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Janho dit Hreich S, Juhel T, Leroy S, Ghinet A, Brau F, Hofman V, Hofman P, Vouret-Craviari V. Activation of the P2RX7/IL-18 pathway in immune cells attenuates lung fibrosis. eLife 2024; 12:RP88138. [PMID: 38300690 PMCID: PMC10945561 DOI: 10.7554/elife.88138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is an aggressive interstitial lung disease associated with progressive and irreversible deterioration of respiratory functions that lacks curative therapies. Despite IPF being associated with a dysregulated immune response, current antifibrotics aim only at limiting fibroproliferation. Transcriptomic analyses show that the P2RX7/IL18/IFNG axis is downregulated in IPF patients and that P2RX7 has immunoregulatory functions. Using our positive modulator of P2RX7, we show that activation of the P2RX7/IL-18 axis in immune cells limits lung fibrosis progression in a mouse model by favoring an antifibrotic immune environment, with notably an enhanced IL-18-dependent IFN-γ production by lung T cells leading to a decreased production of IL-17 and TGFβ. Overall, we show the ability of the immune system to limit lung fibrosis progression by targeting the immunomodulator P2RX7. Hence, treatment with a small activator of P2RX7 may represent a promising strategy to help patients with lung fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thierry Juhel
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, INSERM, IRCANNiceFrance
| | - Sylvie Leroy
- FHU OncoAgeNiceFrance
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut Pharmacologie Moléculaire et CellulaireSophia-AntipolisFrance
- Université Côte d'Azur, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Pneumology DepartmentNiceFrance
| | - Alina Ghinet
- Inserm U995, LIRIC, Université de Lille, CHRU de Lille, Faculté de médecine – Pôle recherche, Place VerdunLilleFrance
- Hautes Etudes d’Ingénieur (HEI), JUNIA Hauts-de-France, UCLille, Laboratoire de chimie durable et santéLilleFrance
- ‘Al. I. Cuza’ University of Iasi, Faculty of ChemistryIasiRomania
| | - Frederic Brau
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut Pharmacologie Moléculaire et CellulaireSophia-AntipolisFrance
| | - Veronique Hofman
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, INSERM, IRCANNiceFrance
- FHU OncoAgeNiceFrance
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathology and Biobank, Pasteur HospitalNiceFrance
- Hospital-Related Biobank (BB-0033-00025), Pasteur HospitalNiceFrance
| | - Paul Hofman
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, INSERM, IRCANNiceFrance
- FHU OncoAgeNiceFrance
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathology and Biobank, Pasteur HospitalNiceFrance
- Hospital-Related Biobank (BB-0033-00025), Pasteur HospitalNiceFrance
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Gu JJ, Deng CC, Feng QL, Liu J, Zhu DH, Cheng Q, Rong Z, Yang B. Relief of Extracellular Matrix Deposition Repression by Downregulation of IRF1-Mediated TWEAK/Fn14 Signaling in Keloids. J Invest Dermatol 2023; 143:1208-1219.e6. [PMID: 36716919 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2023.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Keloids represent a fibrotic disorder characterized by the excessive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM). However, the mechanisms through which ECM deposition in keloids is regulated remain elusive. In this study, we found that the expression of both TWEAK and its cognate receptor Fn14 was significantly downregulated in keloids and that TWEAK/Fn14 signaling repressed the expression of ECM-related genes in keloid fibroblasts. The IRF1 gene was essential for this repression, and the TWEAK/Fn14 downstream transcription factor p65 directly bound to the promoter of the IRF1 gene and induced its expression. Furthermore, in patients with keloid, the expression of TWEAK and Fn14 was negatively correlated with that of ECM genes and positively correlated with that of IRF1. These observations indicate that relief of TWEAK/Fn14/IRF1-mediated ECM deposition repression contributes to keloid pathogenesis, and the identified mechanism and related molecules provide potential targets for keloid treatment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Jing Gu
- Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cheng-Cheng Deng
- Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing-Lan Feng
- Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ding-Heng Zhu
- Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing Cheng
- Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhili Rong
- Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research (Ministry of Education), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Yang
- Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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3
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Chen IT, Huang LT, Chen CC, Chen CM. Molecular mechanisms underlying hyperoxia-induced lung fibrosis. Pediatr Neonatol 2022; 63:109-116. [PMID: 35181258 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedneo.2021.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Supplemental oxygen is often used to treat newborns with respiratory disorders. Exposure to high concentration of oxygen and long-term oxygen causes inflammation and acute lung injury. The acute inflammatory phase is followed by a fibroproliferative repair phase, leading to lung fibrosis. Many infants with lung fibrosis develop significant respiratory morbidities including reactive airways dysfunction and obstructive lung disease during childhood. Despite the absence of effective treatments and the incomplete understanding regarding mechanisms underlying fibrosis, extensive literature regarding lung fibrosis from in vitro and in vivo hyperoxia-exposed models is available. In this review, we discuss molecular mediators and signaling pathways responsible for increased fibroblast proliferation and collagen production, excessive extracellular matrix accumulation, and eventually, lung fibrosis. We discuss each of these mediators separately to facilitate clear understanding as well as significant interactions occurring among these molecular mediators and signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Ting Chen
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Ti Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Cheng Chen
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Ming Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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4
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Win H, Gowin K. Treatment of scleromyxedema with lenalidomide, bortezomib and dexamethasone: A case report and review of the literature. Clin Case Rep 2020; 8:3043-3049. [PMID: 33363876 PMCID: PMC7752349 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.3302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Scleromyxedema is a rare and progressive disease that currently has no standard treatment. Triplet therapy with lenalidomide, bortezomib, and dexamethasone can be an effective therapy for scleromyxedema, especially in patients with refractory or relapsed disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hninyee Win
- Department of MedicineUniversity of ArizonaTucsonArizona
| | - Krisstina Gowin
- Department of Hematology and OncologyUniversity of ArizonaTucsonArizona
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5
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Yang Y, Zhu S, Li Y, Lu Q, Zhang Q, Su L, Zhang Q, Zhao Y, Luo Y, Liu Y. Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells ameliorate skin fibrosis development in a mouse model of bleomycin-induced systemic sclerosis. Exp Ther Med 2020; 20:257. [PMID: 33199983 PMCID: PMC7664606 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.9387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) infusion has become a novel therapeutic strategy for complex autoimmune diseases; however, few detailed studies have been performed to investigate the benefit and mechanism of MSC treatment on systemic sclerosis (SSc). The present study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effect of human umbilical cord derived-MSCs (UC-MSCs) on bleomycin-induced SSc in mice and explore the potential underlying mechanism. The murine SSc model was established by daily subcutaneous injection of bleomycin for 4 weeks, followed with two UC-MSC infusions every 7 days. Skin fibrosis was assessed by H&E and Masson staining. Flow cytometry was used to determine IL-17A, IFN-γ, tumor necrosis factor-β, IL-10 and IL-12 levels in serum samples and T cell subsets in murine spleen. Additionally, gene expression levels of cytokines and fibrosis markers in skin samples were measured by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. Immunofluorescence staining was performed to track UC-MSC localization and lymphocyte cell infiltration in vivo. UC-MSC treatment exerted an anti-fibrotic role in bleomycin-induced SSc mice, as confirmed by histological improvement, decreased collagen synthesis, and reduced collagen-1α1, collagen-1α2, fibronectin-1 and α-smooth muscle actin gene expression levels. The results indicated that UC-MSC treatment only had a limited systematic effect on cytokine production in serum samples and T cell activation in the spleen. By contrast, T helper (Th)17 cell infiltration and activation in skin were efficiently inhibited after UC-MSC infusion, as evidenced by the decreased IL-17A and retinoic acid-related orphan receptor γt gene expression as well as IL-17A production. UC-MSC administration significantly ameliorated bleomycin-induced skin fibrosis and collagen formation primarily by eliminating local inflammation and Th17 cell activation in the skin; however, the systemic inhibitory effect of UM-MSCs on cytokines was less profound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yang
- Department of Rheumatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China.,Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, P.R. China
| | - Shuai Zhu
- Department of Rheumatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Yanhong Li
- Department of Rheumatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Qian Lu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, P.R. China
| | - Qiuyi Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Linchong Su
- Department of Rheumatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Qiuping Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Yi Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Yubin Luo
- Department of Rheumatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Rheumatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
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Martins FA, Dos Santos MA, Santos JDG, da Silva AA, Borges BC, da Costa MS, Tavares PCB, Teixeira SC, Brígido RTES, Teixeira TL, Rodrigues CC, Silva NSDL, de Oliveira RC, de Faria LC, Lemes MR, Zanon RG, Tomiosso TC, Machado JR, da Silva MV, Oliveira CJF, da Silva CV. The Recombinant Form of Trypanosoma cruzi P21 Controls Infection by Modulating Host Immune Response. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1010. [PMID: 32655546 PMCID: PMC7325895 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi P21 protein (P21) is a putative secreted and immunomodulatory molecule with potent bioactive properties such as induction of phagocytosis and actin cytoskeleton polymerization. Despite the bioactive properties described so far, the action of P21 on parasite replication in muscle cell lineage or T. cruzi parasitism during acute experimental infection is unclear. We observed that recombinant P21 (rP21) decreased the multiplication of T. cruzi in C2C12 myoblasts, phenomenon associated with greater actin polymerization and IFN-γ and IL-4 higher expression. During experimental infection, lower cardiac nests, inflammatory infiltrate and fibrosis were observed in mice infected and treated with rP21. These results were correlated with large expression of IFN-γ counterbalanced by high levels of IL-10, which was consistent with the lower cardiac tissue injury found in these mice. We have also observed that upon stress, such as that induced by the presence of the IFN-γ cytokine, T. cruzi produced more P21. The effect of P21 in controlling the replication of T. cruzi, may indicate an evolutionary mechanism of survival developed by the parasite. Thus, when subjected to different stress conditions, the protozoan produces more P21, which induces T. cruzi latency in the host organism, enabling the protozoan to evade the host's immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia Alves Martins
- Laboratório de Tripanosomatídeos, Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Marlus Alves Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Tripanosomatídeos, Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Júlia de Gouveia Santos
- Laboratório de Tripanosomatídeos, Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Aline Alves da Silva
- Laboratório de Tripanosomatídeos, Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Bruna Cristina Borges
- Laboratório de Tripanosomatídeos, Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Mylla Spirandelli da Costa
- Laboratório de Tripanosomatídeos, Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Paula Cristina Brígido Tavares
- Laboratório de Tripanosomatídeos, Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Samuel Cota Teixeira
- Laboratório de Tripanosomatídeos, Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Rebecca Tavares E Silva Brígido
- Laboratório de Tripanosomatídeos, Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Thaise Lara Teixeira
