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Nguyen TK, Petrikas M, Chambers BE, Wingert RA. Principles of Zebrafish Nephron Segment Development. J Dev Biol 2023; 11:jdb11010014. [PMID: 36976103 PMCID: PMC10052950 DOI: 10.3390/jdb11010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Nephrons are the functional units which comprise the kidney. Each nephron contains a number of physiologically unique populations of specialized epithelial cells that are organized into discrete domains known as segments. The principles of nephron segment development have been the subject of many studies in recent years. Understanding the mechanisms of nephrogenesis has enormous potential to expand our knowledge about the basis of congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT), and to contribute to ongoing regenerative medicine efforts aimed at identifying renal repair mechanisms and generating replacement kidney tissue. The study of the zebrafish embryonic kidney, or pronephros, provides many opportunities to identify the genes and signaling pathways that control nephron segment development. Here, we describe recent advances of nephron segment patterning and differentiation in the zebrafish, with a focus on distal segment formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh Khoa Nguyen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Center for Zebrafish Research, Boler-Parseghian Center for Rare and Neglected Diseases, Warren Center for Drug Discovery, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Madeline Petrikas
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Center for Zebrafish Research, Boler-Parseghian Center for Rare and Neglected Diseases, Warren Center for Drug Discovery, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Brooke E Chambers
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Center for Zebrafish Research, Boler-Parseghian Center for Rare and Neglected Diseases, Warren Center for Drug Discovery, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Rebecca A Wingert
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Center for Zebrafish Research, Boler-Parseghian Center for Rare and Neglected Diseases, Warren Center for Drug Discovery, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
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2
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Drummond BE, Ercanbrack WS, Wingert RA. Modeling Podocyte Ontogeny and Podocytopathies with the Zebrafish. J Dev Biol 2023; 11:jdb11010009. [PMID: 36810461 PMCID: PMC9944608 DOI: 10.3390/jdb11010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Podocytes are exquisitely fashioned kidney cells that serve an essential role in the process of blood filtration. Congenital malformation or damage to podocytes has dire consequences and initiates a cascade of pathological changes leading to renal disease states known as podocytopathies. In addition, animal models have been integral to discovering the molecular pathways that direct the development of podocytes. In this review, we explore how researchers have used the zebrafish to illuminate new insights about the processes of podocyte ontogeny, model podocytopathies, and create opportunities to discover future therapies.
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3
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Ribatti D, Ligresti G, Nicosia RF. Kidney endothelial cell heterogeneity, angiocrine activity and paracrine regulatory mechanisms. Vascul Pharmacol 2023; 148:107139. [PMID: 36539108 PMCID: PMC10828957 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2022.107139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The blood microvascular endothelium consists of a heterogeneous population of cells with regionally distinct morphologies and transcriptional signatures in different tissues and organs. In addition to providing an anti-thrombogenic surface for blood flow, endothelial cells perform a multitude of additional regulatory tasks involving organogenesis, metabolism, angiogenesis, inflammation, repair and organ homeostasis. To communicate with surrounding cells and accomplish their many functions, endothelial cells secrete angiocrine factors including growth factors, chemokines, cytokines, extracellular matrix components, and proteolytic enzymes. Nonendothelial parenchymal and stromal cells in turn regulate endothelial growth, differentiation and survival during embryonal development and in the adult by paracrine mechanisms. Driven by advances in molecular biology, animal genetics, single cell transcriptomics and microscopic imaging, knowledge of organotypic vasculatures has expanded rapidly in recent years. The kidney vasculature, in particular, has been the focus of intensive investigation and represents a primary example of how endothelial heterogeneity and crosstalk with nonendothelial cells contribute to the development and function of a vital organ. In this paper, we review the morphology, function, and development of the kidney vasculature, with an emphasis on blood microvascular endothelial heterogeneity, and provide examples of endothelial and nonendothelial-derived factors that are critically involved in kidney development, growth, response to injury, and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Ribatti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche di Base, Neuroscienze e Organi di Senso (SMBNOS), Universita' degli Studi Aldo Moro, Policlinico, Piazza G. Cesare, 11, - Bari, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Ligresti
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord Street, Boston, MA 02118, United States of America
| | - Roberto F Nicosia
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Box 356100, 1959 NE Pacific St, Seattle, WA 98195, United States of America
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4
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Kourpa A, Kaiser-Graf D, Sporbert A, Philippe A, Catar R, Rothe M, Mangelsen E, Schulz A, Bolbrinker J, Kreutz R, Panáková D. 15-keto-Prostaglandin E2 exhibits bioactive role by modulating glomerular cytoarchitecture through EP2/EP4 receptors. Life Sci 2022; 310:121114. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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5
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Mattonet K, Riemslagh FW, Guenther S, Prummel KD, Kesavan G, Hans S, Ebersberger I, Brand M, Burger A, Reischauer S, Mosimann C, Stainier DYR. Endothelial versus pronephron fate decision is modulated by the transcription factors Cloche/Npas4l, Tal1, and Lmo2. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabn2082. [PMID: 36044573 PMCID: PMC9432843 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn2082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial specification is a key event during embryogenesis; however, when, and how, endothelial cells separate from other lineages is poorly understood. In zebrafish, Npas4l is indispensable for endothelial specification by inducing the expression of the transcription factor genes etsrp, tal1, and lmo2. We generated a knock-in reporter in zebrafish npas4l to visualize endothelial progenitors and their derivatives in wild-type and mutant embryos. Unexpectedly, we find that in npas4l mutants, npas4l reporter-expressing cells contribute to the pronephron tubules. Single-cell transcriptomics and live imaging of the early lateral plate mesoderm in wild-type embryos indeed reveals coexpression of endothelial and pronephron markers, a finding confirmed by creERT2-based lineage tracing. Increased contribution of npas4l reporter-expressing cells to pronephron tubules is also observed in tal1 and lmo2 mutants and is reversed in npas4l mutants injected with tal1 mRNA. Together, these data reveal that Npas4l/Tal1/Lmo2 regulate the fate decision between the endothelial and pronephron lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenny Mattonet
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, 61231, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site, 43, D-61231 Bad Nauheim
- CPI (Cardio Pulmonary Institute), partner site, 43, D-61231 Bad Nauheim
- DZL (German Center for Lung Research), partner site, 43, D-61231 Bad Nauheim
| | - Fréderike W. Riemslagh
- Section of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, 12801 E 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Stefan Guenther
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site, 43, D-61231 Bad Nauheim
- CPI (Cardio Pulmonary Institute), partner site, 43, D-61231 Bad Nauheim
- Bioinformatics and Deep Sequencing Platform, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim 61231, Germany
| | - Karin D. Prummel
- Section of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, 12801 E 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Gokul Kesavan
- Center for Regenerative Therapies at TU Dresden (CRTD); Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan Hans
- Center for Regenerative Therapies at TU Dresden (CRTD); Dresden, Germany
| | - Ingo Ebersberger
- Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Frankfurt 60438, Germany
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Center (S-BIKF), Frankfurt 60325, Germany
- LOEWE Center for Translational Biodiversity Genomics (TBG), Frankfurt 60325, Germany
| | - Michael Brand
- Center for Regenerative Therapies at TU Dresden (CRTD); Dresden, Germany
| | - Alexa Burger
- Section of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, 12801 E 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Sven Reischauer
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, 61231, Germany
- CPI (Cardio Pulmonary Institute), partner site, 43, D-61231 Bad Nauheim
| | - Christian Mosimann
- Section of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, 12801 E 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Didier Y. R. Stainier
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, 61231, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site, 43, D-61231 Bad Nauheim
- CPI (Cardio Pulmonary Institute), partner site, 43, D-61231 Bad Nauheim
- DZL (German Center for Lung Research), partner site, 43, D-61231 Bad Nauheim
- Corresponding author.
