1
|
Waldemer-Streyer RJ, Kim D, Chen J. Muscle cell-derived cytokines in skeletal muscle regeneration. FEBS J 2022; 289:6463-6483. [PMID: 35073461 PMCID: PMC9308828 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Regeneration of the mammalian adult skeletal muscle is a well-orchestrated process regulated by multiple proteins and signalling pathways. Cytokines constitute a major class of regulators of skeletal myogenesis. It is well established that infiltrating immune cells at the site of muscle injury secrete cytokines, which play critical roles in the myofibre repair and regeneration process. In the past 10-15 years, skeletal muscle itself has emerged as a prolific producer of cytokines. Much attention in the field has been focused on the endocrine effects of muscle-secreted cytokines (myokines) on metabolic regulation. However, ample evidence suggests that muscle-derived cytokines also regulate myogenic differentiation and muscle regeneration in an autocrine manner. In this review, we survey cytokines that meet two criteria: (a) evidence of expression by muscle cells; (b) evidence demonstrating a myogenic function. Dozens of cytokines representing several major classes make up this group, and together they regulate all steps of the myogenic process. How such a large array of cytokines coordinate their signalling to form a regulatory network is a fascinating, pressing question. Functional studies that can distinguish the source of the cytokines in vivo are also much needed in order to facilitate exploration of their full therapeutic potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jie Chen
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 601 S. Goodwin Ave., Urbana, IL 61801
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Is Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor a Metabolic Hormone in Peripheral Tissues? BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11071063. [PMID: 36101441 PMCID: PMC9312804 DOI: 10.3390/biology11071063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/06/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The activity of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDF) in the central nervous system has been well-studied, but its physiological role in other organs has not been clearly defined. This review summarizes the current findings on the functionality of BDNF in various peripheral tissues and discusses several unresolved questions in the field. Abstract Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is an important growth factor in the central nervous system. In addition to its well-known activities in promoting neuronal survival, neuron differentiation, and synaptic plasticity, neuronal BDNF also regulates energy homeostasis by modulating the hypothalamus’s hormonal signals. In the past decades, several peripheral tissues, including liver, skeletal muscle, and white adipose tissue, were demonstrated as the active sources of BDNF synthesis in response to different metabolic challenges. Nevertheless, the functions of BDNF in these tissues remain obscure. With the use of tissue-specific Bdnf knockout animals and the availability of non-peptidyl BDNF mimetic, increasing evidence has reported that peripheral tissues-derived BDNF might play a significant role in maintaining systemic metabolism, possibly through the regulation of mitochondrial dynamics in the various tissues. This article reviews the autocrine/paracrine/endocrine functions of BDNF in non-neuronal tissues and discusses the unresolved questions about BDNF’s function.
Collapse
|
3
|
ProNGF/p75NTR Axis Drives Fiber Type Specification by Inducing the Fast-Glycolytic Phenotype in Mouse Skeletal Muscle Cells. Cells 2020; 9:cells9102232. [PMID: 33023189 PMCID: PMC7599914 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite its undisputable role in the homeostatic regulation of the nervous system, the nerve growth factor (NGF) also governs the relevant cellular processes in other tissues and organs. In this study, we aimed at assessing the expression and the putative involvement of NGF signaling in skeletal muscle physiology. To reach this objective, we employed satellite cell-derived myoblasts as an in vitro culture model. In vivo experiments were performed on Tibialis anterior from wild-type mice and an mdx mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Targets of interest were mainly assessed by means of morphological, Western blot and qRT-PCR analysis. The results show that proNGF is involved in myogenic differentiation. Importantly, the proNGF/p75NTR pathway orchestrates a slow-to-fast fiber type transition by counteracting the expression of slow myosin heavy chain and that of oxidative markers. Concurrently, proNGF/p75NTR activation facilitates the induction of fast myosin heavy chain and of fast/glycolytic markers. Furthermore, we also provided evidence that the oxidative metabolism is impaired in mdx mice, and that these alterations are paralleled by a prominent buildup of proNGF and p75NTR. These findings underline that the proNGF/p75NTR pathway may play a crucial role in fiber type determination and suggest its prospective modulation as an innovative therapeutic approach to counteract muscle disorders.
Collapse
|
4
|
Yoshioka K, Ito A, Kawabe Y, Kamihira M. Novel neuromuscular junction model in 2D and 3D myotubes co-cultured with induced pluripotent stem cell-derived motor neurons. J Biosci Bioeng 2020; 129:486-493. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2019.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
5
|
Carrero-Rojas G, Benítez-Temiño B, Pastor AM, Davis López de Carrizosa MA. Muscle Progenitors Derived from Extraocular Muscles Express Higher Levels of Neurotrophins and their Receptors than other Cranial and Limb Muscles. Cells 2020; 9:cells9030747. [PMID: 32197508 PMCID: PMC7140653 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Extraocular muscles (EOMs) show resistance to muscle dystrophies and sarcopenia. It has been recently demonstrated that they are endowed with different types of myogenic cells, all of which present an outstanding regenerative potential. Neurotrophins are important modulators of myogenic regeneration and act promoting myoblast proliferation, enhancing myogenic fusion rates and protecting myotubes from inflammatory stimuli. Here, we adapted the pre-plate cell isolation technique to obtain myogenic progenitors from the rat EOMs, and quantified their in vitro expression of neurotrophins and their receptors by RT–qPCR and immunohistochemistry, respectively. The results were compared with the expression on progenitors isolated from buccinator, tongue and limb muscles. Our quantitative analysis of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), nerve growth factor (NGF) and neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) transcripts showed, for the first time, that EOMs-derived cells express more of these factors and that they expressed TrkA, but not TrkB and TrkC receptors. On the contrary, the immunofluorescence analysis demonstrated high expression of p75NTR on all myogenic progenitors, with the EOMs-derived cells showing higher expression. Taken together, these results suggest that the intrinsic trophic differences between EOMs-derived myogenic progenitors and their counterparts from other muscles could explain why those cells show higher proliferative and fusion rates, as well as better regenerative properties.
Collapse
|
6
|
A gene expression profile associated with perineural invasion identifies a subset of HNSCC at risk of post-surgical recurrence. Oral Oncol 2018; 86:53-60. [PMID: 30409320 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Perineural invasion (PNI) is a common histopathological finding in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). We aimed to explore the molecular mechanisms involved in PNI and the role of PNI as an aggressive pathological feature. MATERIALS AND METHODS We used data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) to relate the histological presentation of 528 HNSCC tumours to clinical, whole genome expression and proteomic data. RESULTS We identified a specific gene expression profile highly enriched in genes related to muscle differentiation/function and associated with PNI in HNSCC. We explored the clinical significance of this profile in three groups of HNSCC tumours stratified according to their low, intermediate or high risk of post-surgical recurrence. In the "low-risk" group, defined as tumours indicated for surgery without adjuvant radiotherapy (n = 51), the PNI gene expression profile identified a subset of HNSCC with a higher rate of tumour recurrence, decreased Disease Free Survival (DFS) and Overall Survival (OS) (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.0064, respectively). Comparable results were observed in "intermediate risk" tumours (n = 112), but not in "high risk" tumours (n = 147), whose prognosis was driven by the presence of lymph node extracapsular spread. Finally, we found that tumours with histological PNI had increased activation levels of the Akt/PKB and mTOR (mammalian Target Of Rapamycin) kinases. CONCLUSION PNI is characterised by a specific gene expression profile and distinct biological characteristics. Analysing the PNI gene expression profile holds potential for therapeutic stratification of HNSCC and identification of a subset of tumours with a higher risk of recurrence.
Collapse
|
7
|
AAV1.NT-3 gene therapy increases muscle fiber diameter through activation of mTOR pathway and metabolic remodeling in a CMT mouse model. Gene Ther 2018. [PMID: 29523879 DOI: 10.1038/s41434-018-0009-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Neurotrophin 3 (NT-3) has well-recognized effects on peripheral nerve and Schwann cells, promoting axonal regeneration and associated myelination. In this study, we assessed the effects of AAV.NT-3 gene therapy on the oxidative state of the neurogenic muscle from the TremblerJ (Tr J ) mice at 16 weeks post-gene injection and found that the muscle fiber size increase was associated with a change in the oxidative state of muscle fibers towards normalization of the fiber type ratio seen in the wild type. NT-3-induced fiber size increase was most prominent for the fast twitch glycolytic fiber population. These changes in the Tr J muscle were accompanied by increased phosphorylation levels of 4E-BP1 and S6 proteins as evidence of mTORC1 activation. In parallel, the expression levels of the mitochondrial biogenesis regulator PGC1α, and the markers of glycolysis (HK1 and PK1) increased in the TrJ muscle. In vitro studies showed that recombinant NT-3 can directly induce Akt/mTOR pathway activation in the TrkC expressing myotubes but not in myoblasts. In addition, myogenin expression levels were increased in myotubes while p75 NTR expression was downregulated compared to myoblasts, indicating that NT-3 induced myoblast differentiation is associated with mTORC1 activation. These studies for the first time have shown that NT-3 increases muscle fiber diameter in the neurogenic muscle through direct activation of mTOR pathway and that the fiber size increase is more prominent for fast twitch glycolytic fibers.