- Laboratório de Tripanosomatídeos, Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil.,Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cassiano Costa Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Tripanosomatídeos, Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | | | - Rayane Cristina de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Tripanosomatídeos, Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Laura Caroline de Faria
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Brazil
| | - Marcela Rezende Lemes
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Brazil
| | - Renata Graciele Zanon
- Departamento de Anatomia Humana, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Carla Tomiosso
- Setor de Histologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Juliana Reis Machado
- Departamento de Patologia, Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal do Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Brazil
| | - Marcos Vinicius da Silva
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Brazil
| | - Carlo José Freire Oliveira
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Brazil
| | - Claudio Vieira da Silva
- Laboratório de Tripanosomatídeos, Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
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7
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Kalli F, Cioni M, Parodi A, Altosole T, Ferrera F, Barra G, De Palma R, Fenoglio D, Filaci G, Rongioletti F. Increased frequency of interleukin-4 and reduced frequency of interferon-γ and IL-17-producing CD4+ and CD8+ cells in scleromyxedema. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2020; 34:1092-1097. [PMID: 31912592 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.16136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the pathogenesis of scleromyxedema, a life-threatening fibromucinosis disease with immunological dysregulation. OBJECTIVES To investigate on T-cell phenotype, function and cytokine biology in search of new insights supporting the immunopathogenesis of the disease. METHODS We analysed the frequency of circulating lymphocyte subsets, the T-cell maturation stage, the generation of antigen-specific T-cell lines and T-cell cytokine secretion. RESULTS The analysis of T-cell maturation stage and the TCR spectratyping findings revealed that scleromyxedema patients showed clear immunological signs of long-lasting immune system activation and stimulation leading to a skewed T-cell repertoire. Moreover, these analyses showed that both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from scleromyxedema patients have a profound deficiency (even after stimulation) relatively to the production of IFN-γ and IL17 with respect to healthy donor control cells, while they are massively skewed towards IL4 secretion after stimulation. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that a chronic Th2-skewed T-cell response against an unknown target antigen leading to abnormally high IL4 secretion, a pro-fibrotic cytokine, is a main immunological hallmark of scleromyxedema patients. These results, never reported before, may have a translational therapeutic value due to the availability of anti-IL4 agents such as dupilumab.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Kalli
- Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - M Cioni
- Section of Dermatology, DISSAL, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Section of Pathology, Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - A Parodi
- Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - T Altosole
- Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - F Ferrera
- Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - G Barra
- Department of Precision Medicine, Università della Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Napoli, Italy
| | - R De Palma
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, CNR, Napoli, Italy.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - D Fenoglio
- Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - G Filaci
- Department of Internal Medicine and Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Bioterapy Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - F Rongioletti
- Section of Pathology, Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Department of Medical Science and Public Health, Unit of Dermatology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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8
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Lee H, Hong Y, Tran Q, Cho H, Kim M, Kim C, Kwon SH, Park S, Park J, Park J. A new role for the ginsenoside RG3 in antiaging via mitochondria function in ultraviolet-irradiated human dermal fibroblasts. J Ginseng Res 2018; 43:431-441. [PMID: 31308815 PMCID: PMC6606973 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The efficacy of ginseng, the representative product of Korea, and its chemical effects have been well investigated. The ginsenoside RG3 has been reported to exhibit apoptotic, anticancer, and antidepressant-like effects. Methods In this report, the putative effect of RG3 on several cellular function including cell survival, differentiation, development and aging process were evaluated by monitoring each specific marker. Also, mitochondrial morphology and function were investigated in ultraviolet (UV)-irradiated normal human dermal fibroblast cells. Results RG3 treatment increased the expression of extracellular matrix proteins, growth-associated immediate-early genes, and cell proliferation genes in UV-irradiated normal human dermal fibroblast cells. And, RG3 also resulted in enhanced expression of antioxidant proteins such as nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor-2 and heme oxygenase-1. In addition, RG3 affects the morphology of UV-induced mitochondria and plays a role in protecting mitochondrial dysfunction. Conclusioin RG3 restores mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and membrane potential via its antioxidant effects in skin cells damaged by UV irradiation, leading to an increase in proteins linked with the extracellular matrix, cell proliferation, and antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunji Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Metabolic Syndrome and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Institute for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngeun Hong
- Department of Pharmacology, Metabolic Syndrome and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Institute for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Quangdon Tran
- Department of Pharmacology, Metabolic Syndrome and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Institute for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonjeong Cho
- Department of Pharmacology, Metabolic Syndrome and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Institute for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Minhee Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Metabolic Syndrome and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Institute for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chaeyeong Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Metabolic Syndrome and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Institute for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - So Hee Kwon
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - SungJin Park
- Department of Pharmacology, Metabolic Syndrome and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Institute for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongsun Park
- Department of Pharmacology, Metabolic Syndrome and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Institute for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding author. Department of Pharmacology, Metabolic Syndrome and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Institute for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jisoo Park
- Department of Pharmacology, Metabolic Syndrome and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Institute for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding author. Department of Pharmacology, Metabolic Syndrome and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Institute for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea.
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9
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Helmi N, Bashir M, Shireen A, Ahmed IM. Thalassemia review: features, dental considerations and management. Electron Physician 2017; 9:4003-4008. [PMID: 28461877 PMCID: PMC5407235 DOI: 10.19082/4003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Thalassemia is a genetic disorder that involves abnormal haemoglobin formation. The two main categories of thalassemia are alpha and beta thalassemia that are then divided into further subcategories. While some mild forms of thalassemia might even go unnoticed and only cause mild anaemia and iron deficiency problems in patients, other more severe forms of thalassemia can even result in death. Individuals with thalassemia can get treatment according to the level of severity of their condition. The main oral manifestations of thalassemia are Class II malocclusion, maxillary protrusion, high caries index, severe gingivitis. Any dental surgical procedure for such patients should be done under antibiotic cover and immediately after transfusion. Caution should be exercised in thalassemia patients due to complications related to compromised immunity and cardiovascular issues. Multidisciplinary approach involving dental surgeon, haematologist and orthodontist is the best advised approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawal Helmi
- Ph.D., Assistant Professor, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mawahib Bashir
- MD Pathology, Assistant Professor, Basic Science Department, Al-Farabi College of Dentistry & Nursing, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayesha Shireen
- MDS Oral Medicine & Radiology, Lecturer, Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery Department, Al-Farabi College of Dentistry & Nursing, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Iffat Mirza Ahmed
- Ph.D. Student of Clinical Research, Lecturer, Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery Department, Al-Farabi College of Dentistry & Nursing, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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10
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Segawa S, Goto D, Iizuka A, Kaneko S, Yokosawa M, Kondo Y, Matsumoto I, Sumida T. The regulatory role of interferon-γ producing gamma delta T cells via the suppression of T helper 17 cell activity in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Clin Exp Immunol 2016; 185:348-60. [PMID: 27083148 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Interstitial pneumonia (IP) is a chronic progressive interstitial lung disease associated with poor prognosis and high mortality. However, the pathogenesis of IP remains to be elucidated. The aim of this study was to clarify the role of pulmonary γδT cells in IP. In wild-type (WT) mice exposed to bleomycin, pulmonary γδT cells were expanded and produced large amounts of interferon (IFN)-γ and interleukin (IL)-17A. Histological and biochemical analyses showed that bleomycin-induced IP was more severe in T cell receptor (TCR-δ-deficient (TCRδ(-/-) ) mice than WT mice. In TCRδ(-/-) mice, pulmonary IL-17A(+) CD4(+) Τ cells expanded at days 7 and 14 after bleomycin exposure. In TCRδ(-/-) mice infused with γδT cells from WT mice, the number of pulmonary IL-17A(+) CD4(+) T cells was lower than in TCRδ(-/-) mice. The examination of IL-17A(-/-) TCRδ(-/-) mice indicated that γδT cells suppressed pulmonary fibrosis through the suppression of IL-17A(+) CD4(+) T cells. The differentiation of T helper (Th)17 cells was determined in vitro, and CD4(+) cells isolated from TCRδ(-/-) mice showed normal differentiation of Th17 cells compared with WT mice. Th17 cell differentiation was suppressed in the presence of IFN-γ producing γδT cells in vitro. Pulmonary fibrosis was attenuated by IFN-γ-producing γδT cells through the suppression of pulmonary IL-17A(+) CD4(+) T cells. These results suggested that pulmonary γδT cells seem to play a regulatory role in the development of bleomycin-induced IP mouse model via the suppression of IL-17A production.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Segawa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - D Goto
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - A Iizuka
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - S Kaneko
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - M Yokosawa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Y Kondo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - I Matsumoto
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - T Sumida
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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11