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6
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Djenoune L, Tomar R, Dorison A, Ghobrial I, Schenk H, Hegermann J, Beverly-Staggs L, Hidalgo-Gonzalez A, Little MH, Drummond IA. Autonomous Calcium Signaling in Human and Zebrafish Podocytes Controls Kidney Filtration Barrier Morphogenesis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2021; 32:1697-1712. [PMID: 33911000 PMCID: PMC8425667 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2020101525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Podocytes are critical to maintaining the glomerular filtration barrier, and mutations in nephrotic syndrome genes are known to affect podocyte calcium signaling. However, the role of calcium signaling during podocyte development remains unknown. METHODS We undertook live imaging of calcium signaling in developing podocytes, using zebrafish larvae and human kidney organoids. To evaluate calcium signaling during development and in response to channel blockers and genetic defects, the calcium biosensor GCaMP6s was expressed in zebrafish podocytes. We used electron microscopy to evaluate filtration barrier formation in zebrafish, and Fluo-4 to detect calcium signals in differentiating podocytes in human kidney organoids. RESULTS Immature zebrafish podocytes (2.5 days postfertilization) generated calcium transients that correlated with interactions with forming glomerular capillaries. Calcium transients persisted until 4 days postfertilization, and were absent after glomerular barrier formation was complete. We detected similar calcium transients in maturing human organoid glomeruli, suggesting a conserved mechanism. In both models, inhibitors of SERCA or IP3 receptor calcium-release channels blocked calcium transients in podocytes, whereas lanthanum was ineffective, indicating the calcium source is from intracellular podocyte endoplasmic-reticulum stores. Calcium transients were not affected by blocking heartbeat or by blocking development of endothelium or endoderm, and they persisted in isolated glomeruli, suggesting podocyte-autonomous calcium release. Inhibition of expression of phospholipase C-γ1, but not nephrin or phospholipase C-ε1, led to significantly decreased calcium activity. Finally, blocking calcium release affected glomerular shape and podocyte foot process formation, supporting the critical role of calcium signaling in glomerular morphogenesis. CONCLUSIONS These findings establish podocyte cell-autonomous calcium signaling as a prominent and evolutionarily conserved feature of podocyte differentiation and demonstrate its requirement for podocyte foot process formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Djenoune
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Ritu Tomar
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Aude Dorison
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, The Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Irene Ghobrial
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, The Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Heiko Schenk
- Department of Medicine/Nephrology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany,Research Core Unit Electron Microscopy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jan Hegermann
- Research Core Unit Electron Microscopy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Lynne Beverly-Staggs
- Davis Center for Regenerative Biology and Aging, Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine
| | | | - Melissa H. Little
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, The Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia,Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Iain A. Drummond
- Davis Center for Regenerative Biology and Aging, Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine
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7
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Abstract
The glomerular basement membrane (GBM) is a key component of the glomerular capillary wall and is essential for kidney filtration. The major components of the GBM include laminins, type IV collagen, nidogens and heparan sulfate proteoglycans. In addition, the GBM harbours a number of other structural and regulatory components and provides a reservoir for growth factors. New technologies have improved our ability to study the composition and assembly of basement membranes. We now know that the GBM is a complex macromolecular structure that undergoes key transitions during glomerular development. Defects in GBM components are associated with a range of hereditary human diseases such as Alport syndrome, which is caused by defects in the genes COL4A3, COL4A4 and COL4A5, and Pierson syndrome, which is caused by variants in LAMB2. In addition, the GBM is affected by acquired autoimmune disorders and metabolic diseases such as diabetes mellitus. Current treatments for diseases associated with GBM involvement aim to reduce intraglomerular pressure and to treat the underlying cause where possible. As our understanding about the maintenance and turnover of the GBM improves, therapies to replace GBM components or to stimulate GBM repair could translate into new therapies for patients with GBM-associated disease.
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8
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Stem cell safe harbor: the hematopoietic stem cell niche in zebrafish. Blood Adv 2019; 2:3063-3069. [PMID: 30425071 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2018021725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Each stem cell resides in a highly specialized anatomic location known as the niche that protects and regulates stem cell function. The importance of the niche in hematopoiesis has long been appreciated in transplantation, but without methods to observe activity in vivo, the components and mechanisms of the hematopoietic niche have remained incompletely understood. Zebrafish have emerged over the past few decades as an answer to this. Use of zebrafish to study the hematopoietic niche has enabled discovery of novel cell-cell interactions, as well as chemical and genetic regulators of hematopoietic stem cells. Mastery of niche components may improve therapeutic efforts to direct differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells from pluripotent cells, sustain stem cells in culture, or improve stem cell transplant.
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Abstract
The vertebrate kidney is comprised of functional units known as nephrons. Defects in nephron development or activity are a common feature of kidney disease. Current medical treatments are unable to ameliorate the dire consequences of nephron deficit or injury. Although there have been tremendous advancements in our understanding of nephron ontogeny and the response to damage, many significant knowledge gaps still remain. The zebrafish embryo kidney, or pronephros, is an ideal model for many renal development and regeneration studies because it is comprised of nephrons that share conserved features with the nephron units that comprise the mammalian metanephric kidney. In this chapter, we provide an overview about the benefits of using the zebrafish pronephros to study the mechanisms underlying nephrogenesis as well as epithelial repair and regeneration. We subsequently detail methods for the spatiotemporal assessment of gene and protein expression in zebrafish embryos that can be used to extend the understanding of nephron development and disease, and thereby create new opportunities to identify therapeutic strategies for regenerative medicine.
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10
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Watson EC, Adams RH. Biology of Bone: The Vasculature of the Skeletal System. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2018; 8:cshperspect.a031559. [PMID: 28893838 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a031559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Blood vessels are essential for the distribution of oxygen, nutrients, and immune cells, as well as the removal of waste products. In addition to this conventional role as a versatile conduit system, the endothelial cells forming the innermost layer of the vessel wall also possess important signaling capabilities and can control growth, patterning, homeostasis, and regeneration of the surrounding organ. In the skeletal system, blood vessels regulate developmental and regenerative bone formation as well as hematopoiesis by providing vascular niches for hematopoietic stem cells. Here we provide an overview of blood vessel architecture, growth and properties in the healthy, aging, and diseased skeletal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma C Watson
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, and University of Münster, Faculty of Medicine, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Ralf H Adams
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, and University of Münster, Faculty of Medicine, D-48149 Münster, Germany
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11
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Drummond BE, Wingert RA. Scaling up to study brca2: the zeppelin zebrafish mutant reveals a role for brca2 in embryonic development of kidney mesoderm. CANCER CELL & MICROENVIRONMENT 2018; 5:e1630. [PMID: 29707605 PMCID: PMC5922780 DOI: 10.14800/ccm.1630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Specialized renal epithelial cells known as podocytes are essential components of the filtering structures within the kidney that coordinate the process of removing waste from the bloodstream. Podocyte loss initiates many human kidney diseases as it triggers subsequent damage to the kidney, leading to progressive loss of function that culminates with end stage renal failure. Podocyte morphology, function and gene expression profiles are well conserved between zebrafish and humans, making the former a relevant model to study podocyte development and model kidney diseases. Recently, we reported that whole genome sequencing of the zeppelin (zep) zebrafish mutant, which exhibits podocyte abrogation, revealed that the causative lesion for this defect was a splicing mutation in the breast cancer 2, early onset (brca2) gene. This was a surprising and novel discovery, as previous research on brca2/BRCA2 in a number of vertebrate animal models had not implicated an explicit role for this gene in kidney mesoderm development. Interestingly, the abrogation of the podocyte lineage in zep mutants was also accompanied by the formation of a larger interrenal (IR) gland, which is analogous to the adrenal gland in mammals, and suggested a fate switch between the renal and inter renal mesodermal derivatives. Mirroring these findings, knockdown of brca2 also recapitulated the loss of podocytes and increased IR population. In addition, brca2 overexpression was sufficient to partially rescue podocytes in zep mutants, and induced ectopic podocyte formation in wild-type embryos. Interestingly, immunofluorescence studies indicated that zep mutants had elevated P-h2A.X levels, suggesting that DNA repair is dysfunctional in these animals and contributes to the zep phenotype. Moving forward, this unique zebrafish mutant provides a new model to further explore how brca2 contributes to the development of tissues including the kidney mesoderm-roles which may have implications for renal diseases as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridgette E Drummond
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Center for Zebrafish Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Rebecca A Wingert