Collapse
|
8
|
de Perini A, Dimauro I, Duranti G, Fantini C, Mercatelli N, Ceci R, Di Luigi L, Sabatini S, Caporossi D. The p75 NTR-mediated effect of nerve growth factor in L6C5 myogenic cells. BMC Res Notes 2017; 10:686. [PMID: 29202822 PMCID: PMC5716223 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-017-2994-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE During muscle development or regeneration, myocytes produce nerve growth factor (NGF) as well as its tyrosine-kinase and p75-neurotrophin (p75NTR) receptors. It has been published that the p75NTR receptor could represent a key regulator of NGF-mediated myoprotective effect on satellite cells, but the precise function of NGF/p75 signaling pathway on myogenic cell proliferation, survival and differentiation remains fragmented and controversial. Here, we verified the role of NGF in the growth, survival and differentiation of p75NTR-expressing L6C5 myogenic cells, specifically inquiring for the putative involvement of the nuclear factor κB (NFκB) and the small heat shock proteins (sHSPs) αB-crystallin and Hsp27 in these processes. RESULTS Although NGF was not effective in modulating myogenic cell growth or survival in both standard or stress conditions, we demonstrated for the first time that, under serum deprivation, NGF sustained the activity of some key enzymes involved in energy metabolism. Moreover, we confirmed that NGF promotes myogenic fusion and expression of the structural protein myosin heavy chain while modulating NFκB activation and the content of sHSPs correlated with the differentiation process. We conclude that p75NTR is sufficient to mediate the modulation of L6C5 myogenic differentiation by NGF in term of structural, metabolic and functional changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra de Perini
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome Foro Italico, Piazza Lauro de Bosis, 15, 00135 Rome, Italy
| | - Ivan Dimauro
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome Foro Italico, Piazza Lauro de Bosis, 15, 00135 Rome, Italy
| | - Guglielmo Duranti
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome Foro Italico, Piazza Lauro de Bosis, 15, 00135 Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Fantini
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome Foro Italico, Piazza Lauro de Bosis, 15, 00135 Rome, Italy
| | - Neri Mercatelli
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome Foro Italico, Piazza Lauro de Bosis, 15, 00135 Rome, Italy
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, CERC, Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via del Fosso di Fiorano, 64, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Ceci
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome Foro Italico, Piazza Lauro de Bosis, 15, 00135 Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Di Luigi
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome Foro Italico, Piazza Lauro de Bosis, 15, 00135 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Sabatini
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome Foro Italico, Piazza Lauro de Bosis, 15, 00135 Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Caporossi
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome Foro Italico, Piazza Lauro de Bosis, 15, 00135 Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Roh SG, Suzuki Y, Gotoh T, Tatsumi R, Katoh K. Physiological Roles of Adipokines, Hepatokines, and Myokines in Ruminants. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2016; 29:1-15. [PMID: 26732322 PMCID: PMC4698675 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.16.0001r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of leptin secreted from adipocytes, specialized tissues and cells have been found that secrete the several peptides (or cytokines) that are characterized to negatively and positively regulate the metabolic process. Different types of adipokines, hepatokines, and myokines, which act as cytokines, are secreted from adipose, liver, and muscle tissue, respectively, and have been identified and examined for their physiological roles in humans and disease in animal models. Recently, various studies of these cytokines have been conducted in ruminants, including dairy cattle, beef cattle, sheep, and goat. Interestingly, a few cytokines from these tissues in ruminants play an important role in the post-parturition, lactation, and fattening (marbling) periods. Thus, understanding these hormones is important for improving nutritional management in dairy cows and beef cattle. However, to our knowledge, there have been no reviews of the characteristics of these cytokines in beef and dairy products in ruminants. In particular, lipid and glucose metabolism in adipose tissue, liver tissue, and muscle tissue are very important for energy storage, production, and synthesis, which are regulated by these cytokines in ruminant production. In this review, we summarize the physiological roles of adipokines, hepatokines, and myokines in ruminants. This discussion provides a foundation for understanding the role of cytokines in animal production of ruminants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Gun Roh
- Kuju Agriculture Research Center, Kyushu University, Oita 878-020, Japan
| | - Yutaka Suzuki
- Kuju Agriculture Research Center, Kyushu University, Oita 878-020, Japan
| | - Takafumi Gotoh
- Kuju Agriculture Research Center, Kyushu University, Oita 878-020, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Tatsumi
- Department of Animal and Marine Bioresource Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Kazuo Katoh
- Kuju Agriculture Research Center, Kyushu University, Oita 878-020, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kudo D, Miyakoshi N, Hongo M, Matsumoto-Miyai K, Kasukawa Y, Misawa A, Ishikawa Y, Shimada Y. Nerve Growth Factor and Estrogen Receptor mRNA Expression in Paravertebral Muscles of Patients With Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: A Preliminary Study. Spine Deform 2015; 3:122-127. [PMID: 27927302 DOI: 10.1016/j.jspd.2014.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Revised: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Comparison of nerve growth factor (NGF) and estrogen receptor (ER)α messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression in bilateral paravertebral muscles in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). This expression in AIS was compared with that of normal control subjects. OBJECTIVES To investigate NGF and ERα mRNA expression in bilateral paravertebral muscles in AIS and control subjects to clarify its association with the development and progression of spinal curvature. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Paravertebral muscle abnormalities in AIS patients have been investigated through various methods. Despite the roles of NGF and ER in human skeletal muscles, the association with idiopathic scoliosis is still unclear. METHODS A total of 14 AIS patients (average age, 15.9 ± 2.2 years; average Cobb angle, 48.2° ± 8.9°) and 8 controls (average age, 27.3 ± 9.3 years) were included. Muscle samples were harvested from bilateral paravertebral muscles at the apical vertebral level. Nerve growth factor and ERα mRNA expression was evaluated by the real-time polymerase chain reaction. The researchers compared expression levels in bilateral paravertebral muscles in each group. The expression ratio, the expression at the convex side relative to the concave side, was compared between groups and the correlation between Cobb angle and expression ratio was analyzed. RESULTS Nerve growth factor and ERα mRNA expression on the convex side was higher than on the concave side in the AIS group (p = .024 and .007, respectively) and the expression ratio of NGF and ERα in the AIS group was higher than that of control subjects (p = .004 and .017, respectively). The expression ratio of NGF and the Cobb angle were significantly correlated (r = -0.5728; p = .0323). CONCLUSIONS In the AIS group, both NGF and ERα mRNA expression was asymmetric. The AIS group had higher expression ratios than control group and the NGF expression ratio was positively correlated to the Cobb angle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Kudo
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita 010-8543, Japan.
| | - Naohisa Miyakoshi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Michio Hongo
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Matsumoto-Miyai
- Department of Neurophysiology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Yuji Kasukawa
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Akiko Misawa
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Akita Prefectural Center on Development and Disability, 1-128 Aza-suwanosawa Kamikitate-momozaki, Akita 010-1407, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Ishikawa
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Yoichi Shimada
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ostrovidov S, Ahadian S, Ramon-Azcon J, Hosseini V, Fujie T, Parthiban SP, Shiku H, Matsue T, Kaji H, Ramalingam M, Bae H, Khademhosseini A. Three-dimensional co-culture of C2C12/PC12 cells improves skeletal muscle tissue formation and function. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2014; 11:582-595. [PMID: 25393357 DOI: 10.1002/term.1956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Engineered muscle tissues demonstrate properties far from native muscle tissue. Therefore, fabrication of muscle tissues with enhanced functionalities is required to enable their use in various applications. To improve the formation of mature muscle tissues with higher functionalities, we co-cultured C2C12 myoblasts and PC12 neural cells. While alignment of the myoblasts was obtained by culturing the cells in micropatterned methacrylated gelatin (GelMA) hydrogels, we studied the effects of the neural cells (PC12) on the formation and maturation of muscle tissues. Myoblasts cultured in the presence of neural cells showed improved differentiation, with enhanced myotube formation. Myotube alignment, length and coverage area were increased. In addition, the mRNA expression of muscle differentiation markers (Myf-5, myogenin, Mefc2, MLP), muscle maturation markers (MHC-IId/x, MHC-IIa, MHC-IIb, MHC-pn, α-actinin, sarcomeric actinin) and the neuromuscular markers (AChE, AChR-ε) were also upregulated. All these observations were amplified after further muscle tissue maturation under electrical stimulation. Our data suggest a synergistic effect on the C2C12 differentiation induced by PC12 cells, which could be useful for creating improved muscle tissue. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Serge Ostrovidov
- Advanced Institute for Materials Research (WPI), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Samad Ahadian
- Advanced Institute for Materials Research (WPI), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Javier Ramon-Azcon
- Advanced Institute for Materials Research (WPI), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Vahid Hosseini
- Laboratory of Applied Mechanobiology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Toshinori Fujie
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - S Prakash Parthiban
- Advanced Institute for Materials Research (WPI), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Shiku
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Matsue
- Advanced Institute for Materials Research (WPI), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Kaji
- Department of Bioengineering and Robotics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Murugan Ramalingam