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Fang F, Ooka K, Sun X, Shah R, Bhattacharyya S, Wei J, Varga J. A synthetic TLR3 ligand mitigates profibrotic fibroblast responses by inducing autocrine IFN signaling. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2013; 191:2956-66. [PMID: 23956427 PMCID: PMC3924580 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Activation of TLR3 by exogenous microbial ligands or endogenous injury-associated ligands leads to production of type I IFN. Scleroderma patients with progressive skin fibrosis display an IFN-regulated gene signature, implicating TLR3 signaling in the disease. In this study, we show that TLR3 expression was detected on foreskin, adult skin, and lung fibroblasts, and TLR3 levels were significantly elevated in a subset of scleroderma skin biopsies. In explanted skin and lung fibroblasts, the synthetic TLR3 ligand polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)), a dsRNA analog, caused dose- and time-dependent stimulation of IFN-β production and generation of an IFN-response gene signature that was accompanied by substantial downregulation of collagen and α-smooth muscle actin gene expression. Furthermore, poly(I:C) abrogated TGF-β-induced fibrotic responses and blocked canonical Smad signaling via upregulation of inhibitory Smad7. Surprisingly, the inhibitory effects of poly(I:C) in fibroblasts were independent of TLR3 and were mediated by the cytosolic receptors retinoic acid-inducible gene 1 and melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5, and involved signaling via the IFN receptor. Taken together, these results demonstrate that induction of a fibroblast IFN response gene signature triggered by dsRNA is associated with potent TLR3-independent anti-fibrotic effects. The characteristic IFN response gene signature seen in scleroderma lesions might therefore signify a tissue-autonomous protective attempt to restrict fibroblast activation during injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Fang
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Kohtaro Ooka
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Xiaoyong Sun
- McDermott Center for Human Growth & Development, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Ruchi Shah
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| | | | - Jun Wei
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - John Varga
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
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12
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Todd NW, Luzina IG, Atamas SP. Molecular and cellular mechanisms of pulmonary fibrosis. FIBROGENESIS & TISSUE REPAIR 2012; 5:11. [PMID: 22824096 PMCID: PMC3443459 DOI: 10.1186/1755-1536-5-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis is a chronic lung disease characterized by excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) and remodeling of the lung architecture. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is considered the most common and severe form of the disease, with a median survival of approximately three years and no proven effective therapy. Despite the fact that effective treatments are absent and the precise mechanisms that drive fibrosis in most patients remain incompletely understood, an extensive body of scientific literature regarding pulmonary fibrosis has accumulated over the past 35 years. In this review, we discuss three broad areas which have been explored that may be responsible for the combination of altered lung fibroblasts, loss of alveolar epithelial cells, and excessive accumulation of ECM: inflammation and immune mechanisms, oxidative stress and oxidative signaling, and procoagulant mechanisms. We discuss each of these processes separately to facilitate clarity, but certainly significant interplay will occur amongst these pathways in patients with this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nevins W Todd
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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13
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Yu Q, Vazquez R, Zabadi S, Watson RR, Larson DF. T-lymphocytes mediate left ventricular fibrillar collagen cross-linking and diastolic dysfunction in mice. Matrix Biol 2010; 29:511-8. [PMID: 20600894 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2010.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2010] [Revised: 06/16/2010] [Accepted: 06/17/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant concentrations of cardiac extracellular matrix (ECM) fibrillar collagen cross-linking have been proposed to be an underlying cause of cardiac diastolic dysfunction however the role of the adaptive immune system in this process has yet to be investigated. Fibrillar collagen cross-linking is a product of the enzymatic activities of lysyl oxidase (LOX and LOXL-3) released by the cardiac fibroblast and possibly cardiac myocytes. Our hypothesis is that stimulation of the TH1 lymphocytes activates lysyl oxidase mediated ECM cross-linking and thereby alters left ventricular function. Three-month old C57BL/J female mice were treated with selective TH1 lymphocyte inducers - T-cell receptor Vβ peptides (TCR). After 6 weeks, candidate gene expression, tissue enzymatic activity, ECM composition, and left ventricular mechanics were quantified. Lymphocyte gene expression and cytokine assay revealed TH1 immune polarization with TCR administration which was associated with a 2.6-fold and 3.1-fold increase of LOX and LOXL3 gene expression, respectively, and a 55% increase in cardiac LOX enzymatic activity. The ECM cross-linked fibrillar collagen increased by 95% when compared with the control. Concurrently, there was a 33% increased ventricular stiffness, decreased cardiac output, and normal ejection fraction. These data implicate the TH1 lymphocyte in the pathogenesis of diastolic dysfunction which has potential clinical application in the pathogenesis of diastolic heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianli Yu
- Sarver Heart Center, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
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14
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Jacques E, Semlali A, Boulet LP, Chakir J. AP-1 overexpression impairs corticosteroid inhibition of collagen production by fibroblasts isolated from asthmatic subjects. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2010; 299:L281-7. [PMID: 20543003 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00360.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is characterized by airway remodeling associated with an increase in the deposition of ECM proteins such as type I collagen. These components are mainly produced by fibroblasts. Inhaled corticosteroids are considered the cornerstone of asthma therapy. Despite substantial evidence as to the anti-inflammatory action of corticosteroids, their effect on controlling ECM protein deposition in the airways is not completely understood. This study determined the effect of dexamethasone (Dex) on collagen production by bronchial fibroblasts derived from asthmatic and healthy subjects. Expression of procollagen mRNA in fibroblasts from asthmatics and normal controls was determined by quantitative PCR. Regulation of the procollagen-alpha(1)I promoter was evaluated by transient transfections. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) protein expression was determined by ELISA. Protein expression of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and interaction with activator protein-1 (AP-1), a collagen regulatory transcription factor, was assessed by Western blots, coimmunoprecipitations, and EMSA. AP-1 overexpression was performed by transient transfection using c-Fos/c-Jun expression plasmids. Dex significantly downregulated procollagen production and promoter activity in normal fibroblasts but had no effect on asthmatic fibroblasts. AP-1 and GR interaction increased after Dex stimulation in asthmatic fibroblasts. AP-1 overexpression in control fibroblasts abrogated collagen gene response to Dex. These results show that Dex failed to reduce collagen production in fibroblasts from asthmatic subjects. This impaired response may be related to AP-1 overexpression in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Jacques
- Centre de Recherche, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie, Sainte-Foy, Québec, Canada
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15
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Koga M, Kai H, Yasukawa H, Yamamoto T, Kawai Y, Kato S, Kusaba K, Kai M, Egashira K, Kataoka Y, Imaizumi T. Inhibition of progression and stabilization of plaques by postnatal interferon-gamma function blocking in ApoE-knockout mice. Circ Res 2007; 101:348-56. [PMID: 17495225 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.106.147256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A role of interferon-gamma is suggested in early development of atherosclerosis. However, the role of interferon-gamma in progression and destabilization of advanced atherosclerotic plaques remains unknown. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine whether postnatal inhibition of interferon-gamma signaling could inhibit progression of atherosclerotic plaques and stabilize the lipid- and macrophage-rich advanced plaques. Atherosclerotic plaques were induced in ApoE-knockout (KO) mice by feeding high-fat diet from 8 weeks old (w). Interferon-gamma function was postnatally inhibited by repeated gene transfers of a soluble mutant of interferon-gamma receptors (sIFNgammaR), an interferon-gamma inhibitory protein, into the thigh muscle every 2 weeks. When sIFNgammaR treatment was started at 12 w (atherosclerotic stage), sIFNgammaR not only prevented plaque progression but also stabilized advanced plaques at 16 w: sIFNgammaR decreased accumulations of the lipid and macrophages and increased fibrotic area with more smooth muscle cells. Moreover, sIFNgammaR downregulated expressions of proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, adhesion molecules, and matrix metalloproteinases but upregulated procollagen type I. sIFNgammaR did not affect serum cholesterol levels. In conclusion, postnatal blocking of interferon-gamma function by sIFNgammaR treatment would be a new strategy to inhibit plaque progression and to stabilize advanced plaques through the antiinflammatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhisa Koga
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kurume University, Fukuoka, Japan
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16
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Xu Y, Farmer SR, Smith BD. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma interacts with CIITA x RFX5 complex to repress type I collagen gene expression. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:26046-56. [PMID: 17611194 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m703652200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent reports demonstrate that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma), a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily, acts as a repressor of type I collagen synthesis. Our data demonstrate that exogenously expressed PPARgamma down-regulates collagen expression in a dose-responsive manner in human lung fibroblast cells. Silencing PPARgamma using lentiviruses expressing short hairpin RNAs partially reverses interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)-induced repression and activates collagen mRNA levels. Previous studies indicate that IFN-gamma represses collagen gene expression and induces major histocompatibility complex II (MHC II) expression by activating the formation of a regulatory factor for X-box 5 (RFX5) complex with class II transactivator (CIITA). This report demonstrates that PPARgamma is within the RFX5.CIITA complex as judged by co-immunoprecipitation and DNA affinity precipitation studies. Most importantly, occupancy of PPARgamma on the collagen transcription start site and MHC II promoter increases with IFN-gamma treatment. The PPARgamma agonist, troglitazone, sensitizes the cells to IFN-gamma treatment by increasing recruitment of PPARgamma to collagen gene while repressing collagen expression, and these effects are blocked by the PPARgamma antagonist T0070907. PPARgamma may mediate IFN-gamma-stimulated collagen transcription down-regulation and MHC II up-regulation by interacting with CIITA as well as regulating CIITA expression. Therefore, PPARgamma is a critical target for investigations into therapeutics of diseases involving extracellular matrix remodeling and the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Xu
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
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17
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Tkalcević VI, Cuzić S, Brajsa K, Mildner B, Bokulić A, Situm K, Perović D, Glojnarić I, Parnham MJ. Enhancement by PL 14736 of granulation and collagen organization in healing wounds and the potential role of egr-1 expression. Eur J Pharmacol 2007; 570:212-21. [PMID: 17628536 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.05.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2006] [Revised: 05/15/2007] [Accepted: 05/15/2007] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Apart from becaplermin (recombinant human platelet-derived growth factor homodimer of B chains, PDGF-BB), for the treatment of lower extremity diabetic ulcers, few agents are available for pharmacological stimulation of wound healing. We have compared the mechanism of action of the potential wound healing agent, PL 14736 (G E P P P G K P A D D A G L V), with that of PDGF-BB on granulation tissue formation following sponge implantation in the normoglycemic rat and in healing full-thickness excisional wounds in db/db genetically diabetic mice. Expression of the immediate response gene, early growth response gene-1 (egr-1) was studied in Caco-2 cells in vitro. While PDGF-BB and PL 14736 had similar selectivity for stimulation of granulation tissue in both sponge granuloma and in healing wounds in db/db mice, PL 14736 was more active in stimulating early collagen organization. It also stimulated expression of egr-1 and its repressor nerve growth factor 1-A binding protein-2 (nab2) in non-differentiated Caco-2 cells more rapidly than PDGF-BB. EGR-1 induces cytokine and growth factor generation and early extracellular matrix (collagen) formation, offering an explanation for the beneficial effects of PL 14736 on wound healing.