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Center for Zebrafish Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
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12
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Kroeger PT, Drummond BE, Miceli R, McKernan M, Gerlach GF, Marra AN, Fox A, McCampbell KK, Leshchiner I, Rodriguez-Mari A, BreMiller R, Thummel R, Davidson AJ, Postlethwait J, Goessling W, Wingert RA. The zebrafish kidney mutant zeppelin reveals that brca2/fancd1 is essential for pronephros development. Dev Biol 2017; 428:148-163. [PMID: 28579318 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The zebrafish kidney is conserved with other vertebrates, making it an excellent genetic model to study renal development. The kidney collects metabolic waste using a blood filter with specialized epithelial cells known as podocytes. Podocyte formation is poorly understood but relevant to many kidney diseases, as podocyte injury leads to progressive scarring and organ failure. zeppelin (zep) was isolated in a forward screen for kidney mutants and identified as a homozygous recessive lethal allele that causes reduced podocyte numbers, deficient filtration, and fluid imbalance. Interestingly, zep mutants had a larger interrenal gland, the teleostean counterpart of the mammalian adrenal gland, which suggested a fate switch with the related podocyte lineage since cell proliferation and cell death were unchanged within the shared progenitor field from which these two identities arise. Cloning of zep by whole genome sequencing (WGS) identified a splicing mutation in breast cancer 2, early onset (brca2)/fancd1, which was confirmed by sequencing of individual fish. Several independent brca2 morpholinos (MOs) phenocopied zep, causing edema, reduced podocyte number, and increased interrenal cell number. Complementation analysis between zep and brca2ZM_00057434 -/- zebrafish, which have an insertional mutation, revealed that the interrenal lineage was expanded. Importantly, overexpression of brca2 rescued podocyte formation in zep mutants, providing critical evidence that the brca2 lesion encoded by zep specifically disrupts the balance of nephrogenesis. Taken together, these data suggest for the first time that brca2/fancd1 is essential for vertebrate kidney ontogeny. Thus, our findings impart novel insights into the genetic components that impact renal development, and because BRCA2/FANCD1 mutations in humans cause Fanconi anemia and several common cancers, this work has identified a new zebrafish model to further study brca2/fancd1 in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T Kroeger
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Center for Zebrafish Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Bridgette E Drummond
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Center for Zebrafish Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Rachel Miceli
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Center for Zebrafish Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Michael McKernan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Center for Zebrafish Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Gary F Gerlach
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Center for Zebrafish Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Amanda N Marra
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Center for Zebrafish Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Annemarie Fox
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Center for Zebrafish Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Kristen K McCampbell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Center for Zebrafish Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Ignaty Leshchiner
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Genetics and Gastroenterology Division, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | | - Ruth BreMiller
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Ryan Thummel
- Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Opthamology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Alan J Davidson
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, NZ
| | - John Postlethwait
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Wolfram Goessling
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Genetics and Gastroenterology Division, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Rebecca A Wingert
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Center for Zebrafish Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
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13
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Benedicto I, Lehmann GL, Ginsberg M, Nolan DJ, Bareja R, Elemento O, Salfati Z, Alam NM, Prusky GT, Llanos P, Rabbany SY, Maminishkis A, Miller SS, Rafii S, Rodriguez-Boulan E. Concerted regulation of retinal pigment epithelium basement membrane and barrier function by angiocrine factors. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15374. [PMID: 28524846 PMCID: PMC5454459 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The outer blood-retina barrier is established through the coordinated terminal maturation of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), fenestrated choroid endothelial cells (ECs) and Bruch's membrane, a highly organized basement membrane that lies between both cell types. Here we study the contribution of choroid ECs to this process by comparing their gene expression profile before (P5) and after (P30) the critical postnatal period when mice acquire mature visual function. Transcriptome analyses show that expression of extracellular matrix-related genes changes dramatically over this period. Co-culture experiments support the existence of a novel regulatory pathway: ECs secrete factors that remodel RPE basement membrane, and integrin receptors sense these changes triggering Rho GTPase signals that modulate RPE tight junctions and enhance RPE barrier function. We anticipate our results will spawn a search for additional roles of choroid ECs in RPE physiology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Benedicto
- Department of Ophthalmology, Margaret Dyson Vision Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Guillermo L Lehmann
- Department of Ophthalmology, Margaret Dyson Vision Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Michael Ginsberg
- Angiocrine Bioscience, Inc., 11575 Sorrento Valley Road, Suite 217, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Daniel J Nolan
- Angiocrine Bioscience, Inc., 11575 Sorrento Valley Road, Suite 217, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Rohan Bareja
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Olivier Elemento
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Zelda Salfati
- Department of Ophthalmology, Margaret Dyson Vision Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Nazia M Alam
- Burke Medical Research Institute, 785 Mamaroneck Avenue, White Plains, New York 10605, USA
| | - Glen T Prusky
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA.,Burke Medical Research Institute, 785 Mamaroneck Avenue, White Plains, New York 10605, USA
| | - Pierre Llanos
- Bioengineering Program, DeMatteis School of Engineering and Applied Science, Hofstra University, 1000 Fulton Avenue, Hempstead, New York 11549, USA
| | - Sina Y Rabbany
- Bioengineering Program, DeMatteis School of Engineering and Applied Science, Hofstra University, 1000 Fulton Avenue, Hempstead, New York 11549, USA.,Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Department of Medicine, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Arvydas Maminishkis
- Section of Epithelial and Retinal Physiology and Disease, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, 31 Center Drive MSC 2510, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2510, USA
| | - Sheldon S Miller
- Section of Epithelial and Retinal Physiology and Disease, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, 31 Center Drive MSC 2510, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2510, USA
| | - Shahin Rafii
- Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Department of Medicine, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Enrique Rodriguez-Boulan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Margaret Dyson Vision Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA
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14
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Caceres PS, Benedicto I, Lehmann GL, Rodriguez-Boulan EJ. Directional Fluid Transport across Organ-Blood Barriers: Physiology and Cell Biology. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2017; 9:a027847. [PMID: 28003183 PMCID: PMC5334253 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a027847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Directional fluid flow is an essential process for embryo development as well as for organ and organism homeostasis. Here, we review the diverse structure of various organ-blood barriers, the driving forces, transporters, and polarity mechanisms that regulate fluid transport across them, focusing on kidney-, eye-, and brain-blood barriers. We end by discussing how cross talk between barrier epithelial and endothelial cells, perivascular cells, and basement membrane signaling contribute to generate and maintain organ-blood barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo S Caceres
- Margaret Dyson Vision Research Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065
| | - Ignacio Benedicto
- Margaret Dyson Vision Research Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065
| | - Guillermo L Lehmann
- Margaret Dyson Vision Research Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065
| | - Enrique J Rodriguez-Boulan
- Margaret Dyson Vision Research Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065
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15
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Abstract
The pronephros is the first kidney type to form in vertebrate embryos. The first step of pronephrogenesis in the zebrafish is the formation of the intermediate mesoderm during gastrulation, which occurs in response to secreted morphogens such as BMPs and Nodals. Patterning of the intermediate mesoderm into proximal and distal cell fates is induced by retinoic acid signaling with downstream transcription factors including wt1a, pax2a, pax8, hnf1b, sim1a, mecom, and irx3b. In the anterior intermediate mesoderm, progenitors of the glomerular blood filter migrate and fuse at the midline and recruit a blood supply. More posteriorly localized tubule progenitors undergo epithelialization and fuse with the cloaca. The Notch signaling pathway regulates the formation of multi-ciliated cells in the tubules and these cells help propel the filtrate to the cloaca. The lumenal sheer stress caused by flow down the tubule activates anterior collective migration of the proximal tubules and induces stretching and proliferation of the more distal segments. Ultimately these processes create a simple two-nephron kidney that is capable of reabsorbing and secreting solutes and expelling excess water-processes that are critical to the homeostasis of the body fluids. The zebrafish pronephric kidney provides a simple, yet powerful, model system to better understand the conserved molecular and cellular progresses that drive nephron formation, structure, and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard W Naylor
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Sarah S Qubisi
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Alan J Davidson
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.
