children without GI disease and 9 age matched non autistic children with GI disease) were tested for HGF using ELISAs. HGF concentration of autistic children with GI disease was compared to GI disease severity. Results: Autistic children with GI disease had significantly lower serum levels of HGF compared to controls (autistic without GI disease; p = 0.0005, non autistic with no GI disease; p = 0.0001, and non autistic with GI disease; p = 0.001). Collectively, all autistic children had significantly lower HGF levels when compared to non autistic children (p < 0.0001). We did not find any relationship between severity of GI disease and HGF concentration in autistic children with GI disease. Discussion: These results suggest an association between HGF serum levels and the presence of GI disease in autistic children and explain a potential functional connection between the Met gene and autism. The concentration of serum HGF may be a useful biomarker for autistic children, especially those with severe GI disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Russo
- Research Director, Health Research Institute/Pfeiffer Treatment Center, 4575 Weaver Parkway, Warrenville, Illinois 60555, USA
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Schnetz-Boutaud NC, Anderson BM, Brown KD, Wright HH, Abramson RK, Cuccaro ML, Gilbert JR, Pericak-Vance MA, Haines JL. Examination of tetrahydrobiopterin pathway genes in autism. GENES, BRAIN, AND BEHAVIOR 2009; 8:753-7. [PMID: 19674121 PMCID: PMC2784255 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-183x.2009.00521.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Autism is a complex disorder with a high degree of heritability and significant phenotypic and genotypic heterogeneity. Although candidate gene studies and genome-wide screens have failed to identify major causal loci associated with autism, numerous studies have proposed association with several variations in genes in the dopaminergic and serotonergic pathways. Because tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) is the essential cofactor in the synthesis of these two neurotransmitters, we genotyped 25 SNPs in nine genes of the BH4 pathway in a total of 403 families. Significant nominal association was detected in the gene for 6-pyruvoyl-tetrahydropterin synthase, PTS (chromosome 11), with P = 0.009; this result was not restricted to an affected male-only subset. Multilocus interaction was detected in the BH4 pathway alone, but not across the serotonin, dopamine and BH4 pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- N C Schnetz-Boutaud
- Center for Human Genetics Research and Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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Tomblin JB, O'Brien M, Shriberg LD, Williams C, Murray J, Patil S, Bjork J, Anderson S, Ballard K. Language features in a mother and daughter of a chromosome 7;13 translocation involving FOXP2. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2009; 52:1157-74. [PMID: 19797137 PMCID: PMC2760059 DOI: 10.1044/1092-4388(2009/07-0162)] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aims of this study were (a) to locate the breakpoints of a balanced translocation (7;13) within a mother (B) and daughter (T); (b) to describe the language and cognitive skills of B and T; and (c) to compare this profile with affected family members of the KE family who have a mutation within FOXP2. METHOD The breakpoint locations for T and B were identified by use of fluorescent in situ hybridization analysis followed by DNA sequencing using long-range polymer chain reaction amplification methods. The cognitive and language characteristics were obtained via the use of standardized tests of intelligence, receptive and expressive vocabulary and sentence use, and a spontaneous language sample. RESULTS The translocation breakpoints in T and B were found in FOXP2 on chromosome 7 and in RFC3 on chromosome 13. T and B's pattern of relative strengths and weaknesses across their cognitive and language performance was found to be similar to descriptions of the affected KE family members. CONCLUSIONS Prior reports of individuals with chromosomal rearrangements of FOXP2 have emphasized their speech impairment. This study provides additional evidence that language-in particular, grammar-is likely to be influenced by abnormalities of FOXP2 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bruce Tomblin
- Department of Speech Pathology and Audiology, University of Iowa, WJSHC, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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