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18
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Lakos G, Melichian D, Wu M, Varga J. Increased bleomycin-induced skin fibrosis in mice lacking the Th1-specific transcription factor T-bet. Pathobiology 2007; 73:224-37. [PMID: 17314493 DOI: 10.1159/000098208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2006] [Accepted: 09/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis, the pathological hallmark of scleroderma and related conditions, is due to sustained activation of tissue fibroblasts. Accumulating evidence implicates cytokine networks in initiating, and propagating or terminating fibroblast activation, and the specific cytokine phenotype dictates evolution of the fibrotic response toward either resolution or scarring. In particular, cytokines that promote fibroblast proliferation and myofibroblast differentiation and extracellular matrix (ECM) accumulation functionally define a type 2 (Th2) immune response, whereas interferon-gamma, which suppresses diverse fibroblast activities, defines a type 1 (Th1) immune response. It remains unclear what role the balance between Th1 and Th2 cytokines plays in the pathogenesis of fibrosis. Here we used bleomycin-induced skin fibrosis as a murine model for human scleroderma in order to study the fibrotic response in mice lacking T-bet, a transcription factor that is essential for initiating Th1 lineage development of CD4+ T lymphocytes. Spleen cells from T-bet null (T-bet(-/-)) mice exhibited a typical Th2 cytokine profile ex vivo, with elevated production of interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-5 and IL-13, and diminished production of interferon-gamma. Bleomycin-induced early mast cells and eosinophil accumulation, and eosinophil degranulation, in the lesional tissue were greater in T-bet(-/-) mice than in wild-type control mice. At a later time point, T-bet(-/-) mice developed significantly more extensive dermal and especially hypodermal fibrosis. Elevated TGF-beta expression and intracellular Smad activation were prominent in lesional skin. Infiltrating eosinophils appeared to be an important cellular source of TGF-beta. These results demonstrate that in mice lacking T-bet bleomycin induced exaggerated skin fibrosis, suggesting that T-bet has an important physiologic role in regulation of tissue repair by promoting Th1 immune responses that prevent excessive ECM accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Lakos
- Division of Rheumatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611-2909, USA
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19
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Koga M, Kai H, Yasukawa H, Kato S, Yamamoto T, Kawai Y, Kusaba K, Seki Y, Kai M, Egashira K, Kataoka Y, Imaizumi T. Postnatal blocking of interferon-gamma function prevented atherosclerotic plaque formation in apolipoprotein E-knockout mice. Hypertens Res 2007; 30:259-67. [PMID: 17510508 DOI: 10.1291/hypres.30.259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
It is unknown whether interferon-gamma has a positive or negative impact on atherosclerotic plaque formation. Thus, we examined the effects of postnatal interferon-gamma function blocking on plaque formation in apolipoprotein E-knockout (apoEKO) mice by overexpressing a soluble mutant of interferon-gamma receptor (sIFNgammaR), an interferon-gamma inhibitory protein. Mice were fed a Western-type diet from 8 weeks of age. sIFNgammaR or mock plasmid (control) was injected into the thigh muscle at 8 and 10 weeks' age, because serum sIFNgammaR protein was transiently increased with a peak at 2 days after a single sIFNgammaR gene transfer and remained elevated for 2 weeks. At 12 weeks' age, control apoEKO mice showed marked atherosclerotic plaques from the ascending aorta to the aortic arch. The plaques in the aortic root had massive lipid cores and macrophage infiltration with thin fibrous cap and few smooth muscle cells, demonstrating low plaque stability. In contrast, the luminal plaque area was remarkably reduced in sIFNgammaR-treated apoEKO mice. sIFNgammaR treatment not only reduced lipid core areas and macrophage infiltration but also increased smooth muscle cell count and fibrotic area, suggesting improved plaque stability. In controls, interleukin-1beta, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and vascular cell adhesion molecules-1 were remarkably upregulated in the aortic wall. These changes were significantly reversed by sIFNgammaR. sIFNgammaR treatment had no effects on serum cholesterol levels. In conclusion, sIFNgammaR treatment prevented plaque formation in apoEKO mice by inhibiting inflammatory changes in the arterial wall. The present study provides insight into a new strategy for preventing atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhisa Koga
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardio-Vascular Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Japan
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Tanaka S, Ramirez F. The first intron of the human alpha2(I) collagen gene (COL1A2) contains a novel interferon-gamma responsive element. Matrix Biol 2006; 26:185-9. [PMID: 17142024 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2006.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2006] [Revised: 10/19/2006] [Accepted: 10/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cell transfection assays have shown that several transcription factors can mediate interferon-gamma (INF-gamma) inhibition of the human alpha2(I) collagen gene (COL1A2) by binding distinct cis-acting elements in the proximal promoter. Recent transgenic work, on the other hand, has identified a strong repressor in the first intron of COL1A2 that includes a binding site for interferon regulatory factors (IRFs). Here we present evidence from cell transfection experiments indicating that this IRF-binding site (IF3) is a novel target of the pathways elicited by INF-gamma to blunt transcription from the COL1A2 promoter. First, we showed that INF-gamma stimulates the production of IRF-1 transcripts, as well as the formation of an IRF-1 containing complex at the FI3 element. Second, we demonstrated that IRF-1 over-expression inhibits COL1A2 promoter activity specifically through the action of FI3, in addition to decreasing the steady-state levels of the endogenous COL1A2 mRNA. Third, we documented that INF-gamma treatment of cultured fibroblasts increases binding of IRF-1 to FI3 in the endogenous COL1A2 gene. Together our findings further extend the list of transcription factors involved in INF-gamma inhibition of COL1A2 gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizuko Tanaka
- Laboratory of Genetics and Organogenesis, Research Division of the Hospital for Special Surgery, and Department Physiology and Biophysics at Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
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Ghosh AK, Bhattacharyya S, Mori Y, Varga J. Inhibition of collagen gene expression by interferon-gamma: novel role of the CCAAT/enhancer binding protein beta (C/EBPbeta). J Cell Physiol 2006; 207:251-60. [PMID: 16331681 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
By inhibiting collagen synthesis, interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) plays a key role in maintaining connective tissue homeostasis, but the mechanisms are not well-understood. In addition to intracellular signaling through the canonical JAK-STAT transduction pathway, IFN-gamma was recently shown to regulate gene expression via the CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta (C/EBPbeta) as well. Because C/EBPbeta is a crucial mediator of immune and inflammatory responses, and has been implicated in regulation of collagen synthesis by tumor necrosis factor-alpha, we examined its role in the inhibitory effects of IFN-gamma. The results demonstrated that IFN-gamma caused increased C/EBPbeta expression in dermal fibroblasts and enhanced its binding to cognate DNA sequences in the alpha2(I) procollagen gene (COL1A2) promoter in vitro and in vivo. Disruption of C/EBP binding by deletion or site-directed mutagenesis abrogated the inhibition of collagen promoter activity in transient transfection assays, as did cotransfection with dominant negative C/EBPbeta, indicating a functional role of cellular C/EBPbeta in mediating the IFN-gamma response. Rapid phosphorylation of the ERK1/2 MAP kinases induced by IFN-gamma was accompanied by phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of cellular C/EBPbeta, and pretreatment of fibroblasts with ERK1/2 kinase inhibitor blocked C/EBPbeta phosphorylation, as well as inhibition of COL1A2 promoter activity, elicited by IFN-gamma. These results provide compelling evidence for a novel C/EBPbeta-dependent IFN-gamma signaling pathway responsible for inhibition of collagen gene transcription. Taken together with recent reports, the findings indicate that intracellular pathways mediating negative regulation of collagen synthesis in response to distinct inflammatory signals that converge on C/EBPbeta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asish K Ghosh
- Division of Rheumatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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22
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Ghanei M, Panahi Y, Mojtahedzadeh M, Khalili ARH, Aslani J. Effect of gamma interferon on lung function of mustard gas exposed patients, after 15 years. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2006; 19:148-53. [PMID: 16137903 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2005.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2004] [Revised: 01/22/2005] [Accepted: 07/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bronchiolitis has been known to be among the main the pathological features of lung lesions in Mustard Gas (MG) exposed patients. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the efficacy of interferon gamma-1b on the lung function in MG exposed patients with bronchiolitis. METHOD Thirty-six bronchiolitis patients, whose lung lesion had been diagnosed through High Resolution Computerized Tomography (HRCT) of the chest and also pathological study, were divided into two 18-member case and control groups. Both groups were receiving their conventional treatment (inhaled Felixotide and Servent). The case group were treated for 6 months with a combination of 200 microg of interferon gamma-1b (given three times per week subcutaneously) plus 7.5 mg of prednisolone (given once a day), while the control group received their previous conventional medications. Lung function was measured at base line and after 1, 3 and 6 months of treatment. RESULTS In case and control groups, Forced Expiratory Volume in first second (FEV1) did not have statistical differences at the base line (49.3 +/- 2.9 and 48.7 +/- 4.1, respectively = 0.6), whereas a significant increase was seen in the case group (66.3 +/- 5.4) compared control group (57.3 +/- 8.6) at the subsequent months (P = 0.001 for the difference between the groups). Similar pattern of increase was observed in Forced Vital Capacity (FVC). CONCLUSION The findings of this study indicate that a 6-month treatment with interferon gamma-1b plus a low-dose prednisolone is associated with an improvement in the lung function in mustard-gas exposed patients with bronchiolitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Ghanei
- Research Center of Chemical Injuries, Baqiyatallah Medical Sciences University, Tehran, Iran.