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16
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Du C, Narayanan K, Leong MF, Ibrahim MS, Chua YP, Khoo VMH, Wan ACA. Functional Kidney Bioengineering with Pluripotent Stem-Cell-Derived Renal Progenitor Cells and Decellularized Kidney Scaffolds. Adv Healthc Mater 2016; 5:2080-91. [PMID: 27294565 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201600120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in developmental biology and stem cell technology have led to the engineering of functional organs in a dish. However, the limited size of these organoids and absence of a large circulatory system poses limits to its clinical translation. To overcome these issues, decellularized whole kidney scaffolds with native microstructure and extracellular matrix (ECM) are employed for kidney bioengineering, using human-induced pluripotent-stem-cell-derived renal progenitor cells and endothelial cells. To demonstrate ECM-guided cellular assembly, the present work is focused on generating the functional unit of the kidney, the glomerulus. In the repopulated organ, the presence of endothelial cells broadly upregulates the expression level of genes related to renal development. When the cellularized native scaffolds are implanted in SCID mice, glomeruli assembly can be achieved by co-culture of the renal progenitors and endothelial cells. These individual glomerular units are shown to be functional in the context of the whole organ using a simulated bio-reactor set-up with urea and creatinine excretion and albumin reabsorption. Our results indicate that the repopulation of decellularized native kidney using clinically relevant, expandable patient-specific renal progenitors and endothelial cells may be a viable approach for the generation of a functional whole kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Du
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology; 31 Biopolis Way Singapore 138669 Singapore
| | - Karthikeyan Narayanan
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology; 31 Biopolis Way Singapore 138669 Singapore
| | - Meng Fatt Leong
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology; 31 Biopolis Way Singapore 138669 Singapore
| | | | - Ying Ping Chua
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology; 31 Biopolis Way Singapore 138669 Singapore
| | - Vanessa Mei Hui Khoo
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology; 31 Biopolis Way Singapore 138669 Singapore
| | - Andrew C. A. Wan
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology; 31 Biopolis Way Singapore 138669 Singapore
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17
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Azizoglu DB, Cleaver O. Blood vessel crosstalk during organogenesis-focus on pancreas and endothelial cells. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2016; 5:598-617. [PMID: 27328421 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Blood vessels form a highly branched, interconnected, and largely stereotyped network of tubes that sustains every organ and tissue in vertebrates. How vessels come to take on their particular architecture, or how they are 'patterned,' and in turn, how they influence surrounding tissues are fundamental questions of organogenesis. Decades of work have begun to elucidate how endothelial progenitors arise and home to precise locations within tissues, integrating attractive and repulsive cues to build vessels where they are needed. Conversely, more recent findings have revealed an exciting facet of blood vessel interaction with tissues, where vascular cells provide signals to developing organs and progenitors therein. Here, we discuss the exchange of reciprocal signals between endothelial cells and neighboring tissues during embryogenesis, with a special focus on the developing pancreas. Understanding the mechanisms driving both sides of these interactions will be crucial to the development of therapies, from improving organ regeneration to efficient production of cell based therapies. Specifically, elucidating the interface of the vasculature with pancreatic lineages, including endocrine cells, will instruct approaches such as generation of replacement beta cells for Type I diabetes. WIREs Dev Biol 2016, 5:598-617. doi: 10.1002/wdev.240 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Berfin Azizoglu
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Ondine Cleaver
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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18
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Zhu X, Chen Z, Zeng C, Wang L, Xu F, Hou Q, Liu Z. Ultrastructural characterization of the pronephric glomerulus development in zebrafish. J Morphol 2016; 277:1104-12. [PMID: 27185367 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Zhu
- National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease; Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine; Nanjing China
| | - Zhaohong Chen
- National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease; Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine; Nanjing China
| | - Caihong Zeng
- National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease; Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine; Nanjing China
| | - Ling Wang
- National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease; Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine; Nanjing China
| | - Feng Xu
- National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease; Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine; Nanjing China
| | - Qing Hou
- National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease; Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine; Nanjing China
| | - Zhihong Liu
- National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease; Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine; Nanjing China
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19
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Abstract
The kidney of the zebrafish shares many features with other vertebrate kidneys including the human kidney. Similar cell types and shared developmental and patterning mechanisms make the zebrafish pronephros a valuable model for kidney organogenesis. Here we review recent advances in studies of zebrafish pronephric development and provide experimental protocols to analyze kidney cell types and structures, measure nephron function, live image kidney cells in vivo, and probe mechanisms of kidney regeneration after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- I A Drummond
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States
| | - A J Davidson
- The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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20
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Chen YH, Chang CF, Lai YY, Sun CY, Ding YJ, Tsai JN. von Hippel-Lindau gene plays a role during zebrafish pronephros development. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2015. [PMID: 26194803 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-015-9938-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
von Hippel-Lindau (pVHL)-mediated ubiquitination of HIF-1α plays a central role in the cellular responses to changes in oxygen availability. In the present study, using zebrafish as a model, we showed that specific knockdown of endogenous vhl leads to pronephros malformation and renal failure. Knockdown of vhl resulted in abnormal kidney development, including curved and cystic pronephric tubule or/and cystic and atrophic glomerulus. Co-injecting capped vhl messenger RNA (mRNA) partially rescued pronephros morphant phenotype, confirming the specificity of the morpholino oligonucleotide (MO)-induced pronephric defects. In keeping with the pronephros phenotype, renal function was affected as well in vhl morphants. Dextran clearance abilities of vhl morphants were significantly reduced as compared with those of control embryos. Further analysis indicated that glomerular integrity is impaired in vhl morphants, while the organization of pronephric duct was minimally affected. Vhl morphants display global increased vegf signaling and angiogenesis. In addition, we found that vhl morphants displayed elevated expression of vegfa in podocytes and increased angiogenesis at pronephric glomerulus and the nearby vessels. Treatment of vegf inducer to embryos also caused pronephros phenotype resembling vhl morphants, further supporting that increased vegfa signaling contribute to the pronephros morphant phenotype. Our study establishes the zebrafish as an alternative vertebrate model system for studying Vhl function during kidney development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yau-Hung Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Tamkang University, No. 151, Ying-Chuan Road, Tamsui, New Taipei, Taiwan. .,Bachelor's Program in Advanced Material Sciences, Tamkang University, Tamsui, New Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Chiung-Fang Chang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Yu Lai
- Department of Chemistry, Tamkang University, No. 151, Ying-Chuan Road, Tamsui, New Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chiao-Yin Sun
- Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ju Ding
- Department of Chemistry, Tamkang University, No. 151, Ying-Chuan Road, Tamsui, New Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Ning Tsai
- School of Medical Laboratory and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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21
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Frese KS, Meder B, Keller A, Just S, Haas J, Vogel B, Fischer S, Backes C, Matzas M, Köhler D, Benes V, Katus HA, Rottbauer W. RNA splicing regulated by RBFOX1 is essential for cardiac function in zebrafish. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:3030-40. [PMID: 26116573 PMCID: PMC4541041 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.166850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative splicing is one of the major mechanisms through which the proteomic and functional diversity of eukaryotes is achieved. However, the complex nature of the splicing machinery, its associated splicing regulators and the functional implications of alternatively spliced transcripts are only poorly understood. Here, we investigated the functional role of the splicing regulator rbfox1 in vivo using the zebrafish as a model system. We found that loss of rbfox1 led to progressive cardiac contractile dysfunction and heart failure. By using deep-transcriptome sequencing and quantitative real-time PCR, we show that depletion of rbfox1 in zebrafish results in an altered isoform expression of several crucial target genes, such as actn3a and hug. This study underlines that tightly regulated splicing is necessary for unconstrained cardiac function and renders the splicing regulator rbfox1 an interesting target for investigation in human heart failure and cardiomyopathy. Summary: The zebrafish splicing regulator rbfox1 is necessary for tightly regulated splicing and unconstrained cardiac function, making it an interesting candidate for targeting during human cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen S Frese
- Department of Medicine III, University of Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Heidelberg/Mannheim, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Meder
- Department of Medicine III, University of Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Heidelberg/Mannheim, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Keller
- Chair for Clinical Bioinformatics, Saarland University, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany Department of Human Genetics, Saarland University, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Steffen Just
- Department of Medicine II, University of Ulm, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Jan Haas
- Department of Medicine III, University of Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Heidelberg/Mannheim, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Britta Vogel
- Department of Medicine III, University of Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Heidelberg/Mannheim, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Simon Fischer
- Department of Medicine III, University of Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Heidelberg/Mannheim, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christina Backes
- Department of Human Genetics, Saarland University, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Mark Matzas
- Comprehensive Biomarker Center, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Doreen Köhler
- Department of Medicine III, University of Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Vladimir Benes
- EMBL, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Genomics Core Facility, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hugo A Katus
- Department of Medicine III, University of Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Heidelberg/Mannheim, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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22
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Recent advances in elucidating the genetic mechanisms of nephrogenesis using zebrafish. Cells 2015; 4:218-33. [PMID: 26024215 PMCID: PMC4493457 DOI: 10.3390/cells4020218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The kidney is comprised of working units known as nephrons, which are epithelial tubules that contain a series of specialized cell types organized into a precise pattern of functionally distinct segment domains. There is a limited understanding of the genetic mechanisms that establish these discrete nephron cell types during renal development. The zebrafish embryonic kidney serves as a simplified yet conserved vertebrate model to delineate how nephron segments are patterned from renal progenitors. Here, we provide a concise review of recent advances in this emerging field, and discuss how continued research using zebrafish genetics can be applied to gain insightsabout nephrogenesis.