- Advanced Institute for Materials Research (WPI), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Centre for Stem Cell Research, A unit of the Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Christian Medical College Campus, Vellore, India.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U977, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université de Strasbourg, France
| | - Hojae Bae
- College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Department of Bioindustrial Technologies, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Advanced Institute for Materials Research (WPI), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Department of Maxillofacial Biomedical Engineering and Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.,Center of Nanotechnology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Forsyth PA, Krishna N, Lawn S, Valadez JG, Qu X, Fenstermacher DA, Fournier M, Potthast L, Chinnaiyan P, Gibney GT, Zeinieh M, Barker PA, Carter BD, Cooper MK, Kenchappa RS. p75 neurotrophin receptor cleavage by α- and γ-secretases is required for neurotrophin-mediated proliferation of brain tumor-initiating cells. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:8067-85. [PMID: 24519935 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.513762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant gliomas are highly invasive, proliferative, and resistant to treatment. Previously, we have shown that p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) is a novel mediator of invasion of human glioma cells. However, the role of p75NTR in glioma proliferation is unknown. Here we used brain tumor-initiating cells (BTICs) and show that BTICs express neurotrophin receptors (p75NTR, TrkA, TrkB, and TrkC) and their ligands (NGF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and neurotrophin 3) and secrete NGF. Down-regulation of p75NTR significantly decreased proliferation of BTICs. Conversely, exogenouous NGF stimulated BTIC proliferation through α- and γ-secretase-mediated p75NTR cleavage and release of its intracellular domain (ICD). In contrast, overexpression of the p75NTR ICD induced proliferation. Interestingly, inhibition of Trk signaling blocked NGF-stimulated BTIC proliferation and p75NTR cleavage, indicating a role of Trk in p75NTR signaling. Further, blocking p75NTR cleavage attenuated Akt activation in BTICs, suggesting role of Akt in p75NTR-mediated proliferation. We also found that p75NTR, α-secretases, and the four subunits of the γ-secretase enzyme were elevated in glioblastoma multiformes patients. Importantly, the ICD of p75NTR was commonly found in malignant glioma patient specimens, suggesting that the receptor is activated and cleaved in patient tumors. These results suggest that p75NTR proteolysis is required for BTIC proliferation and is a novel potential clinical target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Forsyth
- From the Department of Neuro-Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute and
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is the largest organ in the body. Skeletal muscles are primarily characterized by their mechanical activity required for posture, movement, and breathing, which depends on muscle fiber contractions. However, skeletal muscle is not just a component in our locomotor system. Recent evidence has identified skeletal muscle as a secretory organ. We have suggested that cytokines and other peptides that are produced, expressed, and released by muscle fibers and exert either autocrine, paracrine, or endocrine effects should be classified as "myokines." The muscle secretome consists of several hundred secreted peptides. This finding provides a conceptual basis and a whole new paradigm for understanding how muscles communicate with other organs such as adipose tissue, liver, pancreas, bones, and brain. In addition, several myokines exert their effects within the muscle itself. Many proteins produced by skeletal muscle are dependent upon contraction. Therefore, it is likely that myokines may contribute in the mediation of the health benefits of exercise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bente K Pedersen
- The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism at Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ko IK, Lee BK, Lee SJ, Andersson KE, Atala A, Yoo JJ. The effect of in vitro formation of acetylcholine receptor (AChR) clusters in engineered muscle fibers on subsequent innervation of constructs in vivo. Biomaterials 2013; 34:3246-55. [PMID: 23391495 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Timely innervation of muscle tissue is critical in the recovery of function, and this time-sensitive process relies heavily on the host tissue microenvironment after implantation. However, restoration of muscle tissue mass and function has been a challenge. We investigated whether pre-forming acetylcholine receptor (AChR) clusters on engineered muscle fibers using an AChR cluster-inducing factor (agrin) prior to implantation would facilitate established contacts between implanted muscle tissues and nerves and result in rapid innervation of engineered muscle in vivo. We showed that agrin treatment significantly increased the formation of AChR clusters on culture differentiated myotubes (C2C12), enhanced contacts with nerves in vitro and in vivo, and increased angiogenesis. Pre-fabrication of AChR clusters on engineered skeletal muscle using a released neurotrophic factor can accelerate innervations following implantation in vivo. This technique has considerable potential for enhancing muscle tissue function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- In Kap Ko
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ettinger K, Lecht S, Arien-Zakay H, Cohen G, Aga-Mizrachi S, Yanay N, Saragovi HU, Nedev H, Marcinkiewicz C, Nevo Y, Lazarovici P. Nerve growth factor stimulation of ERK1/2 phosphorylation requires both p75NTR and α9β1 integrin and confers myoprotection towards ischemia in C2C12 skeletal muscle cell model. Cell Signal 2012; 24:2378-88. [PMID: 22960610 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2012.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Revised: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The functions of nerve growth factor (NGF) in skeletal muscles physiology and pathology are not clear and call for an updated investigation. To achieve this goal we sought to investigate NGF-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation and its role in the C2C12 skeletal muscle myoblasts and myotubes. RT-PCR and western blotting experiments demonstrated expression of p75(NTR), α9β1 integrin, and its regulator ADAM12, but not trkA in the cells, as also found in gastrocnemius and quadriceps mice muscles. Both proNGF and βNGF induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation, a process blocked by (a) the specific MEK inhibitor, PD98059; (b) VLO5, a MLD-disintegrin with relative selectivity towards α9β1 integrin; and (c) p75(NTR) antagonists Thx-B and LM-24, but not the inactive control molecule backbone Thx. Upon treatment for 4 days with either anti-NGF antibody or VLO5 or Thx-B, the proliferation of myoblasts was decreased by 60-70%, 85-90% and 60-80% respectively, indicative of trophic effect of NGF which was autocrinically released by the cells. Exposure of myotubes to ischemic insult in the presence of βNGF, added either 1h before oxygen-glucose-deprivation or concomitant with reoxygenation insults, resulted with about 20% and 33% myoprotection, an effect antagonized by VLO5 and Thx-B, further supporting the trophic role of NGF in C2C12 cells. Cumulatively, the present findings propose that proNGF and βNGF-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation in C2C12 cells by functional cooperation between p75(NTR) and α9β1 integrin, which are involved in myoprotective effects of autocrine released NGF. Furthermore, the present study establishes an important trophic role of α9β1 in NGF-induced signaling in skeletal muscle model, resembling the role of trkA in neurons. Future molecular characterization of the interactions between NGF receptors in the skeletal muscle will contribute to the understanding of NGF mechanism of action and may provide novel therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keren Ettinger
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Colombo E, Romaggi S, Mora M, Morandi L, Farina C. A role for inflammatory mediators in the modulation of the neurotrophin receptor p75NTR on human muscle precursor cells. J Neuroimmunol 2012; 243:100-2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2011.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Revised: 11/25/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
17
|
Uezato T, Sato E, Miura N. Screening of natural medicines that efficiently activate neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells in C2C12-cultured medium. Biomed Res 2012; 33:25-33. [DOI: 10.2220/biomedres.33.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
18
|
Stratos I, Madry H, Rotter R, Weimer A, Graff J, Cucchiarini M, Mittlmeier T, Vollmar B. Fibroblast Growth Factor-2–Overexpressing Myoblasts Encapsulated in Alginate Spheres Increase Proliferation, Reduce Apoptosis, Induce Adipogenesis, and Enhance Regeneration Following Skeletal Muscle Injury in Rats. Tissue Eng Part A 2011; 17:2867-77. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2011.0239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Stratos
- Institute for Experimental Surgery, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Henning Madry
- Experimental Orthopaedics and Osteoarthritis Research, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Robert Rotter
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Anja Weimer
- Experimental Orthopaedics and Osteoarthritis Research, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Graff
- Institute for Experimental Surgery, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Magali Cucchiarini
- Experimental Orthopaedics and Osteoarthritis Research, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Mittlmeier
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Brigitte Vollmar
- Institute for Experimental Surgery, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Human neurotrophin receptor p75NTR defines differentiation-oriented skeletal muscle precursor cells: implications for muscle regeneration. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2011; 70:133-42. [PMID: 21343882 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0b013e3182084391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Satellite cells are resident stem cells of adult skeletal muscle that have roles in tissue repair. Although several efforts have led to the functional characterization of distinct myogenic populations in animal models, the translation of these findings to humans has been limited. Here, we analyzed the expression and function of the neurotrophin receptor p75NTR in human skeletal muscle precursor cells. We combined histological investigations of muscle biopsies with molecular and cellular analyses of primary muscle precursor cells. p75NTR is expressed by most satellite cells in vivo and is a marker for regenerating fibers in inflamed and dystrophic muscle. p75NTR mRNA and protein are also detectable in primary myoblasts, and these levels increase transiently when cell differentiation is triggered. Transcriptome analyses of p75NTR high versus p75NTR low muscle cells showed that p75NTR is the prototype marker for a precursor cell population that has a broad transcriptional repertoire associated with muscle development and maturation. Several in vitro experiments, including receptor blockade and gene silencing in myoblasts, proved that p75NTR specifically regulates myogenesis and dystrophin expression. Taken together, the results indicate that p75NTR is a novel marker of human differentiation-prone muscle precursor cells that is involved in myogenesis in vivo and in vitro.