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23
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Lajoie-Kadoch S, Joubert P, Létuvé S, Halayko AJ, Martin JG, Soussi-Gounni A, Hamid Q. TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma inversely modulate expression of the IL-17E receptor in airway smooth muscle cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2006; 290:L1238-46. [PMID: 16428271 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00301.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The interleukin-17B receptor (IL-17BR) is expressed in a variety of tissues and is upregulated under inflammatory conditions. This receptor binds both its cognate ligand IL-17B and IL-17E/IL-25, a novel cytokine known to promote Th2 responses. The present study shows that airway smooth muscle cells express IL-17BR in vitro and that its expression is upregulated by TNF-alpha and downregulated by IFN-gamma. Our data indicate that TNF-alpha upregulates IL-17BR mainly through nuclear factor-kappaB as assessed with the IkappaB kinase 2 inhibitor AS-602868. In addition, both IFN-gamma and dexamethasone are able to antagonize a TNF-alpha-induced IL-17BR increase in mRNA expression. The mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase inhibitor U0126 totally reversed the inhibition observed with IFN-gamma, suggesting the involvement of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway in this effect. In addition, on stimulation with IL-17E, airway smooth muscle cells increase their expression of ECM components, namely procollagen-alphaI and lumican mRNA. Furthermore, immunohistochemical analysis of biopsies from asthmatic subjects reveals that this receptor is abundant in smooth muscle layers. This is the first report showing IL-17BR receptor in structural cells of the airways. Our results suggest a potential proremodeling effect of IL-17E on airway smooth muscle cells through the induction of ECM and that its receptor is upregulated by proinflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Lajoie-Kadoch
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University, 3626 St-Urbain Street, Montreal, Québec, Canada H2X 2P2
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Hartl D, Griese M, Nicolai T, Zissel G, Prell C, Reinhardt D, Schendel DJ, Krauss-Etschmann S. A role for MCP-1/CCR2 in interstitial lung disease in children. Respir Res 2005; 6:93. [PMID: 16095529 PMCID: PMC1199626 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-6-93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2005] [Accepted: 08/11/2005] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interstitial lung diseases (ILD) are chronic inflammatory disorders leading to pulmonary fibrosis. Monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1) promotes collagen synthesis and deletion of the MCP-1 receptor CCR2 protects from pulmonary fibrosis in ILD mouse models. We hypothesized that pulmonary MCP-1 and CCR2+ T cells accumulate in pediatric ILD and are related to disease severity. METHODS Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was obtained from 25 children with ILD and 10 healthy children. Levels of pulmonary MCP-1 and Th1/Th2-associated cytokines were quantified at the protein and the mRNA levels. Pulmonary CCR2+, CCR4+, CCR3+, CCR5+ and CXCR3+ T cells were quantified by flow-cytometry. RESULTS CCR2+ T cells and MCP-1 levels were significantly elevated in children with ILD and correlated with forced vital capacity, total lung capacity and ILD disease severity scores. Children with lung fibrosis had significantly higher MCP-1 levels and CCR2+ T cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid compared to non-fibrotic children. CONCLUSION The results indicate that pulmonary CCR2+ T cells and MCP-1 contribute to the pathogenesis of pediatric ILD and might provide a novel target for therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Hartl
- Childrens' Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Griese
- Childrens' Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Nicolai
- Childrens' Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Gernot Zissel
- Department of Pneumology, Medical Center, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christine Prell
- Childrens' Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Dietrich Reinhardt
- Childrens' Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Dolores J Schendel
- Institute of Molecular Immunology and Immune Monitoring Platform, GSF National Research Center for Environment and Health, Munich, Germany
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Sengupta P, Xu Y, Wang L, Widom R, Smith BD. Collagen alpha1(I) gene (COL1A1) is repressed by RFX family. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:21004-14. [PMID: 15788405 PMCID: PMC1382295 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m413191200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Collagen type I is composed of three polypeptide chains transcribed from two separate genes (COL1A1 and COL1A2) with different promoters requiring coordinate regulation. Our recent publications, centering on COL1A2 regulation, demonstrate that methylation in the first exon of COL1A2 at a regulatory factor for X box (RFX) site (at -1 to +20) occurs in human cancer cells and correlates with increased RFX1 binding and decreased collagen transcription (Sengupta, P. K., Erhlich, M., and Smith, B. D. (1999) J. Biol. Chem. 274, 36649-36655; Sengupta, S., Smith, E. M., Kim, K., Murnane, M. J., and Smith, B. D. (2003) Cancer Res. 63, 1789-1797). In normal cells, RFX5 complex along with major histocompatibility class II transactivator (CIITA) is induced by interferon-gamma to occupy this site and repress collagen transcription (Xu, Y., Wang, L., Buttice, G., Sengupta, P. K., and Smith, B. D. (2004) J. Biol. Chem. 279, 41319-41332). In this paper, we demonstrate that COL1A1 has an RFX consensus binding site surrounding the transcription start site (-11 to +10) that contains three methylation sites rather than one in the COL1A2 gene RFX binding site. RFX1 interacts weakly with the unmethylated COL1A1 site, and binds with higher affinity to the methylated site. RFX1 represses the unmethylated COL1A1 less efficiently than COL1A2. COL1A1 promoter activity is sensitive to DNA methylation and the COL1A1 gene is methylated in human cancer cells with coordinately decreased collagen expression. The DNA methylation inhibitor, 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (aza-dC) increases collagen gene expression with time in human cancer cells. On the other hand, RFX5 interacts with both collagen type I genes with a similar binding affinity and represses both promoters equally in transient transfections. Two dominant negative forms of RFX5 activate both collagen genes coordinately. Finally, CIITA RNA interference experiments indicate that CIITA induction is required for interferon gamma-mediated repression of both collagen type I genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritam Sengupta
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
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26
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Sato M, Shegogue D, Hatamochi A, Yamazaki S, Trojanowska M. Lysophosphatidic acid inhibits TGF-β-mediated stimulation of type I collagen mRNA stability via an ERK-dependent pathway in dermal fibroblasts. Matrix Biol 2004; 23:353-61. [PMID: 15533756 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2004.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2004] [Revised: 07/21/2004] [Accepted: 07/22/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a serum-derived pleiotropic mediator with a potential role in wound repair. Since extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition is a critical part of wound healing, this study was designed to examine whether LPA is involved in ECM regulation. Using human dermal fibroblasts, we demonstrate that LPA counteracts transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) stimulation of type I collagen mRNA and protein. This factor elicits its inhibitory effects at the posttranscriptional level via destabilization of type I collagen mRNA. Furthermore, using the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) inhibitor PD98059, we show that the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway is a negative regulator of the TGF-beta-induced stabilization of type I collagen mRNA, and that the activation of the ERK pathway by LPA mediates their inhibitory effects on collagen production. In conclusion, this study describes a novel function for LPA as an antagonist of TGF-beta induced ECM deposition. These findings may be relevant to physiologic wound repair and may be useful in designing therapeutic agents to prevent excessive scarring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madoka Sato
- Department of Dermatology, Dokkyo University School of Medicine, Mibu, Tochigi, 321-0293, Japan.
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27
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Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis occurs in up to 70% of scleroderma patients and progresses to cause severe restrictive lung disease in about 15% of patients. The mechanisms that cause pulmonary fibrosis in scleroderma remain incompletely understood. Increased amounts of mRNA or protein for multiple profibrotic cytokines and chemokines have been identified in lung tissue or broncholveolar lavage samples from scleroderma patients, when compared to healthy controls. These cytokines include transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta, connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), oncostatin M (OSM), monocyte chemotactic factor-1 and pulmonary and activation-regulated chemokine (PARC). Potential cellular sources of these profibrotic cytokines and chemokines in scleroderma lung disease include alternatively activated macrophages, activated CD8+ T cells, eosinophils, mast cells, epithelial cells and fibroblasts themselves. This review summarizes the literature on involvement of cytokines and chemokines in the development of pulmonary fibrosis in scleroderma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei P Atamas
- Baltimore VA Medical Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Research Service (151), Room 3C-126, 10 North Greene Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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28
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Büttner C, Skupin A, Rieber EP. Transcriptional activation of the type I collagen genes COL1A1 and COL1A2 in fibroblasts by interleukin-4: analysis of the functional collagen promoter sequences. J Cell Physiol 2004; 198:248-58. [PMID: 14603527 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.10395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Pneumonitis followed by lung fibrosis is a frequent complication of radiation therapy of chest tumors. A hallmark of these fibrotic lesions is the excessive production and accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins such as type I collagen. In addition to TGF-beta1, IL-4 has been recognized as a potent inducer of collagen gene synthesis in fibroblasts. In this study, we analyzed the regulation of the alpha1(I) procollagen (COL1A1) promoter and the alpha2(I) procollagen (COL1A2) promoter by IL-4 in normal human lung fibroblasts. We provide evidence that the IL-4-induced transcriptional activator STAT6 binds to various sequences within the COL1A1 and COL1A2 promoter. The regulatory function of these regions was tested by reporter gene analysis using 5' deletions of the COL1A1 and COL1A2 promoter fused to the luciferase gene. Interleukin-4 treatment of human fibroblasts transiently transfected with COL1A1 promoter deletion constructs resulted in luciferase activity exceeding that of untreated fibroblasts by 25%, while luciferase activity driven by the COL1A2 promoter was enhanced by about 70% upon IL-4 treatment. A combined action of SP1, NFkappaB, and STAT6 essentially contributes to the IL-4 mediated COL1A2 gene activation. An AP2 site adjacent to the reverse orientated STAT6 consensus motif TTC N(3/4) GCT is located within 205 bases from the transcription start site and seems to support the moderate IL-4-induced COL1A1 gene activation. Interferon-gamma downregulation of transcription is mainly seen with the COL1A1 promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cordula Büttner
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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29
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Xu Y, Wang L, Buttice G, Sengupta PK, Smith BD. Interferon gamma repression of collagen (COL1A2) transcription is mediated by the RFX5 complex. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:49134-44. [PMID: 12968017 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m309003200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) plays an important physiological role during inflammation by down-regulating collagen gene expression and activating major histocompatibility II (MHC-II) complex. The activation of MHC-II by IFN-gamma requires activation of a trimeric DNA binding transcriptional complex, RFX5 complex, containing RFXB (also called RFXANK or Tvl-1), RFXAP, as well as RFX5 protein. Previously, we demonstrated that RFX5 binds to the collagen transcription start site and represses collagen gene expression (Sengupta, P. K., Fargo, J., Smith, B. D. (2002) J. Biol. Chem. 277, 24926-24937). In this report, we have examined the role of RFXB and RFXAP proteins within the RFX5 complex to regulate collagen gene expression. The data show that all three RFX5 complex proteins are required for maximum repression. Expression of proteins with mutations known to be important for RFX5 complex formation does not repress collagen promoter activity. Two mutated forms of RFX5 act as dominant negative proteins activating collagen expression and reversing IFN-gamma down-regulation of collagen expression in human lung fibroblasts. IFN-gamma increases expression and nuclear translocation of RFX5. RFXB has a naturally occurring splice variant isoform (RFX SV). Interferon increases expression of the long form of RFXB and decreases expression of RFX SV with the same kinetics as collagen gene expression. Overexpression of the splice variant form reverses the IFN-gamma induced collagen repression in human lung fibroblasts. Finally, all three RFX5 complex proteins increase at the collagen transcription start site with IFN-gamma treatment using chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis. Thus, these studies suggest an important role for RFX5 complex in collagen repression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Xu
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine and the Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
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30
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Higashi K, Inagaki Y, Fujimori K, Nakao A, Kaneko H, Nakatsuka I. Interferon-gamma interferes with transforming growth factor-beta signaling through direct interaction of YB-1 with Smad3. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:43470-9. [PMID: 12917425 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m302339200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) exert antagonistic effects on collagen synthesis in human dermal fibroblasts. We have recently shown that Y box-binding protein YB-1 mediates the inhibitory effects of IFN-gamma on alpha2(I) procollagen gene (COL1A2) transcription through the IFN-gamma response element located between -161 and -150. Here we report that YB-1 counter-represses TGF-beta-stimulated COL1A2 transcription by interfering with Smad3 bound to the upstream sequence around -265 and subsequently by interrupting the Smad3-p300 interaction. Western blot and immunofluorescence analyses using inhibitors for Janus kinases or casein kinase II suggested that the casein kinase II-dependent signaling pathway mediates IFN-gamma-induced nuclear translocation of YB-1. Down-regulation of endogenous YB-1 expression by double-stranded YB-1-specific RNA abrogated the transcriptional repression of COL1A2 by IFN-gamma in the absence and presence of TGF-beta. In transient transfection assays, overexpression of YB-1 in human dermal fibroblasts exhibited antagonistic actions against TGF-beta and Smad3. Physical interaction between Smad3 and YB-1 was demonstrated by immunoprecipitation-Western blot analyses, and electrophoretic mobility shift assays using the recombinant Smad3 and YB-1 proteins indicated that YB-1 forms a complex with Smad3 bound to the Smad-binding element. Glutathione S-transferase pull-down assays showed that YB-1 binds to the MH1 domain of Smad3, whereas the central and carboxyl-terminal regions of YB-1 were required for its interaction with Smad3. YB-1 also interferes with the Smad3-p300 interaction by its preferential binding to p300. Altogether, the results provide a novel insight into the mechanism by which IFN-gamma/YB-1 counteracts TGF-beta/Smad3. They also indicate that IFN-gamma/YB-1 inhibits COL1A2 transcription by dual actions: via the IFN-gamma response element and through a cross-talk with the TGF-beta/Smad signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoshi Higashi
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., Konohana-ku, Osaka 554-8558, Japan.