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23
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McKee RA, Wingert RA. Zebrafish Renal Pathology: Emerging Models of Acute Kidney Injury. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2015; 3:171-181. [PMID: 25973344 PMCID: PMC4419198 DOI: 10.1007/s40139-015-0082-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The renal system is vital to maintain homeostasis in the body, where the kidneys contain nephron functional units that remove metabolic waste from the bloodstream, regulate fluids, and balance electrolytes. Severe organ damage from toxins or ischemia that occurs abruptly can cause acute kidney injury (AKI) in which there is a rapid, life-threatening loss of these activities. Humans have a limited but poorly understood ability to regenerate damaged nephrons after AKI. However, researchers studying AKI in vertebrate animal models such as mammals, and more recently the zebrafish, have documented robust regeneration within the nephron blood filter and tubule following injury. Further, zebrafish kidneys contain progenitors that create new nephrons after AKI. Here, we review investigations in zebrafish which have established a series of exciting renal pathology paradigms that complement existing AKI models and can be implemented to discover insights into kidney regeneration and the roles of stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A. McKee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Zebrafish Research, Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA
| | - Rebecca A. Wingert
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Zebrafish Research, Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA
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24
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Saleem MA. One hundred ways to kill a podocyte. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2015; 30:1266-71. [PMID: 25637640 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfu363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The podocyte is a highly specialized cell, forming within the developing glomerulus from a mesenchymal origin, acquiring some but not complete features of an epithelial cell as it matures. Once mature, this cell has the potential to receive signals from several different directions and sits within a dynamic microenvironment. By taking an overview of many lines of evidence, it is clear that we already know many signals that are tightly controlled in keeping the podocyte healthy. For example, vascular endothelial growth factor, insulin and integrins are all known to have bidirectional effects on podocyte functionality, depending on whether there is too much or too little. It is of little surprise therefore that disrupting this delicate balance can result in a dramatic loss of function, and manifestation of glomerular disease originating from many different primary insults. The cues directing podocyte phenotype and functionality for the purpose of this review will be divided into four main sources: (i) genetic, (ii) paracrine signals from endothelial and mesangial cells, (iii) direct contact signals to/from the glomerular basement membrane and (iv) signals from circulating plasma. Of course there are other influences, which we still know little about, such as flow and shear stresses, signals from the urinary space that should all be considered in the overall healthy environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moin A Saleem
- Bristol Children's Hospital, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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25
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Ramasamy SK, Kusumbe AP, Adams RH. Regulation of tissue morphogenesis by endothelial cell-derived signals. Trends Cell Biol 2014; 25:148-57. [PMID: 25529933 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) form an extensive network of blood vessels that has numerous essential functions in the vertebrate body. In addition to their well-established role as a versatile transport network, blood vessels can induce organ formation or direct growth and differentiation processes by providing signals in a paracrine (angiocrine) fashion. Tissue repair also requires the local restoration of vasculature. ECs are emerging as important signaling centers that coordinate regeneration and help to prevent deregulated, disease-promoting processes. Vascular cells are also part of stem cell niches and have key roles in hematopoiesis, bone formation, and neurogenesis. Here, we review these newly identified roles of ECs in the regulation of organ morphogenesis, maintenance, and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saravana K Ramasamy
- Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, University of Münster, Faculty of Medicine, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Anjali P Kusumbe
- Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, University of Münster, Faculty of Medicine, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Ralf H Adams
- Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, University of Münster, Faculty of Medicine, D-48149 Münster, Germany.
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26
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Gerlach GF, Wingert RA. Zebrafish pronephros tubulogenesis and epithelial identity maintenance are reliant on the polarity proteins Prkc iota and zeta. Dev Biol 2014; 396:183-200. [PMID: 25446529 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The zebrafish pronephros provides an excellent in vivo system to study the mechanisms of vertebrate nephron development. When and how renal progenitors in the zebrafish embryo undergo tubulogenesis to form nephrons is poorly understood, but is known to involve a mesenchymal to epithelial transition (MET) and the acquisition of polarity. Here, we determined the precise timing of these events in pronephros tubulogenesis. As the ternary polarity complex is an essential regulator of epithelial cell polarity across tissues, we performed gene knockdown studies to assess the roles of the related factors atypical protein kinase C iota and zeta (prkcι, prkcζ). We found that prkcι and prkcζ serve partially redundant functions to establish pronephros tubule epithelium polarity. Further, the loss of prkcι or the combined knockdown of prkcι/ζ disrupted proximal tubule morphogenesis and podocyte migration due to cardiac defects that prevented normal fluid flow to the kidney. Surprisingly, tubule cells in prkcι/ζ morphants displayed ectopic expression of the transcription factor pax2a and the podocyte-associated genes wt1a, wt1b, and podxl, suggesting that prkcι/ζ are needed to maintain renal epithelial identity. Knockdown of genes essential for cardiac contractility and vascular flow to the kidney, such as tnnt2a, or elimination of pronephros fluid output through knockdown of the intraflagellar transport gene ift88, was not associated with ectopic pronephros gene expression, thus suggesting a unique role for prkcι/ζ in maintaining tubule epithelial identity separate from the consequence of disruptions to renal fluid flow. Interestingly, knockdown of pax2a, but not wt1a, was sufficient to rescue ectopic tubule gene expression in prkcι/ζ morphants. These data suggest a model in which the redundant activities of prkcι and prkcζ are essential to establish tubule epithelial polarity and also serve to maintain proper epithelial cell type identity in the tubule by inhibiting pax2a expression. These studies provide a valuable foundation for further analysis of MET during nephrogenesis, and have implications for understanding the pathways that affect nephron epithelial cells during kidney disease and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary F Gerlach
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Zebrafish Research, University of Notre Dame, 100 Galvin Life Sciences, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Rebecca A Wingert
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Zebrafish Research, University of Notre Dame, 100 Galvin Life Sciences, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
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27
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Ontogeny and osmoregulatory function of the urinary system in the Persian sturgeon, Acipenser persicus (Borodin, 1897). Tissue Cell 2014; 46:287-98. [PMID: 25024093 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The structure of the kidney and the localization of Na(+), K(+)-ATPase (NKA) immunopositive cells were examined throughout the postembryonic development of the Persian sturgeon, Acipenser persicus, from newly hatched prelarvae (10mm) to 20 days post hatch (20 DPH) larvae (31mm). Investigations were conducted through histology and immunohistochemistry by using the light and immunofluorescence microscopy. The pronephros was observed in newly hatched prelarvae. The cells lining the distal pronephric tubules and their collecting ducts showed laterally expressed NKA immunofluorescence that later extended throughout the whole cytoplasm. Mesonephrogenous placodes and pre-glomeruli were distinguished at 2 DPH along the collecting ducts posteriorly. Their tubules were formed and present in kidney mesenchyma, differentiated into neck, proximal, distal and collecting segments at 7 DPH when NKA immunopositive cells were observed. Their distal and collecting tubules showed an increasing immunofluorescence throughout their cytoplasm while the glomeruli remained unstained. From D 9 to D 17, the epithelial layer of pronephric collecting duct changed along the mesonephros to form ureters. Ureters, possessing isolated strong NKA immunopositive cells, appeared as two sac-like structures hanging under the trunk kidney. Since NKA immunopositive cells were not observed on the tegument or along the digestive tract of newly hatched prelarva, and also the gills are not formed yet, the pronephros is the only osmoregulatory organ until 4 DPH. At the larval stage, the pronephros and mesonephros are functional osmoregulatory organs and actively reabsorb necessary ions from the filtrate.
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28
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Kroeger PT, Wingert RA. Using zebrafish to study podocyte genesis during kidney development and regeneration. Genesis 2014; 52:771-92. [PMID: 24920186 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 06/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
During development, vertebrates form a progression of up to three different kidneys that are comprised of functional units termed nephrons. Nephron composition is highly conserved across species, and an increasing appreciation of the similarities between zebrafish and mammalian nephron cell types has positioned the zebrafish as a relevant genetic system for nephrogenesis studies. A key component of the nephron blood filter is a specialized epithelial cell known as the podocyte. Podocyte research is of the utmost importance as a vast majority of renal diseases initiate with the dysfunction or loss of podocytes, resulting in a condition known as proteinuria that causes nephron degeneration and eventually leads to kidney failure. Understanding how podocytes develop during organogenesis may elucidate new ways to promote nephron health by stimulating podocyte replacement in kidney disease patients. In this review, we discuss how the zebrafish model can be used to study kidney development, and how zebrafish research has provided new insights into podocyte lineage specification and differentiation. Further, we discuss the recent discovery of podocyte regeneration in adult zebrafish, and explore how continued basic research using zebrafish can provide important knowledge about podocyte genesis in embryonic and adult environments. genesis 52:771-792, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T Kroeger
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Zebrafish Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, 46556
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29