Collapse
|
20
|
Bernabeu RO, Longo FM. The p75 neurotrophin receptor is expressed by adult mouse dentate progenitor cells and regulates neuronal and non-neuronal cell genesis. BMC Neurosci 2010; 11:136. [PMID: 20961458 PMCID: PMC2987811 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-11-136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2010] [Accepted: 10/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ability to regulate neurogenesis in the adult dentate gyrus will require further identification and characterization of the receptors regulating this process. In vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that neurotrophins and the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) can promote neurogenesis; therefore we tested the hypothesis that p75NTR is expressed by adult dentate gyrus progenitor cells and is required for their proliferation and differentiation. RESULTS In a first series of studies focusing on proliferation, mice received a single BrdU injection and were sacrificed 2, 10 and 48 hours later. Proliferating, BrdU-positive cells were found to express p75NTR. In a second series of studies, BrdU was administered by six daily injections and mice were sacrificed 1 day later. Dentate gyrus sections demonstrated a large proportion of BrdU/p75NTR co-expressing cells expressing either the NeuN neuronal or GFAP glial marker, indicating that p75NTR expression persists at least until early stages of maturation. In p75NTR (-/-) mice, there was a 59% decrease in the number of BrdU-positive cells, with decreases in the number of BrdU cells co-labeled with NeuN, GFAP or neither marker of 35%, 60% and 64%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that p75NTR is expressed by adult dentate progenitor cells and point to p75NTR as an important receptor promoting the proliferation and/or early maturation of not only neural, but also glial and other cell types.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramon O Bernabeu
- Department of Neurology, UCSF/VAMC, San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA
- Institute of Cell Biology and Department of Physiology, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Frank M Longo
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, 94035, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Clow C, Jasmin BJ. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor regulates satellite cell differentiation and skeltal muscle regeneration. Mol Biol Cell 2010; 21:2182-90. [PMID: 20427568 PMCID: PMC2893983 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e10-02-0154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, muscle-specific BDNF knockout animals were generated and compared with BDNF−/− knockouts. Our findings show that muscle-derived BDNF plays an important role in 1) regulating satellite cell proliferation and differentiation and 2) early regeneration after muscle injury. In adult skeletal muscle, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is expressed in myogenic progenitors known as satellite cells. To functionally address the role of BDNF in muscle satellite cells and regeneration in vivo, we generated a mouse in which BDNF is specifically depleted from skeletal muscle cells. For comparative purposes, and to determine the specific role of muscle-derived BDNF, we also examined muscles of the complete BDNF−/− mouse. In both models, expression of the satellite cell marker Pax7 was significantly decreased. Furthermore, proliferation and differentiation of primary myoblasts was abnormal, exhibiting delayed induction of several markers of differentiation as well as decreased myotube size. Treatment with exogenous BDNF protein was sufficient to rescue normal gene expression and myotube size. Because satellite cells are responsible for postnatal growth and repair of skeletal muscle, we next examined whether regenerative capacity was compromised. After injury, BDNF-depleted muscle showed delayed expression of several molecular markers of regeneration, as well as delayed appearance of newly regenerated fibers. Recovery of wild-type BDNF levels was sufficient to restore normal regeneration. Together, these findings suggest that BDNF plays an important role in regulating satellite cell function and regeneration in vivo, particularly during early stages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charlene Clow
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Center for Neuromuscular Disease, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Angelucci F, Colantoni L. Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy: do neurotrophins play a role? Muscle Nerve 2010; 41:120-7. [PMID: 19813193 DOI: 10.1002/mus.21505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Although the molecular defect of facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) is well established and involves the contraction of the polymorphic 3.3 kb D4Z4 repeat on the subtelomeric region of chromosome 4q35, the pathologic effects of this deletion remain largely unknown. As a consequence, no specific treatment for FSHD is at present available. Thus, there is the need to explore new areas in an attempt to better characterize pathophysiological alterations in FSHD that might be useful for managing the disease. Neurotrophins (nerve growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, neurotrophin-3, and neurotrophin-4/5) are a class of proteins involved in the development, maintenance, and function of neurons of the peripheral and central nervous systems. In addition, neurotrophins and their RNAs are expressed in muscle, where they have a role in development and regeneration. In this article we put together the experimental evidence that indicates neurotrophins might be involved in the pathophysiology of FSHD and discuss the possible implications of this assumption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Angelucci
- IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Department of Clinical and Behavioural Neurology, 00179, Rome, Italy.
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Deponti D, Buono R, Catanzaro G, De Palma C, Longhi R, Meneveri R, Bresolin N, Bassi MT, Cossu G, Clementi E, Brunelli S. The low-affinity receptor for neurotrophins p75NTR plays a key role for satellite cell function in muscle repair acting via RhoA. Mol Biol Cell 2009; 20:3620-7. [PMID: 19553472 PMCID: PMC2777922 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e09-01-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2009] [Accepted: 06/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Regeneration of muscle fibers, lost during pathological muscle degeneration or after injuries, is mediated by the production of new myofibres. This process, sustained by the resident stem cells of the muscle, the satellite cells, is finely regulated by local cues, in particular by cytokines and growth factors. Evidence in the literature suggests that nerve growth factor (NGF) is involved in muscle fiber regeneration; however, its role and mechanism of action were unclear. We have investigated this issue in in vivo mouse models of muscle regeneration and in primary myogenic cells. Our results demonstrate that NGF acts through its low-affinity receptor p75(NTR) in a developmentally regulated signaling pathway necessary to myogenic differentiation and muscle repair in vivo. We also demonstrate that this action of NGF is mediated by the down-regulation of RhoA-GTP signaling in myogenic cells.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation/physiology
- Cell Fusion
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytoskeleton/metabolism
- Humans
- Mice
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/physiology
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/ultrastructure
- Muscle, Skeletal/cytology
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/pathology
- Muscle, Skeletal/physiology
- Nerve Growth Factor/metabolism
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/metabolism
- Regeneration/physiology
- Satellite Cells, Skeletal Muscle/cytology
- Satellite Cells, Skeletal Muscle/physiology
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- rhoA GTP-Binding Protein/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Roberta Buono
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Catanzaro
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Clara De Palma
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, LITA-Vialba, University of Milano, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Renato Longhi
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche
| | - Raffaella Meneveri
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20052 Monza, Italy
| | - Nereo Bresolin
- *E. Medea Scientific Institute, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Italy
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Milano, 20129 Milan, Italy; and
| | | | - Giulio Cossu
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Milano, 20130 Milan, Italy
| | - Emilio Clementi
- *E. Medea Scientific Institute, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Italy
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, LITA-Vialba, University of Milano, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Brunelli
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20052 Monza, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Ariga M, Nedachi T, Katagiri H, Kanzaki M. Functional role of sortilin in myogenesis and development of insulin-responsive glucose transport system in C2C12 myocytes. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:10208-20. [PMID: 18258592 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m710604200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Sortilin has been implicated in the formation of insulin-responsive GLUT4 storage vesicles in adipocytes by regulating sorting events between the trans-Golgi-network and endosomes. We herein show that sortilin serves as a potent myogenic differentiation stimulator for C2C12 myocytes by cooperatively functioning with p75NTR, which subsequently further contributes to development of the insulin-responsive glucose transport system in C2C12 myotubes. Sortilin expression was up-regulated upon C2C12 differentiation, and overexpression of sortilin in C2C12 cells significantly stimulated myogenic differentiation, a response that was completely abolished by either anti-p75NTR- or anti-nerve growth factor (NGF)-neutralizing antibodies. Importantly, small interference RNA-mediated suppression of endogenous sortilin significantly inhibited C2C12 differentiation, indicating the physiological significance of sortilin expression in the process of myogenesis. Although sortilin overexpression in C2C12 myotubes improved insulin-induced 2-deoxyglucose uptake, as previously reported, this effect apparently resulted from a decrease in the cellular content of GLUT1 and an increase in GLUT4 via differentiation-dependent alterations at both the gene transcriptional and the post-translational level. In addition, cellular contents of Ubc9 and SUMO-modified proteins appeared to be increased by sortilin overexpression. Taken together, these data demonstrate that sortilin is involved not only in development of the insulin-responsive glucose transport system in myocytes, but is also directly involved in muscle differentiation via modulation of proNGF-p75NTR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miyako Ariga
- 21st Century COE program Comprehensive Research and Education Center for Planning of Drug Development and Clinical Evaluation, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Qi H, Li DQ, Shine HD, Chen Z, Yoon KC, Jones DB, Pflugfelder SC. Nerve growth factor and its receptor TrkA serve as potential markers for human corneal epithelial progenitor cells. Exp Eye Res 2007; 86:34-40. [PMID: 17980361 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2007.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2007] [Revised: 09/06/2007] [Accepted: 09/10/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Nerve growth factor (NGF), a member of the neurotrophin family, has been identified as an essential growth factor supporting stem cell self-renewal outside the nervous system and was previously shown to stimulate corneal epithelial proliferation both in vivo and in vitro. In this study, we evaluated the expression of NGF and its corresponding receptors in the human corneal and limbal tissues, as well as in primary limbal epithelial cultures by immunofluorescent staining and relatively quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. We found that NGF was uniquely expressed in the human limbal basal epithelium, together with its two corresponding receptors: the high-affinity receptor TrkA and the low-affinity receptor p75NTR. TrkA was shown to preferentially localize to limbal basal epithelial cells. NGF and TrkA were also found co-localized with stem cell-associated molecular markers (drug-resistance transporter ABCG2 and p63), but not with the differentiation marker cytokeratin 3 in the human limbal basal epithelial layer. In cultured limbal epithelial cells, NGF and TrkA were found to be preferentially expressed by a small population of limbal epithelial cells. The NGF and TrkA immuno-positive subpopulations were enriched for certain properties (including ABCG2 and p63 expression) of putative limbal epithelial stem cells (P<0.01, compared with the entire cell population). Levels of NGF and TrkA transcripts were found to be much more abundant in limbal than in corneal tissues, and in young cultured cells in the proliferative stage than in airlifted stratified cultures containing differentiated cells. The co-expression of NGF with its two corresponding receptors in limbal basal epithelial cells, but not in the cornea, suggests that NGF may function as a critical autocrine or paracrine factor supporting stem cell self-renewal in the limbal stem cell niche. The spatial expression of NGF and TrkA by small clusters of basal cells interspersed between negative cell patches suggests that they are potential markers for human corneal epithelial progenitor cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Qi