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31
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Mead JR, Hughes TR, Irvine SA, Singh NN, Ramji DP. Interferon-gamma stimulates the expression of the inducible cAMP early repressor in macrophages through the activation of casein kinase 2. A potentially novel pathway for interferon-gamma-mediated inhibition of gene transcription. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:17741-51. [PMID: 12609974 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m301602200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) is a pleiotropic cytokine that modulates the immune function, cell proliferation, apoptosis, macrophage activation, and numerous other cellular responses. These biological actions of IFN-gamma are characterized by both the activation and the inhibition of gene transcription. Unfortunately, in contrast to gene activation, the mechanisms through which the cytokine suppresses gene transcription remain largely unclear. We show here for the first time that exposure of macrophages to IFN-gamma leads to a dramatic induction in the expression of the inducible cAMP early repressor (ICER), a potent inhibitor of gene transcription. In addition, a synergistic action of IFN-gamma and calcium in the activation of ICER expression was identified. The IFN-gamma-mediated activation of ICER expression was not blocked by H89, bisindoylmaleimide, SB202190, PD98059, W7, and AG490, which inhibit protein kinase A, protein kinase C, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase, and Janus kinase-2, respectively. In contrast, apigenin, a selective casein kinase 2 (CK2) inhibitor, was found to inhibit response. Consistent with this finding, IFN-gamma stimulated CK2 activity and the level of phosphorylated cAMP response element-binding protein, which is known to induce ICER gene transcription, and this response was inhibited in the presence of apigenin. These studies, therefore, identify a previously uncharacterized pathway, involving the IFN-gamma-mediated stimulation of CK2 activity, activation of cAMP response element-binding protein, and increased production of ICER, which may then play an important role in the inhibition of macrophage gene transcription by this cytokine.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Mead
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, P. O. Box 911, Cardiff CF10 3US, United Kingdom
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32
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Martelli-Junior H, Cotrim P, Graner E, Sauk JJ, Coletta RD. Effect of transforming growth factor-beta1, interleukin-6, and interferon-gamma on the expression of type I collagen, heat shock protein 47, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 and MMP-2 by fibroblasts from normal gingiva and hereditary gingival fibromatosis. J Periodontol 2003; 74:296-306. [PMID: 12710748 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2003.74.3.296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased collagen and extracellular matrix deposition within the gingiva is the main characteristic feature of hereditary gingival fibromatosis (HGF). To date, it is not well established if these events are a consequence of alterations in the collagen and other extracellular matrix molecules synthesis or disturbances in the homeostatic equilibrium between synthesis and degradation of extracellular matrix molecules. Cytokines are important regulators of expression of the profibrogenic genes, including type I collagen and its molecular chaperone heat shock protein (Hsp)47 and proteolytic enzymes degrading extracellular matrix such as matrix metalloproteinases-1 and -2 (MMP-1 and MMP-2). METHODS In this study, we analyzed the expression and production of type I collagen, Hsp47, MMP-1, and MMP-2 in normal gingiva (NG) and HGF fibroblasts, and investigated the effects of transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) on the expression of these genes by NG and HGF fibroblasts. RESULTS Our results obtained from semi-quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reactions (RT-PCR), Western blots, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), and enzymographies clearly demonstrated that the expression and production of type I collagen and Hsp47 were significantly higher in fibroblasts from HGF than from NG, whereas MMP-1 and MMP-2 expression and production were lower in fibroblasts from HGF patients. Addition of TGF-beta1 and IL-6, which are produced in greater amounts by HGF fibroblasts, promoted an increase in type I collagen and Hsp47 and a decrease in MMP-1 and MMP-2 expression. IFN-gamma reduced both type I collagen and Hsp47 expression, whereas it had a slight effect on the expression of MMP-1 and MMP-2. CONCLUSION These patterns of expression and production suggest that enhanced TGF-beta1 and IL-6 production simultaneously increase the synthesis and reduce the proteolytic activities of fibroblasts from patients with HGF, which may favor the accumulation of extracellular matrix observed in patients with this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Martelli-Junior
- Discipline of Oral Pathology, University of Campinas Dental School, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
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Higashi K, Inagaki Y, Suzuki N, Mitsui S, Mauviel A, Kaneko H, Nakatsuka I. Y-box-binding protein YB-1 mediates transcriptional repression of human alpha 2(I) collagen gene expression by interferon-gamma. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:5156-62. [PMID: 12446674 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m208724200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We have demonstrated previously that a proximal element within the human alpha2(I) collagen gene (COL1A2) promoter mediates transcriptional repression by interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), and designated this region the IFN-gamma response element (IgRE). Screening of a human fibroblast cDNA expression library with a radiolabeled IgRE probe exclusively yielded clones with a sequence identical to that of the transcription factor YB-1. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) using various IgRE-derived oligonucleotide probes containing serial two-base mutations showed that YB-1 protein was preferentially bound to the pyrimidine-rich sequence within the IgRE. This region is located immediately downstream of and partly overlaps the previously reported Sp1/Sp3 binding site. Overexpression of YB-1 in human dermal fibroblasts decreased steady state levels of COL1A2 mRNA and repressed COL1A2 promoter activity in a dose-dependent manner. This inhibitory effect of YB-1 on COL1A2 expression was abolished by mutations of the IgRE shown to prevent YB-1 binding in EMSA. In addition, these mutations also abolished the inhibitory effect of IFN-gamma, suggesting that YB-1 mediates the inhibitory action of IFN-gamma on COL1A2 promoter through its binding to the IgRE. Also, overexpression of a deletion mutant YB-1, which lacks the carboxyl-terminal domain, abrogated the repression of COL1A2 transcription by IFN-gamma. A functional correlation between IFN-gamma and YB-1 was further supported by luciferase assays using four tandem repeats of the Y-box consensus oligonucleotide linked to a minimal promoter. EMSA and Western blot analysis using cytoplasmic and nuclear proteins implied that IFN-gamma promotes the nuclear translocation of YB-1. Direct evidence for the nuclear translocation of YB-1 by IFN-gamma was further provided by using a YB-1-green fluorescent protein expression plasmid transfected into human fibroblasts. Altogether, this study represents the definitive identification of the transcription factor responsible for IFN-gamma-elicited inhibition of COL1A2 expression, namely YB-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoshi Higashi
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Company, Ltd., Konohana-ku, Osaka 554-8558, Japan.
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Osaki M, Tan L, Choy BK, Yoshida Y, Cheah KSE, Auron PE, Goldring MB. The TATA-containing core promoter of the type II collagen gene (COL2A1) is the target of interferon-gamma-mediated inhibition in human chondrocytes: requirement for Stat1 alpha, Jak1 and Jak2. Biochem J 2003; 369:103-15. [PMID: 12223098 PMCID: PMC1223055 DOI: 10.1042/bj20020928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2002] [Revised: 09/05/2002] [Accepted: 09/11/2002] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) inhibits the synthesis of the cartilage-specific extracellular matrix protein type II collagen, and suppresses the expression of the type II collagen gene ( COL2A1 ) at the transcriptional level. To further examine this mechanism, the responses of COL2A1 regulatory sequences to IFN-gamma and the role of components of the Janus kinase/signal transducer and activators of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathway were examined in the immortalized human chondrocyte cell line, C-28/I2. IFN-gamma inhibited the mRNA levels of COL2A1 and aggrecan, but not Sox9, L-Sox5 and Sox6, all of which were expressed by these cells as markers of the differentiated phenotype. IFN-gamma suppressed the expression of luciferase reporter constructs containing sequences of the COL2A1 promoter spanning -6368 to +125 bp in the absence and presence of the intronic enhancer and stimulated activity of the gamma-interferon-activated site (GAS) luciferase reporter vector, associated with induction of Stat1 alpha-binding activity in nuclear extracts. These responses to IFN-gamma were blocked by overexpression of the JAK inhibitor, JAK-binding protein (JAB), or reversed by dominant-negative Stat1 alpha Y701F containing a mutation at Tyr-701, the JAK phosphorylation site. IFN-gamma had no effect on COL2A1 promoter expression in Jak1 (U4A)-, Jak2 (gamma 2A)- and Stat1 alpha (U3A)-deficient cell lines. In the U3A cell line, the response to IFN-gamma was rescued by overexpression of Stat1 alpha, but not by either Stat1 alpha Y701F or Stat1 beta. Functional analysis using deletion constructs showed that the IFN-gamma response was retained in the COL2A1 core promoter region spanning -45 to +11 bp, containing the TATA-box and GC-rich sequences but no Stat1-binding elements. Inhibition of COL2A1 promoter activity by IFN-gamma persisted in the presence of multiple deletions within the -45/+11 bp region. Our results indicate that repression of COL2A1 gene transcription by IFN-gamma requires Jak1, Jak2 and Stat1 alpha and suggest that this response involves indirect interaction of activated Stat1 alpha with the general transcriptional machinery that drives constitutive COL2A1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Osaki
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Rheumatology Division, and New England Baptist Bone & Joint Institute, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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35
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Abstract
Tissue fibrosis, a serious and even deadly complication of chronic inflammation and environmental exposures, is regulated by a host of factors including interactions with the extracellular matrix, surface of inflammatory cells, hormones, and an extremely complex and redundant network of profibrotic cytokines. The nature of mechanisms by which cytokines regulate fibrosis is dual - indirect, through attraction of inflammatory cells, and direct, through binding to specific receptors on fibroblasts and stimulating proliferation, collagen production and secretion of autocrine factors. This review focuses on systematizing the direct effects of cytokines on fibroblasts. Understanding of the complexity of the cytokine-driven mechanisms of fibrosis is important for identification of potential molecular targets for future pharmacological interventions in prevention and treatment of tissue fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei P Atamas
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, MSTF building, Room 8-34, 10 South Pine Street, Baltimore 21201, USA.