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Miceli R, Kroeger P, Wingert R. Molecular Mechanisms of Podocyte Development Revealed by Zebrafish Kidney Research. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 3. [PMID: 25485314 PMCID: PMC4254692 DOI: 10.4172/2168-9296.1000138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Elucidating the gene regulatory networks that control kidney development can provide information about the origins of renal birth defects and kidney disease, as well as insights relevant to the design of clinical interventions for these conditions. The kidney is composed of functional units termed nephrons. Renal malfunction often arises from damage to cells known as podocytes, which are highly specialized epithelial cells that comprise the blood filter, or glomerulus, located on each nephron. Podocytes interact with the vasculature to create an elaborate sieve that collects circulatory fluid, and this filtrate enters the nephron where it is modified to produce urine and balance water homeostasis. Podocytes are an essential cellular component of the glomerular filtration barrier, helping to protect nephrons from the entry of large proteins and circulatory cells. Podocyte loss has catastrophic consequences for renal function and overall health, as podocyte destruction leads to nephron damage and pathological conditions like chronic kidney disease. Despite their importance, there is still a rather limited understanding about the molecular pathways that control podocyte formation. In recent years, however, studies of podocyte development using the zebrafish embryonic kidney, or pronephros, have been an expanding area of nephrology research. Zebrafish form an anatomically simple pronephros comprised of two nephrons that share a single blood filter, and podocyte progenitors can be easily visualized throughout the process of glomerular development. The zebrafish is an especially useful system for studying the mechanisms that are essential for formation of nephron cell types like podocytes due to the high genetic conservation between vertebrate species, including humans. In this review, we discuss how research using the zebrafish has provided new insights into the molecular regulation of the podocyte lineage during kidney ontogeny, complementing contemporary research in other animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Miceli
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Zebrafish Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Pt Kroeger
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre, Dame, 100 Galvin Life Sciences, Notre Dame, USA
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Gerlach GF, Wingert RA. Kidney organogenesis in the zebrafish: insights into vertebrate nephrogenesis and regeneration. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2012; 2:559-85. [PMID: 24014448 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Vertebrates form a progressive series of up to three kidney organs during development-the pronephros, mesonephros, and metanephros. Each kidney derives from the intermediate mesoderm and is comprised of conserved excretory units called nephrons. The zebrafish is a powerful model for vertebrate developmental genetics, and recent studies have illustrated that zebrafish and mammals share numerous similarities in nephron composition and physiology. The zebrafish embryo forms an architecturally simple pronephros that has two nephrons, and these eventually become a scaffold onto which a mesonephros of several hundred nephrons is constructed during larval stages. In adult zebrafish, the mesonephros exhibits ongoing nephrogenesis, generating new nephrons from a local pool of renal progenitors during periods of growth or following kidney injury. The characteristics of the zebrafish pronephros and mesonephros make them genetically tractable kidney systems in which to study the functions of renal genes and address outstanding questions about the mechanisms of nephrogenesis. Here, we provide an overview of the formation and composition of these zebrafish kidney organs, and discuss how various zebrafish mutants, gene knockdowns, and transgenic models have created frameworks in which to further delineate nephrogenesis pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary F Gerlach
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
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A comparative analysis of glomerulus development in the pronephros of medaka and zebrafish. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45286. [PMID: 23028906 PMCID: PMC3445478 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The glomerulus of the vertebrate kidney links the vasculature to the excretory system and produces the primary urine. It is a component of every single nephron in the complex mammalian metanephros and also in the primitive pronephros of fish and amphibian larvae. This systematic work highlights the benefits of using teleost models to understand the pronephric glomerulus development. The morphological processes forming the pronephric glomerulus are astoundingly different between medaka and zebrafish. (1) The glomerular primordium of medaka - unlike the one of zebrafish - exhibits a C-shaped epithelial layer. (2) The C-shaped primordium contains a characteristic balloon-like capillary, which is subsequently divided into several smaller capillaries. (3) In zebrafish, the bilateral pair of pronephric glomeruli is fused at the midline to form a glomerulus, while in medaka the two parts remain unmerged due to the interposition of the interglomerular mesangium. (4) Throughout pronephric development the interglomerular mesangial cells exhibit numerous cytoplasmic granules, which are reminiscent of renin-producing (juxtaglomerular) cells in the mammalian afferent arterioles. Our systematic analysis of medaka and zebrafish demonstrates that in fish, the morphogenesis of the pronephric glomerulus is not stereotypical. These differences need be taken into account in future analyses of medaka mutants with glomerulus defects.
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Bedell VM, Person AD, Larson JD, McLoon A, Balciunas D, Clark KJ, Neff KI, Nelson KE, Bill BR, Schimmenti LA, Beiraghi S, Ekker SC. The lineage-specific gene ponzr1 is essential for zebrafish pronephric and pharyngeal arch development. Development 2012; 139:793-804. [PMID: 22274699 DOI: 10.1242/dev.071720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The Homeobox (Hox) and Paired box (Pax) gene families are key determinants of animal body plans and organ structure. In particular, they function within regulatory networks that control organogenesis. How these conserved genes elicit differences in organ form and function in response to evolutionary pressures is incompletely understood. We molecularly and functionally characterized one member of an evolutionarily dynamic gene family, plac8 onzin related protein 1 (ponzr1), in the zebrafish. ponzr1 mRNA is expressed early in the developing kidney and pharyngeal arches. Using ponzr1-targeting morpholinos, we show that ponzr1 is required for formation of the glomerulus. Loss of ponzr1 results in a nonfunctional glomerulus but retention of a functional pronephros, an arrangement similar to the aglomerular kidneys found in a subset of marine fish. ponzr1 is integrated into the pax2a pathway, with ponzr1 expression requiring pax2a gene function, and proper pax2a expression requiring normal ponzr1 expression. In addition to pronephric function, ponzr1 is required for pharyngeal arch formation. We functionally demonstrate that ponzr1 can act as a transcription factor or co-factor, providing the first molecular mode of action for this newly described gene family. Together, this work provides experimental evidence of an additional mechanism that incorporates evolutionarily dynamic, lineage-specific gene families into conserved regulatory gene networks to create functional organ diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria M Bedell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Lee JE, Silhavy JL, Zaki MS, Schroth J, Bielas SL, Marsh SE, Olvera J, Brancati F, Iannicelli M, Ikegami K, Schlossman AM, Merriman B, Attié-Bitach T, Logan CV, Glass IA, Cluckey A, Louie CM, Lee JH, Raynes HR, Rapin I, Castroviejo IP, Setou M, Barbot C, Boltshauser E, Nelson SF, Hildebrandt F, Johnson CA, Doherty DA, Valente EM, Gleeson JG. CEP41 is mutated in Joubert syndrome and is required for tubulin glutamylation at the cilium. Nat Genet 2012; 44:193-9. [PMID: 22246503 PMCID: PMC3267856 DOI: 10.1038/ng.1078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Tubulin glutamylation is a post-translational modification that occurs predominantly in the ciliary axoneme and has been suggested to be important for ciliary function. However, its relationship to disorders of the primary cilium, termed ciliopathies, has not been explored. Here we mapped a new locus for Joubert syndrome (JBTS), which we have designated as JBTS15, and identified causative mutations in CEP41, which encodes a 41-kDa centrosomal protein. We show that CEP41 is localized to the basal body and primary cilia, and regulates ciliary entry of TTLL6, an evolutionarily conserved polyglutamylase enzyme. Depletion of CEP41 causes ciliopathy-related phenotypes in zebrafish and mice and results in glutamylation defects in the ciliary axoneme. Our data identify CEP41 mutations as a cause of JBTS and implicate tubulin post-translational modification in the pathogenesis of human ciliary dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Eun Lee
- Department of Neurosciences, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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Taghizadeh Rahmat Abadi Z, Khodabandeh S, Abtahi B, Charmantier G, Charmantier-Daures M. Ultrastructure and osmoregulatory function of the kidney in larvae of the Persian sturgeon Acipenser persicus. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2011; 78:1359-1374. [PMID: 21539547 DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2011.02939.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The localization of Na(+) , K(+) -ATPase (NKA) and the ultrastructural features of kidney were examined in larvae of the Persian sturgeon Acipenser persicus (L 31-41 mm total length and 182·3-417·3 mg). Investigations were conducted through light and electron microscopy and through immunofluorescence for NKA detection. The kidney nephrons consisted of a large glomerulus and tubules (neck, proximal, distal and collecting), which connected to the ureters. Posteriorly, ureters extended and joined together into a thin-walled ureter terminal sac. Ultrastructurally, the glomerular cells (podocytes) possessed distinctive pedicels that extended to the basal membrane. The proximal tubule (PT) showed two different cells. The cells lining the anterior part of PT possessed apical tall microvilli (c. 2·7 µm), a sub-apical tubular system, a basal nucleus and dense granules. Posteriorly in the cells, the sub-apical tubular system and granules were absent and round mitochondria associated with basolateral infoldings were found; the apical microvilli were reduced. Distal and collecting tubular cells showed the typical features of osmoregulatory cells, i.e. well-developed basolateral infoldings associated with numerous mitochondria. No immunofluorescence of NKA was detected in the glomeruli. A weak immunostaining was observed at the basolateral side of the cells lining the neck and PT. A strong immunostaining of NKA was observed in the entire cells of the distal tubules, collecting tubules and in some isolated cells of the ureters. In all immunostained cells, the basolateral region showed a much higher fluorescence and nuclei were immunonegative. In conclusion, the epithelial cells of kidney tubules had morphological and enzymatic features of ionocytes, particularly in the distal and collecting tubules. Thus, the kidney of A. persicus larvae possesses active ion exchange capabilities and, beside its implication in excretion, participates in osmoregulation.
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Feitosa NM, Richardson R, Bloch W, Hammerschmidt M. Basement membrane diseases in zebrafish. Methods Cell Biol 2011; 105:191-222. [PMID: 21951531 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-381320-6.00008-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Basement membranes (BMs) are a complex, sheet-like network of specialized extracellular matrix that underlies epithelial cells and surrounds muscle cells. They provide adherence between neighboring tissues, permit some flexibility of these adherent structures, and can act as a store for growth factors and as a guide for cell migration. The BM is not just a static structure; its deposition and remodeling are important for many processes including embryonic development, immune response, and wound healing. To date, dysfunction in BM deposition or remodeling has been linked to many human congenital disorders and diseases, affecting many different tissues in the body, including malformations, dystrophies, and cancer. However, many questions remain to be answered on the role BM proteins, and their mutations, play in the pathogenesis of human disease. In recent years, the zebrafish (Danio rerio) has emerged as a powerful animal model for human development and disease. In the first part of this chapter, we provide an overview of described defects caused by BM dysfunction in zebrafish, including development and function of notochord, muscle, central nervous system, skin, cardiovascular system, and kidney. In the second part, we will describe details of methods used to visualize and assess the structure of the BM in zebrafish, and to functionally analyze its different components.