- Ocular Surface Center, Cullen Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, 6565 Fannin Street, NC 205, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Zhu CH, Mouly V, Cooper RN, Mamchaoui K, Bigot A, Shay JW, Di Santo JP, Butler-Browne GS, Wright WE. Cellular senescence in human myoblasts is overcome by human telomerase reverse transcriptase and cyclin-dependent kinase 4: consequences in aging muscle and therapeutic strategies for muscular dystrophies. Aging Cell 2007; 6:515-23. [PMID: 17559502 DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-9726.2007.00306.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cultured human myoblasts fail to immortalize following the introduction of telomerase. The availability of an immortalization protocol for normal human myoblasts would allow one to isolate cellular models from various neuromuscular diseases, thus opening the possibility to develop and test novel therapeutic strategies. The parameters limiting the efficacy of myoblast transfer therapy (MTT) could be assessed in such models. Finally, the presence of an unlimited number of cell divisions, and thus the ability to clone cells after experimental manipulations, reduces the risks of insertional mutagenesis by many orders of magnitude. This opportunity for genetic modification provides an approach for creating a universal donor that has been altered to be more therapeutically useful than its normal counterpart. It can be engineered to function under conditions of chronic damage (which are very different than the massive regeneration conditions that recapitulate normal development), and to overcome the biological problems such as cell death and failure to proliferate and migrate that limit current MTT strategies. We describe here the production and characterization of a human myogenic cell line, LHCN-M2, that has overcome replicative aging due to the expression of telomerase and cyclin-dependent kinase 4. We demonstrate that it functions as well as young myoblasts in xenotransplant experiments in immunocompromized mice under conditions of regeneration following muscle damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hong Zhu
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-9039, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Ermilov LG, Sieck GC, Zhan WZ, Mantilla CB. Neurotrophins improve synaptic transmission in the adult rodent diaphragm. NEUROPHYSIOLOGY+ 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s11062-007-0039-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
|
28
|
Young KM, Merson TD, Sotthibundhu A, Coulson EJ, Bartlett PF. p75 neurotrophin receptor expression defines a population of BDNF-responsive neurogenic precursor cells. J Neurosci 2007; 27:5146-55. [PMID: 17494700 PMCID: PMC6672366 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0654-07.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although our understanding of adult neurogenesis has increased dramatically over the last decade, confusion still exists regarding both the identity of the stem cell responsible for neuron production and the mechanisms that regulate its activity. Here we show, using flow cytometry, that a small population of cells (0.3%) within the stem cell niche of the rat subventricular zone (SVZ) expresses the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75(NTR)) and that these cells are responsible for neuron production in both newborn and adult animals. In the adult, the p75(NTR)-positive population contains all of the neurosphere-producing precursor cells, whereas in the newborn many of the precursor cells are p75(NTR) negative. However, at both ages, only the neurospheres derived from p75(NTR)-positive cells are neurogenic. We also show that neuron production from p75(NTR)-positive but not p75(NTR)-negative precursors is greatly enhanced after treatment with brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) or nerve growth factor. This effect appears to be mediated specifically by p75(NTR), because precursor cells from p75(NTR)-deficient mice show a 70% reduction in their neurogenic potential in vitro and fail to respond to BDNF treatment. Furthermore, adult p75(NTR)-deficient mice have significantly reduced numbers of PSA-NCAM (polysialylated neural cell adhesion molecule)-positive SVZ neuroblasts in vivo and a lower olfactory bulb weight. Thus, p75(NTR) defines a discrete population of highly proliferative SVZ precursor cells that are able to respond to neurotrophin activation by increasing neuroblast generation, making this pathway the most likely mechanism for the increased neurogenesis that accompanies raised BDNF levels in a variety of disease and behavioral situations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaylene M. Young
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute for Medical Research, Melbourne VIC 3050, Australia, and
| | - Tobias D. Merson
- Howard Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Areechun Sotthibundhu
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Elizabeth J. Coulson
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Perry F. Bartlett
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is characterized by the over-production and accumulation of amyloidogenic Abeta peptide, which can induce cell death in vitro. It has been suggested that the death signal could be transduced by the pan neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR). p75NTR is well known for its ability to mediate neuronal death in neurodegenerative conditions and is inextricably linked with changes that occur in Alzheimer's disease. Moreover, Abeta binds to p75NTR, activating signalling cascades. However, the complexity of p75NTR-mediated signalling, which does not always promote cell death, leaves open the possibly of Abeta promoting death via an alternative signalling pathway or the regulation of other p75NTR-mediated actions. This review focuses on the interactions between Abeta and p75NTR in the context of the broader p75NTR signalling field, and offers alternative explanations for how p75NTR might contribute to the aetiology of Alzheimer's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J Coulson
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Mousavi K, Jasmin BJ. BDNF is expressed in skeletal muscle satellite cells and inhibits myogenic differentiation. J Neurosci 2006; 26:5739-49. [PMID: 16723531 PMCID: PMC6675269 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5398-05.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In skeletal muscle, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has long been thought to serve as a retrograde trophic factor for innervating motor neurons throughout their lifespan. However, its localization in mature muscle fibers has remained elusive. Given the postulated roles of BDNF in skeletal muscle, we performed a series of complementary experiments aimed at defining the localization of BDNF and its transcripts in adult muscle. By reverse transcription-PCR, in situ hybridization, and immunofluorescence, we show that BDNF, along with the receptor p75NTR, is not expressed at significant levels within mature myofibers and that it does not accumulate preferentially within subsynaptic regions of neuromuscular junctions. Interestingly, expression of BDNF correlated with that of Pax3, a marker of muscle progenitor cells, in several different adult skeletal muscles. Additionally, BDNF was expressed in Pax7+ satellite cells where it colocalized with p75NTR. In complementary cell culture experiments, we detected high levels of BDNF and p75NTR in myoblasts. During myogenic differentiation, expression of BDNF became drastically reduced. Using small interfering RNA (siRNA) technology to knock down BDNF expression, we demonstrate enhanced myogenic differentiation of myoblasts. This accelerated rate of myogenic differentiation seen in myoblasts expressing BDNF siRNA was normalized by administration of recombinant BDNF. Collectively, these findings show that BDNF plays an important regulatory function during myogenic differentiation. In addition, the expression of BDNF in satellite cells is coherent with the notion that BDNF serves a key role in maintaining the population of muscle progenitors in adult muscle.
Collapse
|
31
|
Das M, Gregory CA, Molnar P, Riedel LM, Wilson K, Hickman JJ. A defined system to allow skeletal muscle differentiation and subsequent integration with silicon microstructures. Biomaterials 2006; 27:4374-80. [PMID: 16647113 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2006.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2005] [Accepted: 03/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This work documents the development of an in vitro cell culture model consisting of a novel serum-free medium and a non-biological growth substrate, N-1[3 (trimethoxysilyl) propyl] diethylenetriamine (DETA), to enable functional myotube integration with cantilevers fabricated using MEMS technology. This newly developed, defined in vitro model was used to study the differentiation of fetal rat skeletal muscle and it promoted the formation of myotubes from the dissociated rat fetal muscle cells. The myotubes were characterized by morphological analysis, immunocytochemistry and electrophysiology. Further, it was demonstrated that when the dissociated muscle cells were plated on fabricated microcantilevers, the muscle cells aligned along the major axis of the cantilever and formed robust myotubes. This novel system could not only find applications in skeletal muscle differentiation and biocompatibility studies but also in bioartificial muscle engineering, hybrid actuation system development, biorobotics and for a better understanding of myopathies and neuromuscular disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mainak Das
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32826, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Chevrel G, Hohlfeld R, Sendtner M. The role of neurotrophins in muscle under physiological and pathological conditions. Muscle Nerve 2006; 33:462-76. [PMID: 16228973 DOI: 10.1002/mus.20444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes the various effects of neurotrophins in skeletal muscle and how these proteins act as potential regulators of development, maintenance, function, and regeneration of skeletal muscle fibers. Increasing evidence suggests that this family of neurotrophic factors not only modulates survival and function of innervating motoneurons and proprioceptive neurons but also development and differentiation of myoblasts and muscle fibers. Neurotrophins and neurotrophin receptors play a role in the coordination of muscle innervation and functional differentiation of neuromuscular junctions. However, neurotrophin receptors are also expressed in differentiating muscle cells, in particular at early developmental stages in myoblasts before they fuse. In adults with pathological conditions such as human degenerative and inflammatory muscle disorders, variations of neurotrophin expression are found, but the role of neurotrophins under such conditions is still not clear. The goal of this review is to provide a basis for a better understanding and future studies on the role of these factors under such pathological conditions and for treatment of human muscle diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Chevrel
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Max-Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Green AR, Styles JA, Parrott EL, Gray D, Edwards RE, Smith AG, Gant TW, Greaves P, Al-Azzawi F, White INH. Neonatal tamoxifen treatment of mice leads to adenomyosis but not uterine cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 56:255-63. [PMID: 15816354 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2004.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Tamoxifen is contraindicated during pregnancy but many births have been reported in breast cancer patients taking this drug and numbers might be expected to increase with FDA approval of tamoxifen for risk reduction in women at high, risk of breast cancer. The neonatal mouse, exquisitely sensitive to xenobiotic estrogens, has been used to investigate the effects of short-term oral dosing with tamoxifen (1 mg/kg on days 2-5 after birth) on long-term changes in uterine pathology and gene expression. Increased adenomyosis incidence and severity was evident in the tamoxifen-treated mice with increasing age. Uterine weights in treated mice remained lower than the corresponding controls up until 9 months, after which they became greater but during life-time studies (up to 36 months), there was no development of uterine tumours. Pathological examination of uterine tissues showed there to be extensive down-growth of endometrial glands and stroma into thickened, abnormal myometrium that had disorganised fascicles of smooth muscle and increased interstitial collagen deposition. In advanced cases, the endometrial epithelium showed mild degrees of focal hyperplasia and squamous metaplasia but no atypical cytology suggestive of premalignant change. Microarray analysis of uterine RNA taken at 1.5, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months showed from 4500 ESTs, only 12 genes were continuously over-expressed by tamoxifen treatment over this time, while none was continuously down-regulated. Up-regulated genes include those for nerve growth factor (Ngfa), cathepsin B (Ctsb), transforming growth factor beta induced (Tqfbi) and collagens (Colla1, Colla2). Results provide a basis for understanding the mechanism for tamoxifen induced tissue remodelling and the development of adenomyosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Green
- MRC Molecular Endocrinology Group, Reproductive Sciences Section, University of Leicester, Robert Kilpatrick Building, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Reddypalli S, Roll K, Lee HK, Lundell M, Barea-Rodriguez E, Wheeler EF. p75NTR-mediated signaling promotes the survival of myoblasts and influences muscle strength. J Cell Physiol 2005; 204:819-29. [PMID: 15754321 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
During muscle development, the p75(NTR) is expressed transiently on myoblasts. The temporal expression pattern of the receptor raises the possibility that the receptor is influencing muscle development. To test this hypothesis, p75(NTR)-deficient mutant mice were tested for muscle strength by using a standard wire gripe strength test and were found to have significantly decreased strength relative to that of normal mice. When normal mybolasts were examined in vivo for expression of NGF receptors, p75(NTR) was detected on myoblasts but the high affinity NGF receptor, trk A, was not co-expressed with p75(NTR). In vitro, proliferating C2C12 and primary myoblasts co-expressed the p75(NTR) and MyoD, but immunofluorescent analysis of primary myoblasts and RT-PCR analysis of C2C12 mRNA revealed that myoblasts were devoid of trk A. In contrast to the cell death functions that characterize the p75(NTR) in neurons, p75(NTR)-positive primary and C2C12 myoblasts did not differentiate or undergo apoptosis in response to neurotrophins. Rather, myoblasts survived and even proliferated when grown at subconfluent densities in the presence of the neurotrophins. Furthermore, when myoblasts treated with NGF were lysed and immunoprecipitated with antibodies against phosphorylated I-kappaB and AKT, the cells contained increased levels of both phospho-proteins, both of which promote cell survival. By contrast, neurotrophin-treated myoblasts did not induce phosphorylation of Map Kinase p42/44 or p38, indicating the survival was not mediated by the trk A receptor. Taken together, the data indicate that the p75(NTR) mediates survival of myoblasts prior to differentiation and that the activity of this receptor during myogenesis is important for developing muscle.