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36
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Geary RL, Wong JM, Rossini A, Schwartz SM, Adams LD. Expression profiling identifies 147 genes contributing to a unique primate neointimal smooth muscle cell phenotype. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2002; 22:2010-6. [PMID: 12482827 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000038147.93527.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study represents the first in an effort to systematically characterize different intimas by using expression array analysis. METHODS AND RESULTS We compared smooth muscle cells (SMCs) of the neointima formed 4 weeks after aortic grafting with those from normal aorta and vena cava from cynomolgus monkeys. Hybridization to cDNA arrays identified subsets of 147 and 45 genes differentially expressed in the neointima versus the aorta and vena cava, respectively. The expression pattern differentiating neointima from aortic SMCs was characterized largely by suppression. Only 13 genes were induced in the neointima: 7 encoded matrix proteins (6 collagens and 1 versican) and 2 encoded inducers of matrix synthesis (osteoblast-specific factor-2/Cbfa1 and connective tissue growth factor). The genes suppressed most in the neointima included the regulator of G-protein signaling-5, SPARClike-1/hevin, and nonmuscle myosin heavy chain-B. A smaller gene set differentiated the neointima from the vena cava. Most were induced (39 of 45 genes), and overlap with the neointima-aorta set was significant (10 of 13 genes). Array results were validated with Northern analysis, in situ hybridization, or immunohistochemistry. CONCLUSIONS These data underscore the importance of matrix synthesis in neointimal maturation, and novel genes, newly associated with neointimal SMCs (regulator of G-protein signaling-5 and osteoblast-specific factor-2/Cbfa1), have raised new hypotheses regarding the pathogenesis of intimal hyperplasia.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aorta/chemistry
- Aorta/metabolism
- Aorta/transplantation
- Blotting, Northern/methods
- Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans/genetics
- Collagen Type I/genetics
- Gene Expression Profiling/methods
- Gene Expression Profiling/statistics & numerical data
- Genes/genetics
- Iliac Artery/chemistry
- Iliac Artery/metabolism
- In Situ Hybridization/methods
- Lectins, C-Type
- Macaca fascicularis
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/chemistry
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Myosin Heavy Chains/genetics
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis/methods
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis/statistics & numerical data
- Phenotype
- RGS Proteins/genetics
- RNA, Ribosomal, 28S/genetics
- Tunica Intima/chemistry
- Tunica Intima/metabolism
- Venae Cavae/chemistry
- Venae Cavae/metabolism
- Venae Cavae/transplantation
- Versicans
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Affiliation(s)
- Randolph L Geary
- Department of Surgery, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
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37
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Sengupta PK, Fargo J, Smith BD. The RFX family interacts at the collagen (COL1A2) start site and represses transcription. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:24926-37. [PMID: 11986307 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111712200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription start site of the collagen alpha2(1) gene (COL1A2) has a sequence-specific binding site for a DNA methylation-responsive binding protein called regulatory factor for X-box 1 (RFX1) (Sengupta, P. K., Erhlich, M., and Smith, B. D. (1999) J. Biol. Chem. 274, 36649-36655). In this report, we demonstrate that RFX1 forms homodimers as well as heterodimers with RFX2 spanning the collagen transcription start site. Methylation at +7 on the coding strand increases RFX1 complex formation in gel shift assays. Methylation on the template strand, however, does not increase RFX1 complex formation. DNA from human fibroblasts contains minimal methylation on the coding strand (<4%) with variable methylation on the template strand. RFX1 acts as a repressor of collagen transcription as judged by in vitro transcription and co-transfection assays with an unmethylated collagen promoter-reporter construct. In addition, an RFX5 complex present in human fibroblasts interacts with the collagen RFX site, which is not sensitive to methylation. This is the first demonstration of RFX5 complex formation on a gene other than major histocompatibility complex (MHC) promoters. Also, RFX5 represses transcription of a collagen promoter-reporter construct in rat fibroblasts that have no detectable RFX5 complex formation or protein. RFX5 complex activates MHC II transcription by interacting with an interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)-inducible protein, major histocompatibility class II trans-activator (CIITA). Collagen transcription is repressed by IFN-gamma in a dose-dependent manner in human but not in rat fibroblasts. IFN-gamma enhances RFX5 binding activity, and CIITA is present in the RFX5 complex of IFN-gamma-treated human fibroblasts. CIITA repressed collagen gene transcription more effectively in human fibroblasts than in rat fibroblasts, suggesting that the RFX5 complex may, in part, recruit CIITA protein to the collagen transcription start site. Thus the RFX family may be important repressors of collagen gene transcription through a RFX binding site spanning the transcription start site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritam K Sengupta
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Massachusetts 02118, USA
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38
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Ghosh AK. Factors involved in the regulation of type I collagen gene expression: implication in fibrosis. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2002; 227:301-14. [PMID: 11976400 DOI: 10.1177/153537020222700502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I collagen, the major component of extracellular matrix in skin and other tissues, is a heterotrimer of two alpha1 and one alpha2 collagen polypeptides. The synthesis of both chains is highly regulated by different cytokines at the transcriptional level. Excessive synthesis and deposition of collagen in the dermal region causes thick and hard skin, a clinical manifestation of scleroderma. To better understand the causes of scleroderma or other tissue fibrosis, it is very important to investigate the molecular mechanisms that cause upregulation of the Type I collagen synthesis in these tissues. Several cis-acting regulatory elements and trans-acting protein factors, which are involved in basal as well as cytokine-modulated Type I collagen gene expression, have been identified and characterized. Hypertranscription of Type I collagen in scleroderma skin fibroblasts may be due to abnormal activities of different positive or negative transcription factors in response to different abnormally induced signaling pathways. In this review, I discuss the present day understanding about the involvement of different factors in the regulation of basal as well as cytokine-modulated Type I collagen gene expression and its implication in scleroderma research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asish K Ghosh
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, 1158 Molecular Biology Research Building, University of Illinois, 900 South Ashland Avenue, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
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Abstract
Scleroderma is a progressive debilitating fibrosing disease that may involve multiple organs. The pathogenesis of this disease remains unclear. Animal models for scleroderma are valuable for studying the pathogenesis of this complex disorder and for testing potential treatments for human scleroderma. There are several animal models available that exhibit important features of scleroderma, each with an emphasis on different aspects of the disease (tissue fibrosis, inflammation, vascular injury, or immunologic changes). These models can be separated into several categories in which fibrosis is induced by external agents (vinyl chloride, bleomycin), by breeding of mutant strain combinations (integrin alpha 1 null mouse, MRL/lpr gamma R-/- mouse), and by transplantation of disparate immune cells (sclerodermatous graft versus host disease). In addition, there are spontaneous mutations (UCD 200 chicken, tight skin mouse) in which fibrosis occurs. The tight skin mouse has been reviewed recently. This review discusses the other animal models and some interventions in each.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University/ University Hospitals of Cleveland, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106-5028, USA.
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40
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Atamas SP, Luzina IG, Dai H, Wilt SG, White B. Synergy between CD40 ligation and IL-4 on fibroblast proliferation involves IL-4 receptor signaling. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 168:1139-45. [PMID: 11801648 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.168.3.1139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Fibrosis can be an undesired consequence of activated cellular immune responses. The purpose of this work was to determine whether CD40 ligation and the pro-fibrotic cytokine IL-4 interact in regulating fibroblast proliferation and collagen production, and, if so, the mechanisms used. This study found that the combination of IL-4 and ligation of CD40 on the fibroblast cell surface had synergistic effects in stimulating fibroblast proliferation. In contrast, CD40 ligation negated the inhibitory effects of IFN-gamma on fibroblast proliferation. Western blotting analyses of fibroblast crude lysates revealed that a potential mechanism of the synergy between CD40 ligation and IL-4 was the phosphorylation of proteins at 130 kDa and, to a lesser degree, at 95, 85, and 75 kDa. Immunoprecipitation-Western blotting experiments showed that phosphorylation levels of IL-4Ralpha, Janus kinase 1, insulin receptor substrate 1, and insulin receptor substrate 2, factors with molecular mass close to the observed 130 kDa major phosphorylation band, increased in response to the combined CD40 ligation and IL-4 action. In contrast, there was no evidence that synergy was mediated by an increased expression of IL-4Ralpha chain, CD40, or the autocrine profibrotic cytokines IL-6 and TGF-beta. These findings suggest that CD40-CD40 ligand contacts between fibroblasts and cells secreting IL-4 may promote the profibrotic effects of IL-4 by affecting signal transduction and reducing the anti-fibrotic effects of IFN-gamma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei P Atamas
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, MSTF 8-34, 10 South Pine Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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41
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Zhu XS, Ting JP. A 36-amino-acid region of CIITA is an effective inhibitor of CBP: novel mechanism of gamma interferon-mediated suppression of collagen alpha(2)(I) and other promoters. Mol Cell Biol 2001; 21:7078-88. [PMID: 11564890 PMCID: PMC99883 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.21.20.7078-7088.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2000] [Accepted: 07/19/2001] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The class II transactivator (CIITA) is induced by gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) and activates major histocompatibility complex class II; however, this report shows it suppresses other genes. An N-terminal 36 amino acids of CIITA mediates suppression of the collagen alpha(2)(I) promoter via binding to CREB-binding protein (CBP). Reconstitution of cells with CBP reverts this suppression. IFN-gamma is known to inhibit collagen gene expression; to test if CIITA mediates this gene suppression, a mutant cell line defective in CIITA induction but not in the activation of STAT1/JAK/IRF-1 is studied. IFN-gamma suppression of the collagen promoter and the endogenous gene is observed in the wild-type control but not in the mutant line. Suppression is restored when CIITA is introduced. Other targets of CIITA-mediated promoter suppression include interleukin 4, thymidine kinase, and cyclin D1.