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Winata CL, Korzh S, Kondrychyn I, Korzh V, Gong Z. The role of vasculature and blood circulation in zebrafish swimbladder development. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2010; 10:3. [PMID: 20074335 PMCID: PMC2820434 DOI: 10.1186/1471-213x-10-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2009] [Accepted: 01/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently we have performed a detailed analysis of early development of zebrafish swimbladder, a homologous organ of tetrapod lung; however, the events of swimbladder development are still poorly characterized. Many studies have implicated the role of vascular system in development of many organs in vertebrates. As the swimbladder is lined with an intricate network of blood capillaries, it is of interest to investigate the role of the vascular system during early development of swimbladder. RESULTS To investigate the role of endothelial cells (ECs) and blood circulation during development of the swimbladder, phenotypes of swimbladder were analysed at three different stages (approximately 2, 3 and 5 dpf [day postfertilization]) in cloche (clo) mutant and Tnnt2 morphants, in the background of transgenic lines Et(krt4:EGFP)sq33-2 and Et(krt4:EGFP)sqet3 which express EGFP in the swimbladder epithelium and outer mesothelium respectively. Analyses of the three tissue layers of the swimbladder were performed using molecular markers hb9, fgf10a, acta2, and anxa5 to distinguish epithelium, mesenchyme, and outer mesothelium. We showed that the budding stage was independent of ECs and blood flow, while early epithelial growth, mesenchymal organization and its differentiation into smooth muscle, as well as outer mesothelial organization, were dependent on ECs. Blood circulation contributed to later stage of epithelial growth, smooth muscle differentiation, and organization of the outer mesothelium. Inflation of the swimbladder was also affected as a result of absence of ECs and blood flow. CONCLUSION Our data demonstrated that the vascular system, though not essential in swimbladder budding, plays an important role in the development of the swimbladder starting from the early growth stage, including mesenchyme organization and smooth muscle differentiation, and outer mesothelial organization, which in turn may be essential for the function of the swimbladder as reflected in its eventual inflation.
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Abstract
The zebrafish pronephric kidney provides a useful and relevant model of kidney development and function. It is composed of cell types common to all vertebrate kidneys and pronephric organogenesis is regulated by transcription factors that have highly conserved functions in mammalian kidney development. Pronephric nephrons are a good model of tubule segmentation and differentiation of epithelial cell types. The pronephric glomerulus provides a simple model to assay gene function in regulating cell structure and cell interactions that form the blood filtration apparatus. The relative simplicity of the pronephric kidney combined with the ease of genetic manipulation in zebrafish makes it well suited for mutation analysis and gene discovery, in vivo imaging, functional screens of candidate genes from other species, and cell isolation by FACS . In addition, the larval and adult zebrafish kidneys have emerged as systems to study kidney regeneration after injury. This chapter provides a review of pronephric structure and development as well as current methods to study the pronephros.
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Sekine Y, Nishibori Y, Akimoto Y, Kudo A, Ito N, Fukuhara D, Kurayama R, Higashihara E, Babu E, Kanai Y, Asanuma K, Nagata M, Majumdar A, Tryggvason K, Yan K. Amino acid transporter LAT3 is required for podocyte development and function. J Am Soc Nephrol 2009; 20:1586-96. [PMID: 19443642 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2008070809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
LAT3 is a Na+-independent neutral l-amino acid transporter recently isolated from a human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line. Although liver, skeletal muscle, and pancreas are known to express LAT3, the tissue distribution and physiologic function of this transporter are not completely understood. Here, we observed that glomeruli express LAT3. Immunofluorescence, confocal microscopy, and immunoelectron microscopy revealed that LAT3 localizes to the apical plasma membrane of podocyte foot processes. In mice, starvation upregulated glomerular LAT3, phosphorylated AKT1, reconstituted the actin network, and elongated foot processes. In the fetal kidney, we observed intense LAT3 expression at the capillary loops stage of renal development. Finally, zebrafish morphants lacking lat3 function showed collapsed glomeruli with thickened glomerular basement membranes. Permeability studies of the glomerular filtration barrier in these zebrafish morphants demonstrated a disruption of selective glomerular permeability. Our data suggest that LAT3 may play a crucial role in the development and maintenance of podocyte structure and function by regulating protein synthesis and the actin cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Sekine
- Kyorin University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan
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Marschallinger J, Steinbacher P, Haslett JR, Sänger AM, Rescan PY, Stoiber W. Patterns of angiogenic and hematopoietic gene expression during brown trout embryogenesis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2008; 310:479-91. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.21220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Mudumana SP, Hentschel D, Liu Y, Vasilyev A, Drummond IA. odd skipped related1 reveals a novel role for endoderm in regulating kidney versus vascular cell fate. Development 2008; 135:3355-67. [PMID: 18787069 DOI: 10.1242/dev.022830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The kidney and vasculature are intimately linked both functionally and during development, when nephric and blood/vascular progenitor cells occupy adjacent bands of mesoderm in zebrafish and frog embryos. Developmental mechanisms that underlie the differentiation of kidney versus blood/vascular lineages remain unknown. The odd skipped related1 (osr1) gene encodes a zinc-finger transcription factor that is expressed in the germ ring mesendoderm and subsequently in the endoderm and intermediate mesoderm, prior to the expression of definitive kidney or blood/vascular markers. Knockdown of osr1 in zebrafish embryos resulted in a complete, segment-specific loss of anterior kidney progenitors and a compensatory increase in the number of angioblast cells in the same trunk region. Histology revealed a subsequent absence of kidney tubules, an enlarged cardinal vein and expansion of the posterior venous plexus. Altered kidney versus vascular development correlated with expanded endoderm development in osr1 knockdowns. Combined osr1 loss of function and blockade of endoderm development by knockdown of sox32/casanova rescued anterior kidney development. The results indicate that osr1 activity is required to limit endoderm differentiation from mesendoderm; in the absence of osr1, excess endoderm alters mesoderm differentiation, shifting the balance from kidney towards vascular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudha P Mudumana
- Nephrology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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Miano JM, Georger MA, Rich A, De Mesy Bentley KL. Ultrastructure of zebrafish dorsal aortic cells. Zebrafish 2008; 3:455-63. [PMID: 18377225 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2006.3.455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) markers such as serum response factor (SRF) is complicated in zebrafish because of the ill-defined histology of the dorsal aorta and the presence of perivascular pigment. We report the ultrastructure of aortic cells in 7-day, 1-month, and 3-month-old zebrafish and provide clear evidence for the presence of perivascular melanocytes harboring an abundance of melanin. In 7-day-old larvae, endothelial cells (EC) and synthetic mural cells that display little evidence of VSMC differentiation comprise the dorsal aorta. The latter mural cells appear to fully differentiate into VSMC by 1 month of age. In 3-month-old adult zebrafish, EC exhibit greater differentiation as evidenced by the accumulation of electron-dense bodies having a diameter of approximately 200 nm. Adult zebrafish aortae also exhibit at least one clear layer of VSMC with the characteristic array of membrane-associated dense plaques, myofilament bundles, and a basement membrane. Subjacent to VSMC are collagen-producing adventitial fibroblasts and melanocytes. These studies indicate that fully differentiated VSMC occur only after day 7 in zebrafish and that such cells are arranged in at least one lamellar unit circumscribing the endothelium. These findings provide new data about the timing and accumulation of VSMC around the zebrafish aorta, which will be useful in phenotyping mutant zebrafish that exhibit defects in blood circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Miano
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York, USA
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Vaughan MR, Quaggin SE. How do mesangial and endothelial cells form the glomerular tuft? J Am Soc Nephrol 2008; 19:24-33. [PMID: 18178797 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2007040471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The glomerular capillary tuft is a highly intricate and specialized microvascular bed that filters plasma water and solute to form urine. The mature glomerulus contains four cell types: Parietal epithelial cells that form Bowman's capsule, podocytes that cover the outermost layer of the glomerular filtration barrier, glycocalyx-coated fenestrated endothelial cells that are in direct contact with blood, and mesangial cells that sit between the capillary loops. Filtration begins only after the influx and organization of endothelial and mesangial cells in the developing glomerulus. Tightly coordinated movement and cross-talk between these cell types is required for the formation of a functional glomerular filtration barrier, and disruption of these processes has devastating consequences for early life. Current concepts of the role of mesangial and endothelial cells in formation of the capillary tuft are reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Vaughan
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada.