Collapse
|
35
|
Sorci G, Riuzzi F, Arcuri C, Giambanco I, Donato R. Amphoterin stimulates myogenesis and counteracts the antimyogenic factors basic fibroblast growth factor and S100B via RAGE binding. Mol Cell Biol 2004; 24:4880-94. [PMID: 15143181 PMCID: PMC416409 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.24.11.4880-4894.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), a multiligand receptor of the immunoglobulin superfamily, has been implicated in the inflammatory response, diabetic angiopathy and neuropathy, neurodegeneration, cell migration, tumor growth, neuroprotection, and neuronal differentiation. We show here that (i) RAGE is expressed in skeletal muscle tissue and its expression is developmentally regulated and (ii) RAGE engagement by amphoterin (HMGB1), a RAGE ligand, in rat L6 myoblasts results in stimulation of myogenic differentiation via activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), up-regulation of myogenin and myosin heavy chain expression, and induction of muscle creatine kinase. No such effects were detected in myoblasts transfected with a RAGE mutant lacking the transducing domain or myoblasts transfected with a constitutively inactive form of the p38 MAPK upstream kinase, MAPK kinase 6, Cdc42, or Rac-1. Moreover, amphoterin counteracted the antimyogenic activity of the Ca(2+)-modulated protein S100B, which was reported to inhibit myogenic differentiation via inactivation of p38 MAPK, and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), a known inhibitor of myogenic differentiation, in a manner that was inversely related to the S100B or bFGF concentration and directly related to the extent of RAGE expression. These data suggest that RAGE and amphoterin might play an important role in myogenesis, accelerating myogenic differentiation via Cdc42-Rac-1-MAPK kinase 6-p38 MAPK.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guglielmo Sorci
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, Section of Anatomy, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto C.P. 81 Succ. 3, 06122 Perugia, Italy
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Botchkarev VA, Botchkareva NV, Peters EM, Paus R. Epithelial growth control by neurotrophins: leads and lessons from the hair follicle. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2004; 146:493-513. [PMID: 14699982 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(03)46031-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neurotrophins (NTs) exert many growth-regulatory functions beyond the nervous system. For example, murine hair follicles (HF) show developmentally and spatio-temporally stringently controlled expression of NTs, including nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), and NT-4, and their cognate receptors, tyrosine kinase A-C (TrkA-C) and p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR). Follicular NT and NT receptor expression exhibit significant, hair cycle-dependent fluctuations on the gene and protein level, which are mirrored by changes in nerve fiber density and neurotransmitter/neuropeptide content in the perifollicular neural networks. NT-3/TrkC and NGF/TrkA signaling stimulate HF development, while NT-3, NT-4 and BDNF inhibit the growth (anagen) of mature HF by the induction of apoptosis-driven HF regression (catagen). p75NTR stimulation inhibits HF development and stimulates catagen. Since the HF is thus both a prominent target and key peripheral source of NT, dissecting the role of NTs in the control of HF morphogenesis and cyclic remodeling provides a uniquely accessible, and easily manipulated, clinically relevant experimental model, which has many lessons to teach. Given that our most recent data also implicate NTs in human hair growth control, selective NT receptor agonists and antagonists may become innovative therapeutic tools for the management of hair growth disorders (alopecia, effluvium, hirsutism). Since, however, the same NT receptor agonists that inhibit hair growth (e.g., BDNF, NT-4) can actually stimulate epidermal keratinocyte proliferation, NT may exert differential effects on defined keratinocyte subpopulations. The studies reviewed here provide new clues to understanding the complex roles of NT in epithelial tissue biology and remodeling in vivo, and invite new applications for synthetic NT receptor ligands for the treatment of epithelial growth disorders, exploiting the HF as a lead model.
Collapse
|
37
|
Menderes A, Yilmaz M, Vayvada H, Ozer E, Barutçu A. Effects of nerve growth factor on the neurotization of denervated muscles. Ann Plast Surg 2002; 48:415-22. [PMID: 12068225 DOI: 10.1097/00000637-200204000-00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Studies on surgical repair techniques of the peripheral nerve are still trying to improve the outcome. There are many studies on the effects of various neurotrophic factors on the transected peripheral nerve. Muscular neurotization, which is the direct implantation of the nerve to the target denervated skeletal muscle, is one of the techniques used when the primary repair of the peripheral nerves is not possible. The effects of nerve growth factor (NGF), which is one of the primary neurotrophic factors, on the reinnervation of denervated muscles by neurotization is investigated in this experimental study. The denervated soleus muscle was neurotized via peroneal nerve implantation (group 1), and NGF was administered to the neurotized muscle (group 2). All animals were evaluated at weeks 8, 10, and 12 using electromyography. Muscle contractility, muscle weight, and histological morphometric tests were performed at week 12. The experimental groups were compared with each other and normal control values. Electromyographically, group 2 (direct nerve implantation + NGF) demonstrated better reinnervation in all evaluations. The study of muscle weight showed that the muscle mass was 75% of the normal soleus muscle in group 1 and was 85% of the normal side in group 2 at the end of week 12. In group 1, the twitch force was 56% of the normal soleus muscle and was 71% in group 2. Tetanic force was 53% of the normal soleus muscle in group 1 and 68% in group 2. Histological morphometric studies revealed that there was a decrease in the density of the motor end plates in group 1, but there was no statistically significant difference between the normal soleus muscles and the NGF applied to group 2. The positive effects of NGF on the neurotization of denervated muscles seen in this study suggest that it may be useful for treating some difficult reconstructions caused by denervation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adnan Menderes
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Dokuz Eylül University Faculty of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Hutson LD, Bothwell M. Expression and function of Xenopus laevis p75(NTR) suggest evolution of developmental regulatory mechanisms. JOURNAL OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2001; 49:79-98. [PMID: 11598917 DOI: 10.1002/neu.1067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Neurotrophins signal through two different classes of receptors, members of the trk family of receptor tyrosine kinases, and p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75(NTR)), a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor family. While neurotrophin binding to trks results in, among other things, increased cell survival, p75(NTR) has enigmatically been implicated in promoting both survival and cell death. Which of these two signals p75(NTR) imparts depends on the specific cellular context. Xenopus laevis is an excellent system in which to study p75(NTR) function in vivo because of its amenability to experimental manipulation. We therefore cloned partial cDNAs of two p75(NTR) genes from Xenopus, which we have termed p75(NTR)a and p75(NTR)b. We then cloned two different cDNAs, both of which encompass the full coding region of p75(NTR)a. Early in development both p75(NTR)a and p75(NTR)b are expressed in developing cranial ganglia and presumptive spinal sensory neurons, similar to what is observed in other species. Later, p75(NTR)a expression largely continues to parallel p75(NTR) expression in other species. However, Xenopus p75(NTR)a is additionally expressed in the neuroepithelium of the anterior telencephalon, all layers of the retina including the photoreceptor layer, and functioning axial skeletal muscle. Finally, misexpression of full length p75(NTR) and each of two truncated mutants in developing retina reveal that p75(NTR) probably signals for cell survival in this system. This result contrasts with the reported role of p75(NTR) in developing retinae of other species, and the possible implications of this difference are discussed.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Apoptosis
- Central Nervous System/embryology
- Central Nervous System/growth & development
- Central Nervous System/metabolism
- Chickens
- Consensus Sequence
- Cranial Nerves/embryology
- Cranial Nerves/growth & development
- Cranial Nerves/metabolism
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Embryo, Nonmammalian/metabolism
- Evolution, Molecular
- Eye Proteins/biosynthesis
- Eye Proteins/genetics
- Eye Proteins/physiology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Genes
- Genes, Synthetic
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization
- In Situ Nick-End Labeling
- Larva
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Muscle Proteins/biosynthesis
- Muscle Proteins/genetics
- Muscle Proteins/physiology
- Muscle, Skeletal/embryology
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/biosynthesis
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/physiology
- Neurons, Afferent/metabolism
- Organ Specificity
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Rats
- Receptor, Nerve Growth Factor
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/physiology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/physiology
- Retina/embryology
- Retina/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Species Specificity
- Transfection
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/pharmacology
- Xenopus laevis/embryology
- Xenopus laevis/genetics
- Xenopus laevis/growth & development
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L D Hutson
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Astolfi A, Nanni P, Landuzzi L, Ricci C, Nicoletti G, Rossi I, Lollini PL, De Giovanni C. An anti-apoptotic role for NGF receptors in human rhabdomyosarcoma. Eur J Cancer 2001; 37:1719-25. [PMID: 11527701 DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(01)00190-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The expression and biological function of Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) receptors was studied in a panel of rhabdomyosarcoma cell lines derived from embryonal and alveolar histotype. All the cell lines expressed both the high affinity receptor TrkA and the low affinity receptor p75(NTR). Treatment with exogenous NGF did not considerably alter rhabdomyosarcoma cell growth or differentiation, but significantly inhibited spontaneous apoptosis as well as apoptosis, and induced by serum starvation or apoptosis induced by treatment with cycloheximide (CHX). Rhabdomyosarcoma cell lines expressed NGF and other neurotrophins and trace amounts of NGF protein were found in the supernatants of rhabdomyosarcoma cell cultures. Blocking the putative autocrine loop with an anti-NGF antibody resulted in an increase in apoptosis compared with control cultures. These data suggest that the simultaneous presence of both high and low affinity NGF receptors engaged by endogenous or exogenous NGF might contribute to the escape from apoptosis exhibited by the rhabdomyosarcoma cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Astolfi