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Affiliation(s)
- X S Zhu
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7295, USA
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42
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Ghosh AK, Yuan W, Mori Y, Varga J. Antagonistic regulation of type I collagen gene expression by interferon-gamma and transforming growth factor-beta. Integration at the level of p300/CBP transcriptional coactivators. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:11041-8. [PMID: 11134049 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m004709200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the extracellular signals that modulate the synthesis of collagen, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) are preeminent. These two cytokines exert antagonistic effects on fibroblasts, and play important roles in the physiologic regulation of extracellular matrix turnover. We have shown previously that in normal skin fibroblasts, TGF-beta positively regulates alpha2(I) procollagen gene (COL1A2) promoter activity through the cellular Smad signal transduction pathway. In contrast, IFN-gamma activates Stat1alpha, down-regulates COL1A2 transcription, and abrogates its stimulation induced by TGF-beta. The level of integration of the two pathways mediating antagonistic collagen regulation is unknown. We now report that IFN-gamma abrogates TGF-beta-stimulated COL1A2 transcription in fibroblasts by inhibiting Smad activities. IFN-gamma appears to induce competition between activated Stat1alpha and Smad3 for interaction with limiting amounts of cellular p300/CBP. Overexpression of p300 restored COL1A2 stimulation by TGF-beta in the presence of IFN-gamma, and potentiated IFN-gamma-dependent positive transcriptional responses. In contrast to fibroblasts, in U4A cells lacking Jak1 and consequently unable to activate Stat1alpha-mediated responses, IFN-gamma failed to repress TGF-beta-induced transcription. These results indicate that as essential coactivators for both Smad3 and Stat1alpha, nuclear p300/CBP integrate signals that positively or negatively regulate COL1A2 transcription. The findings implicate a novel mechanism to account for antagonistic interaction of Smad and Jak-Stat pathways in regulation of target genes. In fibroblasts responding to cytokines with opposing effects on collagen transcription, the relative levels of cellular coactivators, and their interaction with regulated transcription factors, may govern the net effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Ghosh
- Section of Rheumatology, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60607
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43
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Roebuck KA, Vermes C, Carpenter LR, Fritz EA, Narayanan R, Glant TT. Down-regulation of procollagen alpha1[I]] messenger RNA by titanium particles correlates with nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation and increased rel A and NF-kappaB1 binding to the collagen promoter. J Bone Miner Res 2001; 16:501-10. [PMID: 11277268 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.2001.16.3.501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we showed that exposure of human osteoblasts to titanium particles stimulates protein tyrosine phosphorylation (PTP), activates the transcription factor nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB), and causes an approximately 50% decrease in the steady-state messenger RNA (mRNA) level of procollagen alpha1[I]. In this study, we identify three NF-kappaB binding sites within the human procollagen alpha1[I] gene promoter, show that titanium particles stimulate their binding of the NF-kappaB subunits Rel A (p65) and NF-kappaB1 (p50), and find NF-kappaB activation correlates with collagen gene suppression by titanium particles in osteoblasts. Protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) inhibitors, which significantly reduce the suppressive effect of titanium particles on collagen gene expression, inhibited NF-kappaB binding activity showing that titanium particle stimulation of PTK signals in osteoblasts are critical for both NF-kappaB activation and collagen gene expression. The antioxidant pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), which also inhibits the titanium particle suppression of collagen, abrogated the titanium particle activation of NF-kappaB, suggesting the involvement of redox signals in NF-kappaB-mediated collagen gene expression. The RNA polymerase II inhibitor actinomycin D (Act D) decreased procollagen alpha1[I] mRNA expression and effectively blocked the titanium-induced suppressive effect, suggesting that titanium particles activate a cascade of signals in osteoblasts, which result in a suppression of procollagen alpha1[I] mRNA. Collectively, these results show that titanium particles can activate NF-kappaB signaling in osteoblasts and suggest that NF-kappaB binding to the collagen gene promoter has a functional role in the down-regulation of procollagen alpha1[I] gene transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Roebuck
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University and Rush-Presbyterian-St Luke's Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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44
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Abstract
The regulation of matrix biosynthesis in systemic sclerosis has been the focus of many studies, because excessive matrix synthesis causes pathologic changes, and because this would seem to be a good target for therapies aimed at ameliorating the disease. Possible targets for antifibrotic therapies include both matrix gene stimulatory and inhibitory pathways. Much recent progress has been made in understanding the mechanism of action of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), an important profibrotic cytokine with pleiotropic effects on fibroblasts. It appears that TGF-beta may use multiple signal transduction pathways in fibroblasts and it is possible that defects in any of these pathways may result in an abnormal response to TGF-beta, resulting in fibrosis. Studies on negative regulation of matrix gene expression have singled out the antifibrotic cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interferon-gamma. Finally, a new approach that compares mRNA expression in normal versus diseased fibroblasts has already lead to the discovery of genes that may play a role in the development of fibrosis. This represents an important advance because genes can be identified that have not previously been implicated in the control of matrix synthesis, and thus might not otherwise have been studied in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Widom
- Boston University School of Medicine, Arthritis Center, Massachusetts 02118, USA.
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45
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Mori Y, Chen SJ, Varga J. Modulation of endogenous Smad expression in normal skin fibroblasts by transforming growth factor-beta. Exp Cell Res 2000; 258:374-83. [PMID: 10896788 DOI: 10.1006/excr.2000.4930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) stimulation of collagen synthesis plays a fundamental role in physiological tissue repair as well as pathological fibrosis. Members of the SMAD family of intracellular proteins are phosphorylated by TGF-beta receptors and convey signals to specific TGF-beta-inducible genes. Ligand binding initiates signaling through the SMAD pathway, but it is unknown how signaling is terminated. The expression and regulation of Smads have been characterized mostly in transformed cells using transient expression systems. In this study, we investigated the physiological regulation of endogenous Smads by TGF-beta in nontransformed normal skin fibroblasts in vitro. Treatment with TGF-beta resulted in time- and dose-dependent translocation of SMAD3 and SMAD4 from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. The levels of SMAD3 and Smad3 mRNA were profoundly down-regulated by TGF-beta1 or TGF-beta3 in a time-dependent manner, whereas expression of antagonistic Smad7 was rapidly and transiently induced. The stability of Smad3 mRNA transcripts was unaffected by TGF-beta. Cycloheximide prevented the inhibition of Smad3, but not the induction of Smad7, mRNA expression by TGF-beta1, identifying Smad7 as an immediate-early gene target of TGF-beta in fibroblasts. In Smad4-deficient breast cancer cells, TGF-beta failed to modulate Smad expression, suggesting that SMADs mediate their own regulation in response to ligand. These results demonstrate that TGF-beta not only triggers functional activation of the SMAD signaling cascade in primary skin fibroblasts, but also simultaneously exerts potent effects on endogenous SMAD expression and intracellular trafficking. Taken together with recent reports implicating ubiquitination in SMAD turnover, these findings indicate the existence of multiple levels of control for modulating SMAD-mediated TGF-beta signaling in fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Mori
- Section of Rheumatology, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60607-7171, USA
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46
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Ramana CV, Chatterjee-Kishore M, Nguyen H, Stark GR. Complex roles of Stat1 in regulating gene expression. Oncogene 2000; 19:2619-27. [PMID: 10851061 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1203525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Stat1 is a fascinating and complex protein with multiple, yet contrasting transcriptional functions. Upon activation, it drives the expression of many genes but also suppresses the transcription of others. These opposing characteristics also apply to its role in facilitating crosstalk between signal transduction pathways, as it participates in both synergistic activation and inhibition of gene expression. Stat1 is a functional transcription factor even in the absence of inducer-mediated activation, participating in the constitutive expression of some genes. This review summarizes the well studied involvement of Stat1 in IFN-dependent and growth factor-dependent signaling and then describes the roles of Stat1 in positive, negative and constitutive regulation of gene expression as well as its participation in crosstalk between signal transduction pathways. Oncogene (2000).
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Affiliation(s)
- C V Ramana
- Department of Molecular Biology, Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio, OH 44195 USA
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47
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Jimenez SA, Saitta B. Alterations in the regulation of expression of the alpha 1(I) collagen gene (COL1A1) in systemic sclerosis (scleroderma). SPRINGER SEMINARS IN IMMUNOPATHOLOGY 1999; 21:397-414. [PMID: 10945033 DOI: 10.1007/bf00870302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
At present, the mechanisms that regulate the expression of collagen genes in normal and pathologic fibroblasts are not known. Thus, the detailed study of transcriptional regulation of COL1A1 in SSc cells will increase our current understanding of the pathophysiology of fibrotic diseases. These studies will yield valuable information regarding the important biological process of regulation of collagen gene expression under normal and pathologic conditions, a process that has remained elusive despite intense recent investigations. It is now evident that persistent overproduction of collagen is responsible for the progressive nature of tissue fibrosis in SSc. Up-regulation of collagen gene expression in SSc fibroblasts appears to be a critical event in this process. The coordinate transcriptional activation of numerous collagen genes suggests a fundamental alteration in the regulatory control of gene expression in SSc fibroblasts. Trans-acting nuclear factors which bind to cis-acting elements in enhancer (intronic) and promoter regions of the genes modulate the basal and inducible transcriptional activity of the collagen genes. The identification of the nuclear transcription factors that regulate normal collagen gene expression may provide promising approaches to the therapy of this incurable disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Jimenez
- Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107-5541, USA.
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