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Wingert RA, Davidson AJ. The zebrafish pronephros: a model to study nephron segmentation. Kidney Int 2008; 73:1120-7. [PMID: 18322540 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2008.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nephrons possess a segmental organization where each segment is specialized for the secretion and reabsorption of particular solutes. The developmental control of nephron segment patterning remains one of the enigmas within the field of renal biology. Achieving an understanding of the mechanisms that direct nephron segmentation has the potential to shed light on the causes of kidney birth defects and renal diseases in humans. Researchers studying embryonic kidney development in zebrafish and Xenopus have recently demonstrated that the pronephric nephrons in these vertebrates are segmented in a similar fashion as their mammalian counterparts. Further, it has been shown that retinoic acid signaling establishes proximodistal segment identities in the zebrafish pronephros by modulating the expression of renal transcription factors and components of signaling pathways that are known to direct segment fates during mammalian nephrogenesis. These findings present the zebrafish model as an excellent genetic system in which to interrogate the conserved developmental pathways that control nephron segmentation in both lower vertebrates and mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Wingert
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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Quaggin SE, Kreidberg JA. Development of the renal glomerulus: good neighbors and good fences. Development 2008; 135:609-20. [PMID: 18184729 DOI: 10.1242/dev.001081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The glomerulus of the mammalian kidney is an intricate structure that contains an unusual filtration barrier that retains higher molecular weight proteins and blood cells in the circulation. Recent studies have changed our conception of the glomerulus from a relatively static structure to a dynamic one, whose integrity depends on signaling between the three major cell lineages: podocytes, endothelial and mesangial cells. Research into the signaling pathways that control glomerular development and then maintain glomerular integrity and function has recently identified several genes, such as the nephrin and Wilms' tumor 1 genes, that are mutated in human kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan E Quaggin
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada
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Crivellato E, Nico B, Ribatti D. Contribution of endothelial cells to organogenesis: a modern reappraisal of an old Aristotelian concept. J Anat 2007; 211:415-27. [PMID: 17683480 PMCID: PMC2375830 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2007.00790.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/27/2007] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well established that many tissue-derived factors are involved in blood vessel formation, but evidence is now emerging that endothelial cells themselves represent a crucial source of instructive signals to non-vascular tissue cells during organ development. Thus, endothelial cell signalling is currently believed to promote fundamental cues for cell fate specification, embryo patterning, organ differentiation and postnatal tissue remodelling. This review article summarizes some of the recent advances in our understanding of the role of endothelial cells as effector cells in organ formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Crivellato
- Department of Medical and Morphological Research, Anatomy Section, University of Udine, Italy.
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Abstract
To study the effects of podocyte injury on glomerular maturation and underlying mechanisms of such effects, puromycin aminonucleoside (PAN) was given to neonatal mice at 1 d post partum (1 dpp). Mice with PAN injection had smaller kidney weight (KW) and body weight (BW) at all times and smaller KW/BW at 4, 8, and 12 dpp versus normal saline (NS) controls. Electron microscopy (EM) revealed nearly complete podocyte foot process effacement and segmental microvillous transformation as early as 2 dpp, preceding proteinuria. PAN-injected kidneys showed significantly fewer glomerular capillary loops and decreased glomerular maturation index, as well as less CD31+ endothelium in cortical glomeruli at 12 dpp versus NS controls. Glomerular mesangial injury and glomerulosclerosis along with proteinuria were noted in PAN-injected kidneys starting from 30 dpp. Systolic blood pressure was increased significantly by 60 dpp in PAN mice. PAN mice also had significantly decreased Flk-1 and Tie2 mRNA expression and increased angiopoitein-1 (Ang-1) expression, without change in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) at 2 dpp versus NS. Our study shows that podocyte injury in neonatal mice kidneys alters the expression of key capillary growth modulators in glomeruli, leading to abnormal development of glomerular capillaries, with subsequent development of proteinuria, hypertension, and glomerulosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Ma
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA, and Division of Nephrology, Hua Shan Hospital, Shanghai 200040, China
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Hentschel DM, Mengel M, Boehme L, Liebsch F, Albertin C, Bonventre JV, Haller H, Schiffer M. Rapid screening of glomerular slit diaphragm integrity in larval zebrafish. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2007; 293:F1746-50. [PMID: 17699558 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00009.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene array-type experiments have identified large numbers of genes thought to be important for the integrity of the glomerular slit diaphragm. Confirmation of individual proteins has been limited by the expenses and time involved in generating transgenic or knockout mice for each candidate. We present a functional screening assay based on the clearance of a 70-kDa fluorescent dextran in another vertebrate system that is rapid and low in cost. In the pronephric glomerulus of larval zebrafish, we have demonstrated quantifiable loss of slit diaphragm integrity in a zebrafish model of puromycin aminonucleoside (PA) toxicity. In addition, after knockdown of CD2-associated protein (CD2AP) and podocin, two well-characterized genetic contributors to podocyte differentiation in mammals, we observed glomerular loss of serum macromolecules similar to that seen in mammalian kidneys with inborn mutations in these genes. Increased filtration of 70-kDa FITC-labeled dextran correlates with effacement of podocyte foot processes in ultrastructural analysis. These findings document the value of the zebrafish model in genomics and pharmacological screening applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk M Hentschel
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, HIM-550, 4 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Red-Horse K, Crawford Y, Shojaei F, Ferrara N. Endothelium-microenvironment interactions in the developing embryo and in the adult. Dev Cell 2007; 12:181-94. [PMID: 17276337 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2007.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The vascular endothelium is best known for its role in oxygen and nutrient delivery to the various tissues. Growing evidence supports a far more complex role in tissue homeostasis. In particular, reciprocal interactions between endothelial cells and the local microenvironment may regulate organ development and pattern formation. Such interactions appear to be important also in the adult, in normal and pathological conditions.
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Li X, Zhang L, Meshinchi S, Dias-Leme C, Raffin D, Johnson JD, Treutelaar MK, Burant CF. Islet microvasculature in islet hyperplasia and failure in a model of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 2006; 55:2965-73. [PMID: 17065332 DOI: 10.2337/db06-0733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Gene expression profiling of islets from pre-diabetic male Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats showed increased expression of hypoxia-related genes, prompting investigation of the vascular integrity of the islets. The islet microvasculature was increased approximately twofold in young male ZDF rats by both morphometric analysis and quantifying mRNA levels of endothelial markers. ZDF rats at 12 weeks of age showed a significant reduction in the number of endothelial cells, which was prevented by pretreatment with pioglitazone. Light and electron microscopy of normoglycemic 7-week-old ZDF rats showed thickened endothelial cells with loss of endothelial fenestrations. By 12 weeks of age, there was disruption of the endothelium and intra-islet hemorrhage. Islets from 7- and 12-week-old ZDF rats showed an approximate three- and twofold increase in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A mRNA and VEGF protein secretion, respectively, compared with lean controls. Thrombospondin-1 mRNA increased in 7- and 12-week-old rats by 2- and 10-fold, respectively, and was reduced by 50% in 12-week-old rats pretreated with pioglitazone. Islets from young male control rats induced migration of endothelial cells in a collagen matrix only after pretreatment with matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9. Islets from 7-week-old ZDF rats showed a fivefold increase in migration score compared with wild-type controls, even without MMP-9 treatment. Islets from 15-week-old ZDF rats did not induce migration; rather, they caused a significant rounding up of the duct-derived cells, suggesting a toxic effect. These data suggest that in the ZDF rat model of type 2 diabetes, an inability of the islet to maintain vascular integrity may contribute to beta-cell failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianquan Li
- University of Michigan Medical Center, Box 0678, 1500 E. Medical Center Dr., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Liu YW, Guo L. Endothelium is required for the promotion of interrenal morphogenetic movement during early zebrafish development. Dev Biol 2006; 297:44-58. [PMID: 16753140 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2006.04.464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2006] [Revised: 04/21/2006] [Accepted: 04/24/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The adrenal cortex has a complex vasculature that is essential for growth, tissue maintenance, and access of secreted steroids to the bloodstream. However, the interaction between vasculature and adrenal cortex during early organogenesis remains largely unclear. In this study, we focused on the zebrafish counterpart of adrenal cortex, interrenal tissue, to explore the possible role of endothelium in the development of steroidogenic tissues. The ontogeny of interrenal tissue was found to be tightly associated with the endothelial cells (ECs) that constitute the axial vessels. The early interrenal primordia emerge as two clusters of cells that migrate centrally and converge at the midline, whereas the central convergence was abrogated in the avascular cloche (clo) mutant. Neither loss of blood circulation nor perturbations of vessel assembly could account for the interrenal convergence defect, implying a role of endothelial signaling prior to the formation of axial blood vessels. Moreover, as the absence of trunk endothelium in clo mutant was rescued by the forced expression of SCL, the interrenal fusion defect could be alleviated. We thus conclude that endothelial signaling is involved in the morphogenetic movement of early interrenal tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Wen Liu
- Department of Life Science, Tunghai University, Taichung 40704, Taiwan R.O.C.
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