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Section of Cancer Research, University of Bologna, viale Filopanti 22, I-40126, Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Parrott E, Butterworth M, Green A, White IN, Greaves P. Adenomyosis--a result of disordered stromal differentiation. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2001; 159:623-30. [PMID: 11485920 PMCID: PMC1850567 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)61733-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Adenomyosis is a fairly frequent disorder in adult women characterized by the haphazard location of endometrial glands and stroma deep within the myometrium of the uterus. This study compared the effects on uterine development of the selective estrogen receptor modulators, tamoxifen, toremifene, and raloxifene with estradiol when given orally to female mice on days 2 to 5 after birth. Uterine adenomyosis was found in all (14 of 14) mice dosed with tamoxifen and most mice (12 of 14) treated with toremifene, but in none of the vehicle-dosed controls, in only one animal treated with raloxifene at 42 and 90 days after dosing and in none of the mice treated with estradiol at 42 days. At 6 days, the uterus in the groups that developed a high incidence of adenomyosis showed histological evidence of disturbed differentiation of the myometrium. Gene-expression XY-scatterplots using Clontech mouse 1.2 Atlas mouse cDNA expression arrays analyzing total uterine RNA showed nerve growth factor-alpha, preadipocyte factor-1, and insulin-like growth factor-2 were key genes differentially modified by tamoxifen or toremifene treatment, relative to the controls. As these genes may play an important role in regulating differentiation and development of the myometrium, these data suggest that adenomyosis may be caused primarily by defects in the formation of the myometrium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Parrott
- Medical Research Council Toxicology Unit, Hidgkin Building, Lancaster Rd., Leicester LE1 9HN, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Rende M, Brizi E, Conner J, Treves S, Censier K, Provenzano C, Taglialatela G, Sanna PP, Donato R. Nerve growth factor (NGF) influences differentiation and proliferation of myogenic cells in vitro via TrKA. Int J Dev Neurosci 2000; 18:869-85. [PMID: 11154856 DOI: 10.1016/s0736-5748(00)00041-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Classic studies have established that muscle cells exert trophic actions on neurons of the developing peripheral nervous system through the production of neurotrophins. For this reason neurotrophins are also known as 'target-derived factors'. During differentiation, muscle cells also express some neurotrophin receptors, such as the low-affinity p75 neurotrophin receptor, which binds all neurotrophins, and the high affinity tyrosine kinase receptor TrKA, nerve growth factor (NGF) transducing receptor. The functional roles of these receptors in muscle cells are still unclear and only fragmentary and controversial data are available regarding the responsiveness of muscle cells to NGF. The aim of the present study is to investigate the effects of NGF on cells of myogenic lineage. The rat myogenic cell line L6, primary cultures of adult human myoblasts, and the human rhabdomyosarcoma cell line TE-671 were used in this study. As expected, all the three cell types expressed NGF, p75 and TrKA. NGF was expressed by L6 and primary myoblasts following differentiation, but it was constitutively expressed at high levels in the TE-671 rhabdomyosarcoma cells. In L6 myoblasts, p75 receptor was expressed in myoblasts but not in myotubes early after plating; while some primary human myoblasts expressed it at all the time-points tested. Some fusiform cells of the TE-671 rhabdomyosarcoma cell line also expressed p75. TrKA was constitutively immunodetected in all the three cell lines, suggesting that these cells may respond to NGF. Addition of exogenous NGF increased the fusion rate of both primary and L6 myoblasts, as well as the proliferation of the slowly dividing primary myoblasts. Consistently, blocking the action of endogenously produced NGF with a specific neutralizing antibody decreased the percentage of fusion in both primary and L6 myoblasts. On the contrary, blocking the binding of NGF to p75 did not affect the percentage of fusion. Furthermore, neither exogenous NGF nor NGF- or p75-neutralizing antibodies appeared to affect the rhabdomyosarcoma cells, which have a high proliferation rate and do not fuse. Pharmacological inhibition of TrKA signal transduction with K252a (in the nM range) and tyrphostin AG879 (in the low microM range) resulted in a dramatic dose-dependent decrease in proliferation of all of the myogenic cell lines tested. Interestingly, this was especially evident in the rapidly dividing rhabdomyosarcoma cell line. The TrKA inhibitors also blocked fusion of L6 and primary myoblasts and induced morphological changes characterized by the flattening of the cells and a 'spider-like' rearrangement of the intermediate filaments in all three cell lines with some minor differences. A transfection study showed that p75-overexpressing L6 cells do not fuse and present changes in their morphology similar to the TrKA-inhibitors treated L6 cells. These data support the notion that NGF expression in skeletal muscle is not only associated with a classical target-derived neurotrophic function for peripheral nervous system neurons, but also with an autocrine action which affects the proliferation, fusion into myotubes, and cell morphology of developing myoblasts. The present data also suggest that these effects of NGF are mediated by TrKA receptors and that a sustained presence of NGF is needed for increase fusion into myotubes. Lastly, the dramatic anti-proliferative effect of TrKA inhibitors on myogenic cells, and especially on the TE-671 rhabdomyosarcoma cell line, suggests that pharmacological interference with NGF signal transduction could be effective in the control of these malignancies.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies/pharmacology
- Carbazoles/pharmacology
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cell Differentiation/physiology
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Cell Division/physiology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- In Vitro Techniques
- Indole Alkaloids
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/chemistry
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/cytology
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/metabolism
- Nerve Growth Factor/analysis
- Nerve Growth Factor/immunology
- Nerve Growth Factor/metabolism
- Neutralization Tests
- Rats
- Receptor, Nerve Growth Factor/analysis
- Receptor, Nerve Growth Factor/biosynthesis
- Receptor, Nerve Growth Factor/immunology
- Receptor, trkA/analysis
- Receptor, trkA/metabolism
- Rhabdomyosarcoma
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Stem Cells/chemistry
- Stem Cells/cytology
- Stem Cells/metabolism
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Tyrphostins/pharmacology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Rende
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia School of Medicine, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Botchkarev VA, Botchkareva NV, Albers KM, Chen LH, Welker P, Paus R. A role for p75 neurotrophin receptor in the control of apoptosis-driven hair follicle regression. FASEB J 2000; 14:1931-42. [PMID: 11023977 DOI: 10.1096/fj.99-0930com] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
To examine the mechanisms that underlie the neurotrophin-induced, apoptosis-driven hair follicle involution (catagen), the expression and function of p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR), which is implicated in apoptosis control, were studied during spontaneous catagen development in murine skin. By RT-PCR, high steady-state p75NTR mRNA skin levels were found during the anagen-catagen transition of the hair follicle. By immunohistochemistry, p75NTR alone was strongly expressed in TUNEL+/Bcl2- keratinocytes of the regressing outer root sheath, but both p75NTR and TrkB and/or TrkC were expressed by the nonregressing TUNEL-/Bcl2+ secondary hair germ keratinocytes. To determine whether p75NTR is functionally involved in catagen control, spontaneous catagen development was compared in vivo between p75NTR knockout (-/-) and wild-type mice. There was significant catagen retardation in p75NTR knockout mice as compared to wild-type controls (P<0.05). Instead, transgenic mice-overexpressing NGF (promoter: K14) showed substantial acceleration of catagen (P<0.001). Although NGF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and neurotrophin 3 (NT-3) accelerated catagen in the organ-cultured skin of C57BL/6 mice, these neurotrophins failed to promote catagen development in the organ-cultured p75NTR null skin. These findings suggest that p75NTR signaling is involved in the control of kerotinocyte apoptosis during catagen and that pharmacological manipulation of p75NTR signaling may prove useful for the treatment of hair disorders that display premature entry into catagen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V A Botchkarev
- *Department of Dermatology, Charité, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Phenotypic knockout of nerve growth factor in adult transgenic mice reveals severe deficits in basal forebrain cholinergic neurons, cell death in the spleen, and skeletal muscle dystrophy. J Neurosci 2000. [PMID: 10729339 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.20-07-02589.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The disruption of the nerve growth factor (NGF) gene in transgenic mice leads to a lethal phenotype (Crowley et al., 1994) and hinders the study of NGF functions in the adult. In this study the phenotypic knockout of NGF in adult mice was achieved by expressing transgenic anti-NGF antibodies, under the control of the human cytomegalovirus promoter. In adult mice, antibody levels are 2000-fold higher than in newborns. Classical NGF targets, including sympathetic and sensory neurons, are severely affected. In the CNS, basal forebrain and hippocampal cholinergic neurons are not affected in the early postnatal period, whereas they are greatly reduced in the adult (55 and 62% reduction, respectively). Adult mice show a reduced ability in spatial learning behavioral tasks. Adult, but not neonatal, transgenic mice further show a new phenotype at the level of peripheral tissues, such as apoptosis in the spleen and dystrophy of skeletal muscles. The analysis of this novel comprehensive transgenic model settles the controversial issue regarding the NGF dependence of cholinergic neurons in adult animals and reveals new NGF functions in adult non-neuronal tissues. The results demonstrate that the decreased availability of NGF in the adult causes phenotypic effects via processes that are at least partially distinct from early developmental effects of NGF deprivation.
Collapse
|
44
|
Capsoni S, Ruberti F, Di Daniel E, Cattaneo A. Muscular dystrophy in adult and aged anti-NGF transgenic mice resembles an inclusion body myopathy. J Neurosci Res 2000; 59:553-60. [PMID: 10679795 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4547(20000215)59:4<553::aid-jnr11>3.0.co;2-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The role of nerve growth factor (NGF) and its receptors in the physiology of skeletal muscles has not been extensively studied in animal models. We describe the production of transgenic lines of mice expressing a neutralizing antibody against NGF (alphaD11) and the morphological and histochemical analysis of skeletal muscles from adult and aged anti-NGF mice. This study reveals that the chronic deprivation of NGF results in a decreased size of myofibers of dorsal and hindlimb muscles in adult but not in postnatal day (P)2 mice. In myofibers from adult anti-NGF mice, the presence of central nuclei, vacuolization of the cytoplasm, and inflammatory cell infiltration was observed. The immunohistochemical analysis of these muscular fibers revealed an upregulation of p75 expression, a decrease in adenosine triphosphatase (ATP)ase activity, and a subsarcolemmal Congo Red-positive staining. Immunostaining with an antibody against amyloid precursor protein showed an increased labeling of the cytoplasm of myofibers from adult and aged anti-NGF mice. These features are reminiscent of human myopathies, such as inclusion body myositis. We conclude that NGF deficits might be relevant for a class of human myopathies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Capsoni
- Neuroscience Program, International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), Trieste, Italy
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Affiliation(s)
- A Braun
- Institut für Laboratoriumsmedizin und Pathobiochemie, Charité-Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Humboldt Universität, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Botchkareva NV, Botchkarev VA, Chen LH, Lindner G, Paus R. A role for p75 neurotrophin receptor in the control of hair follicle morphogenesis. Dev Biol 1999; 216:135-53. [PMID: 10588868 DOI: 10.1006/dbio.1999.9464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
During hair follicle (HF) morphogenesis, p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) reportedly is the first growth factor receptor found to be expressed by those fibroblasts that later develop into the dermal papilla (DP) of the HF. However, the functional role of p75NTR in HF morphogenesis is still unknown. Studying HF development in fetal and neonatal C57BL/6 murine back skin, we show that p75NTR-immunoreactivity (IR) is prominently expressed by DP fibroblasts as well as by skin nerves during the early steps of HF development. In contrast, p75NTR-IR disappears from the DP in the fully developed HF and it is expressed only in the epithelial outer root sheath of the HF. Compared to age-matched wild-type animals, p75NTR knockout (-/-) mice show significant acceleration of HF morphogenesis, and DP fibroblasts of p75NTR knockout mice show reduced proliferative activity in situ, indicating alterations in their transition from proliferation to differentiation. Although no significant differences in the expression of adhesion molecules (NCAM), selected morphogens (TGFbeta-2, HGF/SF, FGF-2, KGF), or their receptors (TGFbetaR-II, m-met, FGFR-1) were seen between DP of p75NTR knockout and wild-type mice, p75NTR mutants showed a prominent upregulation of FGFR-2, a high-affinity receptor for KGF, in both follicular DP and epithelium. Furthermore, the administration of anti-KGF neutralizing antibody significantly inhibited acceleration of HF morphogenesis in p75NTR knockout mice in vivo. These observations suggest that p75NTR plays an important role during HF morphogenesis, functioning as a receptor that negatively controls HF development, most likely via alterations in DP fibroblast proliferation/differentiation and via downregulation of KGF/FGFR-2 signaling in the HF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N V Botchkareva
- Department of Dermatology, Charité, Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Ceramide signaling downstream of the p75 neurotrophin receptor mediates the effects of nerve growth factor on outgrowth of cultured hippocampal neurons. J Neurosci 1999. [PMID: 10493721 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.19-19-08199.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) binds all known neurotrophins and has been suggested to either function as a coreceptor for the trk receptor tyrosine kinases or be involved in independent signaling leading to cell death. We have analyzed the effects of nerve growth factor (NGF) on the growth of cultured hippocampal pyramidal neurons and examined the possibility that the effects of NGF are mediated via generation of ceramide produced by neutral sphingomyelinase (N-SMase). During the initial hour of culture, the only detectable NGF receptor is p75NTR, which by comparative Western blot is expressed at 50- to 100-fold lower levels than on PC12 cells. At this early stage of culture, NGF accelerates neurite formation and outgrowth and induces ceramide formation in a dose-dependent manner. An NGF mutant that is deficient in p75NTR binding has no effect on neuronal morphology or ceramide formation. Furthermore, two anti-p75NTR antibodies (REX and 9651), which are known to compete with NGF for binding to p75NTR, mimic the effects of NGF, whereas a monoclonal antibody (MC192) targeted against a different epitope does not. Finally, scyphostatin, a specific N-SMase inhibitor, blocks the effects of NGF. We propose that a neurotrophin-p75NTR-ceramide signaling pathway influences outgrowth of hippocampal neurons. This signaling role of p75NTR may be distinct from other signaling pathways that lead to apoptosis.
Collapse
|
48
|
Lommatzsch M, Braun A, Mannsfeldt A, Botchkarev VA, Botchkareva NV, Paus R, Fischer A, Lewin GR, Renz H. Abundant production of brain-derived neurotrophic factor by adult visceral epithelia. Implications for paracrine and target-derived Neurotrophic functions. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 1999; 155:1183-93. [PMID: 10514401 PMCID: PMC1867012 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)65221-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays a crucial role for the survival of visceral sensory neurons during development. However, the physiological sources and the function of BDNF in the adult viscera are poorly described. We have investigated the cellular sources and the potential role of BDNF in adult murine viscera. We found markedly different amounts of BDNF protein in different organs. Surprisingly, BDNF levels in the urinary bladder, lung, and colon were higher than those found in the brain or skin. In situ hybridization experiments revealed that BDNF mRNA was made by visceral epithelial cells, several types of smooth muscle, and neurons of the myenteric plexus. Epithelia that expressed BDNF lacked both the high- and low-affinity receptors for BDNF, trkB and p75(NTR). In contrast, both receptors were present on neurons of the peripheral nervous system. Studies with BDNF-/-mice demonstrated that epithelial and smooth muscle cells developed normally in the absence of BDNF. These data provide evidence that visceral epithelia are a major source, but not a target, of BDNF in the adult viscera. The abundance of BDNF protein in certain internal organs suggests that this neurotrophin may regulate the function of adult visceral sensory and motor neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Lommatzsch
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Charité, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Rende M, Brizi E, Sorci G, Bianchi R, Provenzano C, Bruno R, Donato R. Regulation of the p75 neurotrophin receptor in a rat myogenic cell line (L6). THE HISTOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 1999; 31:589-601. [PMID: 10579628 DOI: 10.1023/a:1003851024732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Neurotrophins are expressed in muscle cells both during development and postnatally. Furthermore, during development muscle cells express high levels of the common p75 neurotrophin receptor, which binds all neurotrophins. Only fragmentary and controversial data are available regarding the responsiveness of muscle cells to neurotrophins and the importance of low-affinity p75 receptor in muscle development. The present study investigates in vitro the immunocytochemical expression of p75 in a rat myogenic cell line (L6) at various time points and in response to different coating substrates as a first step in elucidating the regulation of p75 in muscle. We found that in L6 myoblasts, p75 is expressed only at very early stages of maturation and its levels of expression are regulated by the nature of the coating substrates. p75 expression decreases in cells growing on substrates more suitable for myoblast fusion into myotubes. Time course analysis indicates a reverse correlation between myoblast fusion into myotubes and the levels of p75 expression. Myotubes were always p75 negative. Substrates not suitable for the fusion process induced a prolonged presence of p75 in myoblasts with an increase of their apoptosis. We conclude that expression of p75, at least in this in vitro condition, is regulated by the stages of myoblast differentiation and the nature of the coating substrates. According to the observed time- and substrate-related evidences, future studies should investigate in vivo both the regulation of p75 in the myoblast fusion and the effects and the importance of neurotrophins binding during myoblast differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Rende
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia School of Medicine, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Erck C, Meisinger C, Grothe C, Seidl K. Regulation of nerve growth factor and its low-affinity receptor (p75NTR) during myogenic differentiation. J Cell Physiol 1998; 176:22-31. [PMID: 9618141 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4652(199807)176:1<22::aid-jcp3>3.0.co;2-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In our preceding report, we have shown that nerve growth factor (NGF) and its low-affinity receptor (p75NTR) are expressed in C2C12 myoblasts and downregulated during myogenic differentiation. Furthermore, NGF affects myogenic differentiation and cell growth via p75NTR and downregulation of p75NTR is essential for myogenic differentiation (Seidl et al., 1998). Here we show that NGF and p75NTR are regulated by mechanisms preceding terminal differentiation in myogenic cells. These mechanisms include cell-density phenomena such as cell-cell contact as well as signaling of basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2) and its receptor (FGFR1). Downregulation of NGF and p75NTR occurred as a consequence of increasing cell density, an important trigger for the onset of myogenic differentiation. FGF-2 and FGFR1 were shown to be present in C2C12 cells and exogenous FGF-2 induced NGF and p75NTR expression, implying that FGF/FGFR signaling is an upstream regulator of the NGF/p75NTR system. The fact that FGF-2 could suspend yet not abolish density-induced downregulation indicates that cell-cell contact counteracts the FGF effect and ultimately terminates NGF/p75NTR signaling. This evidence, together with the observation that p75NTR expression is suppressed in muscle progenitors, which constitutively express adenovirus E1A proteins and thus lack the competence of myogenic differentiation, underline the important role for the NGF/p75NTR system in the interplay of multiple factors and biological systems that balance myogenic differentiation at the appropriate spatial and temporal level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Erck
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute for Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|